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Zhang W, Liu W, Liang X, Zhang R, Gleason ML, Sun G. CfHMG Differentially Regulates the Sexual Development and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum fructicola Plus and Minus Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:478. [PMID: 39057363 PMCID: PMC11278496 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola shows morphological and genetic differences in plus and minus strains. However, the mechanism of the differentiation between two types of strains is still largely unclear. Our early transcriptome analysis revealed that CfHMG expression differed in plus and minus strains. To define the functions of the CfHMG gene, we constructed gene deletion mutants by homologous recombination. We found that a CfHMG deletion mutant of the minus strain, CfHMG-M, could lead to a reduction in perithecium sizes and densities on media and sterile perithecium formation compared with the minus wild type (WT), whereas there was no effect for the plus mutant CfHMG-P. In co-cultures between CfHMG-P and minus WT, CfHMG-M and plus WT, or CfHMG-P and CfHMG-M, the quantities of perithecia were all reduced significantly. When conidial suspensions were inoculated on non-wounded apple fruit, it was found that the virulence of the minus mutant decreased significantly but not for the plus one. Further, we found that the virulence decrease in minus mutants was caused by a decrease in the conidium germination rate. Our results indicate that CfHMG of C. fructicola plays an important role in the mating line formation between the plus and minus strain for both strains and differentially regulates the perithecium size, density, fertilization, and virulence of the minus strain. The results are significant for further detecting the differentiated mechanisms between the plus and minus strains in Colletotrichum fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Wenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Mark L. Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.Z.); (W.L.); (R.Z.)
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Jeyaraj A, Elango T, Chen X, Zhuang J, Wang Y, Li X. Advances in understanding the mechanism of resistance to anthracnose and induced defence response in tea plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1330-1346. [PMID: 37522519 PMCID: PMC10502868 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is susceptible to anthracnose disease that causes considerable crop loss and affects the yield and quality of tea. Multiple Colletotrichum spp. are the causative agents of this disease, which spreads quickly in warm and humid climates. During plant-pathogen interactions, resistant cultivars defend themselves against the hemibiotrophic pathogen by activating defence signalling pathways, whereas the pathogen suppresses plant defences in susceptible varieties. Various fungicides have been used to control this disease on susceptible plants, but these fungicide residues are dangerous to human health and cause fungicide resistance in pathogens. The problem-solving approaches to date are the development of resistant cultivars and ecofriendly biocontrol strategies to achieve sustainable tea cultivation and production. Understanding the infection stages of Colletotrichum, tea plant resistance mechanisms, and induced plant defence against Colletotrichum is essential to support sustainable disease management practices in the field. This review therefore summarizes the current knowledge of the identified causative agent of tea plant anthracnose, the infection strategies and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides, anthracnose disease resistance mechanisms, and the caffeine-induced defence response against Colletotrichum infection. The information reported in this review will advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and eventually help us to develop new disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Xuan Chen
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Zhuang
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Antwi-Agyakwa AK, Asante K, Boateng BO, Ablormeti FK, Lutuf H, Osei-Owusu J, Osei JHN, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Honger JO, Aidoo OF, Ninsin KD. Mango anthracnose disease: the current situation and direction for future research. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1168203. [PMID: 37692388 PMCID: PMC10484599 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mango anthracnose disease (MAD) is a destructive disease of mangoes, with estimated yield losses of up to 100% in unmanaged plantations. Several strains that constitute Colletotrichum complexes are implicated in MAD worldwide. All mangoes grown for commercial purposes are susceptible, and a resistant cultivar for all strains is not presently available on the market. The infection can widely spread before being detected since the disease is invincible until after a protracted latent period. The detection of multiple strains of the pathogen in Mexico, Brazil, and China has prompted a significant increase in research on the disease. Synthetic pesticide application is the primary management technique used to manage the disease. However, newly observed declines in anthracnose susceptibility to many fungicides highlight the need for more environmentally friendly approaches. Recent progress in understanding the host range, molecular and phenotypic characterization, and susceptibility of the disease in several mango cultivars is discussed in this review. It provides updates on the mode of transmission, infection biology and contemporary management strategies. We suggest an integrated and ecologically sound approach to managing MAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Kwasi Asante
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Fred Kormla Ablormeti
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Joseph Okani Honger
- Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Kodwo Dadzie Ninsin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
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Zhang YZ, Li B, Pan YT, Fang YL, Li DW, Huang L. Protein Phosphatase CgPpz1 Regulates Potassium Uptake, Stress Responses, and Plant Infection in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:820-829. [PMID: 34689611 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0051-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. The ascomycete Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a causal agent of anthracnose disease on some important crops and trees. In this study, CgPPZ1, a protein phosphate gene and a homolog of yeast PPZ1, was identified in C. gloeosporioides. Targeted gene deletion showed that CgPpz1 was important for vegetative growth and asexual development, conidial germination, and plant infection. Cytological examinations revealed that CgPpz1 was localized to the cytoplasm. The ΔCgppz1 mutant was hypersensitive to osmotic stresses, cell wall stressors, and oxidative stressors. Taken together, our results indicated that CgPpz1 plays an important role in the fungal development and virulence of C. gloeosporioides and the multiple stress responses generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yu-Lan Fang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, U.S.A
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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5
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Fu FF, Hao Z, Wang P, Lu Y, Xue LJ, Wei G, Tian Y, Hu B, Xu H, Shi J, Cheng T, Wang G, Yi Y, Chen J. Genome Sequence and Comparative Analysis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolated from Liriodendron Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1260-1269. [PMID: 32202483 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-19-0452-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a hemibiotrophic pathogen causing significant losses to economically important crops and forest trees, including Liriodendron. To explore the interaction between C. gloeosporioides and Liriodendron and to identify the candidate genes determining the pathogenesis, we sequenced and assembled the whole genome of C. gloeosporioides Lc1 (CgLc1) using PacBio and Illumina next generation sequencing and performed a comparative genomic analysis between CgLc1 and Cg01, the latter being a described endophytic species of the C. gloeosporioides complex. Gene structure prediction identified 15,744 protein-coding genes and 837 noncoding RNAs. Species-specific genes were characterized using an ortholog analysis followed by a pathway enrichment analysis, which showed that genes specific to CgLc1 were enriched for the arginine biosynthetic process. Furthermore, genome synteny analysis revealed that most of the protein-coding genes fell into collinear blocks. However, two clusters of polyketide synthase genes were identified to be specific for CgLc1, suggesting that they might have an important role in virulence control. Transcriptional regulators coexpressed with polyketide synthase genes were detected through a Weighted Correlation Network Analysis. Taken together, this work provides new insight into the virulence- and pathogenesis-associated genes present in C. gloeosporioides and its possible lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang-Jiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoyu Wei
- Shanghai Municipal Agricultural and Rural Affairs Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tielong Cheng
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Yi
- State Forestry Administration Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Gómez-Gallego T, Benabdellah K, Merlos MA, Jiménez-Jiménez AM, Alcon C, Berthomieu P, Ferrol N. The Rhizophagus irregularis Genome Encodes Two CTR Copper Transporters That Mediate Cu Import Into the Cytosol and a CTR-Like Protein Likely Involved in Copper Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:604. [PMID: 31156674 PMCID: PMC6531763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase fitness of their host plants under Cu deficient and toxic conditions. In this study, we have characterized two Cu transporters of the CTR family (RiCTR1 and RiCTR2) and a CTR-like protein (RiCTR3A) of Rhizophagus irregularis. Functional analyses in yeast revealed that RiCTR1 encodes a plasma membrane Cu transporter, RiCTR2 a vacuolar Cu transporter and RiCTR3A a plasma membrane protein involved in Cu tolerance. RiCTR1 was more highly expressed in the extraradical mycelia (ERM) and RiCTR2 in the intraradical mycelia (IRM). In the ERM, RiCTR1 expression was up-regulated by Cu deficiency and down-regulated by Cu toxicity. RiCTR2 expression increased only in the ERM grown under severe Cu-deficient conditions. These data suggest that RiCTR1 is involved in Cu uptake by the ERM and RiCTR2 in mobilization of vacuolar Cu stores. Cu deficiency decreased mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule frequency, but increased RiCTR1 and RiCTR2 expression in the IRM, which suggest that the IRM has a high Cu demand. The two alternatively spliced products of RiCTR3, RiCTR3A and RiCTR3B, were more highly expressed in the ERM. Up-regulation of RiCTR3A by Cu toxicity and the yeast complementation assays suggest that RiCTR3A might function as a Cu receptor involved in Cu tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Genomic Medicine Department, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Merlos
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Jiménez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Carine Alcon
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Berthomieu
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Plante S, Normant V, Ramos-Torres KM, Labbé S. Cell-surface copper transporters and superoxide dismutase 1 are essential for outgrowth during fungal spore germination. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11896-11914. [PMID: 28572514 PMCID: PMC5512082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During fungal spore germination, a resting spore returns to a conventional mode of cell division and resumes vegetative growth, but the requirements for spore germination are incompletely understood. Here, we show that copper is essential for spore germination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Germinating spores develop a single germ tube that emerges from the outer spore wall in a process called outgrowth. Under low-copper conditions, the copper transporters Ctr4 and Ctr5 are maximally expressed at the onset of outgrowth. In the case of Ctr6, its expression is broader, taking place before and during outgrowth. Spores lacking Ctr4, Ctr5, and the copper sensor Cuf1 exhibit complete germination arrest at outgrowth. In contrast, ctr6 deletion only partially interferes with formation of outgrowing spores. At outgrowth, Ctr4-GFP and Ctr5-Cherry first co-localize at the spore contour, followed by re-location to a middle peripheral spore region. Subsequently, they move away from the spore body to occupy the periphery of the nascent cell. After breaking of spore dormancy, Ctr6 localizes to the vacuole membranes that are enriched in the spore body relative to the germ tube. Using a copper-binding tracker, results showed that labile copper is preferentially localized to the spore body. Further analysis showed that Ctr4 and Ctr6 are required for copper-dependent activation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) during spore germination. This activation is critical because the loss of SOD1 activity blocked spore germination at outgrowth. Taken together, these results indicate that cell-surface copper transporters and SOD1 are required for completion of the spore germination program.
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MESH Headings
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Copper/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Interference
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- SLC31 Proteins
- Schizosaccharomyces/cytology
- Schizosaccharomyces/growth & development
- Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism
- Schizosaccharomyces/physiology
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/metabolism
- Spores, Fungal/cytology
- Spores, Fungal/growth & development
- Spores, Fungal/metabolism
- Spores, Fungal/physiology
- Superoxide Dismutase-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Plante
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Vincent Normant
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Karla M Ramos-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Simon Labbé
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1E 4K8, Canada.
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Abstract
Fungi are among the dominant causal agents of plant diseases. To colonize plants and cause disease, pathogenic fungi use diverse strategies. Some fungi kill their hosts and feed on dead material (necrotrophs), while others colonize the living tissue (biotrophs). For successful invasion of plant organs, pathogenic development is tightly regulated and specialized infection structures are formed. To further colonize hosts and establish disease, fungal pathogens deploy a plethora of virulence factors. Depending on the infection strategy, virulence factors perform different functions. While basically all pathogens interfere with primary plant defense, necrotrophs secrete toxins to kill plant tissue. In contrast, biotrophs utilize effector molecules to suppress plant cell death and manipulate plant metabolism in favor of the pathogen. This article provides an overview of plant pathogenic fungal species and the strategies they use to cause disease.
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Molecular Characterization of Pathogenicity Gene Homologs in Colletotrichum falcatum Causing Red Rot in Sugarcane. SUGAR TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12355-017-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Li X, Wu Y, Liu Z, Zhang C. The function and transcriptome analysis of a bZIP transcription factor CgAP1 in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Microbiol Res 2017; 197:39-48. [PMID: 28219524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important pathogen of anthracnose, which is able to infect numerous crops in tropical and subtropical regions, causing great economic losses. To investigate the fungal response to host-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), we cloned and characterized the CgAP1 gene of C. gloeosporioides. CgAP1 encoded a bZIP transcription factor which had a bZIP DNA-binding domain and two cysteine-rich domains structurally and functionally related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae YAP1. Deletion of CgAP1 in C. gloeosporioides resulted in increasing sensitivity to H2O2, changes in cell wall integrity and loss of pathogenicity. To understand the regulatory network of CgAP1, RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the CgAP1 mutant. It was shown that several genes involved in ROS detoxification and cell wall integrity were affected by CgAP1. Moreover, CgAP1 was also involved in many biological processes especially ribosome, cellular transport and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, CgAP1 is an important transcription factor involved in oxidative stress, cell wall integrity and pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yateng Wu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Chenghui Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Sharma M, Guleria S, Kulshrestha S. Diacylglycerol acyl transferase: A pathogenicity related gene in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1308-1315. [PMID: 27254647 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogenesis, restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) mutagenesis identified the mutants of C. gloeosporioides impaired in pathogenicity. Transformants screened for defects in pathogenicity using detached leaves and fruits. Of the 20 REMI transformants tested, two mutants (H4 and H7) showed reduced pathogenicity on leaves of apple, kiwi, mango, peach, and fruits of guava, apple, and capsicum. One tagged gene from the genome sequence of mutant H4 was recovered by inverse PCR. Sequence analysis of the tagged site in mutant H4 revealed insertion in diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene which encodes diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzyme, catalyzing the steps involved in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol, an important component of biological membranes and source of energy. Therefore, tagging of diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene in mutant H4 resulted in reduced pathogenicity, indicating possible role of this gene in pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shiwani Guleria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Kulshrestha
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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12
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Pleiotropic effects of the vacuolar ABC transporter MLT1 of Candida albicans on cell function and virulence. Biochem J 2016; 473:1537-52. [PMID: 27026051 PMCID: PMC4888455 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Among the several mechanisms that contribute to MDR (multidrug resistance), the overexpression of drug-efflux pumps belonging to the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) superfamily is the most frequent cause of resistance to antifungal agents. The multidrug transporter proteins Cdr1p and Cdr2p of the ABCG subfamily are major players in the development of MDR in Candida albicans. Because several genes coding for ABC proteins exist in the genome of C. albicans, but only Cdr1p and Cdr2p have established roles in MDR, it is implicit that the other members of the ABC family also have alternative physiological roles. The present study focuses on an ABC transporter of C. albicans, Mlt1p, which is localized in the vacuolar membrane and specifically transports PC (phosphatidylcholine) into the vacuolar lumen. Transcriptional profiling of the mlt1∆/∆ mutant revealed a down-regulation of the genes involved in endocytosis, oxidoreductase activity, virulence and hyphal development. High-throughput MS-based lipidome analysis revealed that the Mlt1p levels affect lipid homoeostasis and thus lead to a plethora of physiological perturbations. These include a delay in endocytosis, inefficient sequestering of reactive oxygen species (ROS), defects in hyphal development and attenuated virulence. The present study is an emerging example where new and unconventional roles of an ABC transporter are being identified.
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13
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Accumulation of Ag and Cu in Amanita strobiliformis and characterization of its Cu and Ag uptake transporter genes AsCTR2 and AsCTR3. Biometals 2016; 29:249-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Tsai CY, Liebig JK, Tsigelny IF, Howell SB. The copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is required to maintain the stability of copper transporter 2 (CTR2). Metallomics 2015. [PMID: 26205368 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have two influx Cu transporters that form trimers in membranes. CTR1 is the high affinity transporter that resides largely in the plasma membrane, and CTR2 is the low affinity transporter that is primarily associated with vesicular structures inside the cell. The major differences between CTR1 and CTR2 are that CTR1 contains a HIS/MET-rich domain N-terminal of the METS that participate in the first two stacked rings that form the pore, and a longer C-terminal tail that includes a Cu binding HIS-CYS-HIS (HCH) motif right at the end. It has been reported that CTR1 and CTR2 are physically associated with each other in the cell. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 technology to knock out either CTR1 or CTR2 in fully malignant HEK293T and OVCAR8 human ovarian cancer cells to investigate the interaction of CTR1 and CTR2. We report here that the level of CTR2 protein is markedly decreased in CTR1 knockout clones while the CTR2 transcript level remains unchanged. CTR2 was found to be highly ubiquitinated in the CTR1 knock out cells, and inhibition of the proteasome prevented the degradation of CTR2 when CTR1 was not present while inhibition of autophagy had no effect. Re-expression of CTR1 rescued CTR2 from degradation in the CTR1 knockout cells. We conclude that CTR1 is essential to maintain the stability of CTR2 and that in the absence of CTR1 CTR2 is degraded by the proteasome. This reinforces the concept that the functions of CTR1 and CTR2 are inter-dependent within the Cu homeostasis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
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15
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Wiemer M, Osiewacz HD. Effect of paraquat-induced oxidative stress on gene expression and aging of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:225-240. [PMID: 28357247 PMCID: PMC5349155 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging of biological systems is influenced by various factors, conditions and
processes. Among others, processes allowing organisms to deal with various types
of stress are of key importance. In particular, oxidative stress as the result
of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the mitochondrial
respiratory chain and the accumulation of ROS-induced molecular damage has been
strongly linked to aging. Here we view the impact of ROS from a different angle:
their role in the control of gene expression. We report a genome-wide
transcriptome analysis of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina
grown on medium containing paraquat (PQ). This treatment leads to an
increased cellular generation and release of H2O2, a
reduced growth rate, and a decrease in lifespan. The combined challenge by PQ
and copper has a synergistic negative effect on growth and lifespan. The data
from the transcriptome analysis of the wild type cultivated under PQ-stress and
their comparison to those of a longitudinal aging study as well as of a
copper-uptake longevity mutant of P. anserina revealed that
PQ-stress leads to the up-regulation of transcripts coding for components
involved in mitochondrial remodeling. PQ also affects the expression of
copper-regulated genes suggesting an increase of cytoplasmic copper levels as it
has been demonstrated earlier to occur during aging of P.
anserina and during senescence of human fibroblasts. This effect
may result from the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
via PQ-induced ROS, leading to programmed cell death as part of an evolutionary
conserved mechanism involved in biological aging and lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiemer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Huang CP, Fofana M, Chan J, Chang CJ, Howell SB. Copper transporter 2 regulates intracellular copper and sensitivity to cisplatin. Metallomics 2014; 6:654-61. [PMID: 24522273 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express two copper (Cu) influx transporters, CTR1 and CTR2. CTR1 serves as an influx transporter for both Cu and cisplatin (cDDP). In mouse embryo fibroblasts, reduction of CTR1 expression renders cells resistant to cDDP whereas reduction of CTR2 makes them hypersensitive both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the role of CTR2 on intracellular Cu and cDDP sensitivity its expression was molecularly altered in the human epithelial 2008 cancer cell model. Intracellular exchangeable Cu(+) was measured with the fluorescent probe Coppersensor-3 (CS3). The ability of CS3 to report on changes in intracellular Cu(+) was validated by showing that Cu chelators reduced its signal, and that changes in signal accompanied alterations in expression of the major Cu influx transporter CTR1 and the two Cu efflux transporters, ATP7A and ATP7B. Constitutive knock down of CTR2 mRNA by ∼50% reduced steady-state exchangeable Cu by 22-23% and increased the sensitivity of 2008 cells by a factor of 2.6-2.9 in two separate clones. Over-expression of CTR2 increased exchangeable Cu(+) by 150% and rendered the 2008 cells 2.5-fold resistant to cDDP. The results provide evidence that CS3 can quantitatively assess changes in exchangeable Cu(+), and that CTR2 regulates both the level of exchangeable Cu(+) and sensitivity to cDDP in a model of human epithelial cancer. This study introduces CS3 and related sensors as novel tools for probing and assaying Cu-dependent sensitivity to anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Huang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
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17
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Tamayo E, Gómez-Gallego T, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Genome-wide analysis of copper, iron and zinc transporters in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:547. [PMID: 25352857 PMCID: PMC4196481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), belonging to the Glomeromycota, are soil microorganisms that establish mutualistic symbioses with the majority of higher plants. The efficient uptake of low mobility mineral nutrients by the fungal symbiont and their further transfer to the plant is a major feature of this symbiosis. Besides improving plant mineral nutrition, AMF can alleviate heavy metal toxicity to their host plants and are able to tolerate high metal concentrations in the soil. Nevertheless, we are far from understanding the key molecular determinants of metal homeostasis in these organisms. To get some insights into these mechanisms, a genome-wide analysis of Cu, Fe and Zn transporters was undertaken, making use of the recently published whole genome of the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis. This in silico analysis allowed identification of 30 open reading frames in the R. irregularis genome, which potentially encode metal transporters. Phylogenetic comparisons with the genomes of a set of reference fungi showed an expansion of some metal transporter families. Analysis of the published transcriptomic profiles of R. irregularis revealed that a set of genes were up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots compared to germinated spores and extraradical mycelium, which suggests that metals are important for plant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nuria Ferrol
- *Correspondence: Nuria Ferrol, Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Profesor Albareda 1, Granada 18008, Spain e-mail:
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Jung HI, Gayomba SR, Yan J, Vatamaniuk OK. Brachypodium distachyon as a model system for studies of copper transport in cereal crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:236. [PMID: 24910638 PMCID: PMC4039008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient that performs a remarkable array of functions in plants including photosynthesis, cell wall remodeling, flowering, and seed set. Of the world's major cereal crops, wheat, barley, and oat are the most sensitive to Cu deficiency. Cu deficient soils include alkaline soils, which occupy approximately 30% of the world's arable lands, and organic soils that occupy an estimated 19% of arable land in Europe. We used Brachypodium distachyon (brachypodium) as a proxy for wheat and other grain cereals to initiate analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying their increased susceptibility to Cu deficiency. In this report, we focus on members of the CTR/COPT family of Cu transporters because their homologs in A. thaliana are transcriptionally upregulated in Cu-limited conditions and are involved either in Cu uptake from soils into epidermal cells in the root, or long-distance transport and distribution of Cu in photosynthetic tissues. We found that of five COPT proteins in brachypodium, BdCOPT3, and BdCOPT4 localize to the plasma membrane and are transcriptionally upregulated in roots and leaves by Cu deficiency. We also found that BdCOPT3, BdCOPT4, and BdCOPT5 confer low affinity Cu transport, in contrast to their counterparts in A. thaliana that confer high affinity Cu transport. These data suggest that increased sensitivity to Cu deficiency in some grass species may arise from lower efficiency and, possibly, other properties of components of Cu uptake and tissue partitioning systems and reinforce the importance of using brachypodium as a model for the comprehensive analyses of Cu homeostasis in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olena K. Vatamaniuk
- *Correspondence: Olena K. Vatamaniuk, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, 306 Tower Road, Bradfield Hall, Rm. 608, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA e-mail:
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19
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Fones H, Preston GM. The impact of transition metals on bacterial plant disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:495-519. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Identifying pathogenicity genes in the rubber tree anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides through random insertional mutagenesis. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:340-350. [PMID: 23602122 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pathogenesis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was used to identify mutants of C. gloeosporioides impaired in pathogenicity. An ATMT library of 4128 C. gloeosporioides transformants was generated. Transformants were screened for defects in pathogenicity with a detached copper brown leaf assay. 32 mutants showing reproducible pathogenicity defects were obtained. Southern blot analysis showed 60.4% of the transformants had single-site T-DNA integrations. 16 Genomic sequences flanking T-DNA were recovered from mutants by thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR, and were used to isolate the tagged genes from the genome sequence of wild-type C. gloeosporioides by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches against the local genome database of the wild-type C. gloeosporioides. One potential pathogenicity genes encoded calcium-translocating P-type ATPase. Six potential pathogenicity genes had no known homologs in filamentous fungi and were likely to be novel fungal virulence factors. Two putative genes encoded Glycosyltransferase family 28 domain-containing protein and Mov34/MPN/PAD-1 family protein, respectively. Five potential pathogenicity genes had putative function matched with putative protein of other Colletotrichum species. Two known C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity genes were also identified, the encoding Glomerella cingulata hard-surface induced protein and C. gloeosporioides regulatory subunit of protein kinase A gene involved in cAMP-dependent PKA signal transduction pathway.
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21
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Martins V, Hanana M, Blumwald E, Gerós H. Copper transport and compartmentation in grape cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1866-1880. [PMID: 22952251 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based fungicides have been widely used against several grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) diseases since the late 1800s when the Bordeaux mixture was developed, but their intensive use has raised phytotoxicity concerns. In this study, physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches were combined to investigate the impacts of copper in grape cells and how it is transported and compartmented intracellularly. Copper reduced the growth and viability of grape cells (CSB, Cabernet Sauvignon Berry) in a dose-dependent manner above 100 µM and was accumulated in specific metal ion sinks. The copper-sensitive probe Phen Green SK was used to characterize copper transport across the plasma membrane of CSB cells. The transport system (K(m) = 583 µM; V(max) = 177 × 10(-6) %ΔF min(-1) protoplast(-1)) was regulated by copper availability in the culture medium, stimulated by Ca(2+) and inhibited by Zn(2+). The pH-sensitive fluorescent probe ACMA (9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine) was used to evaluate the involvement of proton-dependent copper transport across the tonoplast. Cu(2+) compartmentation in the vacuole was dependent on the transmembrane pH gradient generated by both V-H(+)-ATPase and V-H(+)-pyrophosphatase (PPase). High copper levels in the growth medium did not affect the activity of V-H(+)-PPase but decreased the magnitude of the H(+) gradient generated by V-H(+)-ATPase. Expression studies of VvCTr genes showed that VvCTr1 and VvCTr8 were distinctly affected by CuSO(4) availability in grape cell cultures and that both genes were highly expressed in the green stage of grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Martins
- Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-Ambientais e Biológicas, Portugal
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22
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Abstract
Fungal cells are highly complex as their metabolism is compartmentalized harboring various types of subcellular organelles that are bordered by one or more membranes. Knowledge about the intracellular localization of transporter proteins is often required for the understanding of their biological function. Among different approaches available, the localization analysis based on the expression of GFP fusions is commonly used as a relatively fast and cost-efficient method that allows visualization of proteins of interest in both live and fixed cells. In addition, inactivation of transporter genes is an important tool to resolve their specific function. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the deletion and localization analysis of ABC transporters in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. It includes construction of expression plasmids, their transformation into fungal strains, cultivation of transformants, microscopy analysis, as well as additional protocols on staining of fungal cells with organelle-specific dyes like Hoechst 33342, MitoTracker DeepRed, and FM4-64.
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Yuan M, Li X, Xiao J, Wang S. Molecular and functional analyses of COPT/Ctr-type copper transporter-like gene family in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:69. [PMID: 21510855 PMCID: PMC3103425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The copper (Cu) transporter (COPT/Ctr) gene family has an important role in the maintenance of Cu homeostasis in different species. The rice COPT-type gene family consists of seven members (COPT1 to COPT7). However, only two, COPT1 and COPT5, have been characterized for their functions in Cu transport. RESULTS Here we report the molecular and functional characterization of the other five members of the rice COPT gene family (COPT2, COPT3, COPT4, COPT6, and COPT7). All members of the rice COPT family have the conserved features of known COPT/Ctr-type Cu transporter genes. Among the proteins encoded by rice COPTs, COPT2, COPT3, and COPT4 physically interacted with COPT6, respectively, except for the known interaction between COPT1 and COPT5. COPT2, COPT3, or COPT4 cooperating with COPT6 mediated a high-affinity Cu uptake in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant that lacked the functions of ScCtr1 and ScCtr3 for Cu uptake. COPT7 alone could mediate a high-affinity Cu uptake in the yeast mutant. None of the seven COPTs alone or in cooperation could complement the phenotypes of S. cerevisiae mutants that lacked the transporter genes either for iron uptake or for zinc uptake. However, these COPT genes, which showed different tissue-specific expression patterns and Cu level-regulated expression patterns, were also transcriptionally influenced by deficiency of iron, manganese, or zinc. CONCLUSION These results suggest that COPT2, COPT3, and COPT4 may cooperate with COPT6, respectively, and COPT7 acts alone for Cu transport in different rice tissues. The endogenous concentrations of iron, manganese, or zinc may influence Cu homeostasis by influencing the expression of COPTs in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Regulation of Cisplatin cytotoxicity by cu influx transporters. Met Based Drugs 2011; 2010:317581. [PMID: 21274436 PMCID: PMC3025362 DOI: 10.1155/2010/317581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum drugs are an important class of cancer chemotherapeutics. However, the use of these drugs is limited by the development of resistance during treatment with decreased accumulation being a common mechanism. Both Cu transporters CTR1 and CTR2 influence the uptake and cytotoxicity of cisplatin. Although it is structurally similar to CTR1, CTR2 functions in a manner opposite to that of CTR1 with respect to Pt drug uptake. Whereas knockout of CTR1 reduces Pt drug uptake, knockdown of CTR2 enhances cisplatin uptake and cytotoxicity. CTR2 is subject to transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation by both Cu and cisplatin; this regulation is partly dependent on the Cu chaperone ATOX1. Insight into the mechanisms by which CTR1 and CTR2 regulate sensitivity to the Pt-containing drugs has served as the basis for novel pharmacologic strategies for improving their efficacy.
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Korripally P, Tiwari A, Haritha A, Kiranmayi P, Bhanoori M. Characterization of Ctr family genes and the elucidation of their role in the life cycle of Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 47:237-45. [PMID: 20034585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional analysis using qRT-PCR of 62 metal ion transporters during conidial germination of Neurospora crassa showed a significant up regulation of a hypothetical copper transporter gene, tcu-1, that belongs to the Ctr family. Herein we characterised the Ctr family genes (tcu-1, tcu-2 and tcu-3) and deciphered their role in various developmental phases of the N. crassa life cycle. Cross complementation assays in copper uptake mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that tcu-1, tcu-2 and tcu-3 are functional homologs of S. cerevisiae copper transporters. Expression studies of Ctr family members in various developmental phases of N. crassa showed differential expression pattern for high-affinity copper transporter, TCU1. Functional analysis of their gene knockout mutants showed that tcu-1 is essential for saprophytic conidial germination, vegetative growth and perithecia development under copper limited conditions while conidiation remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premsagar Korripally
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Chagué V, Maor R, Sharon A. CgOpt1, a putative oligopeptide transporter from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that is involved in responses to auxin and pathogenicity. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:173. [PMID: 19698103 PMCID: PMC2769210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene produces high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in axenic cultures and during plant infection. We generated a suppression subtractive hybridization library enriched for IAA-induced genes and identified a clone, which was highly expressed in IAA-containing medium. RESULTS The corresponding gene showed similarity to oligopeptide transporters of the OPT family and was therefore named CgOPT1. Expression of CgOPT1 in mycelia was low, and was enhanced by external application of IAA. cgopt1-silenced mutants produced less spores, had reduced pigmentation, and were less pathogenic to plants than the wild-type strain. IAA enhanced spore formation and caused changes in colony morphology in the wild-type strain, but had no effect on spore formation or colony morphology of the cgopt1-silenced mutants. CONCLUSION Our results show that IAA induces developmental changes in C. gloeosporioides. These changes are blocked in cgopt1-silenced mutants, suggesting that this protein is involved in regulation of fungal response to IAA. CgOPT1 is also necessary for full virulence, but it is unclear whether this phenotype is related to auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chagué
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rudy Maor
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Current address: Rosetta Genomics, 10 Plaut Street, Rehovot, 76706, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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