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Williamson ED, Kilgore PB, Hendrix EK, Neil BH, Sha J, Chopra AK. Progress on the research and development of plague vaccines with a call to action. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:162. [PMID: 39242587 PMCID: PMC11379892 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a compelling demand for approved plague vaccines due to the endemicity of Yersinia pestis and its potential for pandemic spread. Whilst substantial progress has been made, we recommend that the global funding and health security systems should work urgently to translate some of the efficacious vaccines reviewed herein to expedite clinical development and to prevent future disastrous plague outbreaks, particularly caused by antimicrobial resistant Y. pestis strains.Content includes material subject to Crown Copyright © 2024.This is an open access article under the Open Government License ( http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diane Williamson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Paul B Kilgore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Emily K Hendrix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Blake H Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, UTMB, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Koroleva EA, Goryainova OS, Ivanova TI, Rutovskaya MV, Zigangirova NA, Tillib SV. Anti-Idiotypic Nanobodies Mimicking an Epitope of the Needle Protein of the Chlamydial Type III Secretion System for Targeted Immune Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2047. [PMID: 38396724 PMCID: PMC10889375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new approaches and drugs for effective control of the chronic and complicated forms of urogenital chlamydia caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which is suspected to be one of the main causes of infertility in both women and men, is an urgent task. We used the technology of single-domain antibody (nanobody) generation both for the production of targeting anti-chlamydia molecules and for the subsequent acquisition of anti-idiotypic nanobodies (ai-Nbs) mimicking the structure of a given epitope of the pathogen (the epitope of the Chlamydial Type III Secretion System Needle Protein). In a mouse model, we have shown that the obtained ai-Nbs are able to induce a narrowly specific humoral immune response in the host, leading to the generation of intrinsic anti-Chlamydia antibodies, potentially therapeutic, specifically recognizing a given antigenic epitope of Chlamydia. The immune sera derived from mice immunized with ai-Nbs are able to suppress chlamydial infection in vitro. We hypothesize that the proposed method of the creation and use of ai-Nbs, which mimic and present to the host immune system exactly the desired region of the antigen, create a fundamentally new universal approach to generating molecular structures as a part of specific vaccine for the targeted induction of immune response, especially useful in cases where it is difficult to prepare an antigen preserving the desired epitope in its native conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Koroleva
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.K.)
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana S. Goryainova
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.K.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana I. Ivanova
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.K.)
| | - Marina V. Rutovskaya
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.K.)
| | - Naylia A. Zigangirova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after the Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.K.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Dold C, Marsay L, Wang N, Silva-Reyes L, Clutterbuck E, Paterson GK, Sharkey K, Wyllie D, Beernink PT, Hill AV, Pollard AJ, Rollier CS. An adenoviral-vectored vaccine confers seroprotection against capsular group B meningococcal disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade3901. [PMID: 37343082 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviral-vectored vaccines are licensed for prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus, but, for bacterial proteins, expression in a eukaryotic cell may affect the antigen's localization and conformation or lead to unwanted glycosylation. Here, we investigated the potential use of an adenoviral-vectored vaccine platform for capsular group B meningococcus (MenB). Vector-based candidate vaccines expressing MenB antigen factor H binding protein (fHbp) were generated, and immunogenicity was assessed in mouse models, including the functional antibody response by serum bactericidal assay (SBA) using human complement. All adenovirus-based vaccine candidates induced high antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses. A single dose induced functional serum bactericidal responses with titers superior or equal to those induced by two doses of protein-based comparators, as well as longer persistence and a similar breadth. The fHbp transgene was further optimized for human use by incorporating a mutation abrogating binding to the human complement inhibitor factor H. The resulting vaccine candidate induced high and persistent SBA responses in transgenic mice expressing human factor H. The optimized transgene was inserted into the clinically relevant ChAdOx1 backbone, and this vaccine has now progressed to clinical development. The results of this preclinical vaccine development study underline the potential of vaccines based on genetic material to induce functional antibody responses against bacterial outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Leanne Marsay
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nelson Wang
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Laura Silva-Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kelsey Sharkey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Peter T Beernink
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adrian V Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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Yang R, Atkinson S, Chen Z, Cui Y, Du Z, Han Y, Sebbane F, Slavin P, Song Y, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Hinnebusch BJ, Stenseth NC, Motin VL. Yersinia pestis and Plague: some knowns and unknowns. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37602146 PMCID: PMC10438918 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Steve Atkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philip Slavin
- Division of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LJ, UK
| | - Yajun Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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5
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Marsay L, Dold C, Paterson GK, Yamaguchi Y, Derrick JP, Chan H, Feavers IM, Maiden MCJ, Wyllie D, Hill AV, Pollard AJ, Rollier CS. Viral vectors expressing group B meningococcal outer membrane proteins induce strong antibody responses but fail to induce functional bactericidal activity. J Infect 2022; 84:658-667. [PMID: 35245584 PMCID: PMC7616632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenoviral vectored vaccines, with the appropriate gene insert, induce cellular and antibody responses against viruses, parasites and intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we explored their capacity to induce functional antibody responses to meningococcal transmembrane outer membrane proteins. METHODS Vectors expressing porin A and ferric enterobactin receptor A antigens were generated, and their immunogenicity assessed in mice using binding and bactericidal assays. RESULTS The viral vectors expressed the bacterial proteins in an in vitro cell-infection assay and, after immunisation of mice, induced higher titres (>105 end-point titre) and longer lasting (>32 weeks) transgene-specific antibody responses in vivo than did outer membrane vesicles containing the same antigens. However, bactericidal antibodies, which are the primary surrogate of protection against meningococcus, were undetectable, despite different designs to support the presentation of the protective B-cell epitopes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that, while the transmembrane bacterial proteins expressed by the viral vector induced strong and persistent antigen-specific antibodies, this platform failed to induce bactericidal antibodies. The results suggest that conformation or post-translational modifications of bacterial outer membrane antigens produced in eukaryote cells might not result in presentation of the necessary epitopes for induction of functional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Marsay
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chan
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Feavers
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - David Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom; Section of Immunology, Department of Biochemical sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Dorothy Hodgkin Building (AY), Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Combinatorial Viral Vector-Based and Live Attenuated Vaccines without an Adjuvant to Generate Broader Immune Responses to Effectively Combat Pneumonic Plague. mBio 2021; 12:e0322321. [PMID: 34872353 PMCID: PMC8649767 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03223-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice immunized with a combination of an adenovirus vector (Ad5-YFV) and live-attenuated (LMA)-based vaccines were evaluated for protective efficacy against pneumonic plague. While the Ad5-YFV vaccine harbors a fusion cassette of three genes encoding YscF, F1, and LcrV, LMA represents a mutant of parental Yersinia pestis CO92 deleted for genes encoding Lpp, MsbB, and Ail. Ad5-YFV and LMA were either administered simultaneously (1-dose regimen) or 21 days apart in various orders and route of administration combinations (2-dose regimen). The 2-dose regimen induced robust immune responses to provide full protection to animals against parental CO92 and its isogenic F1 deletion mutant (CAF−) challenges during both short- and long-term studies. Mice intranasally (i.n.) immunized with Ad5-YFV first followed by LMA (i.n. or intramuscularly [i.m.]) had higher T- and B-cell proliferative responses and LcrV antibody titers than those in mice vaccinated with LMA (i.n. or i.m.) first ahead of Ad5-YFV (i.n.) during the long-term study. Specifically, the needle- and adjuvant-free vaccine combination (i.n.) is ideal for use in plague regions of endemicity. Conversely, with a 1-dose regimen, mice vaccinated with Ad5-YFV i.n. and LMA by the i.m. route provided complete protection to animals against CO92 and its CAF− mutant challenges and elicited Th1/Th2, as well as Th17 responses, making it suitable for emergency vaccination during a plague outbreak or bioterrorist attack. This is a first study in which a viral vector-based and live-attenuated vaccines were effectively used in combination, representing adjuvant- and/or needle-free immunization, with each vaccine triggering a distinct cellular immune response.
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Rosenzweig JA, Hendrix EK, Chopra AK. Plague vaccines: new developments in an ongoing search. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4931-4941. [PMID: 34142207 PMCID: PMC8211537 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the reality of pandemic threats challenges humanity, exemplified during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infections, the development of vaccines targeting these etiological agents of disease has become increasingly critical. Of paramount concern are novel and reemerging pathogens that could trigger such events, including the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is responsible for more human deaths than any other known pathogen and exists globally in endemic regions of the world, including the four corners region and Northern California in the USA. Recent cases have been scattered throughout the world, including China and the USA, with serious outbreaks in Madagascar during 2008, 2013-2014, and, most recently, 2017-2018. This review will focus on recent advances in plague vaccine development, a seemingly necessary endeavor, as there is no Food and Drug Administration-licensed vaccine available for human distribution in western nations, and that antibiotic-resistant strains are recovered clinically or intentionally developed. Progress and recent development involving subunit, live-attenuated, and nucleic acid-based plague vaccine candidates will be discussed in this review. KEY POINTS: • Plague vaccine development remains elusive yet critical. • DNA, animal, and live-attenuated vaccine candidates gain traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Rosenzweig
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA.
| | - Emily K Hendrix
- Departmnet of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Departmnet of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Kilgore PB, Sha J, Andersson JA, Motin VL, Chopra AK. A new generation needle- and adjuvant-free trivalent plague vaccine utilizing adenovirus-5 nanoparticle platform. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:21. [PMID: 33514747 PMCID: PMC7846801 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A plague vaccine with a fusion cassette of YscF, F1, and LcrV encoding genes in an adenovirus-5 vector (rAd5-YFV) is evaluated for efficacy and immune responses in mice. Two doses of the vaccine provides 100% protection when administered intranasally against challenge with Yersinia pestis CO92 or its isogenic F1 mutant in short- or long- term immunization in pneumonic/bubonic plague models. The corresponding protection rates drop in rAd5-LcrV monovalent vaccinated mice in plague models. The rAd5-YFV vaccine induces superior humoral, mucosal and cell-mediated immunity, with clearance of the pathogen. Immunization of mice with rAd5-YFV followed by CO92 infection dampens proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil chemoattractant production, while increasing Th1- and Th2-cytokine responses as well as macrophage/monocyte chemo-attractants when compared to the challenge control animals. This is a first study showing complete protection of mice from pneumonic/bubonic plague with a viral vector-based vaccine without the use of needles and the adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Kilgore
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Jourdan A. Andersson
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Ashok K. Chopra
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA ,grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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Yasmin H, Saha S, Butt MT, Modi RK, George AJT, Kishore U. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Immune Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:99-134. [PMID: 34661893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, positive-sense RNA coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected more than 127 million people, 2.7 million deaths globally (as per WHO dashboard, dated 31 March, 2020), the virus is capable of transmitting from human to human via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets or aerosols or contact with infected fomites. Clinically, patients with COVID-19 present with severe respiratory distress syndrome, which is very similar to the presentation of other respiratory viral infections. A huge variation in the host response exists, with the resulting symptoms varying from mild to moderate. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, coagulation dysfunction, stroke, malignant tumor and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, as well as age and sex, are associated with severe COVID-19 cases. So far, no targeted therapies have been developed to treat this disease and existing drugs are being investigated for repurposing. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical features of COVID-19, pathogenesis and the innate and adaptive immune response mounted by the host to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. A deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is fundamental to the development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Amity Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Amity University Campus, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mariam Tariq Butt
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Rishab Kumar Modi
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Andrew J T George
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
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10
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Yersinia pestis Antigen F1 but Not LcrV Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Humans Immunized with Live Plague Vaccine-Comparison of Immunoinformatic and Immunological Approaches. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040698. [PMID: 33228200 PMCID: PMC7712656 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in immunoinformatics provided the basis for an accelerated development of target-specific peptide vaccines as an alternative to the traditional vaccine concept. However, there is still limited information on whether the in silico predicted immunoreactive epitopes correspond to those obtained from the actual experiments. Here, humoral and cellular immune responses to two major Yersinia pestis protective antigens, F1 and LcrV, were studied in human donors immunized with the live plague vaccine (LPV) based on the attenuated Y. pestis strain EV line NIIEG. The F1 antigen provided modest specific cellular (mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 type) and humoral immune responses in vaccinees irrespective of the amount of annual vaccinations and duration of the post-vaccination period. The probing of the F1 overlapping peptide library with the F1-positive sera revealed the presence of seven linear B cell epitopes, which were all also predicted by in silico assay. The immunoinformatics study evaluated their antigenicity, toxicity, and allergenic properties. The epitope TSQDGNNH was mostly recognized by the sera from recently vaccinated donors rather than antibodies from those immunized decades ago, suggesting the usefulness of this peptide for differentiation between recent and long-term vaccinations. The in silico analysis predicted nine linear LcrV-specific B-cell epitopes; however, weak antibody and cellular immune responses prevented their experimental evaluation, indicating that LcrV is a poor marker of successful vaccination. No specific Th17 immune response to either F1 or LcrV was detected, and there were no detectable serum levels of F1-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vaccinees. Overall, the general approach validated in the LPV model could be valuable for the rational design of vaccines against other neglected and novel emerging infections with high pandemic potency.
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Fernández-Bravo A, Kilgore PB, Andersson JA, Blears E, Figueras MJ, Hasan NA, Colwell RR, Sha J, Chopra AK. T6SS and ExoA of flesh-eating Aeromonas hydrophila in peritonitis and necrotizing fasciitis during mono- and polymicrobial infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24084-24092. [PMID: 31712444 PMCID: PMC6883842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914395116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An earlier report described a human case of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) caused by mixed infection with 4 Aeromonas hydrophila strains (NF1-NF4). While the NF2, NF3, and NF4 strains were clonal and possessed exotoxin A (ExoA), the NF1 strain was determined to be phylogenetically distinct, harboring a unique type 6 secretion system (T6SS) effector (TseC). During NF1 and NF2 mixed infection, only NF1 disseminated, while NF2 was rapidly killed by a contact-dependent mechanism and macrophage phagocytosis, as was demonstrated by using in vitro models. To confirm these findings, we developed 2 NF1 mutants (NF1ΔtseC and NF1ΔvasK); vasK encodes an essential T6SS structural component. NF1 VasK and TseC were proven to be involved in contact-dependent killing of NF2 in vitro, as well as in its elimination at the intramuscular injection site in vivo during mixed infection, with overall reduced mouse mortality. ExoA was shown to have an important role in NF by both NF1-exoA (with cis exoA) and NF2 during monomicrobial infection. However, the contribution of ExoA was more important for NF2 than NF1 in the murine peritonitis model. The NF2∆exoA mutant did not significantly alter animal mortality or NF1 dissemination during mixed infection in the NF model, suggesting that the ExoA activity was significant at the injection site. Immunization of mice to ExoA protected animals from NF2 monomicrobial challenge, but not from polymicrobial infection because of NF2 clearance. This study clarified the roles of T6SS and ExoA in pathogenesis caused by A. hydrophila NF strains in both mouse peritonitis and NF models in monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Bravo
- Unidad de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Paul B Kilgore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Jourdan A Andersson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
- Department of Pathology and Immunology and Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Elizabeth Blears
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555
| | - Maria José Figueras
- Unidad de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Nur A Hasan
- Research and Development Department, CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD 20850
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Research and Development Department, CosmosID Inc., Rockville, MD 20850
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555;
| | - Ashok K Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555;
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Current State of the Problem of Vaccine Development for Specific Prophylaxis of Plague. ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОСОБО ОПАСНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ 2019. [DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2019-1-50-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of large-scale plague outbreaks in Africa and South America countries in the modern period, characterized by high frequency of pneumonic plague development (including with lethal outcome) keeps up the interest of scientists to the matters of development and testing of means for specific prophylaxis of this particularly dangerous infectious disease. WHO workshop that was held in 2018 identified the general principles of optimization of design and testing of new-generation vaccines effectively protecting the population from plague infection. Application of the achievements of biological and medical sciences for outlining rational strategy for construction of immunobiological preparations led to a certain progress in the creation of not only sub-unit vaccines based on recombinant antigens, but also live and vector preparations on the platform of safe bacterial strains and replicating and non-replicating viruses in recent years. The review comprehensively considers the relevant trends in vaccine construction for plague prevention, describes advantages of the state-of-the art methodologies for their safety and efficiency enhancement.
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Sun W, Singh AK. Plague vaccine: recent progress and prospects. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:11. [PMID: 30792905 PMCID: PMC6379378 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Three great plague pandemics, resulting in nearly 200 million deaths in human history and usage as a biowarfare agent, have made Yersinia pestis as one of the most virulent human pathogens. In late 2017, a large plague outbreak raged in Madagascar attracted extensive attention and caused regional panics. The evolution of local outbreaks into a pandemic is a concern of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in plague endemic regions. Until now, no licensed plague vaccine is available. Prophylactic vaccination counteracting this disease is certainly a primary choice for its long-term prevention. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in research and development of plague vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Amit K. Singh
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208 USA
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Abstract
Following the deadly anthrax attacks of 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determined that Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis that cause anthrax and plague, respectively, are two Tier 1 select agents that pose the greatest threat to the national security of the United States. Both cause rapid death, in 3 to 6 days, of exposed individuals. We engineered a virus nanoparticle vaccine using bacteriophage T4 by incorporating key antigens of both B. anthracis and Y. pestis into one formulation. Two doses of this vaccine provided complete protection against both inhalational anthrax and pneumonic plague in animal models. This dual anthrax-plague vaccine is a strong candidate for stockpiling against a potential bioterror attack involving either one or both of these biothreat agents. Further, our results establish the T4 nanoparticle as a novel platform to develop multivalent vaccines against pathogens of high public health significance. Bacillus anthracis and Yersinia pestis, the causative agents of anthrax and plague, respectively, are two of the deadliest pathogenic bacteria that have been used as biological warfare agents. Although Biothrax is a licensed vaccine against anthrax, no Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccine exists for plague. Here, we report the development of a dual anthrax-plague nanoparticle vaccine employing bacteriophage (phage) T4 as a platform. Using an in vitro assembly system, the 120- by 86-nm heads (capsids) of phage T4 were arrayed with anthrax and plague antigens fused to the small outer capsid protein Soc (9 kDa). The antigens included the anthrax protective antigen (PA) (83 kDa) and the mutated (mut) capsular antigen F1 and the low-calcium-response V antigen of the type 3 secretion system from Y. pestis (F1mutV) (56 kDa). These viral nanoparticles elicited robust anthrax- and plague-specific immune responses and provided complete protection against inhalational anthrax and/or pneumonic plague in three animal challenge models, namely, mice, rats, and rabbits. Protection was demonstrated even when the animals were simultaneously challenged with lethal doses of both anthrax lethal toxin and Y. pestis CO92 bacteria. Unlike the traditional subunit vaccines, the phage T4 vaccine uses a highly stable nanoparticle scaffold, provides multivalency, requires no adjuvant, and elicits broad T-helper 1 and 2 immune responses that are essential for complete clearance of bacteria during infection. Therefore, phage T4 is a unique nanoparticle platform to formulate multivalent vaccines against high-risk pathogens for national preparedness against potential bioterror attacks and emerging infections.
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D’Ortenzio E, Lemaître N, Brouat C, Loubet P, Sebbane F, Rajerison M, Baril L, Yazdanpanah Y. Plague: Bridging gaps towards better disease control. Med Mal Infect 2018; 48:307-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2018.04.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hu J, Jiao L, Hu Y, Chu K, Li J, Zhu F, Li T, Wu Z, Wei D, Meng F, Wang B. One year immunogenicity and safety of subunit plague vaccine in Chinese healthy adults: An extended open-label study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2701-2705. [PMID: 29927704 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1486154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the one-year immunogenicity and safety of a subunit plague vaccine. METHODS In the initial study, 240 healthy adults aged 18-55 years were administrated with 2 doses of 15 or 30 µg plague vaccines at day 0 and 28, respectively. In this extended follow-up study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of the plague vaccine up to one year. RESULTS For antibody to envelope antigen faction 1 (F1) antigen, titers were up to new peaks at month 6, then declined slowly to month 12, but remained at higher levels than those at day 56. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) of F1 were significantly higher in 30 µg group than those in 15 µg group at month 6 and 12 (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001). However, approximate 100% seroconversion rates of F1 antibodies were found in both 15 and 30 µg groups at the both time points. For antibody to recombinant virulence (rV) antigen, titers and seroconversion rates were decreased sharply at month 6 and continue to decrease at month 12. GMTs and seroconversion rates were not significantly different between the 15 and 30 µg groups, respectively. No serious adverse events (SAEs) related to vaccine occurred. CONCLUSION The new plague vaccine (F1+rV) induced a robust immune response up to 12 months and showed a good safety profile in adults aged 18-55 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Hu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Lei Jiao
- b Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd. , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yuemei Hu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Chu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Jingxin Li
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Taishun Li
- c Department of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- b Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd. , Lanzhou , China
| | - Dong Wei
- d National Institute for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Fanyue Meng
- a Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention , Nanjing , China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- b Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Co.,Ltd. , Lanzhou , China
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Chlamydial Type III Secretion System Needle Protein Induces Protective Immunity against Chlamydia muridarum Intravaginal Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3865802. [PMID: 28459057 PMCID: PMC5385227 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3865802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis imposes serious health problems and causes infertility. Because of asymptomatic onset, it often escapes antibiotic treatment. Therefore, vaccines offer a better option for the prevention of unwanted inflammatory sequelae. The existence of serologically distinct serovars of C. trachomatis suggests that a vaccine will need to provide protection against multiple serovars. Chlamydia spp. use a highly conserved type III secretion system (T3SS) composed of structural and effector proteins which is an essential virulence factor. In this study, we expressed the T3SS needle protein of Chlamydia muridarum, TC_0037, an ortholog of C. trachomatis CdsF, in a replication-defective adenoviral vector (AdTC_0037) and evaluated its protective efficacy in an intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum model. For better immune responses, we employed a heterologous prime-boost immunization protocol in which mice were intranasally primed with AdTC_0037 and subcutaneously boosted with recombinant TC_0037 and Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A mixed in a squalene nanoscale emulsion. We found that immunization with TC_0037 antigen induced specific humoral and T cell responses, decreased Chlamydia loads in the genital tract, and abrogated pathology of upper genital organs. Together, our results suggest that TC_0037, a highly conserved chlamydial T3SS protein, is a good candidate for inclusion in a Chlamydia vaccine.
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Verma SK, Tuteja U. Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends. Front Immunol 2016; 7:602. [PMID: 28018363 PMCID: PMC5155008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague is one of the world’s most lethal human diseases caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacterium. Despite overwhelming studies for many years worldwide, there is no safe and effective vaccine against this fatal disease. Inhalation of Y. pestis bacilli causes pneumonic plague, a fast growing and deadly dangerous disease. F1/LcrV-based vaccines failed to provide adequate protection in African green monkey model in spite of providing protection in mice and cynomolgus macaques. There is still no explanation for this inconsistent efficacy, and scientists leg behind to search reliable correlate assays for immune protection. These paucities are the main barriers to improve the effectiveness of plague vaccine. In the present scenario, one has to pay special attention to elicit strong cellular immune response in developing a next-generation vaccine against plague. Here, we review the scientific contributions and existing progress in developing subunit vaccines, the role of molecular adjuvants; DNA vaccines; live delivery platforms; and attenuated vaccines developed to counteract virulent strains of Y. pestis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urmil Tuteja
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment , Gwalior , India
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