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Li Y, Cao X, Huang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Jin Q, Liu J, Zhang JR, Zheng H. Novel manufacturing process of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides using advanced sterilization methods. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1451881. [PMID: 39170064 PMCID: PMC11335687 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1451881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) have been shown as effective antigens to stimulate protective immunity against pneumococcal disease. A major step in the production of pneumococcal vaccines is to prepare CPSs that meet strict quality standards in immunogenicity and safety. The major impurities come from bacterial proteins, nucleic acids and cell wall polysaccharides. Traditionally, the impurity level of refined CPSs is reduced by optimization of purification process. In this study, we investigated new aeration strategy and advanced sterilization methods by formaldehyde or β-propiolactone (BPL) to increase the amount of soluble polysaccharide in fermentation supernatant and to prevent bacterial lysis during inactivation. Furthermore, we developed a simplified process for the CPS purification, which involves ultrafiltration and diafiltration, followed by acid and alcohol precipitation, and finally diafiltration and lyophilization to obtain pure polysaccharide. The CPSs prepared from formaldehyde and BPL sterilization contained significantly lower level of residual impurities compared to the refined CPSs obtained from traditional deoxycholate sterilization. Finally, we showed that this novel approach of CPS preparation can be scaled up for polysaccharide vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelong Li
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Huang
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiankai Liu
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifa Zheng
- Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
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2
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Paulikat AD, Schwudke D, Hammerschmidt S, Voß F. Lipidation of pneumococcal proteins enables activation of human antigen-presenting cells and initiation of an adaptive immune response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392316. [PMID: 38711516 PMCID: PMC11070533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a significant global threat, with existing vaccines having important limitations such as restricted serotype coverage and high manufacturing costs. Pneumococcal lipoproteins are emerging as promising vaccine candidates due to their surface exposure and conservation across various serotypes. While prior studies have explored their potential in mice, data in a human context and insights into the impact of the lipid moiety remain limited. In the present study, we examined the immunogenicity of two pneumococcal lipoproteins, DacB and MetQ, both in lipidated and non-lipidated versions, by stimulation of primary human immune cells. Immune responses were assessed by the expression of common surface markers for activation and maturation as well as cytokines released into the supernatant. Our findings indicate that in the case of MetQ lipidation was crucial for activation of human antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages, while non-lipidated DacB demonstrated an intrinsic potential to induce an innate immune response. Nevertheless, immune responses to both proteins were enhanced by lipidation. Interestingly, following stimulation of dendritic cells with DacB, LipDacB and LipMetQ, cytokine levels of IL-6 and IL-23 were significantly increased, which are implicated in triggering potentially important Th17 cell responses. Furthermore, LipDacB and LipMetQ were able to induce proliferation of CD4+ T cells indicating their potential to induce an adaptive immune response. These findings contribute valuable insights into the immunogenic properties of pneumococcal lipoproteins, emphasizing their potential role in vaccine development against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje D. Paulikat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Thematic Translational Unit Tuberculosis, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Manning J, Manna S, Dunne EM, Bongcaron V, Pell CL, Patterson NL, Kuil SD, Dhar P, Goldblatt D, Kim Mulholland E, Licciardi PV, Robins-Browne RM, Malley R, Wijburg O, Satzke C. Immunization with a whole cell vaccine reduces pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density and shedding, and middle ear infection in mice. Vaccine 2024; 42:1714-1722. [PMID: 38350767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) have substantially reduced the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). However, protection is limited to vaccine serotypes, and when administered to children who are colonized with pneumococci at the time of vaccination, immune responses to the vaccine are blunted. Here, we investigate the potential of a killed whole cell pneumococcal vaccine (WCV) to reduce existing pneumococcal carriage and mucosal disease when given therapeutically to infant mice colonized with pneumococci. We show that a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal carriage density in an antibody-dependent manner. Therapeutic vaccination induced robust immune responses to pneumococcal surface antigens CbpA, PspA (family 1) and PiaA. In a co-infection model of otitis media, a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal middle ear infection. Lastly, in a two-dose model, therapeutic administration of WCV reduced nasal shedding of pneumococci. Taken together, our data demonstrate that WCV administered in colonized mice reduced pneumococcal density in the nasopharynx and the middle ear, and decreased shedding. WCVs would be beneficial in low and middle-income settings where pneumococcal carriage in children is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Manning
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Manna
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Viktoria Bongcaron
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casey L Pell
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie L Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sacha D Kuil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Goldblatt
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Kim Mulholland
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roy M Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Odilia Wijburg
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Paróczai D, Burian K, Bikov A. Bacterial Vaccinations in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:213. [PMID: 38400196 PMCID: PMC10893474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequent, often progressive, chronic disease of the lungs. Patients with COPD often have impaired immunity; therefore, they are prone to chest infections, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Acute exacerbations of COPD are major events that accelerate disease progression, contributing to its symptoms' burden, morbidity, and mortality. Both pneumonia and acute exacerbations in COPD are caused by bacteria against which there are effective vaccinations. Although the number of randomised controlled studies on bacterial vaccinations in COPD is limited, national and international guidelines endorse specific vaccinations in patients with COPD. This review will summarise the different types of vaccinations that prevent pneumonia and COPD exacerbations. We also discuss the results of early phase studies. We will mainly focus on Streptococcus pneumoniae, as this bacterium was predominantly investigated in COPD. However, we also review studies investigating vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Bordetella pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Paróczai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.P.); (K.B.)
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Department of Pulmonology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Andras Bikov
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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6
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Li S, Liang H, Zhao SH, Yang XY, Guo Z. Recent progress in pneumococcal protein vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278346. [PMID: 37818378 PMCID: PMC10560988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections continue to pose a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective vaccines. Despite the progress shown by pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, their limited coverage and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes have highlighted the need for alternative approaches. Protein-based pneumococcal vaccines, targeting conserved surface proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae, have emerged as a promising strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the advancements made in the development of pneumococcal protein vaccines. We discuss the key protein vaccine candidates, highlight their vaccination results in animal studies, and explore the challenges and future directions in protein-based pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hangeri Liang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shui-Hao Zhao
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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7
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Ou B, Yang Y, Lv H, Lin X, Zhang M. Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines. BioDrugs 2023; 37:143-180. [PMID: 36607488 PMCID: PMC9821375 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed adjuvant for clinical application in oral vaccines is available. In this review, we systematically updated the research progress of oral vaccine adjuvants over the past 2 decades, including biogenic adjuvants, non-biogenic adjuvants, and their multi-type composite adjuvant materials, and introduced their immune mechanisms of adjuvanticity, aiming at providing theoretical basis for developing feasible and effective adjuvants for oral vaccines. Based on these insights, we briefly discussed the challenges in the development of oral vaccine adjuvants and prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haihui Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China. .,School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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8
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Verma SK, Mahajan P, Singh NK, Gupta A, Aggarwal R, Rappuoli R, Johri AK. New-age vaccine adjuvants, their development, and future perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043109. [PMID: 36911719 PMCID: PMC9998920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present scenario, immunization is of utmost importance as it keeps us safe and protects us from infectious agents. Despite the great success in the field of vaccinology, there is a need to not only develop safe and ideal vaccines to fight deadly infections but also improve the quality of existing vaccines in terms of partial or inconsistent protection. Generally, subunit vaccines are known to be safe in nature, but they are mostly found to be incapable of generating the optimum immune response. Hence, there is a great possibility of improving the potential of a vaccine in formulation with novel adjuvants, which can effectively impart superior immunity. The vaccine(s) in formulation with novel adjuvants may also be helpful in fighting pathogens of high antigenic diversity. However, due to the limitations of safety and toxicity, very few human-compatible adjuvants have been approved. In this review, we mainly focus on the need for new and improved vaccines; the definition of and the need for adjuvants; the characteristics and mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants; the current status of vaccine adjuvants, mucosal vaccine adjuvants, and adjuvants in clinical development; and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Mahajan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhlesh K. Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Rupesh Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Roy EM, Zhang F, Malley R, Lu YJ. Induction of T Cell Responses by Vaccination of a Streptococcus pneumoniae Whole-Cell Vaccine. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:345-355. [PMID: 34914056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The induction of T cell responses by vaccination is important for protection against infection. We have previously shown that immunization with a killed Streptococcus pneumoniae whole-cell vaccine (SPWCV) by either intranasal immunization or subcutaneous immunization induced T cell responses to SPWCV. Protection against colonization by S. pneumoniae is dependent on CD4+ IL-17A production induced by immunization. Here, we present detailed protocols for preparation of SPWCV, immunization of mice, and assay for T cell responses in blood and splenocytes in immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Weinberger B. Vaccination of older adults: Influenza, pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster, COVID-19 and beyond. Immun Ageing 2021; 18:38. [PMID: 34627326 PMCID: PMC8501352 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preserving good health in old age is of utmost importance to alleviate societal, economic and health care-related challenges caused by an aging society. The prevalence and severity of many infectious diseases is higher in older adults, and in addition to the acute disease, long-term sequelae, such as exacerbation of underlying chronic disease, onset of frailty or increased long-term care dependency, are frequent. Prevention of infections e.g. by vaccination is therefore an important measure to ensure healthy aging and preserve quality of life. Several vaccines are specifically recommended for older adults in many countries, and in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic older adults were among the first target groups for vaccination due to their high risk for severe disease. This review highlights clinical data on the influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae and herpes zoster vaccines, summarizes recent developments to improve vaccine efficacy, such as the use of adjuvants or higher antigen dose for influenza, and gives an overview of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development for older adults. Substantial research is ongoing to further improve vaccines, e.g. by developing universal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to overcome the limitations of the current strain-specific vaccines, and to develop novel vaccines against pathogens, which cause considerable morbidity and mortality in older adults, but for which no vaccines are currently available. In addition, we need to improve uptake of the existing vaccines and increase awareness for life-long vaccination in order to provide optimal protection for the vulnerable older age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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11
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Martín-Martín A, Tejedor L, Tafalla C, Díaz-Rosales P. Potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid as a mucosal adjuvant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:310-318. [PMID: 32702476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines are highly demanded by aquaculture sector that requires alternatives to injectable vaccines, involving fish handling, stress-related immunosuppression and mortalities. However, most previous attempts to obtain effective oral vaccines have failed due to a restricted tolerance mechanisms in intestine, whose mucosa is at the frontline of antigen encounter and has to balance the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity in a microbe-rich environment. Thus, the search for oral adjuvants that could augment immune responses triggered by antigens allowing them to circumvent intestinal tolerance is of great relevance. The present work focuses on the adjuvant potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid (dmLT). To undertake an initial screening of the potential that dmLT has as an oral adjuvant in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we have analyzed its transcriptional effects alone or in combination with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC and gut explants. Our results show that although dmLT provoked no significant effects by itself, it increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial genes induced by the bacteria. In contrast, when combined with VHSV, dmLT only increased the transcription of Mx and the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). Therefore, the protocol designed is an effective method to initially evaluate the effects of potential oral adjuvants, and points to dmLT as an effective adjuvant for oral antibacterial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Tejedor
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Wagner A, Weinberger B. Vaccines to Prevent Infectious Diseases in the Older Population: Immunological Challenges and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2020; 11:717. [PMID: 32391017 PMCID: PMC7190794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause for morbidity and mortality in the older population. Demographic changes will lead to increasing numbers of older persons over the next decades. Prevention of infections becomes increasingly important to ensure healthy aging for the individual, and to alleviate the socio-economic burden for societies. Undoubtedly, vaccines are the most efficient health care measure to prevent infections. Age-associated changes of the immune system are responsible for decreased immunogenicity and clinical efficacy of most currently used vaccines in older age. Efficacy of standard influenza vaccines is only 30-50% in the older population. Several approaches, such as higher antigen dose, use of MF59 as adjuvant and intradermal administration have been implemented in order to specifically target the aged immune system. The use of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae has been amended by a 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine originally developed for young children several years ago to overcome at least some of the limitations of the T cell-independent polysaccharide antigens, but still is only approximately 50% protective against pneumonia. A live-attenuated vaccine against herpes zoster, which has been available for several years, demonstrated efficacy of 51% against herpes zoster and 67% against post-herpetic neuralgia. Protection was lower in the very old and decreased several years after vaccination. Recently, a recombinant vaccine containing the viral glycoprotein gE and the novel adjuvant AS01B has been licensed. Phase III studies demonstrated efficacy against herpes zoster of approx. 90% even in the oldest age groups after administration of two doses and many countries now recommend the preferential use of this vaccine. There are still many infectious diseases causing substantial morbidity in the older population, for which no vaccines are available so far. Extensive research is ongoing to develop vaccines against novel targets with several vaccine candidates already being clinically tested, which have the potential to substantially reduce health care costs and to save many lives. In addition to the development of novel and improved vaccines, which specifically target the aged immune system, it is also important to improve uptake of the existing vaccines in order to protect the vulnerable, older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Wagner
- Department of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Weinberger
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010132. [PMID: 32192117 PMCID: PMC7157650 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
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14
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Campos IB, Cardoso CP, Fratelli F, Herd M, Moffitt KL, Lu YJ, Malley R, Leite LCC, Gonçalves VM. Process intensification for production of Streptococcus pneumoniae whole-cell vaccine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1661-1672. [PMID: 32068248 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines provide protection against only those serotypes that are included in the vaccine, which leads to a selective pressure and serotype replacement in the population. An alternative low-cost, safe and serotype-independent vaccine was developed based on a nonencapsulated pneumococcus strain. This study evaluates process intensification to improve biomass production and shows for the first time the use of perfusion-batch with cell recycling for bacterial vaccine production. Batch, fed-batch, and perfusion-batch were performed at 10 L scale using a complex animal component-free culture medium. Cells were harvested at the highest optical density, concentrated and washed using microfiltration or centrifugation to compare cell separation methods. Higher biomass was achieved using perfusion-batch, which removes lactate while retaining cells. The biomass produced in perfusion-batch would represent at least a fourfold greater number of doses per cultivation than in the previously described batch process. Each strategy yielded similar vaccines in terms of quality as evaluated by western blot and animal immunization assays, indicating that so far, perfusion-batch is the best strategy for the intensification of pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine production, as it can be integrated to the cell separation process keeping the same vaccine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana B Campos
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratório Regional de Santo André, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso P Cardoso
- Laboratório Piloto de Produtos Biológicos Recombinantes, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fratelli
- Laboratório Piloto de Produtos Biológicos Recombinantes, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Muriel Herd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin L Moffitt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luciana C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Converso TR, Assoni L, André GO, Darrieux M, Leite LCC. The long search for a serotype independent pneumococcal vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:57-70. [PMID: 31903805 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Serotype replacement - a consequence of polysaccharide vaccine use - will continue to drive the inclusion of new serotypes on conjugate vaccines, increasing production complexity and costs, and making an already expensive vaccine less accessible to developing countries, where prevalence is higher and resources available for health systems, scarcer. Serotype-independent formulations are a promising option, but so far they have not been successful in reducing colonization/transmission.Areas covered: Protein-based and whole-cell vaccine candidates studied in the past 30 years. Challenges for serotype-independent vaccine development and alternative approaches.Expert opinion: Clinical trials performed so far demonstrated the importance to establish more reliable animal models and better correlates of protection. Defining appropriate endpoints for clinical trials of serotype-independent vaccine candidates has been a challenge. Inhibition of colonization has been evaluated, but concern on the extent of bacterial elimination is still a matter of debate. Challenges on establishing representative sites for clinical trials, sample sizes and appropriate age groups are discussed. On a whole, although many challenges will have to be overcome, establishing protein-based antigens as serotype-independent vaccines is still the best alternative against the huge burden of pneumococcal diseases in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - G O André
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - M Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Generation of protective pneumococcal-specific nasal resident memory CD4 + T cells via parenteral immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:172-182. [PMID: 31659300 PMCID: PMC6917870 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) is an essential aspect of immunity at mucosal surfaces, and it has been suggested that preferential generation of TRM is one of the principal advantages of mucosally administered vaccines. We have previously shown that antigen-specific, IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells can provide capsular antibody-independent protection against nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae; but whether pneumococcus-responsive TRM are localized within the nasal mucosa and are sufficient for protection from carriage has not been determined. Here, we show that intranasal administration of live or killed pneumococci to mice generates pneumococcus-responsive IL-17A-producing CD4+ mucosal TRM. Furthermore, we show that these cells are sufficient to mediate long-lived, neutrophil-dependent protection against subsequent pneumococcal nasal challenge. Unexpectedly, and in contrast with the prevailing paradigm, we found that parenteral administration of killed pneumococci also generates protective IL-17A+CD4+ TRM in the nasal mucosa. These results demonstrate a critical and sufficient role of TRM in prevention of pneumococcal colonization, and further that these cells can be generated by parenteral immunization. Our findings therefore have important implications regarding the generation of immune protection at mucosal surfaces by vaccination.
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17
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Intradermal or Sublingual Delivery and Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Proteins Shape Immunologic Responses to a CFA/I Fimbria-Derived Subunit Antigen Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00460-19. [PMID: 31427449 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00460-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of infectious diarrhea in children, travelers, and deployed military personnel. As such, development of a vaccine would be advantageous for public health. One strategy is to use subunits of colonization factors combined with antigen/adjuvant toxoids as an ETEC vaccine. Here, we investigated the intradermal (i.d.) or sublingual (s.l.) delivery of CFA/I fimbrial antigens, including CfaEB and a CfaE-heat-labile toxin B subunit (LTB) chimera admixed with double mutant heat-labile toxin (LT) LT-R192G/L211A (dmLT). In addition, we compared dmLT with other LT proteins to better understand the generation of adjuvanted fimbrial and toxoid immunity as well as the influence on any local skin reactogenicity. We demonstrate that immunization with dmLT admixed with CfaEB induces robust serum and fecal antibody responses to CFA/I fimbriae and LT but that i.d. formulations are not optimal for s.l. delivery. Improved s.l. vaccination outcomes were observed when higher doses of dmLT (1 to 5 μg) were admixed with CfaEB or, even better, when a CfaE-LTB chimera antigen was used instead. Serum anti-CFA/I total antibodies, detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were the best predictor of functional antibodies, based on the inhibition of red blood cell agglutination by ETEC. Immunization with other LT proteins or formulations with altered B-subunit binding during i.d. immunization (e.g., by addition of 5% lactose, LTA1, or LT-G33D) minimally altered the development of antibody responses and cytokine recall responses but reduced skin reactogenicity at the injection site. These results reveal how formulations and delivery parameters shape the adaptive immune responses to a toxoid and fimbria-derived subunit vaccine against ETEC.
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18
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Morais V, Texeira E, Suarez N. Next-Generation Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E151. [PMID: 31623286 PMCID: PMC6963273 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major public health hazard. Although Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) are available and have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases, there is still a need for new vaccines with unlimited serotype coverage, long-lasting protection, and lower cost to be developed. One of the most promising candidates is the Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine (WCV). The new generation of whole-cell vaccines is based on an unencapsulated serotype that allows the expression of many bacterial antigens at a lower cost than a recombinant vaccine. These vaccines have been extensively studied, are currently in human trial phase 1/2, and seem to be the best treatment choice for pneumococcal diseases, especially for developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Morais
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Esther Texeira
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Norma Suarez
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
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19
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Abstract
Pneumococci respond extremely rapidly to the vaccine pressure created by the conjugate vaccines (PCVs). Vaccine serotypes are disappearing, meanwhile new, often previously very rare types are emerging, and it is difficult to establish what makes certain serotypes more successful in replacement. The situation is very complex: every serotype has different antibiotic sensitivity or invasive capacity. However, despite this dynamic serotype rearrangement, the overall pneumococcal carriage rate remains quite stable, suggesting that these bacterial species can be considered as a commensal colonizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Dobay
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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David SC, Laan Z, Minhas V, Chen AY, Davies J, Hirst TR, McColl SR, Alsharifi M, Paton JC. Enhanced safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal surface antigen A mutant whole-cell inactivated pneumococcal vaccine. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:726-739. [PMID: 31050022 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Existing capsular polysaccharide-based vaccines against pneumococcal disease are highly effective against vaccine-included serotypes, but they are unable to combat serotype replacement. We have developed a novel pneumococcal vaccine that confers serotype-independent protection, and could therefore constitute a "universal" vaccine formulation. This preparation is comprised of whole un-encapsulated pneumococci inactivated with gamma irradiation (γ-PN), and we have previously reported induction of cross-reactive immunity after nonadjuvanted intranasal vaccination. To further enhance vaccine immunogenicity and safety, we modified the pneumococcal vaccine strain to induce a stressed state during growth. Specifically, the substrate binding component of the psaBCA operon for manganese import was mutated to create a pneumococcal surface antigen A (psaA) defective vaccine strain. psaA mutation severely attenuated the growth of the vaccine strain in vitro without negatively affecting pneumococcal morphology, thereby enhancing vaccine safety. In addition, antibodies raised against vaccine preparations based on the modified strain [γ-PN(ΔPsaA)] showed more diversified reactivity to wild-type pneumococcal challenge strains compared to those induced by the original formulation. The modified vaccine also induced comparable protective TH 17 responses in the lung, and conferred greater protection against lethal heterologous pneumococcal challenge. Overall, the current study demonstrates successful refinement of a serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidate to enhance safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C David
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zoe Laan
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vikrant Minhas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Austen Y Chen
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy R Hirst
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Alsharifi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia.,Gamma Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,GPN Vaccines Pty Ltd, Yarralumla, ACT, Australia
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21
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Manning J, Dunne EM, Wang N, Pedersen JS, Ogier JM, Burt RA, Mulholland EK, Robins-Browne RM, Malley R, Wijburg OL, Satzke C. Effect of a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine on influenza A-induced pneumococcal otitis media in infant mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:3495-3504. [PMID: 31103366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pneumococcus remains a common cause of otitis media (OM) despite the widespread introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. In mice, a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine (WCV) induces serotype-independent protection against pneumococcal colonisation and invasive disease via TH17- and antibody-mediated immunity, respectively. We investigated the effect of WCV on influenza A-induced pneumococcal OM in an infant mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were immunised subcutaneously with a single dose of WCV or adjuvant at 6 days of age, infected with pneumococci (EF3030 [serotype 19F] or PMP1106 [16F]) at 12 days of age, and given influenza A virus (A/Udorn/72/307 [H3N2], IAV) at 18 days of age to induce pneumococcal OM. Pneumococcal density in middle ear and nasopharyngeal tissues was determined 6 and 12 days post-virus. Experiments were repeated in antibody (B6.μMT-/-)- and CD4+ T-cell-deficient mice to investigate the immune responses involved. A single dose of WCV did not prevent the development of pneumococcal OM, nor accelerate pneumococcal clearance compared with mice receiving adjuvant alone. However, WCV reduced the density of EF3030 in the middle ear at 6 days post-viral infection (p = 0.022), and the density of both isolates in the nasopharynx at 12 days post-viral infection (EF3030, p = 0.035; PMP1106, p = 0.011), compared with adjuvant alone. The reduction in density in the middle ear required antibodies and CD4+ T cells: WCV did not reduce EF3030 middle ear density in B6.μMT-/- mice (p = 0.35) nor in wild-type mice given anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody before and after IAV inoculation (p = 0.91); and WCV-immunised CD4+ T cell-deficient GK1.5 mice had higher levels of EF3030 in the middle ear than their adjuvant-immunised counterparts (p = 0.044). A single subcutaneous dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal density in the middle ears of co-infected mice in one of two strains tested, but did not prevent OM from occurring in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Manning
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jacqueline M Ogier
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Neurogenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burt
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Neurogenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Kim Mulholland
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Odilia L Wijburg
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Creighton RL, Woodrow KA. Microneedle-Mediated Vaccine Delivery to the Oral Mucosa. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801180. [PMID: 30537400 PMCID: PMC6476557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a minimally invasive and immunologically rich site that is underutilized for vaccination due to physiological and immunological barriers. To develop effective oral mucosal vaccines, key questions regarding vaccine residence time, uptake, adjuvant formulation, dose, and delivery location must be answered. However, currently available dosage forms are insufficient to address all these questions. An ideal oral mucosal vaccine delivery system would improve both residence time and epithelial permeation while enabling efficient delivery of physicochemically diverse vaccine formulations. Microneedles have demonstrated these capabilities for dermal vaccine delivery. Additionally, microneedles enable precise control over delivery properties like depth, uniformity, and dosing, making them an ideal tool to study oral mucosal vaccination. Select studies have demonstrated the feasibility of microneedle-mediated oral mucosal vaccination, but they have only begun to explore the broad functionality of microneedles. This review describes the physiological and immunological challenges related to oral mucosal vaccine delivery and provides specific examples of how microneedles can be used to address these challenges. It summarizes and compares the few existing oral mucosal microneedle vaccine studies and offers a perspective for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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23
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Baker SM, Pociask D, Clements JD, McLachlan JB, Morici LA. Intradermal vaccination with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine adjuvanted with a mutant bacterial ADP-ribosylating enterotoxin protects against acute pneumonia. Vaccine 2019; 37:808-816. [PMID: 30638799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. This is partially due to a lack of effective vaccines and a clear understanding of how vaccination route and formulation influence protective immunity in mucosal tissues such as the lung. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing acute pulmonary infections and is a leading cause of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. With multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections on the rise, the need for a vaccine against this pathogen is critical. Growing evidence suggests that a successful P. aeruginosa vaccine may require mucosal antibody and Th1- and Th17-type CD4+ T cells to prevent pulmonary infection. Intradermal immunization with adjuvants, such as the bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Enterotoxin Adjuvant (BARE) double mutant of E. coli heat-labile toxin (dmLT), can direct protective immune responses to mucosal tissues, including the lungs. We reasoned that intradermal immunization with P. aeruginosa outer membrane proteins (OMPs) adjuvanted with dmLT could drive neutralizing antibodies and migration of CD4+ T cells to the lungs and protect against P. aeruginosa pneumonia in a murine model. Here we show that mice immunized with OMPs and dmLT had significantly more antigen-specific IgG and Th1- and Th17-type CD4+ memory T cells in the pulmonary environment compared to control groups of mice. Furthermore, OMPs and dmLT immunized mice were significantly protected against an otherwise lethal lung infection. Protection was associated with early IFN-γ and IL-17 production in the lungs of immunized mice. These results indicate that intradermal immunization with dmLT can drive protective immunity to the lung mucosa and may be a viable vaccination strategy for a multitude of respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Derek Pociask
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John D Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lisa A Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, USA.
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24
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Campo JJ, Le TQ, Pablo JV, Hung C, Teng AA, Tettelin H, Tate A, Hanage WP, Alderson MR, Liang X, Malley R, Lipsitch M, Croucher NJ. Panproteome-wide analysis of antibody responses to whole cell pneumococcal vaccination. eLife 2018; 7:e37015. [PMID: 30592459 PMCID: PMC6344088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal whole cell vaccines (WCVs) could cost-effectively protect against a greater strain diversity than current capsule-based vaccines. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to a WCV were characterised by applying longitudinally-sampled sera, available from 35 adult placebo-controlled phase I trial participants, to a panproteome microarray. Despite individuals maintaining distinctive antibody 'fingerprints', responses were consistent across vaccinated cohorts. Seventy-two functionally distinct proteins were associated with WCV-induced increases in IgG binding. These shared characteristics with naturally immunogenic proteins, being enriched for transporters and cell wall metabolism enzymes, likely unusually exposed on the unencapsulated WCV's surface. Vaccine-induced responses were specific to variants of the diverse PclA, PspC and ZmpB proteins, whereas PspA- and ZmpA-induced antibodies recognised a broader set of alleles. Temporal variation in IgG levels suggested a mixture of anamnestic and novel responses. These reproducible increases in IgG binding to a limited, but functionally diverse, set of conserved proteins indicate WCV could provide species-wide immunity. Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov with Identifier NCT01537185; the results are available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01537185.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery IncCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of EpidemiologyHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | | | | | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineBoston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of EpidemiologyHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard TH Chan School of Public HealthBostonUnited States
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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25
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Mohammadzadeh M, Pourakbari B, Doosti A, Mahmoudi S, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Mamishi S. Construction and evaluation of a whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine candidate. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1901-1910. [PMID: 30133088 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pneumococcal infections are a major public health problem, especially in developing countries, and the current pneumococcal vaccines do not cover all pathogenic strains. New, more economical serotype-independent vaccines based on species-common protein antigens are being pursued. The pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine which is based on noncapsular antigens common to all strains induces serotype-independent immunity. In the present study, we developed a new candidate for a whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in which two important virulence factors, the capsule and pneumolysin, were deleted. METHODS AND RESULTS Protection was elicited by immunization against colonization in mice with a killed mutant strain and the antibody response in the mice serum was evaluated. This candidate vaccine was effective in preventing nasopharyngeal colonization. The mice immunized with this candidate vaccine had significantly higher serum antibody titres than mice that received the adjuvant alone. CONCLUSIONS Based on obtained results in this study, the engineered whole-cell pneumococci can be considered as a vaccine candidate in future studies. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This candidate vaccine can overcome the limitations of available polysaccharide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohammadzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - S Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Habibi-Anbouhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Abstract
Perhaps the best-studied mucosal adjuvants are the bacterially derived ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins. This adjuvant family includes heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LT), cholera toxin (CT), and mutants or subunits of LT and CT. These proteins promote a multifaceted antigen-specific response, including inflammatory Th1, Th2, Th17, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and antibodies. However, more uniquely among adjuvant classes, they induce antigen-specific IgA antibodies and long-lasting memory to coadministered antigens when delivered mucosally or even parenterally. The purpose of this minireview is to describe the general properties, history and creation, preclinical studies, clinical studies, mechanisms of action, and considerations for use of the most promising enterotoxin-based adjuvant to date, LT(R192G/L211A) or dmLT. This review is timely due to completed, ongoing, and planned clinical investigations of dmLT in multiple vaccine formulations by government, nonprofit, and industry groups in the United States and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Clements
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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27
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Mohammadzadeh M, Pourakbari B, Mahmoudi S, Keshtkar A, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Mamishi S. Efficacy of whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2018; 122:122-129. [PMID: 29908308 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the fact that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have significantly reduced the rate of invasive pneumococcal diseases through the use of vaccine serotypes, infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a major public health hazard. Serotype-independent vaccines that are economically viable species of common protein antigens such as whole-cell vaccines (WCVs) are needed. Considering the ongoing debate about the effectiveness of WCVs, a systematic literature review and meta-analysis was carried out to determine the efficacy of WCVs against colonization in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was undertaken of published studies on the protection (colonized/uncolonized) of whole cell pneumococcal vaccine in mice. The search terms used were "whole cell vaccine" and "Streptococcus pneumoniae" in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus engines. Data was extracted from original publications and a meta-analysis was performed on studies divided into sub-groups by the number of inoculations, type of sample, type of adjuvant, time of sampling, design of study and quality of study. RESULTS Ten eligible articles published from 2000 to 2016 were included in this review. The meta-analysis was performed on eight out of 10 studies and demonstrated that the estimated pooled risk ratios (RRs) for comparison of colonization between the vaccinated and unvaccinated mice for outcomes 1 and 2 were 0.18 and 0.24, respectively. Lower RRs were observed in sub-groups that were inoculated with vaccines three times, those using cholera toxin (CT) adjuvants and those obtained as tracheal specimens from the mice. CONCLUSIONS The best protocol for use of a WCV is its application with CT adjuvant administered intranasally in three inoculations at doses of 10⁸ CFU. Further studies performed under similar conditions to obtain accurate results on the effectiveness of this vaccine are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohammadzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Keshtkar
- Department of Health Sciences Education Development, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Evaluation of the Role of stat3 in Antibody and T H17-Mediated Responses to Pneumococcal Immunization and Infection by Use of a Mouse Model of Autosomal Dominant Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00024-18. [PMID: 29463618 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00024-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene (stat3) result in autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (AD-HIES), a condition in which patients have recurrent debilitating infections, including frequent pneumococcal and staphylococcal pneumonias. stat3 mutations cause defective adaptive TH17 cellular responses, an immune mechanism believed to be critical for clearance of pneumococcal colonization and diminished antibody responses. Here we wished to evaluate the role of stat3 in the clearance of pneumococcal carriage and immunity using mice with a stat3 mutation recapitulating AD-HIES. We show here that naive AD-HIES mice have prolonged nasal carriage of pneumococcus compared to WT mice. Mutant and wild-type mice were then immunized with a pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine (WCV) that provides TH17-mediated protection against pneumococcal colonization and antibody-mediated protection against pneumonia and sepsis. WCV-immunized AD-HIES mice made significantly less pneumococcus-specific interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and antibody than WT mice. The WCV-elicited protection against colonization was abrogated in AD-HIES mice, but immunization with WCV still protected AD-HIES mice against aspiration pneumonia/sepsis. Taken together, our results suggest that impaired clearance of nasopharyngeal carriage due to poor adaptive IL-17A responses may contribute to the increased rates of pneumococcal respiratory infection in AD-HIES patients.
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Regionally compartmentalized resident memory T cells mediate naturally acquired protection against pneumococcal pneumonia. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:220-235. [PMID: 28513594 PMCID: PMC5693795 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As children age, they become less susceptible to the diverse microbes causing pneumonia. These microbes are pathobionts that infect the respiratory tract multiple times during childhood, generating immunological memory. To elucidate mechanisms of such naturally acquired immune protection against pneumonia, we modeled a relevant immunological history in mice by infecting their airways with mismatched serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Previous pneumococcal infections provided protection against a heterotypic, highly virulent pneumococcus, as evidenced by reduced bacterial burdens and long-term sterilizing immunity. This protection was diminished by depletion of CD4+ cells prior to the final infection. The resolution of previous pneumococcal infections seeded the lungs with CD4+ resident memory T (TRM) cells, which responded to heterotypic pneumococcus stimulation by producing multiple effector cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-17A. Following lobar pneumonias, IL-17-producing CD4+ TRM cells were confined to the previously infected lobe, rather than dispersed throughout the lower respiratory tract. Importantly, pneumonia protection also was confined to that immunologically experienced lobe. Thus regionally localized memory cells provide superior local tissue protection to that mediated by systemic or central memory immune defenses. We conclude that respiratory bacterial infections elicit CD4+ TRM cells that fill a local niche to optimize heterotypic protection of the affected tissue, preventing pneumonia.
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Mohammadzadeh M, Mamishi S, Pourakbari B, Mahmoudi S. Recent approaches in whole cell pneumococcal vaccine development: a review study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:381-388. [PMID: 29487737 PMCID: PMC5825939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of relatively effective vaccines, Streptococcus pneumoniae still causes widespread morbidity and mortality. Current vaccines contain free polysaccharides or protein-polysaccharide conjugates, but do not induce protection against serotypes that are not included in the vaccines. Therefore, developing alternative vaccines is of high priority and importance. Several investigators have identified protective antigens common to pneumococci of many or all serotypes. Malley et al. in their study, have recommended unencapsulated whole cells, as an alternative vaccine, a number of such antigens unoccluded by capsule were presented in a native configuration in 2001. This review aimed at presenting this candidate of pneumococcal vaccine and results in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohammadzadeh
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Setareh Mamishi, MD, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel\fax: +98 21 66428996,
| | - Babak Pourakbari
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Mahmoudi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Principi N, Esposito S. Development of pneumococcal vaccines over the last 10 years. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:7-17. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1384462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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32
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Structural Characterization and Physicochemical Stability Profile of a Double Mutant Heat Labile Toxin Protein Based Adjuvant. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3474-3485. [PMID: 28780391 PMCID: PMC5690273 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel protein adjuvant double-mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, LT (R192G/L211A) or dmLT, is in preclinical and early clinical development with various vaccine candidates. Structural characterization and formulation development of dmLT will play a key role in its successful process development, scale-up/transfer, and commercial manufacturing. This work describes extensive analytical characterization of structural integrity and physicochemical stability profile of dmLT from a lyophilized clinical formulation. Reconstituted dmLT contained a heterogeneous mixture of intact holotoxin (AB5, ∼75%) and free B5 subunit (∼25%) as assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Intact mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed presence of Lys84 glycation near the native sugar-binding site in dmLT, and forced degradation studies using liquid chromatography-MS peptide mapping demonstrated specific Asn deamidation and Met oxidation sites. Using multiple biophysical measurements, dmLT was found most stable between pH 6.5 and 7.5 and at temperatures ≤50°C. In addition, soluble aggregates and particle formation were observed upon shaking stress. By identifying the physicochemical degradation pathways of dmLT using newly developed stability-indicating analytical methods from this study, we aim at developing more stable candidate formulations of dmLT that will minimize the formation of degradants and improve storage stability, as both a frozen bulk substance and eventually as a liquid final dosage form.
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33
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Zhang F, Jun M, Ledue O, Herd M, Malley R, Lu YJ. Antibody-mediated protection against Staphylococcus aureus dermonecrosis and sepsis by a whole cell vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:3834-3843. [PMID: 28601365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a very important human pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several vaccine clinical trials based on generating antibody against staphylococcal surface polysaccharides or proteins have been unsuccessful. A killed whole cell lysate preparation (SaWCA) was made by lysing a USA 300 strain with lysostaphin followed by sonication and harvest of the supernatant fraction. Immunization with SaWCA and cholera toxin (CT) generated robust IL-17A but relatively modest antibody responses, and provided protection in the skin abscess but not in the dermonecrosis or invasive infection model. In contrast, parenteral immunization with SaWCA and alum produced robust antibody and IL-17A responses and protected mice in all three models. Sera generated after immunization with SaWCA had measurable antibodies directed against six tested conserved surface proteins, and promoted opsonophagocytosis activity (OPA) against two S. aureus strains. Passive transfer of SaWCA-immune serum protected mice against dermonecrosis and invasive infection but provided no demonstrable effect against skin abscesses, suggesting that antibodies alone may not be sufficient for protection in this model. Thus, immunization with a SA lysate preparation generates potent antibody and T cell responses, and confers protection in systemic and cutaneous staphylococcal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Jun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivia Ledue
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Muriel Herd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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34
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Baker JA, Lewis EL, Byland LM, Bonakdar M, Randis TM, Ratner AJ. Mucosal vaccination promotes clearance of Streptococcus agalactiae vaginal colonization. Vaccine 2017; 35:1273-1280. [PMID: 28162823 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants, and colonization of the maternal genital tract is the primary risk factor for newborn infection. Despite the importance of mucosal colonization in GBS pathogenesis, relevant host and bacterial factors are incompletely understood. We investigated the role of humoral immunity in clearance of vaginal colonization in vivo. B-cell-deficient mice or those lacking neonatal Fc-receptor, a mediator of IgG transport to the vaginal mucosa, exhibit prolonged GBS vaginal colonization compared to wild type animals. Intranasal but not intramuscular immunization induced systemic and mucosal immune responses and decreased GBS colonization duration without altering initial colonization density. Vaccine-induced clearance of GBS was serotype-specific, suggesting a role for anti-capsule antibodies in protection. Our results support a role for humoral immunity in GBS eradication from the female genital tract and suggest that mucosal vaccination may prime colonization clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emma L Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leah M Byland
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Bonakdar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tara M Randis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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35
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Campos IB, Herd M, Moffitt KL, Lu YJ, Darrieux M, Malley R, Leite LCC, Gonçalves VM. IL-17A and complement contribute to killing of pneumococci following immunization with a pneumococcal whole cell vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1306-1315. [PMID: 28161422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pneumococcal whole cell vaccine (PWCV) has been investigated as an alternative to polysaccharide-based vaccines currently in use. It is a non-encapsulated killed vaccine preparation that induces non-capsular antibodies protecting mice against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and reducing nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage via IL-17A activation of mouse phagocytes. Here, we show that PWCV induces antibody and IL-17A production to protect mice against challenge in a fatal aspiration-sepsis model after only one dose. We observed protection even with a boiled preparation, attesting to the stability and robustness of the vaccine. PWCV antibodies were shown to bind to different encapsulated strains, but complement deposition on the pneumococcal surface was observed only on serotype 3 strains; using flow cytometer methodology, variations in PWCV quality, as in the boiled vaccine, were detected. Moreover, anti-PWCV induces phagocytosis of different pneumococcal serotypes by murine peritoneal cells in the presence of complement or IL-17A. These findings suggest that complement and IL-17A may participate in the process of phagocytosis induced by PWCV antibodies. IL-17A can stimulate phagocytic cells to kill pneumococcus and this is enhanced in the presence of PWCV antibodies bound to the bacterial cell surface. Our results provide further support for the PWCV as a broad-range vaccine against all existing serotypes, potentially providing protection for humans against NP colonization and IPD. Additionally, we suggest complement deposition assay as a tool to detect subtle differences between PWCV lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana B Campos
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia-USP-IPT-IB, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Muriel Herd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin L Moffitt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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36
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most frequent bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. National immunization programs implementing pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have successfully reduced rates of vaccine-type invasive disease and colonization both via direct effects in immunized children and, in some settings, indirect effects in unimmunized individuals. Limitations of the current PCV approach include the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes contributing to carriage and invasive disease in high-PCV coverage settings and the high cost of goods of PCVs which limits their accessibility in developing countries where the burden of disease remains highest. Furthermore, the distribution of serotypes causing disease varies geographically and includes more serotypes than are currently covered in a single PCV formulation. Researchers have long been exploring the potential of genetically conserved non-capsular pneumococcal antigens as vaccine candidates that might overcome such limitations. To better evaluate the rationale of such approaches, an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to the various phases of pneumococcal infection is of paramount importance. Herein we will review the evolving understanding of both vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization and infection and discuss how this informs current approaches using serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidates. We will then review the alternative vaccine candidates that have been or are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moffitt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Richard Malley
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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37
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Shakya AK, Chowdhury MYE, Tao W, Gill HS. Mucosal vaccine delivery: Current state and a pediatric perspective. J Control Release 2016; 240:394-413. [PMID: 26860287 PMCID: PMC5381653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood infections occur via the mucosal surfaces, however, parenterally delivered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at these surfaces. In contrast, delivery of vaccines via the mucosal routes can allow antigens to interact with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) to induce both mucosal and systemic immunity. The induced mucosal immunity can neutralize the pathogen on the mucosal surface before it can cause infection. In addition to reinforcing the defense at mucosal surfaces, mucosal vaccination is also expected to be needle-free, which can eliminate pain and the fear of vaccination. Thus, mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, especially for the pediatric population. However, vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces is challenging because of the different barriers that naturally exist at the various mucosal surfaces to keep the pathogens out. There have been significant developments in delivery systems for mucosal vaccination. In this review we provide an introduction to the MALT, highlight barriers to vaccine delivery at different mucosal surfaces, discuss different approaches that have been investigated for vaccine delivery across mucosal surfaces, and conclude with an assessment of perspectives for mucosal vaccination in the context of the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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38
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Lalsiamthara J, Kamble NM, Lee JH. A live attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis secreting detoxified heat labile toxin enhances mucosal immunity and confers protection against wild-type challenge in chickens. Vet Res 2016; 47:60. [PMID: 27262338 PMCID: PMC4893257 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A live attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) capable of constitutively secreting detoxified double mutant Escherichia coli heat labile toxin (dmLT) was developed. The biologically adjuvanted strain was generated via transformation of a highly immunogenic SE JOL1087 with a plasmid encoding dmLT gene cassette; the resultant strain was designated JOL1641. A balanced-lethal host-vector system stably maintained the plasmid via auxotrophic host complementation with a plasmid encoded aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) gene. Characterization by western blot assay revealed the dmLT subunit proteins in culture supernatants of JOL1641. For the investigation of adjuvanticity and protective efficacy, chickens were immunized via oral or intramuscular routes with PBS, JOL1087 and JOL1641. Birds immunized with JOL1641 showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in intestinal SIgA production at the 1st and 2nd weeks post-immunization via oral and intramuscular routes, respectively. Interestingly, while both strains showed significant splenic protection via intramuscular immunization, JOL1641 outperformed JOL1087 upon oral immunization. Oral immunization of birds with JOL1641 significantly reduced splenic bacterial counts. The reduction in bacterial counts may be correlated with an adjuvant effect of dmLT that increases SIgA secretion in the intestines of immunized birds. The inclusion of detoxified dmLT in the strain did not cause adverse reactions to birds, nor did it extend the period of bacterial fecal shedding. In conclusion, we report here that dmLT could be biologically incorporated in the secretion system of a live attenuated Salmonella-based vaccine, and that this construction is safe and could enhance mucosal immunity, and protect immunized birds against wild-type challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lalsiamthara
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Nitin Machindra Kamble
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan, 570-752, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains an important human pathogen. For more than 100 years, there have been vaccine efforts to prevent pneumococcal infection. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have significantly reduced invasive disease. However, these vaccines have changed pneumococcal ecology within the human nasopharynx. We suggest that elimination of the pneumococcus from the human nasopharynx can have consequences that should be considered as the next generation of pneumococcal vaccines is developed.
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40
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Elhaik Goldman S, Dotan S, Talias A, Lilo A, Azriel S, Malka I, Portnoi M, Ohayon A, Kafka D, Ellis R, Elkabets M, Porgador A, Levin D, Azhari R, Swiatlo E, Ling E, Feldman G, Tal M, Dagan R, Mizrachi Nebenzahl Y. Streptococcus pneumoniae fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, a protein vaccine candidate, elicits Th1/Th2/Th17-type cytokine responses in mice. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1127-38. [PMID: 26935978 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major pathogen worldwide. The currently available polysaccharide-based vaccines significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the inherent disadvantages of the currently available polysaccharide-based vaccines have motivated the search for other bacterial immunogens capable of eliciting a protective immune response against S. pneumoniae. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is a glycolytic enzyme, which was found to localize to the bacterial surface, where it functions as an adhesin. Previously, immunizing mice with recombinant FBA (rFBA) in the presence of alum elicited a protective immune response against a lethal challenge with S. pneumoniae. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the cytokine responses that are indicative of protective immunity following immunization with rFBA. The protective effects against pneumococcal challenge in mice immunized with rFBA with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the initial immunization and with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) in booster immunizations surpassed the protective effects observed following immunization with either rFBA + alum or pVACfba. CD4+ T-cells obtained from the rFBA/CFA/IFA/IFA-immunized mice co-cultured with rFBA-pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APCs), exhibited a significantly greater proliferative ability than CD4+ T-cells obtained from the adjuvant-immunized mice co-cultured with rFBA‑pulsed APCs. The levels of the Th1-type cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-12, the Th2-type cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, and the Th17-type cytokine, IL-17A, significantly increased within 72 h of the initiation of co-culture with CD4+ T-cells obtained from the rFBA‑immunized mice, in comparison with the co-cultures with CD4+ T-cells obtained from the adjuvant-immunized mice. Immunizing mice with rFBA resulted in an IgG1/IgG2 ratio of 41, indicating a Th2 response with substantial Th1 involvement. In addition, rabbit and mouse anti-rFBA antisera significantly protected the mice against a lethal S. pneumoniae challenge in comparison with preimmune sera. Our results emphasize the mixed involvement of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 arms of the immune system in response to immunization with pneumococcal rFBA, a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Elhaik Goldman
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Shahar Dotan
- NasVax/Protea Vaccine Technologies Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann, Science Park, Ness Ziona 74140, Israel
| | - Amir Talias
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Amit Lilo
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Shalhevet Azriel
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Itay Malka
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Maxim Portnoi
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Ariel Ohayon
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Daniel Kafka
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Ronald Ellis
- NasVax/Protea Vaccine Technologies Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann, Science Park, Ness Ziona 74140, Israel
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ditza Levin
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Rosa Azhari
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel 21982, Israel
| | - Edwin Swiatlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Eduard Ling
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Galia Feldman
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
| | - Michael Tal
- NasVax/Protea Vaccine Technologies Ltd., Kiryat Weizmann, Science Park, Ness Ziona 74140, Israel
| | - Ron Dagan
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer‑Sheva 84100, Israel
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Albert MJ, Haridas S, Ebenezer M, Raghupathy R, Khan I. Immunization with a Double-Mutant (R192G/L211A) of the Heat-Labile Enterotoxin of Escherichia coli Offers Partial Protection against Campylobacter jejuni in an Adult Mouse Intestinal Colonization Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142090. [PMID: 26540197 PMCID: PMC4634955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that antibodies to cholera toxin (CT) reacted with the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) from Campylobacter jejuni strains on Western blot. Further, oral immunization with CT significantly protected against challenge with C. jejuni in an adult mouse colonization model of infection. CT and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are structurally and functionally related. LT and its mutants including the double-mutant LT (R192G/L211A) (dmLT), are powerful mucosal adjuvants. Unlike LT which is reactogenic, dmLT has been shown to be safe for human use. In the current study, we determined whether rabbit anti-dmLT antibodies reacted with MOMPs from C. jejuni strains and whether immunization with dmLT would afford protection against C. jejuni. On Western blot, the MOMPs from C. jejuni 48 (Penner serotype O:19), C. jejuni 75 (O:3) and C. jejuni 111 (O:1,44) were probed with rabbit antibodies to dmLT or LT-E112K (a non-toxic LT mutant), which showed a lack of reaction. Adult BALB/c mice were orally immunized with dmLT and orally challenged with C. jejuni 48 or 111. Protection from colonization with the challenge bacteria was studied by enumerating Campylobacter colonies in feces daily for 9 days. Vaccination produced robust serum and stool antibody responses to dmLT and no antibody responses to C. jejuni MOMP. Vaccinated mice showed reduced colonization and excretion of both challenge strains compared to control mice. However, the differences were not statistically significant. The protective efficacy of the dmLT vaccine varied from 9.1% to 54.5%. The lack of cross-reaction between the MOMP and dmLT suggests that protection is not mediated by cross-reacting antibodies, but may be due to activation of innate immunity. As dmLT is safe for humans, it could be incorporated into a C. jejuni vaccine to enhance its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. John Albert
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
- * E-mail:
| | - Shilpa Haridas
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Mathew Ebenezer
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Raj Raghupathy
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
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Immune ageing and susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biogerontology 2015; 17:449-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang S. Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1509-23. [PMID: 26313239 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The many factors impacting the efficacy of a vaccine can be broadly divided into three categories: features of the vaccine itself, including immunogen design, vaccine type, formulation, adjuvant and dosing; individual variations among vaccine recipients and vaccine administration-related parameters. While much literature exists related to vaccines, and recently systems biology has started to dissect the impact of individual subject variation on vaccine efficacy, few studies have focused on the role of vaccine administration-related parameters on vaccine efficacy. Parenteral and mucosal vaccinations are traditional approaches for licensed vaccines; novel vaccine delivery approaches, including needless injection and adjuvant formulations, are being developed to further improve vaccine safety and efficacy. This review provides a brief summary of vaccine administration-related factors, including vaccination approach, delivery route and method of administration, to gain a better understanding of their potential impact on the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- a 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,b 2 China-US Vaccine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- c 3 Wang Biologics, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA ; Current affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- d 4 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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T(H)17-Mediated Protection against Pneumococcal Carriage by a Whole-Cell Vaccine Is Dependent on Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Surface Lipoproteins. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:909-16. [PMID: 26041040 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00118-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine (WCV) confers T(H)17-mediated immunogenicity and reduces nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in mice. Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been shown to be important for generating T(H)17 responses, and several lipidated pneumococcal proteins have TLR2-activating properties. Here we investigated the roles of TLR2 and lipidation of proteins in WCV-induced interleukin-17A (IL-17A) responses and protection against NP carriage. Immunization of Tlr2(-/-) mice with WCV conferred significantly lower IL-17A levels and reduced protection against NP carriage, compared to wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that host TLR2 engagement is required for effective immunity and protection elicited by WCV immunization. Using a WCV with deletion of lgt, the gene encoding the enzyme required for lipidation and membrane attachment of prolipoproteins, we show that lipidation and membrane localization of these proteins are critical for the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the WCV. To evaluate the roles of diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt)-mediated processes in the recall of WCV-induced protective responses, we colonized WCV-immunized animals with a strain in which lgt was deleted. WCV-immunized animals still had significantly reduced colonization burdens, compared to control animals, which suggests that lipidation and membrane localization of pneumococcal prolipoproteins are less critical for the recall of the immune responses elicited by WCV immunization than for the priming of such responses. Elucidation of underlying immune mechanisms and the optimal characteristics of WCV formulations can help guide vaccine development and enhance our understanding of host-pneumococcus interactions.
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Larena M, Holmgren J, Lebens M, Terrinoni M, Lundgren A. Cholera toxin, and the related nontoxic adjuvants mmCT and dmLT, promote human Th17 responses via cyclic AMP-protein kinase A and inflammasome-dependent IL-1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3829-39. [PMID: 25786687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the molecular pathways involved in the adjuvant action of cholera toxin (CT) and two novel nontoxic molecules, multiple-mutated CT (mmCT) and double-mutant heat-labile toxin (dmLT) on human T cell responses. Human PBMCs or isolated monocytes were stimulated in vitro with CT, mmCT, or dmLT plus a polyclonal stimulus (staphylococcal enterotoxin B) or specific bacterial Ags, and effects on expression of cytokines and signaling molecules were determined. CT, mmCT, and dmLT strongly enhanced IL-17A and to a lesser extent IL-13 responses, but had little effect on IFN-γ production or cell proliferation. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that the enhanced IL-17A production was largely confined to CD4(+) T cells and coculture experiments showed that the IL-17A promotion was effectively induced by adjuvant-treated monocytes. Relative to CT, mmCT and dmLT induced at least 100-fold lower levels of cAMP, yet this cAMP was enough and essential for the promotion of Th17 responses. Thus, inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A was abolished, and stimulation with a cAMP analog mimicked the adjuvant effect. Furthermore, CT, mmCT, and dmLT induced IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation in monocytes, which was associated with increased expression of key proinflammatory and inflammasome-related genes, including NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4. Inflammasome inhibition with a specific caspase-1 inhibitor, or blocking of IL-1 signaling by IL-1 receptor antagonist, abrogated the Th17-promoting effect. We conclude that CT, mmCT, and dmLT promote human Th17 responses via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and caspase-1/inflammasome-dependent IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Sweden
| | - Jan Holmgren
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Sweden
| | - Michael Lebens
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Sweden
| | - Manuela Terrinoni
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Sweden
| | - Anna Lundgren
- University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Sweden
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Srivastava A, Gowda DV, Madhunapantula SV, Shinde CG, Iyer M. Mucosal vaccines: a paradigm shift in the development of mucosal adjuvants and delivery vehicles. APMIS 2015; 123:275-88. [PMID: 25630573 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses are the first-line defensive mechanisms against a variety of infections. Therefore, immunizations of mucosal surfaces from which majority of infectious agents make their entry, helps to protect the body against infections. Hence, vaccinization of mucosal surfaces by using mucosal vaccines provides the basis for generating protective immunity both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over parenteral immunization. For example, (i) ease of administration; (ii) non-invasiveness; (iii) high-patient compliance; and (iv) suitability for mass vaccination. Despite these benefits, to date, only very few mucosal vaccines have been developed using whole microorganisms and approved for use in humans. This is due to various challenges associated with the development of an effective mucosal vaccine that can work against a variety of infections, and various problems concerned with the safe delivery of developed vaccine. For instance, protein antigen alone is not just sufficient enough for the optimal delivery of antigen(s) mucosally. Hence, efforts have been made to develop better prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for improved mucosal Th1 and Th2 immune responses using an efficient and safe immunostimulatory molecule and novel delivery carriers. Therefore, in this review, we have made an attempt to cover the recent advancements in the development of adjuvants and delivery carriers for safe and effective mucosal vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, Mysore, India
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48
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Abstract
The pneumococcus is a remarkably adaptable pathogen whose disease manifestations range from mucosal surface infections such as acute otitis media and pneumonia to invasive infections such as sepsis and meningitis. Currently approved vaccines target the polysaccharide capsule, of which there are over 90 distinct serotypes, leading to rapid serotype replacement in vaccinated populations. Substantial progress has been made in the development of a universal pneumococcal vaccine, with efforts focused on broadly conserved and protective protein antigens. An area attracting considerable attention is the potential application of live attenuated vaccines to confer serotype-independent protection against mucosal and systemic infection. On the basis of recent work to understand the mucosal and systemic responses to nasal administration of pneumococci and to develop novel attenuation strategies, the prospect of a practical and protective live vaccine remains promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rosch
- a Department of Infectious Diseases; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital ; Memphis , TN USA
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49
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Tarahomjoo S. Recent Approaches in Vaccine Development against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24:215-27. [DOI: 10.1159/000365052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kraan H, Vrieling H, Czerkinsky C, Jiskoot W, Kersten G, Amorij JP. Buccal and sublingual vaccine delivery. J Control Release 2014; 190:580-92. [PMID: 24911355 PMCID: PMC7114675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of their large surface area and immunological competence, mucosal tissues are attractive administration and target sites for vaccination. An important characteristic of mucosal vaccination is its ability to elicit local immune responses, which act against infection at the site of pathogen entry. However, mucosal surfaces are endowed with potent and sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to prevent the immune system from overreacting to the many environmental antigens. Hence, mucosal vaccination may suppress the immune system instead of induce a protective immune response. Therefore, mucosal adjuvants and/or special antigen delivery systems as well as appropriate dosage forms are required in order to develop potent mucosal vaccines. Whereas oral, nasal and pulmonary vaccine delivery strategies have been described extensively, the sublingual and buccal routes have received considerably less attention. In this review, the characteristics of and approaches for sublingual and buccal vaccine delivery are described and compared with other mucosal vaccine delivery sites. We discuss recent progress and highlight promising developments in the search for vaccine formulations, including adjuvants and suitable dosage forms, which are likely critical for designing a successful sublingual or buccal vaccine. Finally, we outline the challenges, hurdles to overcome and formulation issues relevant for sublingual or buccal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Kraan
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hilde Vrieling
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cecil Czerkinsky
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS-INSERM-UNSA, Valbonne, France
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Amorij
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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