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Taggart M, Langworthy K, Hui S, Boyder C, Fulurija A, Morici M, Raby E, Manning L. Serological Responses to Streptococcus pyogenes Vaccine Candidate Antigens Suggests That Streptococcus dysgalactiae Is the Predominant Cause of Lower Limb Cellulitis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae272. [PMID: 38872850 PMCID: PMC11171425 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A future Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) vaccine will ideally prevent a significant burden of lower limb cellulitis; however, natural immune responses to proposed vaccine antigens following an episode of cellulitis remain uncharacterized. Methods We enrolled 63 patients with cellulitis and 26 with invasive beta hemolytic streptococci infection, using a multiplexed assay to measure immunoglobulin G against Strep A vaccine candidate antigens, including: streptolysin O (SLO), deoxyribonuclease B (DNB), group A carbohydrate (GAC), C5a peptidase (ScpA), cell envelope proteinase (SpyCEP), and adhesion and division protein (SpyAD). Responses in the invasive cohort were used to predict the infecting etiology in the cellulitis cohort. Results Of 41 patients with cellulitis and paired serological samples, 68.3% had evidence of beta hemolytic streptococci infection by conventional anti-SLO and/or anti-DNB criteria. A positive serological response to at least 1 of the tested antigens was seen in 78.0% of the cellulitis cohort. Individually, anti-SLO (58.5%), anti-SpyAD (46.3%), and anti-ScpA (39.0%) were the most common. Based on principal component analysis, increases in these 3 antibodies, without responses to DNB, GAC, and SpyCEP characterized Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) infection. Conclusions SDSE appears to be the predominant cause of lower limb cellulitis. Effective Strep A vaccines incorporating antigens that provide additional cross protection against SDSE may prevent a significant burden of lower limb cellulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taggart
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kristyn Langworthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siong Hui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch Western Australia, Australia
| | - Conchita Boyder
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alma Fulurija
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Morici
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laurens Manning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospitals Group, Murdoch Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Salie MT, Muhamed B, Engel K, Rampersadh K, Daniels R, Mhlanti L, Penfound TA, Sable CA, Zühlke LJ, Dale JB, Engel ME. Serum Immune Responses to Group A Streptococcal Antigens following Pharyngeal Acquisitions among Children in Cape Town, South Africa. mSphere 2023:e0011323. [PMID: 37154726 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00113-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the human immune response following infection with group A Streptococcus (Strep A). Animal studies have shown, in addition to the M protein, that shared Strep A antigens elicit protective immunity. This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of antibody responses against a panel of Strep A antigens in a cohort of school-aged children in Cape Town, South Africa. Participants provided serial throat cultures and serum samples at two-monthly follow-up visits. Strep A recovered were emm-typed, and serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess immune responses to thirty-five Strep A antigens (10-shared and 25-M peptides). Serologic evaluations were performed on serial serum samples from 42 selected participants (from 256 enrolled) based on the number of follow-up visits, the frequency of visits, and throat culture results. Among these, there were 44 Strep A acquisitions, 36 of which were successfully emm-typed. Participants were grouped into three clinical event groups based on culture results and immune responses. A preceding infection was most convincingly represented by a Strep A-positive culture with an immune response to at least one shared antigen and M peptide (11 events) or a Strep A-negative culture with antibody responses to shared antigens and M peptides (9 events). More than a third of participants demonstrated no immune response despite a positive culture. This study provided important information regarding the complexity and variability of human immune responses following pharyngeal acquisition of Strep A, as well as demonstrating the immunogenicity of Strep A antigens currently under consideration as potential vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE There is currently limited information regarding the human immune response to group A streptococcal throat infection. An understanding of the kinetics and specificity of antibody responses against a panel of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) antigens will serve to refine diagnostic approaches and contribute to vaccine efforts, which together will serve to reduce the burden of rheumatic heart disease, a major source of morbidity and mortality especially in the developing world. This study, utilizing an antibody-specific assay, uncovered three patterns of response profiles following GAS infection, among 256 children presenting with sore throat to local clinics. Overall, the response profiles were complex and variable. Of note, a preceding infection was most convincingly represented by a GAS-positive culture with an immune response to at least one shared antigen and M peptide. Also, more than a third of participants demonstrated no immune response despite a positive culture. All antigens tested were immunogenic, providing guidance for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taariq Salie
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Babu Muhamed
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kélin Engel
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kimona Rampersadh
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rezeen Daniels
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lwazi Mhlanti
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig A Sable
- Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liesl J Zühlke
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark E Engel
- Department of Medicine (AFROStrep Research Initiative) and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
Recent efforts have re-invigorated the Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) vaccine development field, though scientific, regulatory and commercial barriers persist, and the vaccine pipeline remains sparse. There is an ongoing need to accelerate all aspects of development to address the large global burden of disease caused by the pathogen. Building on over 100 years of S. pyogenes vaccine development, there are currently eight candidates on a product development track, including four M protein-based candidates and four candidates designed around non-M protein antigens. These candidates have demonstrated proof of concept for protection against S. pyogenes in preclinical models, one has demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in a Phase 1 trial and at least four others are poised to soon enter clinical trials. To maintain momentum, the Strep A Vaccine Global Consortium (SAVAC) was established to bring together experts to accelerate global S. pyogenes vaccine development. This article highlights the past, present and future of S. pyogenes vaccine development and emphasizes key priorities, and the role of SAVAC, in advancing the field.
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Keeley AJ, Carducci M, Massai L, Pizza M, de Silva TI, Moriel DG, Rossi O. Development and Characterisation of a Four-Plex Assay to Measure Streptococcus pyogenes Antigen-Specific IgG in Human Sera. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:55. [PMID: 35893581 PMCID: PMC9326740 DOI: 10.3390/mps5040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of antibodies to vaccine antigens is crucial for research towards a safe and effective vaccine for Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A). We describe the establishment and detailed characterisation of a four-plex assay to measure IgG to the Strep A vaccine antigens SpyCEP, Slo, SpyAD and GAC using the Luminex multiplex platform. A standard curve was established and characterized to allow the quantification of antigen-specific IgG. Assay specificity, precision, linearity, reproducibility and repeatability were determined via the measurement of antigen-specific IgG from pooled human serum. The assay is highly specific, reproducible and performs well across a large range of antibody concentrations against all four antigens. It is, therefore, suitable for future clinical trials in humans with a four-component vaccine, as well as for seroepidemiological studies to gain insights into naturally occurring immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Keeley
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, P. O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Thushan I. de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Unit the Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, P. O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Danilo G. Moriel
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (D.G.M.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.C.); (L.M.); (M.P.); (D.G.M.)
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Zhang Y, Liang S, Pan Z, Yu Y, Yao H, Liu Y, Liu G. XRE family transcriptional regulator XtrSs modulates Streptococcus suis fitness under hydrogen peroxide stress. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:244. [PMID: 35386008 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important emerging zoonosis that causes economic losses in the pig industry and severe threats to public health. Transcriptional regulators play essential roles in bacterial adaptation to host environments. In this study, we identified a novel XRE family transcriptional regulator in S. suis CZ130302, XtrSs, involved in the bacterial fitness to hydrogen peroxide stress. Based on electrophoretic mobility shift and β-galactosidase activity assays, we found that XtrSs auto-regulated its own transcription and repressed the expression of its downstream gene psePs, a surface protein with unknown function in S. suis, by binding to a palindromic sequence from the promoter region. Furthermore, we proved that the deletion of the psePs gene attenuated bacterial antioxidant response. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that XtrSs and PsePs naturally co-existed as a combination in most S. suis genomes. Collectively, we demonstrated the binding characteristics of XtrSs in S. suis and provided a new insight that XtrSs played a critical role in modulating psePs to the hydrogen peroxide resistance of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihao Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, China.
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China.
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6
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Chiarot E, Pizza M. Animal models in vaccinology: state of the art and future perspectives for an animal-free approach. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 66:46-55. [PMID: 34953265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine discovery and development is mainly driven by studies on immunogenicity and safety based on the appropriate animal models. In this review we will describe the importance of animal models in vaccinology, from research and development to pre-licensure and post-licensure commitments with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitations of each animal species. Finally, we will describe the most modern technologies, the new in vitro and ex vivo models and the new advances in the field which may drive into a new era of 'animal free' vaccinology.
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7
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Whitcombe AL, Han F, McAlister SM, Kirkham LAS, Young PG, Ritchie SR, Atatoa Carr P, Proft T, Moreland NJ. An eight-plex immunoassay for Group A streptococcus serology and vaccine development. J Immunol Methods 2021; 500:113194. [PMID: 34801540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major human pathogen responsible for superficial infections through to life-threatening invasive disease and the autoimmune sequelae acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Despite a significant global economic and health burden, there is no licensed vaccine available to prevent GAS disease. Several pre-clinical vaccines that target conserved GAS antigens are in development. Assays that measure antigen-specific antibodies are essential for vaccine research. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex beadbased immunoassay that can detect and quantify antibody responses to multiple GAS antigen targets in small volume blood samples. This builds on our existing triplex assay comprised of antigens used in clinical serology for the diagnosis of ARF (SLO, DNase B and SpnA). Five additional conserved putative GAS vaccine antigens (Spy0843, SCPA, SpyCEP, SpyAD and the Group A carbohydrate), were coupled to spectrally unique beads to form an 8-plex antigen panel. After optimisation of the assay protocol, standard curves were generated, and assessments of assay specificity, precision and reproducibility were conducted. A broad range of antibody (IgG) titres were able to be quickly and accurately quantified from a single serum dilution. Assay utility was assessed using a panel of 62 clinical samples including serum from adults with GAS bacteraemia and children with ARF. Circulating IgG to all eight antigens was elevated in patients with GAS disease (n = 23) compared to age-matched controls (n = 39) (P < 0.05). The feasibility of using dried blood samples to quantify antigen-specific IgG was also demonstrated. In summary, a robust and reproducible 8-plex assay has been developed that simultaneously quantifies IgG antibodies to GAS vaccine and diagnostic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L Whitcombe
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Franklin Han
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sonia M McAlister
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines & Infectious Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Paul G Young
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Thomas Proft
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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8
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Gao NJ, Uchiyama S, Pill L, Dahesh S, Olson J, Bautista L, Maroju S, Berges A, Liu JZ, Zurich RH, van Sorge NM, Fairman J, Kapoor N, Nizet V. Site-Specific Conjugation of Cell Wall Polyrhamnose to Protein SpyAD Envisioning a Safe Universal Group A Streptococcal Vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/im9.0000000000000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Lannes-Costa PS, de Oliveira JSS, da Silva Santos G, Nagao PE. A current review of pathogenicity determinants of Streptococcus sp. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1600-1620. [PMID: 33772968 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptococcus comprises important pathogens, many of them are part of the human or animal microbiota. Advances in molecular genetics, taxonomic approaches and phylogenomic studies have led to the establishment of at least 100 species that have a severe impact on human health and are responsible for substantial economic losses to agriculture. The infectivity of the pathogens is linked to cell-surface components and/or secreted virulence factors. Bacteria have evolved sophisticated and multifaceted adaptation strategies to the host environment, including biofilm formation, survival within professional phagocytes, escape the host immune response, amongst others. This review focuses on virulence mechanism and zoonotic potential of Streptococcus species from pyogenic (S. agalactiae, S. pyogenes) and mitis groups (S. pneumoniae).
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Lannes-Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S S de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P E Nagao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rational Design of a Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Group A Streptococcus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228558. [PMID: 33202815 PMCID: PMC7696035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No commercial vaccine is yet available against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), major cause of pharyngitis and impetigo, with a high frequency of serious sequelae in low- and middle-income countries. Group A Carbohydrate (GAC), conjugated to an appropriate carrier protein, has been proposed as an attractive vaccine candidate. Here, we explored the possibility to use GAS Streptolysin O (SLO), SpyCEP and SpyAD protein antigens with dual role of antigen and carrier, to enhance the efficacy of the final vaccine and reduce its complexity. All protein antigens resulted good carrier for GAC, inducing similar anti-GAC IgG response to the more traditional CRM197 conjugate in mice. However, conjugation to the polysaccharide had a negative impact on the anti-protein responses, especially in terms of functionality as evaluated by an IL-8 cleavage assay for SpyCEP and a hemolysis assay for SLO. After selecting CRM197 as carrier, optimal conditions for its conjugation to GAC were identified through a Design of Experiment approach, improving process robustness and yield This work supports the development of a vaccine against GAS and shows how novel statistical tools and recent advancements in the field of conjugation can lead to improved design of glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Zhu L, Olsen RJ, Beres SB, Saavedra MO, Kubiak SL, Cantu CC, Jenkins L, Waller AS, Sun Z, Palzkill T, Porter AR, DeLeo FR, Musser JM. Streptococcus pyogenes genes that promote pharyngitis in primates. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137686. [PMID: 32493846 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus; GAS) causes 600 million cases of pharyngitis annually worldwide. There is no licensed human GAS vaccine despite a century of research. Although the human oropharynx is the primary site of GAS infection, the pathogenic genes and molecular processes used to colonize, cause disease, and persist in the upper respiratory tract are poorly understood. Using dense transposon mutant libraries made with serotype M1 and M28 GAS strains and transposon-directed insertion sequencing, we performed genome-wide screens in the nonhuman primate (NHP) oropharynx. We identified many potentially novel GAS fitness genes, including a common set of 115 genes that contribute to fitness in both genetically distinct GAS strains during experimental NHP pharyngitis. Targeted deletion of 4 identified fitness genes/operons confirmed that our newly identified targets are critical for GAS virulence during experimental pharyngitis. Our screens discovered many surface-exposed or secreted proteins - substrates for vaccine research - that potentially contribute to GAS pharyngitis, including lipoprotein HitA. Pooled human immune globulin reacted with purified HitA, suggesting that humans produce antibodies against this lipoprotein. Our findings provide new information about GAS fitness in the upper respiratory tract that may assist in translational research, including developing novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchang Zhu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen B Beres
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Ojeda Saavedra
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samantha L Kubiak
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Concepcion C Cantu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leslie Jenkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Zhizeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adeline R Porter
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - James M Musser
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Genome-Wide Screens Identify Group A Streptococcus Surface Proteins Promoting Female Genital Tract Colonization and Virulence. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:862-873. [PMID: 32200972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a major pathogen that impacts health and economic affairs worldwide. Although the oropharynx is the primary site of infection, GAS can colonize the female genital tract and cause severe diseases, such as puerperal sepsis, neonatal infections, and necrotizing myometritis. Our understanding of how GAS genes contribute to interaction with the primate female genital tract is limited by the lack of relevant animal models. Using two genome-wide transposon mutagenesis screens, we identified 69 GAS genes required for colonization of the primate vaginal mucosa in vivo and 96 genes required for infection of the uterine wall ex vivo. We discovered a common set of 39 genes important for GAS fitness in both environments. They include genes encoding transporters, surface proteins, transcriptional regulators, and metabolic pathways. Notably, the genes that encode the surface-exclusion protein (SpyAD) and the immunogenic secreted protein 2 (Isp2) were found to be crucial for GAS fitness in the female primate genital tract. Targeted gene deletion confirmed that isogenic mutant strains ΔspyAD and Δisp2 are significantly impaired in ability to colonize the primate genital tract and cause uterine wall pathologic findings. Our studies identified novel GAS genes that contribute to female reproductive tract interaction that warrant translational research investigation.
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A Multicomponent Vaccine Provides Immunity against Local and Systemic Infections by Group A Streptococcus across Serotypes. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02600-19. [PMID: 31772056 PMCID: PMC6879722 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02600-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GAS is among the most common human pathogens and causes a wide variety of diseases, likely more than any other microorganism. The diverse clinical manifestations of GAS may be attributable to its large repertoire of virulence factors that are selectively and synergistically involved in streptococcal pathogenesis. To date, GAS vaccines have not been successful due to multiple serotypes and postinfection sequelae associated with autoimmunity. In this study, five conserved virulence factors that are involved in GAS pathogenesis were used as a combined vaccine. Intranasal immunization with this vaccine induced humoral and cellular immune responses across GAS serotypes and protected against mucosal, systemic, and skin infections. The significance of this work is to demonstrate that the efficacy of GAS vaccines can be achieved by including multiple nonredundant critical virulence factors and inducing local and systemic immunity. The strategy also provides valuable insights for vaccine development against other pathogens. Group A streptococcus (GAS) species are responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases, ranging from superficial to invasive infections, and are associated with autoimmune disorders. There is no commercial vaccine against GAS. The clinical manifestations of GAS infection may be attributable to the large repertoire of virulence factors used selectively in different types of GAS disease. Here, we selected five molecules, highly conserved among GAS serotypes, and involved in different pathogenic mechanisms, as a multicomponent vaccine, 5CP. Intranasal (i.n.) immunization with 5CP protected mice against both mucosal and systemic GAS infection across serotypes; the protection lasted at least 6 months. Immunization of mice with 5CP constrained skin lesion development and accelerated lesion recovery. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses revealed that 5CP induced Th17 and antibody responses locally and systemically; however, the Th17 response induced by 5CP resolved more quickly than that to GAS when challenge bacteria were cleared, suggesting that 5CP is less likely to cause autoimmune responses. These findings support that immunization through the i.n. route targeting multiple nonredundant virulence factors can induce immunity against different types of GAS disease and represents an alternative strategy for GAS vaccine development, with favorable efficacy, coverage, duration, and safety.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Gong S, Sun L, Grenier D, Li Y. Pdh is involved in the cell division and Normal septation of Streptococcus suis. Microbiol Res 2019; 228:126304. [PMID: 31422235 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. The S. suis cell division process is an integral part of its growth and reproduction, which is controlled by a complex regulatory network. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA, while reducing NAD + to NADH, plays an important role in energy metabolism. Recently, we reported that pdh regulates virulence by reducing stress tolerance and biofilm formation in S. suis serotype 2. In this study, we found that deletion of the pdh gene in S. suis resulted in abnormal cell chains, plump morphology and abnormal localization of the Z rings, indicating that the knockout mutant is impaired in its ability to divide. In addition, the interaction between FtsZ and PDH in vitro was confirmed by ELISA, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the deletion of the pdh gene results in differential expression of the division-related genes ftsZ, ftsK, ftsl, zapA, divIC, pbp1a, rodA, mreD, and sepF. These results indicate that pdh is involved in the normal formation of Z rings and cell morphology during S. suis cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Shenglong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Liyun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yi Li
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China.
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Weckel A, Ahamada D, Bellais S, Méhats C, Plainvert C, Longo M, Poyart C, Fouet A. The N-terminal domain of the R28 protein promotes emm28 group A Streptococcus adhesion to host cells via direct binding to three integrins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16006-16018. [PMID: 30150299 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human-specific pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases, ranging from superficial to life-threatening invasive infections, including endometritis, and autoimmune sequelae. GAS strains express a vast repertoire of virulence factors that varies depending on the strain genotype, and many adhesin proteins that enable GAS to adhere to host cells are restricted to some genotypes. GAS emm28 is the third most prevalent genotype in invasive infections in France and is associated with gyneco-obstetrical infections. emm28 strains harbor R28, a cell wall-anchored surface protein that has previously been reported to promote adhesion to cervical epithelial cells. Here, using cellular and biochemical approaches, we sought to determine whether R28 supports adhesion also to other cells and to characterize its cognate receptor. We show that through its N-terminal domain, R28Nt, R28 promotes bacterial adhesion to both endometrial-epithelial and endometrial-stromal cells. R28Nt was further subdivided into two domains, and we found that both are involved in cell binding. R28Nt and both subdomains interacted directly with the laminin-binding α3β1, α6β1, and α6β4 integrins; interestingly, these bindings events did not require divalent cations. R28 is the first GAS adhesin reported to bind directly to integrins that are expressed in most epithelial cells. Finally, R28Nt also promoted binding to keratinocytes and pulmonary epithelial cells, suggesting that it may be involved in supporting the prevalence in invasive infections of the emm28 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Weckel
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Dorian Ahamada
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Samuel Bellais
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Céline Méhats
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Céline Plainvert
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and.,the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Institut Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Magalie Longo
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and
| | - Claire Poyart
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin.,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and.,the Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Institut Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Fouet
- From the INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, .,CNRS UMR 8104, and.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1016 Paris, France and.,the Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques and
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Hysmith ND, Kaplan EL, Cleary PP, Johnson DR, Penfound TA, Dale JB. Prospective Longitudinal Analysis of Immune Responses in Pediatric Subjects After Pharyngeal Acquisition of Group A Streptococci. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:187-196. [PMID: 28204534 PMCID: PMC7207265 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Despite the significant burden of disease associated with infection by group A streptococcus (GAS), little is known about the human immune response to GAS antigens after natural infection. METHODS. We evaluated 195 serum samples obtained prospectively over a consecutive 24-month period from 41 pediatric subjects who experienced a new pharyngeal GAS acquisition. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine the kinetics and antigen specificity of antibodies against 13 shared GAS antigens and 18 type-specific M peptides. The majority of the antigens tested are currently being considered as vaccine candidates. RESULTS. Twelve M types of GAS were recovered from 41 subjects who experienced 51 new GAS acquisitions that elicited antibody responses against at least 1 of the 31 antigens tested (immunologically significant new GAS acquisitions). The immune responses to the 13 shared antigens were highly variable. Increases in antibody levels were detected against a mean of 3.5 shared antigens (range, 1-8). Antibody responses to the homologous M peptide were observed in 32 (63%) of the 51 episodes. Seven subjects acquired more than 1 M type of GAS. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of an M type against which the subject had preexisting antibodies to the homologous M peptide. Of the subjects with new GAS acquisition, 65% were asymptomatic, yet immune responses were detected against 1 or more GAS antigens. Immune responses to streptolysin O and/or deoxyribonuclease B were observed after 67% of the new GAS acquisitions. Persistently positive (>12 weeks) throat culture results were returned for 20% of the 41 subjects despite immune responses to homologous M peptides and/or shared antigens. CONCLUSIONS. The availability of throat culture results, GAS isolates, and serial serum samples collected prospectively over a 2-year period of observation provided a unique opportunity for us to assess the serologic status of pediatric subjects before and after new pharyngeal acquisitions of GAS. With the exception of antibody responses to the homologous M peptides, no clear pattern of immune responses against the remaining GAS antigens was seen. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of emm types of GAS against which the subjects had preexisting elevated levels of antibodies against the homologous M peptide. The observation that 65% of new GAS acquisitions caused no symptoms yet were immunologically significant suggests that the majority of infections are not detected, which would result in missed opportunities for primary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Hysmith
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;,St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Penfound
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
| | - James B. Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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18
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Development of a multicomponent vaccine for Streptococcus pyogenes based on the antigenic targets of IVIG. J Infect 2016; 72:450-9. [PMID: 26880087 PMCID: PMC4796040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Despite over a century of research and the careful scrutiny of many promising targets, there is currently no vaccine available for the prevention of Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Through analysis of the protective, anti-streptococcal components of pooled human immunoglobulin, we previously identified ten highly conserved and invariant S. pyogenes antigens that contribute to anti-streptococcal immunity in the adult population. We sought to emulate population immunity to S. pyogenes through a process of active vaccination, using the antigens targeted by pooled human immunoglobulin. Methods Seven targets were produced recombinantly and mixed to form a multicomponent vaccine (Spy7). Vaccinated mice were challenged with S. pyogenes isolates representing four globally relevant serotypes (M1, M3, M12 and M89) using an established model of invasive disease. Results Vaccination with Spy7 stimulated the production of anti-streptococcal antibodies, and limited systemic dissemination of M1 and M3 S. pyogenes from an intramuscular infection focus. Vaccination additionally attenuated disease severity due to M1 S. pyogenes as evidenced by reduction in weight loss, and modulated cytokine release. Conclusion Spy7 vaccination successfully stimulated the generation of protective anti-streptococcal immunity in vivo. Identification of reactive antigens using pooled human immunoglobulin may represent a novel route to vaccine discovery for extracellular bacteria. Targets of population level immunity to Streptococcus pyogenes can be identified using pooled IVIG. Seven conserved targets were combined to form a new vaccine (Spy7). Vaccine antigen components were individually immunogenic. Vaccination with Spy7 reduced dissemination of invasive M1 and M3 S. pyogenes. The immuno-proteomic approach to vaccine discovery may be applicable to other pathogens.
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Wegmann U, MacKenzie DA, Zheng J, Goesmann A, Roos S, Swarbreck D, Walter J, Crossman LC, Juge N. The pan-genome of Lactobacillus reuteri strains originating from the pig gastrointestinal tract. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1023. [PMID: 26626322 PMCID: PMC4667477 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus reuteri is a gut symbiont of a wide variety of vertebrate species that has diversified into distinct phylogenetic clades which are to a large degree host-specific. Previous work demonstrated host specificity in mice and begun to determine the mechanisms by which gut colonisation and host restriction is achieved. However, how L. reuteri strains colonise the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of pigs is unknown. RESULTS To gain insight into the ecology of L. reuteri in the pig gut, the genome sequence of the porcine small intestinal isolate L. reuteri ATCC 53608 was completed and consisted of a chromosome of 1.94 Mbp and two plasmids of 138.5 kbp and 9.09 kbp, respectively. Furthermore, we generated draft genomes of four additional L. reuteri strains isolated from pig faeces or lower GI tract, lp167-67, pg-3b, 20-2 and 3c6, and subjected all five genomes to a comparative genomic analysis together with the previously completed genome of strain I5007. A phylogenetic analysis based on whole genomes showed that porcine L. reuteri strains fall into two distinct clades, as previously suggested by multi-locus sequence analysis. These six pig L. reuteri genomes contained a core set of 1364 orthologous gene clusters, as determined by OrthoMCL analysis, that contributed to a pan-genome totalling 3373 gene clusters. Genome comparisons of the six pig L. reuteri strains with 14 L. reuteri strains from other host origins gave a total pan-genome of 5225 gene clusters that included a core genome of 851 gene clusters but revealed that there were no pig-specific genes per se. However, genes specific for and conserved among strains of the two pig phylogenetic lineages were detected, some of which encoded cell surface proteins that could contribute to the diversification of the two lineages and their observed host specificity. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the phylogenetic analysis of L. reuteri strains at a genome-wide level, pointing to distinct evolutionary trajectories of porcine L. reuteri lineages, and providing new insights into the genomic events in L. reuteri that occurred during specialisation to their hosts. The occurrence of two distinct pig-derived clades may reflect differences in host genotype, environmental factors such as dietary components or to evolution from ancestral strains of human and rodent origin following contact with pig populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Wegmann
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Donald A MacKenzie
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Gießen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Stefan Roos
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, S-750 07, Sweden.
| | - David Swarbreck
- The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Lisa C Crossman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
- SequenceAnalysis.co.uk, NRP Innovation Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UG, UK.
| | - Nathalie Juge
- The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
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Reglinski M, Gierula M, Lynskey NN, Edwards RJ, Sriskandan S. Identification of the Streptococcus pyogenes surface antigens recognised by pooled human immunoglobulin. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15825. [PMID: 26508447 PMCID: PMC4623672 DOI: 10.1038/srep15825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to common bacteria requires the generation of antibodies that promote opsonophagocytosis and neutralise toxins. Pooled human immunoglobulin is widely advocated as an adjunctive treatment for clinical Streptococcus pyogenes infection however, the protein targets of the reagent remain ill defined. Affinity purification of the anti-streptococcal antibodies present within pooled immunoglobulin resulted in the generation of an IgG preparation that promoted opsonophagocytic killing of S. pyogenes in vitro and provided passive immunity in vivo. Isolation of the streptococcal surface proteins recognised by pooled human immunoglobulin permitted identification and ranking of 94 protein antigens, ten of which were reproducibly identified across four contemporary invasive S. pyogenes serotypes (M1, M3, M12 and M89). The data provide novel insight into the action of pooled human immunoglobulin during invasive S. pyogenes infection, and demonstrate a potential route to enhance the efficacy of antibody based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Reglinski
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Gierula
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola N Lynskey
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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