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Gourari-Bouzouina K, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Seghir A, Baba Ahmed-Kazi Tani ZZ, Bendoukha I, Benahmed A, Aissaoui M, Boucherit K. Evaluation of mixed biofilm production by Candida spp. and Staphylococcus aureus strains co-isolated from cystic fibrosis patients in northwest Algeria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116321. [PMID: 38677054 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis patients' lungs are chronically colonized by multiple microbial species capable of forming biofilms. This study aimed to characterize the polymicrobial biofilm formed by Candida spp. and S. aureus, co-isolated from sputum samples of cystic fibrosis patients regarding microbial density, metabolic activity, and structure. 67 samples from 28 patients were collected with a 96% alteration rate. 34% showed alterations by both Candida spp. and Gram-positive bacteria, predominantly Candida spp. and S. aureus in 77% of cases, accounting for 6 associations. Biofilm biomass was quantified using the crystal violet assay, and metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT reduction assay. Scanning electron microscopy analyzed the C. tropicalis/S. aureus24 biofilm architecture. Candida spp. isolates demonstrated the ability to form mixed biofilms with S. aureus. The C. tropicalis/S. aureus24 association exhibited the highest production of biofilm and metabolic activity, along with the C. albicans17/C. rugosa/S. aureus7 in both single and mixed biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Gourari-Bouzouina
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria.
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Abdelfettah Seghir
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Zahira Zakia Baba Ahmed-Kazi Tani
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Imene Bendoukha
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Abdeselem Benahmed
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Aissaoui
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Tamanghasset, Tamanghasset 11000, Algeria
| | - Kebir Boucherit
- Antibiotics Antifungal Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity (LAPSAB), Department of Biology, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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Song S, Zhao S, Sun X, Meng L, Wang Z, Tan H, Liu J, Zhang M, Deng Y. Anti-virulence strategy of diaryl chalcogenide compounds against Candida albicans infection. Virulence 2023; 14:2265012. [PMID: 37771181 PMCID: PMC10549196 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2265012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogenic fungus that frequently causes serious systemic infection in humans. Due to the vital roles of biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hypha transition in the infection process, we have selected a series of diaryl chalcogenides and tested their efficacy against C. albicans SC5314 pathogenicity by the inhibition of biofilm formation and the yeast-to-hypha transition. The compounds 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole were found to have excellent abilities to inhibit both biofilm formation and hyphal formation in C. albicans SC5314. Intriguingly, the two leading compounds also markedly attenuated C. albicans SC5314 virulence in human cell lines and mouse infection models at micromolar levels. Furthermore, our results showed that the presence of the compounds at 100 µM resulted in a marked decrease in the expression of genes involved in the cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways in C. albicans SC5314. Intriguingly, the compounds 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole not only attenuated the cytotoxicity of Candida species strains but also showed excellent synergistic effects with antifungal agents against the clinical drug-resistant C. albicans strain HCH12. The compound 5-sulfenylindole showed an obvious advantage over fluconazole as it could also restore the composition and richness of the intestinal microbiota in mice infected by C. albicans. Together, these results suggest that diaryl chalcogenides can potentially be designed as novel clinical therapeutic agents against C. albicans infection. The diaryl chalcogenides of 5-sulfenylindole and 5-selenylindole discovered in this study can provide new direction for developing antifungal agents against C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lili Meng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Hunan Children’s Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Huihui Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Fang T, Xiong J, Wang L, Feng Z, Hang S, Yu J, Li W, Feng Y, Lu H, Jiang Y. Unexpected Inhibitory Effect of Octenidine Dihydrochloride on Candida albicans Filamentation by Impairing Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Disrupting Cell Membrane Integrity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1675. [PMID: 38136708 PMCID: PMC10741164 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans filamentation plays a significant role in developing both mucosal and invasive candidiasis, making it a crucial virulence factor. Consequently, exploring and identifying inhibitors that impede fungal hyphal formation presents an intriguing approach toward antifungal strategies. In line with this anti-filamentation strategy, we conducted a comprehensive screening of a library of FDA-approved drugs to identify compounds that possess inhibitory properties against hyphal growth. The compound octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) exhibits potent inhibition of hyphal growth in C. albicans across different hyphae-inducing media at concentrations below or equal to 3.125 μM. This remarkable inhibitory effect extends to biofilm formation and the disruption of mature biofilm. The mechanism underlying OCT's inhibition of hyphal growth is likely attributed to its capacity to impede ergosterol biosynthesis and induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), compromising the integrity of the cell membrane. Furthermore, it has been observed that OCT demonstrates protective attributes against invasive candidiasis in Galleria mellonella larvae through its proficient eradication of C. albicans colonization in infected G. mellonella larvae by impeding hyphal formation. Although additional investigation is required to mitigate the toxicity of OCT in mammals, it possesses considerable promise as a potent filamentation inhibitor against invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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Mazandarani M, Lashkarbolouk N, Ejtahed HS, Qorbani M. Does the ketogenic diet improve neurological disorders by influencing gut microbiota? A systematic review. Nutr J 2023; 22:61. [PMID: 37981693 PMCID: PMC10658738 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the changes in gut microbiota (GM) induced by the Ketogenic Diets (KD) as a potential underlying mechanism in the improvement of neurological diseases. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on three electronic databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus until December 2022. The inclusion criteria were studies that described any changes in GM after consuming KD in neurological patients. Full text of studies such as clinical trials and cohorts were added. The quality assessment of cohort studies was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and for the clinical trials using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The search, screening, and data extraction were performed by two researchers independently. RESULTS Thirteen studies examining the effects of the KD on the GM in neurological patients were included. Studies have shown that KD improves clinical outcomes by reducing disease severity and recurrence rates. An increase in Proteobacteria phylum, Escherichia, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Agaricus, and Mrakia genera and a reduction in Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria phyla, Eubacterium, Cronobacter, Saccharomyces, Claviceps, Akkermansia and Dialister genera were reported after KD. Studies showed a reduction in concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids and branched-chain fatty acids and an increase in beta Hydroxybutyrate, trimethylamine N-oxide, and N-acetylserotonin levels after KD. CONCLUSION The KD prescribed in neurological patients has effectively altered the GM composition and GM-derived metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mazandarani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Narges Lashkarbolouk
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Jin X, Hou X, Wang X, Zhang M, Chen J, Song M, Zhang J, Zheng H, Chang W, Lou H. Characterization of an allosteric inhibitor of fungal-specific C-24 sterol methyltransferase to treat Candida albicans infections. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:553-568.e7. [PMID: 37160123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Filamentation is an important virulence factor of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The abolition of Candida albicans hyphal formation by disrupting sterol synthesis is an important concept for the development of antifungal drugs with high safety. Here, we conduct a high-throughput screen using a C. albicans strain expressing green fluorescent protein-labeled Dpp3 to identify anti-hypha agents by interfering with ergosterol synthesis. The antipyrine derivative H55 is characterized to have minimal cytotoxicity and potent inhibition of C. albicans hyphal formation in multiple cultural conditions. H55 monotherapy exhibits therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of azole-resistant candidiasis. H55 treatment increases the accumulation of zymosterol, the substrate of C-24 sterol methyltransferase (Erg6). The results of enzyme assays, photoaffinity labeling, molecular simulation, mutagenesis, and cellular thermal shift assays support H55 as an allosteric inhibitor of Erg6. Collectively, H55, an inhibitor of the fungal-specific enzyme Erg6, holds potential to treat C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Jin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xuben Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Science, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Minghui Song
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongbo Zheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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6
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Parslow BY, Thornton CR. Continuing Shifts in Epidemiology and Antifungal Susceptibility Highlight the Need for Improved Disease Management of Invasive Candidiasis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061208. [PMID: 35744725 PMCID: PMC9228503 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a systemic life-threatening infection of immunocompromised humans, but remains a relatively neglected disease among public health authorities. Ongoing assessments of disease epidemiology are needed to identify and map trends of importance that may necessitate improvements in disease management and patient care. Well-established incidence increases, largely due to expanding populations of patients with pre-disposing risk factors, has led to increased clinical use and pressures on antifungal drugs. This has been exacerbated by a lack of fast, accurate diagnostics that have led treatment guidelines to often recommend preventative strategies in the absence of proven infection, resulting in unnecessary antifungal use in many instances. The consequences of this are multifactorial, but a contribution to emerging drug resistance is of primary concern, with high levels of antifungal use heavily implicated in global shifts to more resistant Candida strains. Preserving and expanding the utility and number of antifungals should therefore be of the highest priority. This may be achievable through the development and use of biomarker tests, bringing about a new era in improved antifungal stewardship, as well as novel antifungals that offer favorable profiles by targeting Candida pathogenesis mechanisms over cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Y. Parslow
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lectins ConA and ConM extracted from Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC and Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC inhibit planktonic Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:346. [PMID: 35608680 PMCID: PMC9127036 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lectins participate in the defense against microorganisms and in signaling the damage caused by pathogens to the cell surface and/or intracellular in plants. This study aims to analyze the antifungal potential of lectins extracted from seeds of Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC and Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC, against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial tests were performed by microdilution against Candida spp. The test to verify the combined lectin/fluconazole effect was performed using subinhibitory concentrations of lectins and with antifungal ranging from 0.5 to 512 µg/mL. The ability to inhibit the morphological transition of Candida spp. was evaluated by microcultivation in a moist chamber. The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration revealed no antifungal activity against the tested strains. However, lectins modified the action of fluconazole, reducing the IC50 of the drug against C. albicans. Lectins were also able to discretely modulate the morphological transition of the tested strains.
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8
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Kalimuthu S, Alshanta OA, Krishnamoorthy AL, Pudipeddi A, Solomon AP, McLean W, Leung YY, Ramage G, Neelakantan P. Small molecule based anti-virulence approaches against Candida albicans infections. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 48:743-769. [PMID: 35232325 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.2025337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are considered "silent killers" due to the difficulty of, and delays in diagnosis of infections and lack of effective antifungals. This challenge is compounded by the fact that being eukaryotes, fungi share several similarities with human cellular targets, creating obstacles to drug discovery. Candida albicans, a ubiquitous microbe in the human body is well-known for its role as an opportunistic pathogen in immunosuppressed people. Significantly, C. albicans is resistant to all the three classes of antifungals that are currently clinically available. Over the past few years, a paradigm shift has been recommended in the management of C. albicans infections, wherein anti-virulence strategies are considered an alternative to the discovery of new antimycotics. Small molecules, with a molecular weight <900 Daltons, can easily permeate the cell membrane and modulate the signal transduction pathways to elicit desired virulence inhibitory actions against pathogens. This review dissects in-depth, the discoveries that have been made with small-molecule anti-virulence approaches to tackle C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Om Alkhir Alshanta
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Akshaya Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Akhila Pudipeddi
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - William McLean
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Glasgow Endodontology Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
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Das R, Kotra K, Singh P, Loh B, Leptihn S, Bajpai U. Alternative Treatment Strategies for Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Infections Associated with COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:53-78. [PMID: 34807451 PMCID: PMC8607056 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are essential for combating infectious diseases. However, an increase in resistance to them is a major cause of concern. The empirical use of drugs in managing COVID-19 and the associated secondary infections have further exacerbated the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the situation mandates exploring and developing efficient alternatives for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in patients suffering from COVID-19 or other viral infections. In this review, we have described the alternatives to conventional antimicrobials that have shown promising results and are at various stages of development. An acceleration of efforts to investigate their potential as therapeutics can provide more treatment options for clinical management of drug-resistant secondary bacterial and fungal infections in the current pandemic and similar potential outbreaks in the future. The alternatives include bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes, anti-fungal enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles and small molecule inhibitors among others. What is required at this stage is to critically examine the challenges in developing the listed compounds and biomolecules as therapeutics and to establish guidelines for their safe and effective application within a suitable time frame. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the importance of rational use of antimicrobials in patients suffering from COVID-19 and boost the deployment of alternative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Das
- Department of Life Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110019 India
| | - Komal Kotra
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110019 India
| | - Pulkit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110019 India
| | - Belinda Loh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 314400 People’s Republic of China
| | - Urmi Bajpai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Govindpuri, Kalkaji, New Delhi, 110019 India
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10
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Herman A, Herman AP. Could Candida Overgrowth Be Involved in the Pathophysiology of Autism? J Clin Med 2022; 11:442. [PMID: 35054136 PMCID: PMC8778531 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the current acquiredknowledge of Candida overgrowth in the intestine as a possible etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The influence of Candida sp. on the immune system, brain, and behavior of children with ASD isdescribed. The benefits of interventions such as a carbohydrates-exclusion diet, probiotic supplementation, antifungal agents, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) will be also discussed. Our literature query showed that the results of most studies do not fully support the hypothesis that Candida overgrowth is correlated with gastrointestinal (GI) problems and contributes to autism behavioral symptoms occurrence. On the one hand, it was reported that the modulation of microbiota composition in the gut may decrease Candida overgrowth, help reduce GI problems and autism symptoms. On the other hand, studies on humans suggesting the beneficial effects of a sugar-free diet, probiotic supplementation, FMT and MTT treatment in ASD are limited and inconclusive. Due to the increasing prevalence of ASD, studies on the etiology of this disorder are extremely needed and valuable. However, to elucidate the possible involvement of Candida in the pathophysiology of ASD, more reliable and well-designed research is certainly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Warsaw School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 20 18, 19 Street, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3 Street, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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Khona DK, Roy S, Ghatak S, Huang K, Jagdale G, Baker LA, Sen CK. Ketoconazole resistant Candida albicans is sensitive to a wireless electroceutical wound care dressing. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107921. [PMID: 34419917 PMCID: PMC8788813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wireless electroceutical dressing (WED) fabric kills bacteria and disrupts bacterial biofilm. This work tested, comparing with standard of care topical antibiotic ketoconazole, whether the weak electric field generated by WED is effective to manage infection caused by ketoconazole-resistant yeast Candida albicans. WED inhibited Candida albicans biofilm formation and planktonic growth. Unlike ketoconazole, WED inhibited yeast to hyphal transition and downregulated EAP1 curbing cell attachment. In response to WED-dependent down-regulation of biofilm-forming BRG1 and ROB1, BCR1 expression was markedly induced in what seems to be a futile compensatory response. WED induced NRG1 and TUP1, negative regulators of filamentation; it down-regulated EFG1, a positive regulator of hyphal pathway. Consistent with the anti-hyphal properties of WED, the expression of ALS3 and HWP1 were diminished. Ketoconazole failed to reproduce the effects of WED on NRG1, TUP1 and EFG1. WED blunted efflux pump activity; this effect was in direct contrast to that of ketoconazole. WED exposure compromised cellular metabolism. In the presence of ketoconazole, the effect was synergistic. Unlike ketoconazole, WED caused membrane depolarization, changes in cell wall composition and loss of membrane integrity. This work presents first evidence that weak electric field is useful in managing pathogens which are otherwise known to be antibiotic resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly K Khona
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Gargi Jagdale
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Chandan K Sen
- Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine & Engineering, Indiana University Health Comprehensive Wound Center, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Current scenario of the search for new antifungal agents to treat Candida auris infections: An integrative review. J Mycol Med 2021; 32:101232. [PMID: 34883404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris emerges as an important causative agent of fungal infections, with worrisome mortality rates, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. This scenario is worsened by the limited availability of antifungal drugs and the increasing development of resistance to them. Due to the relevance of C. auris infections to public health, several studies aimed to discover new antifungal compounds capable of overcoming this fungus. Nonetheless, these information are decentralized, precluding the understandment of the current status of the search for new anti-C. auris compounds. Thus, this integrative review aimed to summarize information regarding anti-C. auris compounds reported in literature. After using predefined selection criteria, 71 articles were included in this review, and data from a total of 101 substances were extracted. Most of the studies tested synthetic substances, including several azoles. Moreover, drug repurposing emerges as a suitable strategy to discover new anti-C. auris agents. Few studies, however, assessed the mechanism of action and the in vivo antifungal activity of the compounds. Therefore, more studies must be performed to evaluate the usefulness of these substances as anti-C. auris therapies.
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Fourie R, Albertyn J, Sebolai O, Gcilitshana O, Pohl CH. Candida albicans SET3 Plays a Role in Early Biofilm Formation, Interaction With Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680732. [PMID: 34178723 PMCID: PMC8223063 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida albicans exhibits multiple morphologies dependent on environmental cues. Candida albicans biofilms are frequently polymicrobial, enabling interspecies interaction through proximity and contact. The interaction between C. albicans and the bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is antagonistic in vitro, with P. aeruginosa repressing the yeast-to-hyphal switch in C. albicans. Previous transcriptional analysis of C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms with P. aeruginosa revealed upregulation of genes involved in regulation of morphology and biofilm formation, including SET3, a component of the Set3/Hos2 histone deacetylase complex (Set3C). This prompted the question regarding the involvement of SET3 in the interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that SET3 may influence early biofilm formation by C. albicans and the interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa. In addition, although deletion of SET3 did not alter the morphology of C. albicans in the presence of P. aeruginosa, it did cause a reduction in virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, even in the presence of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Onele Gcilitshana
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Fourie R, Cason ED, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Transcriptional response of Candida albicans to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a polymicrobial biofilm. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6134339. [PMID: 33580263 PMCID: PMC8049422 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently co-isolated with the Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro, the interaction is complex, with both species influencing each other. Not only does the bacterium kill hyphal cells of C. albicans through physical interaction, it also affects C. albicans biofilm formation and morphogenesis, through various secreted factors and cell wall components. The present study sought to expand the current knowledge regarding the interaction between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, using transcriptome analyses of early static biofilms. Under these conditions, a total of 2,537 open reading frames (approximately 40% of the C. albicans transcriptome) was differentially regulated in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Upon deeper analyses it became evident that the response of C. albicans toward P. aeruginosa was dominated by a response to hypoxia, and included those associated with stress as well as iron and zinc homeostasis. These conditions may also lead to the observed differential regulation of genes associated with cell membrane synthesis, morphology, biofilm formation and phenotypic switching. Thus, C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms with P. aeruginosa have unique transcriptional profiles that may influence commensalism as well as pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Errol D Cason
- Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
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15
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Vij R, Hube B, Brunke S. Uncharted territories in the discovery of antifungal and antivirulence natural products from bacteria. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1244-1252. [PMID: 33680363 PMCID: PMC7905183 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungi can cause deadly diseases in humans, and nearly every human will suffer from some kind of fungal infection in their lives. Only few antifungals are available, and some of these fail to treat intrinsically resistant species and the ever-increasing number of fungal strains that have acquired resistance. In nature, bacteria and fungi display versatile interactions that range from friendly co-existence to predation. The first antifungal drugs, nystatin and amphotericin B, were discovered in bacteria as mediators of such interactions, and bacteria continue to be an important source of antifungals. To learn more about the ecological bacterial-fungal interactions that drive the evolution of natural products and exploit them, we need to identify environments where such interactions are pronounced, and diverse. Here, we systematically analyze historic and recent developments in this field to identify potentially under-investigated niches and resources. We also discuss alternative strategies to treat fungal infections by utilizing the antagonistic potential of bacteria to target fungal stress pathways and virulence factors, and thereby suppress the evolution of antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Vij
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
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Zhu W, Fan X, Zhao Q, Xu Y, Wang X, Chen J. Bre1 and Ubp8 regulate H2B mono-ubiquitination and the reversible yeast-hyphae transition in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:332-343. [PMID: 33010070 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reversible yeast-hyphae transition of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is tightly linked to its pathogenicity. In this study, we show that histone H2B mono-ubiquitination (H2Bub) at lysine 123 was maintained at a low level in the yeast state, whereas it increased significantly during yeast-to-hyphae transition and decreased when hyphae converted to yeast. The increased H2Bub level is correlated with activation of the hyphal program. H2B ubiquitination and deubiquitination are dynamically regulated by the E3 ligase Bre1 and the deubiquitinase Ubp8 during the reversible yeast-hyphae transition. The functions of Bre1 and Ubp8 in hypha-specific gene (HSG) regulation appears to be direct because both are recruited to the coding regions of HSGs during hyphal induction. The sequential recruitment of Bre1 and Ubp8 to HSGs coding regions is important for the initiation and maintenance of HSG expression. Additionally, Ubp8 contributes to the pathogenicity of C. albicans during early infection in a mouse model. Our study is the first to link H2B ubiquitination to the morphological plasticity and pathogenicity of the human fungal pathogen C. albicans and shed light on potential antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Preventing Candida albicans biofilm formation using aromatic-rich piperazines. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115810. [PMID: 33091849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in microbial resistance is an imminent threat to public health. Effective treatment of infectious diseases now requires new antimicrobial therapies. We report herein the discovery of aromatic-rich piperazines that inhibit biofilm formation by C. albicans. 22 piperazines, including 16 novel ones, were prepared efficiently using a combination of solid- and solution phase synthesis. The most potent compound prevents morphological switching under several hypha-inducing conditions and reduces C. albicans' ability to adhere to epithelial cells. These processes are essential to the development of Candida biofilms, which are associated with its increased resistance to immune defenses and antifungal agents.
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Kunyeit L, K A AA, Rao RP. Application of Probiotic Yeasts on Candida Species Associated Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040189. [PMID: 32992993 PMCID: PMC7711718 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Superficial and life-threatening invasive Candida infections are a major clinical challenge in hospitalized and immuno-compromised patients. Emerging drug-resistance among Candida species is exacerbated by the limited availability of antifungals and their associated side-effects. In the current review, we discuss the application of probiotic yeasts as a potential alternative/ combination therapy against Candida infections. Preclinical studies have identified several probiotic yeasts that effectively inhibit virulence of Candida species, including Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida auris. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is the only probiotic yeast commercially available. In addition, clinical studies have further confirmed the in vitro and in vivo activity of the probiotic yeasts against Candida species. Probiotics use a variety of protective mechanisms, including posing a physical barrier, the ability to aggregate pathogens and render them avirulent. Secreted metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids effectively inhibit the adhesion and morphological transition of Candida species. Overall, the probiotic yeasts could be a promising effective alternative or combination therapy for Candida infections. Additional studies would bolster the application of probiotic yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohith Kunyeit
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India; (L.K.); (A.K.A.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Anu-Appaiah K A
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India; (L.K.); (A.K.A.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Reeta P. Rao
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-508-831-5000
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Transcriptome Analyses of Candida albicans Biofilms, Exposed to Arachidonic Acid and Fluconazole, Indicates Potential Drug Targets. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3099-3108. [PMID: 32631950 PMCID: PMC7466979 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast pathogen within the human microbiota with significant medical importance because of its pathogenic potential. The yeast produces highly resistant biofilms, which are crucial for maintaining infections. Though antifungals are available, their effectiveness is dwindling due to resistance. Alternate options that comprise the combination of existing azoles and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA), have been shown to increase azoles susceptibility of C. albicans biofilms; however, the mechanisms are still unknown. Therefore, transcriptome analysis was conducted on biofilms exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of AA alone, fluconazole alone, and AA combined with fluconazole to understand the possible mechanism involved with the phenomenon. Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis from the differentially expressed genes revealed that the combination of AA and fluconazole influences biological processes associated with essential processes including methionine synthesis and those involved in ATP generation, such as AMP biosynthesis, fumarate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. These observations suggests that the interference of AA with these processes may be a possible mechanisms to induce increased antifungal susceptibility.
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20
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Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, Mishra SP, Craft S, Yadav H. Gut mycobiome and its interaction with diet, gut bacteria and alzheimer's disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102950. [PMID: 32861197 PMCID: PMC7475073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we reported that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) harbor specific signature of bacteria in their gut and that a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet (MMKD) improves Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the signatures of gut bacteria. However, other microbial population such as gut fungi (mycobiome) in relation to MCI/AD pathology, gut bacteria and diet remain unknown. METHODS We measure gut mycobiome by sequencing of the fungal rRNA ITS1 gene in 17 older adults (11 MCI; 6 cognitively normal [CN]) in a single-center, randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study, before and after 6 weeks intervention of MMKD and American Heart Association Diet (AHAD), and determine its correlation with AD markers in CSF and gut bacteria. FINDINGS Compared to CN counterparts, patients with MCI have higher proportion of families Sclerotiniaceae, Phaffomyceteceae, Trichocomaceae, Cystofilobasidiaceae, Togniniaceae and genera Botrytis, Kazachstania, Phaeoacremonium and Cladosporium and lower abundance of Meyerozyma. Specific fungal taxa exhibit distinct correlation arrays with AD markers and gut bacteria in subjects with versus without MCI. MMKD induces broader effect on fungal diversity in subjects with MCI and increases Agaricus and Mrakia while decreasing Saccharomyces and Claviceps with differential response in subjects with or without MCI. INTERPRETATION The study reveals MCI-specific mycobiome signatures and demonstrates that distinct diets modulate the mycobiome in association with AD markers and fungal-bacterial co-regulation networks in patients with MCI. The findings corroborate the notion of considering gut mycobiome as a unique factor that can affect cognitive health/AD by interacting with gut bacteria and diet and facilitate better understanding of the AD and related microbiome, using unique diet or microbiome modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Bryan J Neth
- Department of Internal Medicine- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Sidharth P Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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21
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Song S, Sun X, Meng L, Wu Q, Wang K, Deng Y. Antifungal activity of hypocrellin compounds and their synergistic effects with antimicrobial agents against Candida albicans. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:430-443. [PMID: 32510867 PMCID: PMC7936304 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common human fungal pathogen. The previous study revealed that quinone compounds showed antimicrobial activity against C. albicans by inhibiting cell growth. However, it was unclear whether quinones have other antifungal effects against C. albicans in addition to fungicidal effects. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory activity of a total of 25 quinone compounds against C. albicans morphological transition, which is essential for the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Several quinones exhibited strong inhibition of mycelium formation by C. albicans SC5314. Three leading compounds, namely hypocrellins A, B and C, also exhibited marked attenuation of C. albicans SC5314 virulence in both human cell lines and mouse infection models. These three compounds significantly suppressed the proliferation of C. albicans SC5314 cells in a mouse mucosal infection model. Intriguingly, hypocrellins not only attenuated the cytotoxicity of a nystatin-resistant C. albicans strain but also showed excellent synergistic effects with antifungal agents against both wild-type C. albicans SC5314 and the drug-resistant mutant strains. In addition, hypocrellins A, B and C interfered with the biological functions and virulence of various clinical Candida species, suggesting the promising potential of these compounds for development as new therapeutic agents against infections caused by Candida pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lili Meng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qianhua Wu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9560684. [PMID: 32322167 PMCID: PMC7160717 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9560684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut is home to a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem encompassing bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that have an undisputable role in maintaining good health for the host. Studies on the interplay between microbiota in the gut and various human diseases remain the key focus among many researchers. Nevertheless, advances in sequencing technologies and computational biology have helped us to identify a diversity of fungal community that reside in the gut known as the mycobiome. Although studies on gut mycobiome are still in its infancy, numerous sources have reported its potential role in host homeostasis and disease development. Nonetheless, the actual mechanism of its involvement remains largely unknown and underexplored. Thus, in this review, we attempt to discuss the recent advances in gut mycobiome research from multiple perspectives. This includes understanding the composition of fungal communities in the gut and the involvement of gut mycobiome in host immunity and gut-brain axis. Further, we also discuss on multibiome interactions in the gut with emphasis on fungi-bacteria interaction and the influence of diet in shaping gut mycobiome composition. This review also highlights the relation between fungal metabolites and gut mycobiota in human homeostasis and the role of gut mycobiome in various human diseases. This multiperspective review on gut mycobiome could perhaps shed new light for future studies in the mycobiome research area.
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Galloway-Peña JR, Kontoyiannis DP. The gut mycobiome: The overlooked constituent of clinical outcomes and treatment complications in patients with cancer and other immunosuppressive conditions. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008353. [PMID: 32240277 PMCID: PMC7117661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Galloway-Peña
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JRG-P); (DPK)
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JRG-P); (DPK)
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Small talk: chemical conversations with bacteria. CHEMTEXTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-020-0102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Vila T, Sultan AS, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010015. [PMID: 31963180 PMCID: PMC7151112 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as “thrush,” is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host; however, changes in the host microenvironment can promote the transition from one of commensalism to pathogen. This transition is heavily reliant on an impressive repertoire of virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and the development of drug resistance. In the oral cavity, the co-adhesion of C. albicans with bacteria is crucial for its persistence, and a wide range of synergistic interactions with various oral species were described to enhance colonization in the host. As a frequent colonizer of the oral mucosa, the host immune response in the oral cavity is oriented toward a more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate immune defenses play a central role in maintaining Candida in its commensal state. Specifically, in addition to preventing Candida adherence to epithelial cells, saliva is enriched with anti-candidal peptides, considered to be part of the host innate immunity. The T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive immune response is mainly involved in mucosal host defenses, controlling initial growth of Candida and inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, most notably the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the rat model of denture stomatitis, are instrumental in our understanding of Candida virulence factors and the factors leading to host susceptibility to infections. Given the continuing rise in development of resistance to the limited number of traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies are directed toward identifying bioactive compounds that target pathogenic mechanisms to prevent C. albicans transition from harmless commensal to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Daniel Montelongo-Jauregui
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (T.V.); (A.S.S.); (D.M.-J.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-0508; Fax: +1-410-706-0519
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Beema Shafreen R, Seema S, Martinez-Ayala AL, Lozano-Grande MA, Robles-Sánchez M, Szterk A, Grishko M, Hanuka E, Katrich E, Gorinstein S. Binding and potential antibiofilm activities of Amaranthus proteins against Candida albicans. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Majdabadi N, Falahati M, Heidarie-Kohan F, Farahyar S, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Ashrafi-Khozani M, Razavi T, Mohammadnejad S. Effect of 2-Phenylethanol as Antifungal Agent and Common Antifungals (Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, and Itraconazole) on Candida Species Isolated from Chronic and Recurrent Cases of Candidal Vulvovaginitis. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2019; 16:141-149. [PMID: 29658789 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal effects of 2-phenylethanol are clearly visible through its intervention in Candida morphogenesis. Chronic and recurrent vulvovaginitis, however, does not respond to this standard experimental therapy; therefore, the study presented in this article investigated the effect of common antifungal drugs (amphotericin B [AMB], fluconazole [FLU], and itraconazole [ITC]), in combination with 2-phenylethanol, on the Candida species isolated from cases of chronic and recurrent vulvovaginitis, thereby allowing the recommendation of a more appropriate treatment option. Forty isolates from patients with chronic and recurrent vaginal candidiasis were investigated in this experimental study. The specimens were examined by direct microscopy, culturing, and PCR to identify the species. The antifungal effects of 2-phenylethanol and conventional drugs, both alone and in combination, were determined in duplicate. Finally, the findings were analyzed. In this study, 40 strains of Candida species were identified, whose agents were Candida albicans (95%) and Candida africana (5%). After 48 h, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of the 2-phenylethanol was 800-3,200 μg/mL. Also, in the final study on the MIC levels of common antifungal drugs, AMB (0.42 μg/mL) had the lowest MIC, FLU (40.51 μg/mL) had the highest MIC, and the combination of ITC and 2-phenylethanol had the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of any of the combinations (FICI range, 0.26-1.03). Combining FLU and ITC with 2-phenylethanol can effectively increase their antifungal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Majdabadi
- 1 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, International Campus, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Falahati
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Farahyar
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi-Moghaddam
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Ashrafi-Khozani
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Tandis Razavi
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Mohammadnejad
- 2 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Small-Molecule Morphogenesis Modulators Enhance the Ability of 14-Helical β-Peptides To Prevent Candida albicans Biofilm Formation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02653-18. [PMID: 31209011 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02653-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for mucosal candidiasis and systemic candidemia in humans. Often, these infections are associated with the formation of drug-resistant biofilms on the surfaces of tissues or medical devices. Increased incidence of C. albicans resistance to current antifungals has heightened the need for new strategies to prevent or eliminate biofilm-related fungal infections. In prior studies, we designed 14-helical β-peptides to mimic the structural properties of natural antimicrobial α-peptides (AMPs) in an effort to develop active and selective antifungal compounds. These amphiphilic, cationic, helical β-peptides exhibited antifungal activity against planktonic C. albicans cells and inhibited biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo Recent studies have suggested the use of antivirulence agents in combination with antifungals. In this study, we investigated the use of compounds that target C. albicans polymorphism, such as 1-dodecanol, isoamyl alcohol, and farnesol, to attempt to improve β-peptide efficacy for preventing C. albicans biofilms. Isoamyl alcohol, which prevents hyphal formation, reduced the minimum biofilm prevention concentrations (MBPCs) of β-peptides by up to 128-fold. Combinations of isoamyl alcohol and antifungal β-peptides resulted in less than 10% hemolysis at the antifungal MBPCs. Overall, our results suggest potential benefits of combination therapies comprised of morphogenesis modulators and antifungal AMP peptidomimetics for preventing C. albicans biofilm formation.
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Sebaa S, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Courtois P. Effects of tyrosol and farnesol on Candida albicans biofilm. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3201-3209. [PMID: 30816484 PMCID: PMC6423612 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present in vitro study examined the effects of the quorum‑sensing molecules farnesol and tyrosol on the development of Candida albicans biofilm in order to elucidate their role as novel adjuvants in oral hygiene. The investigation was conducted in C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. albicans isolates from dentures and was performed in flat‑bottomed 96‑well polystyrene plates. Yeast growth and their capacity to form biofilms were evaluated following 24 and 48 h incubations at 37˚C in Sabouraud broth supplemented with 0.001‑3 mM farnesol and/or 1‑20 mM tyrosol. Yeast growth was assessed by turbidimetry and biofilms were quantitated by crystal violet staining, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The viability of the fungal cells was controlled by the culture of planktonic cells and by examination of the biofilms using fluorescence microscopy following staining with fluorescein diacetate and ethidium bromide. Farnesol at 3 mM exerted a stronger action when added at the beginning of biofilm formation (>50% inhibition) than when added to preformed biofilms (<10% inhibition). Similarly, tyrosol at 20 mM had a greater effect on biofilm formation (>80% inhibition) than on preformed biofilms (<40% inhibition). Despite significant reductions in attached biomass, yeast growth varied little in the presence of the investigated molecules, as corroborated by the turbidimetry, culture of supernatants on solid culture medium followed by counting of colony‑forming units and viability tests using fluorescence microscopy. At the highest tested concentration, the molecules had a greater effect during the initial phases of biofilm formation. The effect of farnesol during anaerobiosis was not significantly different from that observed during aerobiosis, unlike that of tyrosol during anaerobiosis, which exhibited slightly reduced yeast biofilm inhibition. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the specific anti‑biofilm effect, independent of fungicidal or fungistatic action, of farnesol and tyrosol, as tested in C. albicans ATCC 10231 and 6 strains isolated from dentures. Prior to suggesting the use of these molecules for preventive purposes in oral hygiene, further studies are required in order to clarify the metabolic pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in their antibiofilm effect, as well as the repercussions on the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Sebaa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Antifungals, Physico‑Chemistry, Synthesis and Biological Activity, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Philippe Courtois
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B‑1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Sharma J, Rosiana S, Razzaq I, Shapiro RS. Linking Cellular Morphogenesis with Antifungal Treatment and Susceptibility in Candida Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E17. [PMID: 30795580 PMCID: PMC6463059 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a growing public health concern, and an increasingly important cause of human mortality, with Candida species being amongst the most frequently encountered of these opportunistic fungal pathogens. Several Candida species are polymorphic, and able to transition between distinct morphological states, including yeast, hyphal, and pseudohyphal forms. While not all Candida pathogens are polymorphic, the ability to undergo morphogenesis is linked with the virulence of many of these pathogens. There are also many connections between Candida morphogenesis and antifungal drug treatment and susceptibility. Here, we review how Candida morphogenesis-a key virulence trait-is linked with antifungal drugs and antifungal drug resistance. We highlight how antifungal therapeutics are able to modulate morphogenesis in both sensitive and drug-resistant Candida strains, the shared signaling pathways that mediate both morphogenesis and the cellular response to antifungal drugs and drug resistance, and the connection between Candida morphology, drug resistance, and biofilm growth. We further review the development of anti-virulence drugs, and targeting Candida morphogenesis as a novel therapeutic strategy to target fungal pathogens. Together, this review highlights important connections between fungal morphogenesis, virulence, and susceptibility to antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehoshua Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sierra Rosiana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Iqra Razzaq
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Tscherner M, Giessen TW, Markey L, Kumamoto CA, Silver PA. A Synthetic System That Senses Candida albicans and Inhibits Virulence Factors. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:434-444. [PMID: 30608638 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to a limited set of antifungals available and problems in early diagnosis, invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species are among the most common hospital-acquired infections with staggering mortality rates. Here, we describe an engineered system able to sense and respond to the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the most common cause of candidemia. In doing so, we identified hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) as a novel molecule secreted by C. albicans. Furthermore, we engineered E. coli to be able to sense HPA produced by C. albicans. Finally, we constructed a sense-and-respond system by coupling the C. albicans sensor to the production of an inhibitor of hypha formation, thereby reducing filamentation, virulence factor expression, and fungal-induced epithelial damage. This system could be used as a basis for the development of novel prophylactic approaches to prevent fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tscherner
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tobias W. Giessen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura Markey
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Nikoomanesh F, Roudbarmohammadi S, Khoobi M, Haghighi F, Roudbary M. Design and synthesis of mucoadhesive nanogel containing farnesol: investigation of the effect on HWP1, SAP6 and Rim101 genes expression of Candida albicans in vitro. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:64-72. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1543193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nikoomanesh
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Roudbarmohammadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Haghighi
- Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gizińska M, Staniszewska M, Ochal Z. Novel Sulfones with Antifungal Properties: Antifungal Activities and Interactions with Candida spp. Virulence Factors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:12-21. [PMID: 30246638 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180924121209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since candidiasis is so difficult to eradicate with an antifungal treatment and the existing antimycotics display many limitations, hopefully new sulfone derivatives may overcome these deficiencies. It is pertinent to study new strategies such as sulfone derivatives targeting the virulence attributes of C. albicans that differentiate them from the host. During infections, the pathogenic potential of C. albicans relies on the virulence factors as follows: hydrolytic enzymes, transcriptional factors, adhesion, and development of biofilms. In the article we explored how the above-presented C. albicans fitness and virulence attributes provided a robust response to the environmental stress exerted by sulfones upon C. albicans; C. albicans fitness and virulence attributes are fungal properties whose inactivation attenuates virulence. Our understanding of how these mechanisms and factors are inhibited by sulfones has increased over the last years. As lack of toxicity is a prerequisite for medical approaches, sulfones (non-toxic as assessed in vitro and in vivo) may prove to be useful for reducing C. albicans pathogenesis in humans. The antifungal activity of sulfones dealing with these multiple virulence factors and fitness attributes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gizińska
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Ochal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Polvi EJ, Veri AO, Liu Z, Hossain S, Hyde S, Kim SH, Tebbji F, Sellam A, Todd RT, Xie JL, Lin ZY, Wong CJ, Shapiro RS, Whiteway M, Robbins N, Gingras AC, Selmecki A, Cowen LE. Functional divergence of a global regulatory complex governing fungal filamentation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007901. [PMID: 30615616 PMCID: PMC6336345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenetic transitions are prevalent in the fungal kingdom. For a leading human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, the capacity to transition between yeast and filaments is key for virulence. For the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, filamentation enables nutrient acquisition. A recent functional genomic screen in S. cerevisiae identified Mfg1 as a regulator of morphogenesis that acts in complex with Flo8 and Mss11 to mediate transcriptional responses crucial for filamentation. In C. albicans, Mfg1 also interacts physically with Flo8 and Mss11 and is critical for filamentation in response to diverse cues, but the mechanisms through which it regulates morphogenesis remained elusive. Here, we explored the consequences of perturbation of Mfg1, Flo8, and Mss11 on C. albicans morphogenesis, and identified functional divergence of complex members. We observed that C. albicans Mss11 was dispensable for filamentation, and that overexpression of FLO8 caused constitutive filamentation even in the absence of Mfg1. Harnessing transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray analysis, we identified divergence between transcriptional targets of Flo8 and Mfg1 in C. albicans. We also established that Flo8 and Mfg1 cooperatively bind to promoters of key regulators of filamentation, including TEC1, for which overexpression was sufficient to restore filamentation in the absence of Flo8 or Mfg1. To further explore the circuitry through which Mfg1 regulates morphogenesis, we employed a novel strategy to select for mutations that restore filamentation in the absence of Mfg1. Whole genome sequencing of filamentation-competent mutants revealed chromosome 6 amplification as a conserved adaptive mechanism. A key determinant of the chromosome 6 amplification is FLO8, as deletion of one allele blocked morphogenesis, and chromosome 6 was not amplified in evolved lineages for which FLO8 was re-located to a different chromosome. Thus, this work highlights rewiring of key morphogenetic regulators over evolutionary time and aneuploidy as an adaptive mechanism driving fungal morphogenesis. Fungal infections pose a severe burden to human health worldwide. Candida albicans is a leading cause of systemic fungal infections, with mortality rates approaching 40%. One of the key virulence traits of this fungus is its ability to transition between yeast and filamentous forms in response to diverse host-relevant cues. The model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also capable of filamentous growth in certain conditions, and previous work has identified a key transcriptional complex required for filamentation in both species. However, here we discover that the circuitry governed by this complex in C. albicans is largely distinct from that in the non-pathogenic S. cerevisiae. We also employ a novel selection strategy to perform experimental evolution, identifying chromosome triplication as a mechanism to restore filamentation in a non-filamentous mutant. This work reveals unique circuitry governing a key virulence trait in a leading fungal pathogen, identifying potential therapeutic targets to combat these life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Polvi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda O. Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongle Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saif Hossain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Hyde
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sang Hu Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiza Tebbji
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adnane Sellam
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert T. Todd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jinglin L. Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen-Yuan Lin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra J. Wong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Selmecki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shi QY, Câmara CRS, Schlegel V. Biochemical alterations of Candida albicans during the phenotypic transition from yeast to hyphae captured by Fourier transform mid-infrared-attenuated reflectance spectroscopy. Analyst 2019; 143:5404-5416. [PMID: 30302456 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that can become virulent due to its ability to switch from a benign yeast to virulent hyphae phenotype. The emergence of C. albicans resistant to commonly used antifungal agents has necessitated the development of innovative treatments, which must be accompanied by an understanding of the molecular changes that occur during the phenotypic shift. For this purpose, Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FT-mIR-ATR) was applied to monitor the structural and compositional changes in C. albicans during the yeast-to-hyphae transition. FT-mIR-ATR measurements were completed on the whole cell of C. albicans (SC5314) during hyphal formation induced by N-acetylglucosamine at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 24 h. Principal component analysis separated the FT-mIR-ATR spectra into four groups that were aligned with the morphological changes captured by microscopic imaging. Spectral signatures indicating the structural and compositional modifications during the transition were identified mainly in the fatty acid region (3100-2800 cm-1), the protein and peptide region (1800-1500 cm-1), the mixed region (1500-1200 cm-1) and the polysaccharide region (1200-900 cm-1). A spectral fingerprint of the transition via a heat map was generated based on the peak shift in position. Quantitative evaluation of the spectra by curve fitting further revealed the dynamics of the cell's main components during the transition. This work provides valuable structural and functional information on the C. albicans phenotypic transition to hyphae, which has diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yin Shi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 1901 N 21st St, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-6205, USA.
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Stefanaki C. The Gut Microbiome Beyond the Bacteriome—The Neglected Role of Virome and Mycobiome in Health and Disease. MICROBIOME AND METABOLOME IN DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND OTHER STRATEGIC APPLICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815249-2.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A Novel Actin Binding Drug with In Vivo Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 63:AAC.01585-18. [PMID: 30323040 PMCID: PMC6325233 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01585-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Occidiofungin is produced by the soil bacterium Burkolderia contaminans MS14 and is structurally similar or identical to the burkholdines, xylocandins, and cepacidines. This study identified the primary cellular target of occidiofungin, which was determined to be actin. Occidiofungin is produced by the soil bacterium Burkolderia contaminans MS14 and is structurally similar or identical to the burkholdines, xylocandins, and cepacidines. This study identified the primary cellular target of occidiofungin, which was determined to be actin. The modification of occidiofungin with a functional alkyne group enabled affinity purification assays and localization studies in yeast. Occidiofungin has a subtle effect on actin dynamics that triggers apoptotic cell death. We demonstrate the highly specific localization of occidiofungin to cellular regions rich in actin in yeast and the binding of occidiofungin to purified actin in vitro. Furthermore, a disruption of actin-mediated cellular processes, such as endocytosis, nuclear segregation, and hyphal formation, was observed. All of these processes require the formation of stable actin cables, which are disrupted following the addition of a subinhibitory concentration of occidiofungin. We were also able to demonstrate the effectiveness of occidiofungin in treating a vulvovaginal yeast infection in a murine model. The results of this study are important for the development of an efficacious novel class of actin binding drugs that may fill the existing gap in treatment options for fungal infections or different types of cancer.
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de Macêdo DG, Souza MMA, Morais-Braga MFB, Coutinho HDM, Dos Santos ATL, da Cruz RP, da Costa JGM, Rodrigues FFG, Quintans-Junior LJ, da Silva Almeida JRG, de Menezes IRA. Effect of seasonality on chemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oil isolated from leaves Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5476. [PMID: 30402343 PMCID: PMC6215697 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants play a crucial role in the search for components that are capable of neutralizing the multiple mechanisms of fungal resistance. Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg is a plant native to Brazil used as both food and traditional medicine to treat diseases and symptoms such as stomach ache and diarrhea, whose symptoms could be related to fungal infections from the genus Candida. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of seasonal variability on the chemical composition of the Psidium salutare essential oil, its antifungal potential and its effect on the Candida albicans morphogenesis. The essential oils were collected in three different seasonal collection periods and isolated by the hydrodistillation process in a modified Clevenger apparatus with identification of the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antifungal assays were performed against Candida strains through the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Fungal growth was assessed by optical density reading and the Candida albicans dimorphic effect was evaluated by optical microscopy in microculture chambers. The chemical profile of the essential oils identified 40 substances in the different collection periods with γ-terpinene being the predominant constituent. The antifungal activity revealed an action against the C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis strains with an IC50 ranging from 345.5 to 2,754.2 µg/mL and a MFC higher than 1,024 µg/mL. When combined with essential oils at sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/16), fluconazole had its potentiated effect, i.e. a synergistic effect was observed in the combination of fluconazole with P.salutare oil against all Candida strains; however, for C. albicans, its effect was reinforced by the natural product in all the collection periods. The results show that the Psidium salutare oil affected the dimorphic transition capacity, significantly reducing the formation of hyphae and pseudohyphae in increasing concentrations. The results show that P. salutare oil exhibits a significant antifungal activity against three Candida species and that it can act in synergy with fluconazole. These results support the notion that this plant may have a potential use in pharmaceutical and preservative products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delmacia G de Macêdo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria A Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceara, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael P da Cruz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
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Zhao S, Huang J, Sun X, Huang X, Fu S, Yang L, Liu X, He F, Deng Y. (1-aryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-phenylpiperazine derivatives suppress Candida albicans virulence by interfering with morphological transition. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1080-1089. [PMID: 30221456 PMCID: PMC6196381 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical treatment of Candida albicans infections has become more difficult due to the limited development of antifungal agents and the rapid emergence of drug resistance. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of a series of piperazine derivatives and the evaluation of their inhibitory activity against C. albicans virulence. Thirty-four (1-aryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-phenylpiperazine derivatives, including 25 new compounds, were synthesized and assessed for their efficacy against the physiology and pathogenesis of C. albicans. Several compounds strongly inhibited the morphological transition and virulence of C. albicans cells, although they did not influence the growth rate of the fungal pathogen. A leading novel compound, (1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-(1-biphenylol-2-hydroxypropyl)-piperazine), significantly attenuated C. albicans virulence by interfering with the process of hyphal development, but it showed no cytotoxicity against human cells at a micromolar level. These findings suggest that (1-aryloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-phenylpiperazine derivatives could potentially be developed as novel therapeutic agents for the clinical treatment of C. albicans infections by interfering with morphological transition and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team of SociomicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jun‐Jun Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research CenterSchool of PharmacologyGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510182China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team of SociomicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team of SociomicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Shuna Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team of SociomicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE)Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
| | - Xue‐Wei Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University21 Nanyang LinkSingapore637371Singapore
| | - Fei He
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Yinyue Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Innovative Research Team of SociomicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
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41
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Bruno DDCF, Bartelli TF, Rodrigues CR, Briones MR. Prolonged growth of Candida albicans reveals co-isolated bacteria from single yeast colonies. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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42
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Câmara CRS, Shi Q, Pedersen M, Zbasnik R, Nickerson KW, Schlegel V. Histone acetylation increases in response to ferulic, gallic, and sinapic acids acting synergistically in vitro to inhibit Candida albicans
yeast-to-hyphae transition. Phytother Res 2018; 33:319-326. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qinyin Shi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Matthew Pedersen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Richard Zbasnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Kenneth W. Nickerson
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska USA
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43
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Chen C, Zeng G, Wang Y. G1 and S phase arrest in Candida albicans induces filamentous growth via distinct mechanisms. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:191-203. [PMID: 30084240 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen. In immunocompromised individuals, it can cause bloodstream infections with high mortality rates. The ability to switch between yeast and hyphal morphologies is a critical virulence factor of C. albicans. In response to diverse environmental cues, several signaling pathways are activated resulting in filamentous growth. Interestingly, cell cycle arrest can also trigger filamentous growth although the pathways involved are not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that the cAMP-PKA pathway is involved in the filamentous growth caused by G1 arrest due to the depletion of the G1 cyclin Cln3 and S phase arrest due to hydroxyurea treatment. The downstream mechanisms involved in filamentation are different between the two cell cycle arrest phenomena. Cln3-depleted cells require HGC1 and UME6 for filamentous growth, but hydroxyurea-induced filamentation does not. Also, the hyphal repressor Nrg1 is not involved in the suppression of Cln3-depletion and hydroxyurea-induced filamentous growth. The findings highlight the complexity of the signaling networks that control filamentous growth in which different mechanisms downstream of the cAMP-PKA pathway are activated based on the nature of the inducing signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilan Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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44
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Shibasaki S, Karasaki M, Aoki W, Ueda M. Molecular and Physiological Study of Candida albicans by Quantitative Proteome Analysis. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6030034. [PMID: 30231513 PMCID: PMC6160938 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the major pathogens that cause the serious infectious condition known as candidiasis. C. albicans was investigated by proteome analysis to systematically examine its virulence factors and to promote the development of novel pharmaceuticals against candidiasis. Here, we review quantitative time-course proteomics data related to C. albicans adaptation to fetal bovine serum, which were obtained using a nano-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system equipped with a long monolithic silica capillary column. It was revealed that C. albicans induced proteins involved in iron acquisition, detoxification of oxidative species, energy production, and pleiotropic stress tolerance. Native interactions of C. albicans with macrophages were also investigated with the same proteome-analysis system. Simultaneous analysis of C. albicans and macrophages without isolating individual living cells revealed an attractive strategy for studying the survival of C. albicans. Although those data were obtained by performing proteome analyses, the molecular physiology of C. albicans is discussed and trials related to pharmaceutical applications are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shibasaki
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan.
| | - Miki Karasaki
- General Education Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan.
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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45
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Romo JA, Pierce CG, Esqueda M, Hung CY, Saville SP, Lopez-Ribot JL. In Vitro Characterization of a Biaryl Amide Anti-virulence Compound Targeting Candida albicans Filamentation and Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:227. [PMID: 30042929 PMCID: PMC6048184 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a small molecule compound, N-[3-(allyloxy)-phenyl]-4-methoxybenzamide (9029936), that exerts potent inhibitory activity against filamentation and biofilm formation by the Candida albicans SC5314 strain and represents a lead candidate for the development of anti-virulence approaches against C. albicans infections. Here we present data from a series of experiments to further characterize its in vitro activity and drug-like characteristics. We demonstrate the activity of this compound against a panel of C. albicans clinical isolates, including several displaying resistance to current antifungals; as well as against a set of C. albicans gain of function strains in key transcriptional regulators of antifungal drug resistance. The compound also inhibits filamentation and biofilm formation in the closely related species C. dubliniensis, but not C. glabrata or C. tropicalis. Combinatorial studies reveal the potential of compound 9029936 to be used together with currently available conventional antifungals. Results of serial passage experiments indicate that repeated exposure to this compound does not elicit resistance. Viability staining of C. albicans in the presence of high concentrations of compound 9029936 confirms that the compound is not toxic to fungal cells, and cytological staining using image flow cytometry analysis reveals that treatment with the lead compound affects hyphal length, with additional effects on cell wall and integrity of the membrane system. In vitro pharmacological profiling provides further evidence that the lead compound displays a safe profile, underscoring its excellent “drug-like” characteristics. Altogether these results confirm the potential of this compound to be further developed as a true anti-virulence agent for the treatment of C. albicans infections, including those refractory to treatment with conventional antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Romo
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Christopher G Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marisol Esqueda
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephen P Saville
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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46
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Kalyana Chakravarthy S, Jayasudha R, Ranjith K, Dutta A, Pinna NK, Mande SS, Sharma S, Garg P, Murthy SI, Shivaji S. Alterations in the gut bacterial microbiome in fungal Keratitis patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199640. [PMID: 29933394 PMCID: PMC6014669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis in the gut microbiome has been implicated in several diseases including auto-immune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancers and mental disorders. Keratitis is an inflammatory disease of the eye significantly contributing to corneal blindness in the developing world. It would be worthwhile to investigate the possibility of dysbiosis in the gut microbiome being associated with Keratitis. Here, we have analyzed fungal and bacterial populations in stool samples through high-throughput sequencing of the ITS2 region for fungi and V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for bacteria in healthy controls (HC, n = 31) and patients with fungal keratitis (FK, n = 32). Candida albicans (2 OTUs), Aspergillus (1 OTU) and 3 other denovo-OTUs were enriched in FK samples and an unclassified denovo-OTU was enriched in HC samples. However, the overall abundances of these ‘discriminatory’ OTUs were very low (< 0.001%) and not indicative of significant dysbiosis in the fungal community inhabiting the gut of FK patients. In contrast, the gut bacterial richness and diversity in FK patients was significantly decreased when compared to HC. 52 OTUs were significantly enriched in HC samples whereas only 5 OTUs in FK. The OTUs prominently enriched in HC were identified as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lachnospira, Mitsuokella multacida, Bacteroides plebeius, Megasphaera and Lachnospiraceae. In FK samples, 5 OTUs affiliated to Bacteroides fragilis, Dorea, Treponema, Fusobacteriaceae, and Acidimicrobiales were significantly higher in abundance. The functional implications are that Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an anti-inflammatory bacterium and Megasphaera, Mitsuokella multacida and Lachnospira are butyrate producers, which were enriched in HC patients, whereas Treponema and Bacteroides fragilis, which are pathogenic were abundant in FK patients, playing a potential pro-inflammatory role. Heatmap, PCoA plots and functional profiles further confirm the distinct patterns of gut bacterial composition in FK and HC samples. Our study demonstrates dysbiosis in the gut bacterial microbiomes of FK patients compared to HC. Further, based on inferred functions, it appears that dysbiosis in the gut of FK subjects is strongly associated with the disease phenotype with decrease in abundance of beneficial bacteria and increase in abundance of pro-inflammatory and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Kalyana Chakravarthy
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajagopalaboopathi Jayasudha
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Konduri Ranjith
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Nishal Kumar Pinna
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Sharmila S. Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Savitri Sharma
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prashant Garg
- Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Somasheila I. Murthy
- Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sisinthy Shivaji
- Jhaveri Microbiology Centre, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Kallam Anji Reddy campus, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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47
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β-lapachone and α-nor-lapachone modulate Candida albicans viability and virulence factors. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:314-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Salehi B, Mishra AP, Shukla I, Sharifi-Rad M, Contreras MDM, Segura-Carretero A, Fathi H, Nasrabadi NN, Kobarfard F, Sharifi-Rad J. Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1688-1706. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Student Research Committee; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; H. N. B. Garhwal University; Srinagar Garhwal 246174 India
| | - Ila Shukla
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division; CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute; Lucknow 226001 India
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology; Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Zabol 61663-335 Iran
| | - María del Mar Contreras
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Ambiental y de los Materiales; Universidad de Jaén; Jaén Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Avda. Fuentenueva s/n Granada 18071 Spain
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF); Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park; Avenida del Conocimiento s /n Granada Spain
| | - Hannane Fathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nafiseh Nasri Nasrabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex; The University of Winnipeg; 599 Portage Avenue Winnipeg MB R3B 2G3 Canada
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49
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Geddes-McAlister J, Shapiro RS. New pathogens, new tricks: emerging, drug-resistant fungal pathogens and future prospects for antifungal therapeutics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1435:57-78. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Geddes-McAlister
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction; Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry; Munich Germany
| | - Rebecca S. Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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50
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Radhakrishnan VS, Reddy Mudiam MK, Kumar M, Dwivedi SP, Singh SP, Prasad T. Silver nanoparticles induced alterations in multiple cellular targets, which are critical for drug susceptibilities and pathogenicity in fungal pathogen ( Candida albicans). Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2647-2663. [PMID: 29760548 PMCID: PMC5937493 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s150648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A significant increase in the incidence of fungal infections and drug resistance has been observed in the past decades due to limited availability of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs. Nanomedicines have shown significant antimicrobial potential against various drug-resistant microbes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNps) are known for their antimicrobial properties and lower host toxicity; however, for clinical applications, evaluation of their impact at cellular and molecular levels is essential. The present study aims to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AgNp-induced toxicity in a common fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Methods AgNps were synthesized by chemical reduction method and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, and zeta potential. The anti-Candida activity of AgNps was assessed by broth microdilution and spot assays. Effects of AgNps on cellular and molecular targets were assessed by monitoring the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the absence and presence of natural antioxidant, changes in surface morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane microenvironment, membrane fluidity, membrane ergosterol, and fatty acids. Results Spherical AgNps (10-30 nm) showed minimum inhibitory concentration (minimum concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms) at 40 μg/mL. Our results demonstrated that AgNps induced dose-dependent intracellular ROS which exerted antifungal effects; however, even scavenging ROS by antioxidant could not offer protection from AgNp mediated killing. Treatment with AgNps altered surface morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane microenvironment, membrane fluidity, ergosterol content, and fatty acid composition, especially oleic acid. Conclusion To summarize, AgNps affected multiple cellular targets crucial for drug resistance and pathogenicity in the fungal cells. The study revealed new cellular targets of AgNps which include fatty acids like oleic acid, vital for hyphal morphogenesis (a pathogenic trait of Candida). Yeast to hypha transition being pivotal for virulence and biofilm formation, targeting virulence might emerge as a new paradigm for developing nano silver-based therapy for clinical applications in fungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Srinivasan Radhakrishnan
- Advanced Instrumentation Research and Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Nano Sciences (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Advanced Instrumentation Research and Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Nano Sciences (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Tulika Prasad
- Advanced Instrumentation Research and Facility (AIRF), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India.,Special Centre for Nano Sciences (SCNS), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, Delhi, India
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