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Wenz C, Simon CS, Romão TP, Stürmer VS, Machado M, Klages N, Klemmer A, Voß Y, Ganter M, Brochet M, Guizetti J. An Sfi1-like centrin-interacting centriolar plaque protein affects nuclear microtubule homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011325. [PMID: 37130129 PMCID: PMC10180636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria-causing parasites achieve rapid proliferation in human blood through multiple rounds of asynchronous nuclear division followed by daughter cell formation. Nuclear divisions critically depend on the centriolar plaque, which organizes intranuclear spindle microtubules. The centriolar plaque consists of an extranuclear compartment, which is connected via a nuclear pore-like structure to a chromatin-free intranuclear compartment. Composition and function of this non-canonical centrosome remain largely elusive. Centrins, which reside in the extranuclear part, are among the very few centrosomal proteins conserved in Plasmodium falciparum. Here we identify a novel centrin-interacting centriolar plaque protein. Conditional knock down of this Sfi1-like protein (PfSlp) caused a growth delay in blood stages, which correlated with a reduced number of daughter cells. Surprisingly, intranuclear tubulin abundance was significantly increased, which raises the hypothesis that the centriolar plaque might be implicated in regulating tubulin levels. Disruption of tubulin homeostasis caused excess microtubules and aberrant mitotic spindles. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that this prevented or delayed mitotic spindle extension but did not significantly interfere with DNA replication. Our study thereby identifies a novel extranuclear centriolar plaque factor and establishes a functional link to the intranuclear compartment of this divergent eukaryotic centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenz
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Marta Machado
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natacha Klages
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anja Klemmer
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannik Voß
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Ganter
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Brochet
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guizetti
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Zhang J, Qin W, Hu C, Gu S, Chai X, Yang M, Zhou F, Wang X, Chen K, Yan G, Wang G, Jiang C, Warren A, Xiong J, Miao W. Giant proteins in a giant cell: Molecular basis of ultrafast Ca 2+-dependent cell contraction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd6550. [PMID: 36812318 PMCID: PMC9946354 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The giant single-celled eukaryote, Spirostomum, exhibits one of the fastest movements in the biological world. This ultrafast contraction is dependent on Ca2+ rather than ATP and therefore differs to the actin-myosin system in muscle. We obtained the high-quality genome of Spirostomum minus from which we identified the key molecular components of its contractile apparatus, including two major Ca2+ binding proteins (Spasmin 1 and 2) and two giant proteins (GSBP1 and GSBP2), which act as the backbone and allow for the binding of hundreds of spasmins. The evidence suggests that the GSBP-spasmin protein complex is the functional unit of the mesh-like contractile fibrillar system, which, coupled with various other subcellular structures, provides the mechanism for repetitive ultrafast cell contraction and extension. These findings improve our understanding of the Ca2+-dependent ultrafast movement and provide a blueprint for future biomimicry, design, and construction of this kind of micromachine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Che Hu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Siyu Gu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaocui Chai
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mingkun Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guanxiong Yan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guangying Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chuanqi Jiang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jie Xiong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Miao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Wuhan 430072, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming 650223, China
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3
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Abstract
Cilia sense and transduce sensory stimuli, homeostatic cues and developmental signals by orchestrating signaling reactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that bud from the ciliary membrane have well-studied roles in the disposal of excess ciliary material, most dramatically exemplified by the shedding of micrometer-sized blocks by photoreceptors. Shedding of EVs by cilia also affords cells with a powerful means to shorten cilia. Finally, cilium-derived EVs may enable cell-cell communication in a variety of organisms, ranging from single-cell parasites and algae to nematodes and vertebrates. Mechanistic understanding of EV shedding by cilia is an active area of study, and future progress may open the door to testing the function of ciliary EV shedding in physiological contexts. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that drive the shedding of ciliary material into the extracellular space, the consequences of shedding for the donor cell and the possible roles that ciliary EVs may have in cell non-autonomous contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ojeda Naharros
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
| | - Maxence V. Nachury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-3120, USA
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4
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Plattner H. Membrane Traffic and Ca 2+ -Signals in Ciliates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12895. [PMID: 35156735 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Paramecium cell has as many types of membrane interactions as mammalian cells, as established with monoclonal antibodies by R. Allen and A. Fok. Since then, we have identified key-players, such as SNARE-proteins, Ca2+ -regulating proteins, including Ca2+ -channels, Ca2+ -pumps, Ca2+ -binding proteins of different affinity etc. at the molecular level, probed their function and localized them at the light and electron microscopy level. SNARE-proteins, in conjunction with a synaptotagmin-like Ca2+ -sensor protein, mediate membrane fusion. This interaction is additionally regulated by monomeric GTPases whose spectrum in Tetrahymena and Paramecium has been established by A. Turkewitz. As known from mammalian cells, GTPases are activated on membranes in conjunction with lumenal acidification by an H+ -ATPase. For these complex molecules we found in Paramecium an unsurpassed number of 17 a-subunit paralogs which connect the polymeric head and basis part, V1 and V0. (This multitude may reflect different local functional requirements.) Together with plasmalemmal Ca2+ -influx-channels, locally enriched intracellular InsP3 -type (InsP3 R, mainly in osmoregulatory system) and ryanodine receptor-like Ca2+ -release channels (ryanodine receptor-like proteins, RyR-LP), this complexity mediates Ca2+ signals for most flexible local membrane-to-membrane interactions. As we found, the latter channel types miss a substantial portion of the N-terminal part. Caffeine and 4-chloro-meta-cresol (the agent used to probe mutations of RyRs in man during surgery in malignant insomnia patients) initiate trichocyst exocytosis by activating Ca2+ -release channels type CRC-IV in the peripheral part of alveolar sacs. This is superimposed by Ca2+ -influx, i.e. a mechanism called "store-operated Ca2+ -entry" (SOCE). For the majority of key players, we have mapped paralogs throughout the Paramecium cell, with features in common or at variance in the different organelles participating in vesicle trafficking. Local values of free Ca2+ -concentration, [Ca2+ ]i , and their change, e.g. upon exocytosis stimulation, have been registered by flurochromes and chelator effects. In parallel we have registered release of Ca2+ from alveolar sacs by quenched-flow analysis combined with cryofixation and x-ray microanalysis.
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Liu Y, Peters WS, Froelich DR, Howell AH, Mooney S, Evans JE, Hellmann HA, Knoblauch M. Aspartate Residues in a Forisome-Forming SEO Protein Are Critical for Protein Body Assembly and Ca2+ Responsiveness. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1699-1710. [PMID: 33035344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forisomes are protein bodies known exclusively from sieve elements of legumes. Forisomes contribute to the regulation of phloem transport due to their unique Ca2+-controlled, reversible swelling. The assembly of forisomes from sieve element occlusion (SEO) protein monomers in developing sieve elements and the mechanism(s) of Ca2+-dependent forisome contractility are poorly understood because the amino acid sequences of SEO proteins lack conventional protein-protein interaction and Ca2+-binding motifs. We selected amino acids potentially responsible for forisome-specific functions by analyzing SEO protein sequences in comparison to those of the widely distributed SEO-related (SEOR), or SEOR proteins. SEOR proteins resemble SEO proteins closely but lack any Ca2+ responsiveness. We exchanged identified candidate residues by directed mutagenesis of the Medicago truncatula SEO1 gene, expressed the mutated genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and studied the structural and functional phenotypes of the forisome-like bodies that formed in the transgenic cells. We identified three aspartate residues critical for Ca2+ responsiveness and two more that were required for forisome-like bodies to assemble. The phenotypes observed further suggested that Ca2+-controlled and pH-inducible swelling effects in forisome-like bodies proceeded by different yet interacting mechanisms. Finally, we observed a previously unknown surface striation in native forisomes and in recombinant forisome-like bodies that could serve as an indicator of successful forisome assembly. To conclude, this study defines a promising path to the elucidation of the so-far elusive molecular mechanisms of forisome assembly and Ca2+-dependent contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Alexander H Howell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sutton Mooney
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - James E Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Hanjo A Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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6
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Heydeck W, Bayless BA, Stemm-Wolf AJ, O'Toole ET, Fabritius AS, Ozzello C, Nguyen M, Winey M. Tetrahymena Poc5 is a transient basal body component that is important for basal body maturation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.240838. [PMID: 32350068 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies (BBs) are microtubule-based organelles that act as a template for and stabilize cilia at the cell surface. Centrins ubiquitously associate with BBs and function in BB assembly, maturation and stability. Human POC5 (hPOC5) is a highly conserved centrin-binding protein that binds centrins through Sfi1p-like repeats and is required for building full-length, mature centrioles. Here, we use the BB-rich cytoskeleton of Tetrahymena thermophila to characterize Poc5 BB functions. Tetrahymena Poc5 (TtPoc5) uniquely incorporates into assembling BBs and is then removed from mature BBs prior to ciliogenesis. Complete genomic knockout of TtPOC5 leads to a significantly increased production of BBs, yet a markedly reduced ciliary density, both of which are rescued by reintroduction of TtPoc5. A second Tetrahymena POC5-like gene, SFR1, is similarly implicated in modulating BB production. When TtPOC5 and SFR1 are co-deleted, cell viability is compromised and BB overproduction is exacerbated. Overproduced BBs display defective transition zone formation and a diminished capacity for ciliogenesis. This study uncovers a requirement for Poc5 in building mature BBs, providing a possible functional link between hPOC5 mutations and impaired cilia.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Westley Heydeck
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brian A Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amy S Fabritius
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Courtney Ozzello
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marina Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark Winey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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7
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Khouj EM, Prosser SL, Tada H, Chong WM, Liao JC, Sugasawa K, Morrison CG. Differential requirements for the EF-hand domains of human centrin 2 in primary ciliogenesis and nucleotide excision repair. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228486. [PMID: 31492759 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrin 2 is a small conserved calcium-binding protein that localizes to the centriolar distal lumen in human cells. It is required for efficient primary ciliogenesis and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Centrin 2 forms part of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex. To explore how centrin 2 contributes to these distinct processes, we mutated the four calcium-binding EF-hand domains of human centrin 2. Centrin 2 in which all four EF-hands had been mutated to ablate calcium binding (4DA mutant) was capable of supporting in vitro NER and was as effective as the wild-type protein in rescuing the UV sensitivity of centrin 2-null cells. However, we found that mutation of any of the EF-hand domains impaired primary ciliogenesis in human TERT-RPE1 cells to the same extent as deletion of centrin 2. Phenotypic analysis of the 4DA mutant revealed defects in centrosome localization, centriole satellite assembly, ciliary assembly and function and in interactions with POC5 and SFI1. These observations indicate that centrin 2 requires calcium-binding capacity for its primary ciliogenesis functions, but not for NER, and suggest that these functions require centrin 2 to be capable of forming complexes with partner proteins.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtissal M Khouj
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Suzanna L Prosser
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Haruto Tada
- Biosignal Research Center, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Weng Man Chong
- IAMS Academia Sinica, No 1 Roosevelt Rd Sec 4, 10617 Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- IAMS Academia Sinica, No 1 Roosevelt Rd Sec 4, 10617 Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- Biosignal Research Center, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ciaran G Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 W2TY, Ireland
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8
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Zhao Y, Guo X, Yang B. Calcium-induced human centrin 1 self-assembly and double-regulating the binding with peptide R18-Sfi1p. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:314-323. [PMID: 30682474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Centrin is a member of the EF-hand super-family that plays pivotal role in the centrosome duplication and separation. In the present paper, we characterized the properties of metal ions as well as peptide R18-Sfi1p binding to human centrin 1 (HsCen1) by fluorescence spectra and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Four metal ions binding sites on HsCen1 were identified through ITC experiments. The conditional binding constants of the EF-hand domain on HsCen1 with Ca2+ were quantitatively calculated. In reversible manner, Ca2+ can induce HsCen1 self-assembly. In addition, HsCen1 bound with peptide R18-Sfi1p in calcium-dependent with middle-affinity. Phosphorylation at Ser170 weakened interaction HsCen1 with the substrate and removal calcium ions further weakened interactions of the two molecules. Hence, we inferred that centrin initiating downstream peptides may be a double-regulated process by calcium and phosphorylation. These results are of significance for understanding the relationship between PTM and metal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Guo
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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9
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Duharcourt S, Sperling L. The Challenges of Genome-Wide Studies in a Unicellular Eukaryote With Two Nuclear Genomes. Methods Enzymol 2018; 612:101-126. [PMID: 30502938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We present here methods to study a eukaryotic microorganism with two nuclear genomes, both originating from the same zygotic genome. Paramecium, like other ciliates, is characterized by nuclear dimorphism, which is the presence of two types of nuclei with distinct organization and functions in the same cytoplasm. The two diploid germline micronuclei (MIC) undergo meiosis and fertilization to transmit the genetic information across sexual generations. The highly polyploid somatic macronucleus (MAC) contains a reduced version of the genome optimized for gene expression. Reproducible programmed DNA elimination of about 30% of the complexity of the 100Mb MIC genome occurs during development of the MAC along with endoreplication to 800 copies. Large regions that contain transposable elements and other repeats are eliminated, and short single copy remnants of transposable elements, which often interrupt coding sequences, are precisely excised to restore functional open reading frames. Genome-wide studies of this process require access to MIC DNA which has long been impossible. The breakthrough with respect to this technical obstacle came with development of a MIC purification protocol involving a critical step of flow cytometry to sort nuclei representing only 0.5% of total genomic DNA. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol and important tips for purifying nuclei, and present the methods developed for downstream analysis of NGS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Duharcourt
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Linda Sperling
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
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10
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Chlamydomonas Basal Bodies as Flagella Organizing Centers. Cells 2018; 7:cells7070079. [PMID: 30018231 PMCID: PMC6070942 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During ciliogenesis, centrioles convert to membrane-docked basal bodies, which initiate the formation of cilia/flagella and template the nine doublet microtubules of the flagellar axoneme. The discovery that many human diseases and developmental disorders result from defects in flagella has fueled a strong interest in the analysis of flagellar assembly. Here, we will review the structure, function, and development of basal bodies in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a widely used model for the analysis of basal bodies and flagella. Intraflagellar transport (IFT), a flagella-specific protein shuttle critical for ciliogenesis, was first described in C. reinhardtii. A focus of this review will be on the role of the basal bodies in organizing the IFT machinery.
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11
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Chung EG, Ryu S. Stalk-length-dependence of the contractility ofVorticella convallaria. Phys Biol 2017; 14:066002. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aa89b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Cavalier-Smith T. Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:137-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Aubusson-Fleury A, Balavoine G, Lemullois M, Bouhouche K, Beisson J, Koll F. Centrin diversity and basal body patterning across evolution: new insights from Paramecium. Biol Open 2017; 6:765-776. [PMID: 28432105 PMCID: PMC5483020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.024273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered in unicellular eukaryotes, centrins play crucial roles in basal body duplication and anchoring mechanisms. While the evolutionary status of the founding members of the family, Centrin2/Vfl2 and Centrin3/cdc31 has long been investigated, the evolutionary origin of other members of the family has received less attention. Using a phylogeny of ciliate centrins, we identify two other centrin families, the ciliary centrins and the centrins present in the contractile filaments (ICL centrins). In this paper, we carry on the functional analysis of still not well-known centrins, the ICL1e subfamily identified in Paramecium, and show their requirement for correct basal body anchoring through interactions with Centrin2 and Centrin3. Using Paramecium as well as a eukaryote-wide sampling of centrins from completely sequenced genomes, we revisited the evolutionary story of centrins. Their phylogeny shows that the centrins associated with the ciliate contractile filaments are widespread in eukaryotic lineages and could be as ancient as Centrin2 and Centrin3. Summary: Functional and phylogenetic analyses reveal the existence of five centrin families and show that basal body patterning in Paramecium requires a third centrin present in many eukaryote lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - Guillaume Balavoine
- Institut Jacques Monod, Evolution and development of Metazoa, UMR 7592, CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Hélène Brion, Paris 75013, France
| | - Michel Lemullois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - Khaled Bouhouche
- INRA, UMR 1061 Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Animale, Université de Limoges, IFR 145, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Limoges 87060, France
| | - Janine Beisson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
| | - France Koll
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Cell Biology Department, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur Yvette 91198, France
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14
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Ryu S, Pepper RE, Nagai M, France DC. Vorticella: A Protozoan for Bio-Inspired Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2016. [PMCID: PMC6189993 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we introduce Vorticella as a model biological micromachine for microscale engineering systems. Vorticella has two motile organelles: the oral cilia of the zooid and the contractile spasmoneme in the stalk. The oral cilia beat periodically, generating a water flow that translates food particles toward the animal at speeds in the order of 0.1–1 mm/s. The ciliary flow of Vorticella has been characterized by experimental measurement and theoretical modeling, and tested for flow control and mixing in microfluidic systems. The spasmoneme contracts in a few milliseconds, coiling the stalk and moving the zooid at 15–90 mm/s. Because the spasmoneme generates tension in the order of 10–100 nN, powered by calcium ion binding, it serves as a model system for biomimetic actuators in microscale engineering systems. The spasmonemal contraction of Vorticella has been characterized by experimental measurement of its dynamics and energetics, and both live and extracted Vorticellae have been tested for moving microscale objects. We describe past work to elucidate the contraction mechanism of the spasmoneme, recognizing that past and continuing efforts will increase the possibilities of using the spasmoneme as a microscale actuator as well as leading towards bioinspired actuators mimicking the spasmoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4313
| | - Rachel E. Pepper
- Department of Physics, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA;
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan;
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Sfr1, a Tetrahymena thermophila Sfi1 Repeat Protein, Modulates the Production of Cortical Row Basal Bodies. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00257-16. [PMID: 27904881 PMCID: PMC5112337 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00257-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal bodies and centrioles are structurally similar and, when rendered dysfunctional as a result of improper assembly or maintenance, are associated with human diseases. Centrins are conserved and abundant components of both structures whose basal body and centriolar functions remain incompletely understood. Despite the extensive study of centrins in Tetrahymena thermophila, little is known about how centrin-binding proteins contribute to centrin’s roles in basal body assembly, stability, and orientation. The sole previous study of the large centrin-binding protein family in Tetrahymena revealed a role for Sfr13 in the stabilization and separation of basal bodies. In this study, we found that Sfr1 localizes to all Tetrahymena basal bodies and complete genetic deletion of SFR1 leads to overproduction of basal bodies. The uncovered inhibitory role of Sfr1 in basal body production suggests that centrin-binding proteins, as well as centrins, may influence basal body number both positively and negatively. Basal bodies are essential microtubule-based structures that template, anchor, and orient cilia at the cell surface. Cilia act primarily in the generation of directional fluid flow and sensory reception, both of which are utilized for a broad spectrum of cellular processes. Although basal bodies contribute to vital cell functions, the molecular contributors of their assembly and maintenance are poorly understood. Previous studies of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila revealed important roles for two centrin family members in basal body assembly, separation of new basal bodies, and stability. Here, we characterize the basal body function of a centrin-binding protein, Sfr1, in Tetrahymena. Sfr1 is part of a large family of 13 proteins in Tetrahymena that contain Sfi1 repeats (SFRs), a motif originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sfi1 that binds centrin. Sfr1 is the only SFR protein in Tetrahymena that localizes to all cortical row and oral apparatus basal bodies. In addition, Sfr1 resides predominantly at the microtubule scaffold from the proximal cartwheel to the distal transition zone. Complete genomic knockout of SFR1 (sfr1Δ) causes a significant increase in both cortical row basal body density and the number of cortical rows, contributing to an overall overproduction of basal bodies. Reintroduction of Sfr1 into sfr1Δ mutant cells leads to a marked reduction of cortical row basal body density and the total number of cortical row basal bodies. Therefore, Sfr1 directly modulates cortical row basal body production. This study reveals an inhibitory role for Sfr1, and potentially centrins, in Tetrahymena basal body production. IMPORTANCE Basal bodies and centrioles are structurally similar and, when rendered dysfunctional as a result of improper assembly or maintenance, are associated with human diseases. Centrins are conserved and abundant components of both structures whose basal body and centriolar functions remain incompletely understood. Despite the extensive study of centrins in Tetrahymena thermophila, little is known about how centrin-binding proteins contribute to centrin’s roles in basal body assembly, stability, and orientation. The sole previous study of the large centrin-binding protein family in Tetrahymena revealed a role for Sfr13 in the stabilization and separation of basal bodies. In this study, we found that Sfr1 localizes to all Tetrahymena basal bodies and complete genetic deletion of SFR1 leads to overproduction of basal bodies. The uncovered inhibitory role of Sfr1 in basal body production suggests that centrin-binding proteins, as well as centrins, may influence basal body number both positively and negatively.
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16
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Kilpatrick AM, Gurrola TE, Sterner RC, Sleister HM, Honts JE, Fowler CA. Backbone and side-chain chemical shift assignments for the C-terminal domain of Tcb2, a cytoskeletal calcium-binding protein from Tetrahymena thermophila. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2016; 10:281-285. [PMID: 27155947 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tcb2 is a putative calcium-binding protein from the membrane-associated cytoskeleton of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. It has been hypothesized to participate in several calcium-mediated processes in Tetrahymena, including ciliary movement, cell cortex signaling, and pronuclear exchange. Sequence analysis suggests that the protein belongs to the calmodulin family, with N- and C-terminal domains connected by a central linker, and two helix-loop-helix motifs in each domain. However, its calcium-binding properties, structure and precise biological function remain unknown. Interestingly, Tcb2 is a major component of unique contractile fibers isolated from the Tetrahymena cytoskeleton; in these fibers, addition of calcium triggers an ATP-independent type of contraction. Here we report the (1)H, (13)C and (15)N backbone and side-chain chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal domain of the protein (Tcb2-C) in the absence and presence of calcium ions. (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectra show that the domain is well folded both in the absence and presence of calcium, and undergoes a dramatic conformational change upon calcium addition. Secondary structure prediction from chemical shifts reveals an architecture encountered in other calcium-binding proteins, with paired EF-hand motifs connected by a flexible linker. These studies represent a starting point for the determination of the high-resolution solution structure of Tcb2-C at both low and high calcium levels, and, together with additional structural studies on the full-length protein, will help establish the molecular basis of Tcb2 function and unique contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina M Kilpatrick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Harvey Ingham Hall of Science, Room 24, Des Moines, IA, 50311-4516, USA.
| | - Theodore E Gurrola
- Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311-4516, USA
| | - Robert C Sterner
- Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311-4516, USA
| | - Heidi M Sleister
- Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311-4516, USA
| | - Jerry E Honts
- Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311-4516, USA
| | - C Andrew Fowler
- University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine NMR Facility, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1109, USA
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Viguès B, Colombet J, Damaj R. Differential localization and functional specialization of centrin analogs in the parasitic ciliate Trichodina pediculus. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1385-1388. [PMID: 26340903 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trichodinids are ciliated protozoans that reversibly attach to the tegument of marine and freshwater host-organisms via an adhesive disc. In this study, we have used permeabilized cell models of Trichodina pediculus to examine the distribution of centrins, a Ca(2+)-binding protein associated with centrioles and/or contractile filamentous structures in a large number of protists. The previous finding that filamentous material of the adhesive disc comprised a 23-kDa centrin analog suggested that this protein might be a disc-specific isoform. This possibility was explored through immunolabeling methods using two distinct antibodies, anti-ecto-endoplasmic boundary (EEB) and anti-Hscen2 previously shown to react respectively with centrin-based filament networks and with centrioles. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that anti-EEB reacts with filamentous material of the disc but not with basal bodies. Conversely, anti-Hscen2 cross-reacted with basal bodies but failed to label any type of structure occurring in the disc area. More detailed data on localization of this protein was obtained by immunoelectron microscopy showing gold particles deposits in the lumen of basal bodies. The different patterns revealed by this immunochemical approach suggest that the two protein antigens concerned by this study are distinct centrin isoforms that presumably perform organelle-specific function in the ciliate T. pediculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Viguès
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II, 24 Avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63 171, Aubière Cedex, France.
| | - Jonathan Colombet
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II, 24 Avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63 171, Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Raghida Damaj
- UMR CNRS 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes, Génome et Environnement, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II, 24 Avenue des Landais, BP 80026, 63 171, Aubière Cedex, France
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18
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Narematsu N, Quek R, Chiam KH, Iwadate Y. Ciliary metachronal wave propagation on the compliant surface ofParameciumcells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:633-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Narematsu
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
| | - Raymond Quek
- A*STAR Institute of High Performance Computing; 1 Fusionopolis Way #16-16 Singapore 138632
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- A*STAR Bioinformatics Institute; 30 Biopolis St #07-01 Singapore 138671
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore; T-Lab #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117411
| | - Yoshiaki Iwadate
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Yamaguchi University; Yamaguchi 753-8512 Japan
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19
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Li B, Kim SH, Zhang Y, Hanfrey CC, Elliott KA, Ealick SE, Michael AJ. Different polyamine pathways from bacteria have replaced eukaryotic spermidine biosynthesis in ciliates Tetrahymena thermophila and Paramecium tetaurelia. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:791-807. [PMID: 25994085 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The polyamine spermidine is absolutely required for growth and cell proliferation in eukaryotes, due to its role in post-translational modification of essential translation elongation factor eIF5A, mediated by deoxyhypusine synthase. We have found that free-living ciliates Tetrahymena and Paramecium lost the eukaryotic genes encoding spermidine biosynthesis: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) and spermidine synthase (SpdSyn). In Tetrahymena, they were replaced by a gene encoding a fusion protein of bacterial AdoMetDC and SpdSyn, present as three copies. In Paramecium, a bacterial homospermidine synthase replaced the eukaryotic genes. Individual AdoMetDC-SpdSyn fusion protein paralogues from Tetrahymena exhibit undetectable AdoMetDC activity; however, when two paralogous fusion proteins are mixed, AdoMetDC activity is restored and spermidine is synthesized. Structural modelling indicates a functional active site is reconstituted by sharing critical residues from two defective protomers across the heteromer interface. Paramecium was found to accumulate homospermidine, suggesting it replaces spermidine for growth. To test this concept, a budding yeast spermidine auxotrophic strain was found to grow almost normally with homospermidine instead of spermidine. Biosynthesis of spermidine analogue aminopropylcadaverine, but not exogenously provided norspermidine, correlated with some growth. Finally, we found that diverse single-celled eukaryotic parasites and multicellular metazoan Schistosoma worms have lost the spermidine biosynthetic pathway but retain deoxyhypusine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sok Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Steven E Ealick
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Abstract
Centrosomes act as the main microtubule-organizing centre of animal cells and play critical roles in the cell, such as mitotic spindle organization, cell polarity, and motility. They are composed of two barrel-shaped structures, the centrioles, surrounded by the pericentriolar matrix. In mammalian cells, the two centrioles differ structurally due to generational difference, the oldest one bearing appendages which allow the transient docking of the centriole at the plasma membrane in order to grow a primary cilium. Centrosome components are highly conserved throughout evolution and several pathologies have been associated with centrosomal defects. The understanding of such a complex organelle has therefore been a challenge for many researchers and has led to the development of centrosomal purification procedures to assess molecular composition, biological function, and structural organization of centrosomes. In this paper, we detail a step-by-step procedure to generate high yield of purified centrosome obtained from various mammalian cell lines.
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21
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Lee IJ, Wang N, Hu W, Schott K, Bähler J, Giddings TH, Pringle JR, Du LL, Wu JQ. Regulation of spindle pole body assembly and cytokinesis by the centrin-binding protein Sfi1 in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2735-49. [PMID: 25031431 PMCID: PMC4161509 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-11-0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous model suggested doubling of Sfi1 as the first step of SPB assembly. Here it is shown that Sfi1 is gradually recruited to SPBs throughout the cell cycle. Conserved tryptophans in Sfi1 are required for its equal partitioning during mitosis, and unequal partitioning of Sfi1 underlies SPB assembly and mitotic defects in the next cell cycle. Centrosomes play critical roles in the cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. Sfi1 is a centrin-binding protein conserved from yeast to humans. Budding yeast Sfi1 is essential for the initiation of spindle pole body (SPB; yeast centrosome) duplication. However, the recruitment and partitioning of Sfi1 to centrosomal structures have never been fully investigated in any organism, and the presumed importance of the conserved tryptophans in the internal repeats of Sfi1 remains untested. Here we report that in fission yeast, instead of doubling abruptly at the initiation of SPB duplication and remaining at a constant level thereafter, Sfi1 is gradually recruited to SPBs throughout the cell cycle. Like an sfi1Δ mutant, a Trp-to-Arg mutant (sfi1-M46) forms monopolar spindles and exhibits mitosis and cytokinesis defects. Sfi1-M46 protein associates preferentially with one of the two daughter SPBs during mitosis, resulting in a failure of new SPB assembly in the SPB receiving insufficient Sfi1. Although all five conserved tryptophans tested are involved in Sfi1 partitioning, the importance of the individual repeats in Sfi1 differs. In summary, our results reveal a link between the conserved tryptophans and Sfi1 partitioning and suggest a revision of the model for SPB assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ju Lee
- Graduate Program of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Wen Hu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kersey Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Giddings
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - John R Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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22
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Picariello T, Valentine MS, Yano J, Van Houten J. Reduction of meckelin leads to general loss of cilia, ciliary microtubule misalignment and distorted cell surface organization. Cilia 2014; 3:2. [PMID: 24484742 PMCID: PMC4124839 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meckelin (MKS3), a conserved protein linked to Meckel Syndrome, assists in the migration of centrioles to the cell surface for ciliogenesis. We explored for additional functions of MKS3p using RNA interference (RNAi) and expression of FLAG epitope tagged protein in the ciliated protozoan Paramecium tetraurelia. This cell has a highly organized cell surface with thousands of cilia and basal bodies that are grouped into one or two basal body units delineated by ridges. The highly systematized nature of the P. tetraurelia cell surface provides a research model of MKS and other ciliopathies where changes in ciliary structure, subcellular organization and overall arrangement of the cell surface can be easily observed. We used cells reduced in IFT88 for comparison, as the involvement of this gene's product with cilia maintenance and growth is well understood. RESULTS FLAG-MKS3p was found above the plane of the distal basal body in the transition zone. Approximately 95% of those basal bodies observed had staining for FLAG-MKS3. The RNAi phenotype for MKS3 depleted cells included global shortening and loss of cilia. Basal body structure appeared unaffected. On the dorsal surface, the basal bodies and their associated rootlets appeared rotated out of alignment from the normal anterior-posterior rows. Likewise, cortical units were abnormal in shape and out of alignment from normal rows. A GST pull down using the MKS3 coiled-coil domain suggests previously unidentified interacting partners. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of MKS3p shows that this protein affects development and maintenance of cilia over the entire cell surface. Reduction of MKS3p is most visible on the dorsal surface. The anterior basal body is attached to and moves along the striated rootlet of the posterior basal body in preparation for duplication. We propose that with reduced MKS3p, this attachment and guidance of the basal body is lost. The basal body veers off course, causing basal body rows to be misaligned and units to be misshapen. Rootlets form normally on these misaligned basal bodies but are rotated out of their correct orientation. Our hypothesis is further supported by the identification of novel interacting partners of MKS3p including a kinetodesmal fiber protein, KdB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Picariello
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Megan Smith Valentine
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Junji Yano
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Judith Van Houten
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 120A Marsh Life Science Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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23
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A Centrin3-dependent, Transient, Appendage of the Mother Basal Body Guides the Positioning of the Daughter Basal Body in Paramecium. Protist 2013; 164:352-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stemm-Wolf AJ, Meehl JB, Winey M. Sfr13, a member of a large family of asymmetrically localized Sfi1-repeat proteins, is important for basal body separation and stability in Tetrahymena thermophila. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1659-71. [PMID: 23426847 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.120238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed fluid flow, which is achieved by the coordinated beating of motile cilia, is required for processes as diverse as cellular swimming, developmental patterning and mucus clearance. Cilia are nucleated, anchored and aligned at the plasma membrane by basal bodies, which are cylindrical microtubule-based structures with ninefold radial symmetry. In the unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, two centrin family members associated with the basal body are important for both basal body organization and stabilization. We have identified a family of 13 proteins in Tetrahymena that contain centrin-binding repeats related to those identified in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sfi1 protein. We have named these proteins Sfr1-Sfr13 (for Sfi1-repeat). Nine of the Sfr proteins localize in unique polarized patterns surrounding the basal body, suggesting non-identical roles in basal body organization and association with basal body accessory structures. Furthermore, the Sfr proteins are found in distinct basal body populations in Tetrahymena cells, indicating that they are responsive to particular developmental programs. A complete genetic deletion of one of the family members, Sfr13, causes unstable basal bodies and defects in daughter basal body separation from the mother, phenotypes also observed with centrin disruption. It is likely that the other Sfr family members are involved in distinct centrin functions, providing specificity to the tasks that centrins perform at basal bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Stemm-Wolf
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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25
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Zhang Y, He CY. Centrins in unicellular organisms: functional diversity and specialization. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:459-467. [PMID: 21786168 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Centrins (also known as caltractins) are conserved, EF hand-containing proteins ubiquitously found in eukaryotes. Similar to calmodulins, the calcium-binding EF hands in centrins fold into two structurally similar domains separated by an alpha-helical linker region, shaping like a dumbbell. The small size (15-22 kDa) and domain organization of centrins and their functional diversity/specialization make them an ideal system to study protein structure-function relationship. Here, we review the work on centrins with a focus on their structures and functions characterized in unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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26
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Plattner H, Sehring IM, Mohamed IK, Miranda K, De Souza W, Billington R, Genazzani A, Ladenburger EM. Calcium signaling in closely related protozoan groups (Alveolata): non-parasitic ciliates (Paramecium, Tetrahymena) vs. parasitic Apicomplexa (Plasmodium, Toxoplasma). Cell Calcium 2012; 51:351-82. [PMID: 22387010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of Ca2+-signaling for many subcellular processes is well established in higher eukaryotes, whereas information about protozoa is restricted. Recent genome analyses have stimulated such work also with Alveolates, such as ciliates (Paramecium, Tetrahymena) and their pathogenic close relatives, the Apicomplexa (Plasmodium, Toxoplasma). Here we compare Ca2+ signaling in the two closely related groups. Acidic Ca2+ stores have been characterized in detail in Apicomplexa, but hardly in ciliates. Two-pore channels engaged in Ca2+-release from acidic stores in higher eukaryotes have not been stingently characterized in either group. Both groups are endowed with plasma membrane- and endoplasmic reticulum-type Ca2+-ATPases (PMCA, SERCA), respectively. Only recently was it possible to identify in Paramecium a number of homologs of ryanodine and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate receptors (RyR, IP3R) and to localize them to widely different organelles participating in vesicle trafficking. For Apicomplexa, physiological experiments suggest the presence of related channels although their identity remains elusive. In Paramecium, IP3Rs are constitutively active in the contractile vacuole complex; RyR-related channels in alveolar sacs are activated during exocytosis stimulation, whereas in the parasites the homologous structure (inner membrane complex) may no longer function as a Ca2+ store. Scrutinized comparison of the two closely related protozoan phyla may stimulate further work and elucidate adaptation to parasitic life. See also "Conclusions" section.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 5560, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Viguès B, Damaj R. The adhesive disc in the mobilid ciliate Trichodina pediculus: Evidence for centrin-related, calcium-sensitive filaments. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:113-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Aubusson-Fleury A, Lemullois M, de Loubresse NG, Laligné C, Cohen J, Rosnet O, Jerka-Dziadosz M, Beisson J, Koll F. FOR20, a conserved centrosomal protein, is required for assembly of the transition zone and basal body docking at the cell surface. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4395-404. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the FOP family of centrosomal proteins, the conserved FOR20 protein has been implicated in the control of primary cilium assembly in human cells. To ascertain its role in ciliogenesis, we have investigated the function of its ortholog, PtFOR20p, in a multiciliated unicellular organism, Paramecium. By a combined functional and cytological analysis, we found that PtFOR20p specifically localizes at basal bodies and is required to build the transition zone, a prerequisite to their maturation and docking at the cell surface, hence to ciliogenesis. We also found that PtCen2p (one of the two basal body specific centrins, ortholog of HsCen2) is required to recruit PtFOR20p at the developing basal body and to control its length. In contrast, the other basal body specific centrin, PtCen3p, is not needed for assembly of the transition zone, but is required downstream, for basal body docking. Comparison of the structural defects induced by depletion of PtFOR20p, PtCen2p or PtCen3p respectively illustrates the dual role of the transition zone in the biogenesis of the basal body and in cilium assembly. The multiple potential roles of the transition zone during basal body biogenesis and the evolutionary conserved function of the FOP proteins in microtubule membrane interactions are discussed.
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White RG, Barton DA. The cytoskeleton in plasmodesmata: a role in intercellular transport? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5249-66. [PMID: 21862484 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Actin and myosin are components of the plant cell cytoskeleton that extend from cell to cell through plasmodesmata (PD), but it is unclear how they are organized within the cytoplasmic sleeve or how they might behave as regulatory elements. Early work used antibodies to locate actin and myosin to PD, at the electron microscope level, or to pitfields (aggregations of PD in the cell wall), using immunofluorescence techniques. More recently, a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged plant myosin VIII was located specifically at PD-rich pitfields in cell walls. Application of actin or myosin disrupters may modify the conformation of PD and alter rates of cell-cell transport, providing evidence for a role in regulating PD permeability. Intriguingly, there is now evidence of differentiation between types of PD, some of which open in response to both actin and myosin disrupters, and others which are unaffected by actin disrupters or which close in response to myosin inhibitors. Viruses also interact with elements of the cytoskeleton for both intracellular and intercellular transport. The precise function of the cytoskeleton in PD may change during cell development, and may not be identical in all tissue types, or even in all PD within a single cell. Nevertheless, it is likely that actin- and myosin-associated proteins play a key role in regulating cell-cell transport, by interacting with cargo and loading it into PD, and may underlie the capacity for one-way transport across particular cell and tissue boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G White
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Arnaiz O, Sperling L. ParameciumDB in 2011: new tools and new data for functional and comparative genomics of the model ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:D632-6. [PMID: 20952411 PMCID: PMC3013783 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ParameciumDB is a community model organism database built with the GMOD toolkit to integrate the genome and biology of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Over the last four years, post-genomic data from proteome and transcriptome studies has been incorporated along with predicted orthologs in 33 species, annotations from the community and publications from the scientific literature. Available tools include BioMart for complex queries, GBrowse2 for genome browsing, the Apollo genome editor for expert curation of gene models, a Blast server, a motif finder, and a wiki for protocols, nomenclature guidelines and other documentation. In-house tools have been developed for ontology browsing and evaluation of off-target RNAi matches. Now ready for next-generation deep sequencing data and the genomes of other Paramecium species, this open-access resource is available at http://paramecium.cgm.cnrs-gif.fr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Arnaiz
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS FRE3144, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Beisson J, Bétermier M, Bré MH, Cohen J, Duharcourt S, Duret L, Kung C, Malinsky S, Meyer E, Preer JR, Sperling L. Paramecium tetraurelia: the renaissance of an early unicellular model. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.emo140. [PMID: 20150105 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.emo140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Beisson
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, FRE3144, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Mouawad L, Isvoran A, Quiniou E, Craescu CT. What determines the degree of compactness of a calcium-binding protein? FEBS J 2009; 276:1082-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sehring IM, Klotz C, Beisson J, Plattner H. Rapid downregulation of the Ca2+-signal after exocytosis stimulation in Paramecium cells: essential role of a centrin-rich filamentous cortical network, the infraciliary lattice. Cell Calcium 2008; 45:89-97. [PMID: 18653233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We analysed in Paramecium tetraurelia cells the role of the infraciliary lattice, a cytoskeletal network containing numerous centrin isoforms tightly bound to large binding proteins, in the re-establishment of Ca2+ homeostasis following exocytosis stimulation. The wild type strain d4-2 has been compared with the mutant cell line Delta-PtCenBP1 which is devoid of the infraciliary lattice ("Delta-PtCenBP1" cells). Exocytosis is known to involve the mobilization of cortical Ca2+-stores and a superimposed Ca2+-influx and was analysed using Fura Red ratio imaging. No difference in the initial signal generation was found between wild type and Delta-PtCenBP1 cells. In contrast, decay time was greatly increased in Delta-PtCenBP1 cells particularly when stimulated, e.g., in presence of 1mM extracellular Ca2+, [Ca2+]o. Apparent halftimes of f/f0 decrease were 8.5 s in wild type and approximately 125 s in Delta-PtCenBP1 cells, requiring approximately 30 s and approximately 180 s, respectively, to re-establish intracellular [Ca2+] homeostasis. Lowering [Ca2+]o to 0.1 and 0.01 mM caused an acceleration of intracellular [Ca2+] decay to t(1/2)=33 s and 28 s, respectively, in Delta-PtCenBP1 cells as compared to 8.1 and 5.6, respectively, for wild type cells. We conclude that, in Paramecium cells, the infraciliary lattice is the most efficient endogenous Ca2+ buffering system allowing the rapid downregulation of Ca2+ signals after exocytosis stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M Sehring
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 5560, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Trojan P, Krauss N, Choe HW, Giessl A, Pulvermüller A, Wolfrum U. Centrins in retinal photoreceptor cells: regulators in the connecting cilium. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:237-59. [PMID: 18329314 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration regulate the visual signal transduction cascade directly or more often indirectly through Ca2+-binding proteins. Here we focus on centrins, which are members of a highly conserved subgroup of the EF-hand superfamily of Ca2+-binding proteins in photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina. Centrins are commonly associated with centrosome-related structures. In mammalian retinal photoreceptor cells, four centrin isoforms are expressed as prominent components in the connecting cilium linking the light-sensitive outer segment compartment with the metabolically active inner segment compartment. Our data indicate that Ca2+-activated centrin isoforms assemble into protein complexes with the visual heterotrimeric G-protein transducin. This interaction of centrins with transducin is mediated by binding to the betagamma-dimer of the heterotrimeric G-protein. More recent findings show that these interactions of centrins with transducin are reciprocally regulated via site-specific phosphorylations mediated by the protein kinase CK2. The assembly of centrin/G-protein complexes is a novel aspect of translocation regulation of signalling proteins in sensory cells, and represents a potential link between molecular trafficking and signal transduction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Trojan
- Institut für Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
This review will first recall the phenomena of "cortical inheritance" observed and genetically demonstrated in Paramecium 40 years ago, and later in other ciliates (Tetrahymena, Oxytricha, Paraurostyla), and will analyze the deduced concept of "cytotaxis" or "structural memory." The significance of these phenomena, all related (but not strictly restricted) to the properties of ciliary basal bodies and their mode of duplication, will be interpreted in the light of present knowledge on the mechanism and control of basal body/centriole duplication. Then other phenomena described in a variety of organisms will be analyzed or mentioned which show the relevance of the concept of cytotaxis to other cellular processes, mainly (1) cytoskeleton assembly and organization with examples on ciliates, trypanosome, mammalian cells and plants, and (2) transmission of polarities with examples on yeast, trypanosome and metazoa. Finally, I will discuss some aspects of this particular type of non-DNA inheritance: (1) why so few documented examples if structural memory is a basic parameter in cell heredity, and (2) how are these phenomena (which all rely on protein/protein interactions, and imply a formatting role of preexisting proteinic complexes on neo-formed proteins and their assembly) related to prions?
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Beisson
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-yvette, France.
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