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de Souza VMR, Maciel NB, Machado YAA, de Sousa JMS, Rodrigues RRL, dos Santos ALS, Gonçalves da Silva MG, Martins da Silva IG, Barros-Cordeiro KB, Báo SN, Tavares JF, Rodrigues KADF. Anti- Leishmania amazonensis Activity of Morolic Acid, a Pentacyclic Triterpene with Effects on Innate Immune Response during Macrophage Infection. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1392. [PMID: 39065160 PMCID: PMC11279160 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases transmitted to humans during vector bites and caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Conventional therapies face challenges due to their serious side effects, prompting research into new anti-leishmania agents. In this context, we investigated the effectiveness of morolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene, on L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. The present study employed the MTT assay, cytokine analysis using optEIATM kits, an H2DCFDA test, and nitric oxide dosage involving nitrite production and Griess reagent. Morolic acid inhibited promastigote and axenic amastigote growth forms at IC50 values of 1.13 µM and 2.74 µM, respectively. For cytotoxicity to macrophages and VERO cells, morolic acid obtained respective CC50 values of 68.61 µM and 82.94 µM. The compound causes damage to the parasite membrane, leading to cellular leakage. In the infection assay, there was a decrease in parasite load, resulting in a CI50 of 2.56 µM. This effect was associated with immunomodulatory activity, altering macrophage structural and cellular parasite elimination mechanisms. Morolic acid proved to be an effective and selective natural compound, making it a strong candidate for future in vivo studies in cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Maria Rodrigues de Souza
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Nicolle Barreira Maciel
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Yasmim Alves Aires Machado
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Julyanne Maria Saraiva de Sousa
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Raiza Raianne Luz Rodrigues
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Airton Lucas Sousa dos Santos
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Maria Gabrielly Gonçalves da Silva
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
| | - Ingrid Gracielle Martins da Silva
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (I.G.M.d.S.); (K.B.B.-C.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Karine Brenda Barros-Cordeiro
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (I.G.M.d.S.); (K.B.B.-C.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Sônia Nair Báo
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil; (I.G.M.d.S.); (K.B.B.-C.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Klinger Antonio da Franca Rodrigues
- Infectious Disease Laboratory, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Federal University Delta of Parnaiba, Parnaíba 64202-020, PI, Brazil; (V.M.R.d.S.); (N.B.M.); (Y.A.A.M.); (J.M.S.d.S.); (R.R.L.R.); (A.L.S.d.S.); (M.G.G.d.S.)
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Kroh K, Barton J, Fehling H, Lotter H, Volkmer B, Greinert R, Mhamdi-Ghodbani M, Vanegas Ramirez A, Jacobs T, Gálvez RI. Antimicrobial activity of NK cells to Trypanosoma cruzi infected human primary Keratinocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012255. [PMID: 39038032 PMCID: PMC11262665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is causative for Chagas disease, which is a highly neglected tropical disease prevalent in Latin America. Humans are primary infected through vectorial transmission by blood-sucking triatomine bugs. The parasite enters the human host through mucous membranes or small skin lesions. Since keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, they play a critical role in detecting disruptions in homeostasis and aiding in pathogen elimination by the immune system in the human skin as alternative antigen-presenting cells. Interestingly, keratinocytes also act as a reservoir for T. cruzi, as the skin has been identified as a major site of persistent infection in mice with chronic Chagas disease. Moreover, there are reports of the emergence of T. cruzi amastigote nests in the skin of immunocompromised individuals who are experiencing reactivation of Chagas disease. This observation implies that the skin may serve as a site for persistent parasite presence during chronic human infection too and underscores the significance of investigating the interactions between T. cruzi and skin cells. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to establish and characterize the infection kinetics in human primary epidermal keratinocytes (hPEK). Our investigation focused on surface molecules that either facilitated or hindered the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in controlling the infection. To simulate the in vivo situation in humans, an autologous co-culture model was developed to examine the interactions between T. cruzi infected keratinocytes and NK cells. We evaluated the degranulation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity of NK cells in response to the infected keratinocytes. We observed a strong activation of NK cells by infected keratinocytes, despite minimal alterations in the expression of activating or inhibitory ligands on NK cell receptors. However, stimulation with recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a cytokine known to be present in significant quantities during chronic T. cruzi infections in the host, resulted in a substantial upregulation of these ligands on primary keratinocytes. Overall, our findings suggest the crucial role of NK cells in controlling acute T. cruzi infection in the upper layer of the skin and shed light on keratinocytes as potential initial targets of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshia Kroh
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Barton
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Fehling
- Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Lotter
- Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beate Volkmer
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Greinert
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Mouna Mhamdi-Ghodbani
- Skin Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Elbe Klinikum Buxtehude, Buxtehude, Germany
| | - Andrea Vanegas Ramirez
- Department of Dermatology, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg & Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rosa Isela Gálvez
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Pedraza-Zamora CP, Zamora-Chimal J. Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e14. [PMID: 38725676 PMCID: PMC11076297 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4+ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8+ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8+ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U. Morales-Primo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Pedraza-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Tejidos Mineralizados, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
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Alizadeh Z, Omidnia P, Altalbawy FMA, Gabr GA, Obaid RF, Rostami N, Aslani S, Heidari A, Mohammadi H. Unraveling the role of natural killer cells in leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109596. [PMID: 36700775 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known as frontline responders that are efficient in combating several maladies as well as leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania spp. As such they are being investigated to be used for adoptive transfer therapy and vaccine. In spite of the lack of antigen-specific receptors at their surface, NK cells can selectively recognize pathogens, accomplished by the activation of the receptors on the NK cell surface and also as the result of their effector functions. Activation of NK cells can occur through interaction between TLR-2 expressed on NK cells and. LPG of Leishmania parasites. In addition, NK cell activation can occur by cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and IL-12) that also lead to producing cytokines and chemokines and lysis of target cells. This review summarizes several evidences that support NK cells activation for controlling leishmaniasis and the potentially lucrative roles of NK cells during leishmaniasis. Furthermore, we discuss strategies of Leishmania parasites in inhibiting NK cell functions. Leishmania LPG can utilizes TLR2 to evade host-immune responses. Also, Leishmania GP63 can directly binds to NK cells and modulates NK cell phenotype. Finally, this review analyzes the potentialities to harness NK cells effectiveness in therapy regimens and vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), University of Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Duba 71911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Narges Rostami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Sasse C, Barinberg D, Obermeyer S, Debus A, Schleicher U, Bogdan C. Eosinophils, but Not Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells, Are the Predominant Source of Interleukin 4 during the Innate Phase of Leishmania major Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080828. [PMID: 35894051 PMCID: PMC9331382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 plays a central role in the initiation of a type 2 T helper cell (Th2) response, which leads to non-healing and progressive infections with the protozoan parasite Leishmania (L.) major. Here, we tested the hypothesis that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which promote the development of Th2 cells, form an important source of IL-4 early after intradermal or subcutaneous L. major infection. Lineage-marker negative CD90.2+CD127+PD1− ILC2 were readily detectable in the ear or foot skin, but hardly in the draining lymph nodes of both naïve and L. major-infected self-healing C57BL/6 and non-healing BALB/c mice and made up approximately 20% to 30% of all CD45+SiglecF− cells. Dermal ILC2 of C57BL/6 mice expressed the inducible T cell-costimulator (ICOS, CD278), whereas BALB/C ILC2 were positive for the stem cell antigen (Sca)-1. Within the first 5 days of infection, the absolute numbers of ILC2 did not significantly change in the dermis, which is in line with the unaltered expression of cytokines activating (IL-18, IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) or inhibiting ILC2 (IL-27, IFN-γ). At day 5 to 6 post infection, we observed an upregulation of IL-4, but not of IL-5, IL-10 or IL-13 mRNA. Using IL-4-reporter (4get) mice, we found that the production of IL-4 by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice was largely restricted to CD45+SiglecF+ cells of high granularity, i.e., eosinophils. From these data, we conclude that eosinophils, but not ILC2, are a major innate source of IL-4 at the skin site of L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Sasse
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - David Barinberg
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Stephanie Obermeyer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Andrea Debus
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (C.B.); Tel.: +49-9131-852-3647 (U.S.); +49-9131-852-2551 (C.B.); Fax: +49-9131-852-2573 (U.S. & C.B.)
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut—Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.S.); (D.B.); (S.O.); (A.D.)
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (C.B.); Tel.: +49-9131-852-3647 (U.S.); +49-9131-852-2551 (C.B.); Fax: +49-9131-852-2573 (U.S. & C.B.)
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Al-Khalaifah HS. Major Molecular Factors Related to Leishmania Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847797. [PMID: 35769465 PMCID: PMC9236557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major health problem with 600k - 1M new cases worldwide and 1 billion at risk. It involves a wide range of clinical forms ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to systemic diseases that are fatal if not treated, depending on the species of Leishmania. Leishmania sp. are digenetic parasites that have two different morphological stages. Leishmania parasites possess a number of invasive/evasive and pathoantigenic determinants that seem to have critical roles in Leishmania infection of macrophages which leads to successful intracellular parasitism in the parasitophorous vacuoles. These determinants are traditionally known as “virulence factors”, and are considered to be good targets for developing specific inhibitors to attenuate virulence of Leishmania by gene deletions or modifications, thus causing infective, but non-pathogenic mutants for vaccination. Pathway of biosynthesis is critical for keeping the parasite viable and is important for drug designing against these parasites. These drugs are aimed to target enzymes that control these pathways. Accordingly, maintaining low level of parasitic infection and in some cases as a weapon to eradicate infection completely. The current paper focuses on several virulence factors as determinants of Leishmania pathogenicity, as well as the metabolites produced by Leishmania to secure its survival in the host.
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Khandibharad S, Nimsarkar P, Singh S. Mechanobiology of immune cells: Messengers, receivers and followers in leishmaniasis aiding synthetic devices. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:186-198. [PMID: 36051499 PMCID: PMC9424266 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are influential molecules which can direct cells behavior. In this review, cytokines are referred as messengers, immune cells which respond to cytokine stimulus are referred as receivers and the immune cells which gets modulated due to their plasticity induced by infectious pathogen leishmania, are referred as followers. The advantage of plasticity of cells is taken by the parasite to switch them from parasite eliminating form to parasite survival favoring form through a process called as reciprocity which is undergone by cytokines, wherein pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory switch occur rendering immune cell population to switch their phenotype. Detailed study of this switch can help in identification of important targets which can help in restoring the phenotype to parasite eliminating form and this can be done through synthetic circuit, finding its wider applicability in therapeutics. Cytokines as messengers for governing reciprocity in infection. Leishmania induces reciprocity modulating the immune cells plasticity. Reciprocity of cytokines identifies important target for therapeutics. Therapeutic targets aiding the design of synthetic devices to combat infection.
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Related Pentacyclic Triterpenes Have Immunomodulatory Activity in Chronic Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6671287. [PMID: 33681389 PMCID: PMC7906800 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the flagellated protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affects millions of people around the world. Drugs employed in the treatment of leishmaniasis have limited efficacy and induce local and systemic side effects to the patients. Natural products are an interesting alternative to treat leishmaniasis, because some purified molecules are selective toward parasites and not to the host cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro antileishmanial activity of the triterpenes betulin (Be), lupeol (Lu), and ursolic acid (UA); analyze the physiology and morphology of affected organelles; analyze the toxicity of selected triterpenes in golden hamsters; and study the therapeutic activity of triterpenes in hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum as well as the cellular immunity induced by studied molecules. The triterpenes Lu and UA were active on promastigote (IC50 = 4.0 ± 0.3 and 8.0 ± 0.2 μM, respectively) and amastigote forms (IC50 = 17.5 ± 0.4 and 3.0 ± 0.2 μM, respectively) of L. (L.) infantum, and their selectivity indexes (SI) toward amastigote forms were higher (≥13.4 and 14, respectively) than SI of miltefosine (2.7). L. (L.) infantum promastigotes treated with Lu and UA showed cytoplasmic degradation, and in some of these areas, cell debris were identified, resembling autophagic vacuoles, and parasite mitochondria were swelled, fragmented, and displayed membrane potential altered over time. Parasite cell membrane was not affected by studied triterpenes. Studies of toxicity in golden hamster showed that Lu did not alter blood biochemical parameters associated with liver and kidney functions; however, a slight increase of aspartate aminotransferase level in animals treated with 2.5 mg/kg of UA was detected. Lu and UA triterpenes eliminated amastigote forms in the spleen (87.5 and 95.9% of reduction, respectively) and liver of infected hamster (95.9 and 99.7% of reduction, respectively); and UA showed similar activity at eliminating amastigote forms in the spleen and liver than amphotericin B (99.2 and 99.8% of reduction). The therapeutic activity of both triterpenes was associated with the elevation of IFN-γ and/or iNOS expression in infected treated animals. This is the first comparative work showing the in vitro activity, toxicity, and therapeutic activity of Lu and UA in the chronic model of visceral leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.) infantum; additionally, both triterpenes activated cellular immune response in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Shamsi Meymandi S, Dabiri S, Eslammanesh T, Azadeh B, Nadji M, Shamsi Meymandi M, Dabiri B, Dabiri D, Hakimi Parizi M, Bamorovat M. Immunopathology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and incidental diagnostic tool of metastatic granuloma: A case-control study. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104654. [PMID: 33253859 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected disease with important public health concerns in many parts of the world including Iran. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the histological changes and immunohistochemical quantification of inflammatory cells and their role in the immunopathology of acute, chronic non-lupoid, and chronic lupoid skin lesions in anthroponotic CL (ACL). METHODS In this study, skin biopsies of 53 patients with ACL were taken. Samples were studied by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry to quantify the immune and inflammatory cells. RESULTS Of the 53 skin lesions, 38 were acute, nine chronic non-lupoid and six chronic lupoid. CD68+ macrophages were the most common cells. CD3+ T-lymphocytes were present as diffuse and focal dermal infiltrates and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were the dominant lymphocyte type, constituting more than 50% of the lymphocyte population. CD4+ T-lymphocytes in chronic non-lupoid (10.57 ± 2.37%) and chronic lupoid (14.40 ± 1.28%) lesions were more than those observed in the acute form (8.61 ± 1.31%), but the differences were not statistically significant. CD20+ B-lymphocytes constituted a small percentage of inflammatory cell infiltrates. CD1a + Langerhans cells showed progressively higher percentages from acute to chronic non-lupoid to chronic lupoid lesions. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) between acute and chronic lupoid lesions. CD68+ macrophages were the most common cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes remained the predominant T-lymphocytes in acute, chronic non-lupoid, and chronic lupoid lesions, suggesting their central role in the pathogenesis and possible healing of CL. CONCLUSION Focusing on the deep dermis, periadnexal and/or peripheral margins or even papillary tip of inflammatory sites of sandfly bites, we sometimes find granuloma inside lymphatic vessels (lymphangiectatic metastatic granuloma) or even infected macrophages with engulfed Leishman bodies faraway. Knowledge of the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings for various forms of ACL is essential in improving clinical and medical strategies and crucial for proper prophylactic and therapeutic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Shamsi Meymandi
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Bahram Azadeh
- Pathology Department, Liverpool Medical School, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mehrdad Nadji
- Pathology Department, Miami Medical School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Manzumeh Shamsi Meymandi
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Pathology Department, Afzalipour Medical School, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Dabiri
- PGY2 Resident, Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Donya Dabiri
- Pediatric Dentistry Resident, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Hakimi Parizi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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10
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Campos TM, Novais FO, Saldanha M, Costa R, Lordelo M, Celestino D, Sampaio C, Tavares N, Arruda S, Machado P, Brodskyn C, Scott P, Carvalho EM, Carvalho LP. Granzyme B Produced by Natural Killer Cells Enhances Inflammatory Response and Contributes to the Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:973-982. [PMID: 31748808 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin lesions from patients infected with Leishmania braziliensis has been associated with inflammation induced by cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In addition, CD8+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has not been linked to parasite killing. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic role played by natural killer (NK) cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we observed higher frequencies of NK cells in the peripheral blood of CL patients compared with healthy subjects, and that NK cells expressed more interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granzyme B, and perforin than CD8+ T cells. RESULTS We also found that most of the cytotoxic activity in CL lesions was triggered by NK cells, and that the high levels of granzyme B produced in CL lesions was associated with larger lesion size. Furthermore, an in vitro blockade of granzyme B was observed to decrease TNF production. CONCCLUSIONS Our data, taken together, suggest an important role by NK cells in inducing inflammation in CL, thereby contributing to disease immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís M Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda O Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maíra Saldanha
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rúbia Costa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Morgana Lordelo
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Celestino
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camilla Sampaio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natália Tavares
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Arruda
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Laboratório de Interação Parasito-Hospedeiro e Epidemiologia, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
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11
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Bogdan C. Macrophages as host, effector and immunoregulatory cells in leishmaniasis: Impact of tissue micro-environment and metabolism. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100041. [PMID: 33604563 PMCID: PMC7885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review will highlight the diverse roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis as initial replicative niche, antimicrobial effectors, immunoregulators and as safe hideaway for parasites persisting after clinical cure. These multiplex activities are either ascribed to defined subpopulations of macrophages (e.g., Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes/monocyte-derived dendritic cells) or result from different activation statuses of tissue macrophages (e.g., macrophages carrying markers of of classical [M1] or alternative activation [M2]). The latter are shaped by immune- and stromal cell-derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β), micro milieu factors (e.g., hypoxia, tonicity, amino acid availability), host cell-derived enzymes, secretory products and metabolites (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, arginase 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, NOS2/NO, NOX2/ROS, lipids) as well as by parasite products (e.g., leishmanolysin/gp63, lipophosphoglycan). Exciting avenues of current research address the transcriptional, epigenetic and translational reprogramming of macrophages in a Leishmania species- and tissue context-dependent manner.
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Key Words
- (L)CL, (localized) cutaneous leishmaniasis
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- Arg, arginase
- Arginase
- CAMP, cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptide
- CR, complement receptor
- DC, dendritic cells
- DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hypoxia
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR, type I IFN (IFN-α/β) receptor
- IL, interleukin
- Interferon-α/β
- Interferon-γ
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LPG, lipophosphoglycan
- LRV1, Leishmania RNA virus 1
- Leishmaniasis
- Macrophages
- Metabolism
- NCX1, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1
- NFAT5, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2 (iNOS), type 2 (or inducible) nitric oxide synthase
- NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91 or cytochrome b558 β-subunit of Phox)
- Nitric oxide
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- Phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- Phox, phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1 (Th2), type 1 (type2) T helper cell
- Tonicity
- VL, visceral leishmaniasis
- mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Ikeogu NM, Akaluka GN, Edechi CA, Salako ES, Onyilagha C, Barazandeh AF, Uzonna JE. Leishmania Immunity: Advancing Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1201. [PMID: 32784615 PMCID: PMC7465679 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still constitute a major global health problem affecting billions of people around the world. These diseases are capable of becoming chronic and result in high morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, millions of people die each year from parasitic diseases, with the bulk of those deaths resulting from parasitic protozoan infections. Leishmaniasis, which is a disease caused by over 20 species of the protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania, is an important neglected disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 12 million people are currently infected in about 98 countries and about 2 million new cases occur yearly, resulting in about 50,000 deaths each year. Current treatment methods for leishmaniasis are not very effective and often have significant side effects. In this review, we discussed host immunity to leishmaniasis, various treatment options currently being utilized, and the progress of both immunotherapy and vaccine development strategies used so far in leishmaniasis. We concluded with insights into what the future holds toward the fight against this debilitating parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnamdi M. Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Gloria N. Akaluka
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Chidalu A. Edechi
- Department of Pathology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
| | - Enitan S. Salako
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Aida F. Barazandeh
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (G.N.A.); (E.S.S.); (C.O.); (A.F.B.)
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13
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Review on the Role of Host Immune Response in Protection and Immunopathogenesis during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2496713. [PMID: 32656269 PMCID: PMC7320295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2496713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a major public health problem worldwide and spreads to human via the bite of sand flies during blood meal. Following its inoculation, the promastigotes are immediately taken up by phagocytic cells and these leishmania-infected host cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that activate other immune cells and these infected host cells produce more cytokines and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species for efficient control of leishmania infection. Many experimental studies showed that resistance to infection with leishmania paraites is associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of CD4+ Th1 response. On the other hand, vulnerability to this parasitic infection is correlated to production of T helper 2 cytokines that facilitate persistence of parasites and disease progression. In addition, some studies have also indicated that CD8+ T cells play a vital role in immune defense through cytokine production and their cytotoxic activity and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators promote amplified recruitment of cells. This could be correlated with excessive inflammatory reaction and ultimately resulted in tissue destruction and development of immunopathogenesis. Thus, there are contradictions regarding the role of immune responses in protection and immunopathogenesis of CL disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to review the role of host immune response in protection and its contribution to disease severity for CL infection. In order to obtain more meaningful data regarding the nature of immune response to leishmania, further in-depth studies focused on immune modulation should be conducted to develop better therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Mouse Models for Resolution of Inflammation Versus Chronicity of Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1971:315-349. [PMID: 30980313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9210-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of mice is a valuable model to study the immune response to the protozoan pathogen Leishmania and to define mechanisms of parasite control and resolution of inflammation as well as of parasite evasion and chronicity of disease. In addition, over many years Leishmania-infected mice have been successfully used to analyze the function of newly discovered immune cell types, transcription factors, cytokines, and effector mechanisms in vivo. In this chapter we present detailed protocols for the culture, propagation, and inoculation of Leishmania promastigotes, the monitoring of the course of cutaneous infection, the determination of the tissue parasite burden and for the phenotyping of the ensuing immune response. The focus lies on the L. major mouse model, but an overview on other established models of murine cutaneous leishmaniasis is also provided.
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15
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Design, development and evaluation of mannosylated oral Amphotericin B nanoparticles for anti-leishmanial therapy: Oral kinetics and macrophage uptake studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Messlinger H, Sebald H, Heger L, Dudziak D, Bogdan C, Schleicher U. Monocyte-Derived Signals Activate Human Natural Killer Cells in Response to Leishmania Parasites. Front Immunol 2018; 9:24. [PMID: 29472914 PMCID: PMC5810259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated natural killer (NK) cells release interferon (IFN)-γ, which is crucial for the control of intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania. In contrast to experimental murine leishmaniasis, the human NK cell response to Leishmania is still poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the interaction of human blood NK cells with promastigotes of different Leishmania species (Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania donovani). When peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified NK cells and monocytes (all derived from healthy blood donors from Germany without a history of leishmaniasis) were exposed to promastigotes, NK cells showed increased surface expression of the activation marker CD69. The extent of this effect varied depending on the Leishmania species; differences between dermotropic and viscerotropic L. infantum strains were not observed. Upregulation of CD69 required direct contact between monocytes and Leishmania and was partly inhibitable by anti-interleukin (IL)-18. Unexpectedly, IL-18 was undetectable in most of the supernatants (SNs) of monocyte/parasite cocultures. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of non-permeabilized cells revealed that Leishmania-infected monocytes trans-presented IL-18 to NK cells. Native, but not heat-treated SNs of monocyte/Leishmania cocultures also induced CD69 on NK cells, indicating the involvement of a soluble heat-labile factor other than IL-18. A role for the NK cell-activating cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-α/β was excluded. The increase of CD69 was not paralleled by NK cell IFN-γ production or enhanced cytotoxicity. However, prior exposure of NK cells to Leishmania parasites synergistically increased their IFN-γ release in response to IL-12, which was dependent on endogenous IL-18. CD1c+ dendritic cells were identified as possible source of Leishmania-induced IL-12. Finally, we observed that direct contact between Leishmania and NK cells reduced the expression of CD56 mRNA and protein on NK cells. We conclude that Leishmania activate NK cells via trans-presentation of IL-18 by monocytes and by a monocyte-derived soluble factor. IL-12 is needed to elicit the IFN-γ-response of NK cells, which is likely to be an important component of the innate control of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Messlinger
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heidi Sebald
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of DC Biology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of DC Biology, Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Rai AK, Thakur CP, Kumar P, Saini S, Kureel AK, Kumari S, Seth T, Mitra DK. Decrease in the Frequency of Circulating CD56 +CD161 + NK Cells in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Immunol Invest 2017; 47:125-134. [PMID: 29182405 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1402925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural Killer (NK) cell plays an important role in the innate immune system and is known to produce IFN-γ at an early stage of infection that is essential to eliminate intracellular infection like Leishmania spp. It is already established that Leishmania parasite inhibits the activity of NK cells, avoiding the encounter with the early innate immune response. This, in turn, favors establishment and further dissemination of the infection. METHODS In the present study, we have tried to measure the frequency of different phenotypic subsets of NK cells among visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. RESULTS We have phenotyped three distinct three distinct subsets (CD56-CD161+, CD56+CD161-, and CD56+CD161+) of NK (CD3-) cell using their specific markers CD161 and CD56. CONCLUSION Interestingly, we observed selective loss of CD56+CD161+ subset of circulating NK (CD3-) cells. Importantly, the other subsets (i.e., CD56-CD161+ and CD56+CD161-) of circulating NK cells remain unaffected as compared with healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambak Kumar Rai
- a Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics , All India Institutes of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India.,d Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , UP , India
| | | | - Prabin Kumar
- a Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics , All India Institutes of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Sheetal Saini
- d Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , UP , India
| | - Amit Kumar Kureel
- d Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , UP , India
| | - Smita Kumari
- d Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , UP , India
| | - Tulika Seth
- c Department of Hematology , All India Institutes of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- a Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics , All India Institutes of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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18
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Chauhan P, Shukla D, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Redundant and regulatory roles for Toll-like receptors in Leishmania infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:167-186. [PMID: 28708252 PMCID: PMC5629438 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded, non-clonal innate immune receptors, which are often the first receptors to recognize the molecular patterns on pathogens. Therefore, the immune response initiated by TLRs has far-reaching consequences on the outcome of an infection. As soon as the cell surface TLRs and other receptors recognize a pathogen, the pathogen is phagocytosed. Inclusion of TLRs in the phagosome results in quicker phagosomal maturation and stronger adaptive immune response, as TLRs influence co-stimulatory molecule expression and determinant selection by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC class I for cross-presentation. The signals delivered by the TCR-peptide-MHC complex and co-stimulatory molecules are indispensable for optimal T cell activation. In addition, the cytokines induced by TLRs can skew the differentiation of activated T cells to different effector T cell subsets. However, the potential of TLRs to influence adaptive immune response into different patterns is severely restricted by multiple factors: gross specificity for the molecular patterns, lack of receptor rearrangements, sharing of limited number of adaptors that assemble signalling complexes and redundancy in ligand recognition. These features of apparent redundancy and regulation in the functioning of TLRs characterize them as important and probable contributory factors in the resistance or susceptibility to an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Chauhan
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | - D. Shukla
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | | | - B. Saha
- National Institute of Traditional MedicineBelagaviIndia
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Abstract
The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites into the skin of a mammalian host. Leishmania causes a spectrum of inflammatory cutaneous disease manifestations. The type of cutaneous pathology is determined in part by the infecting Leishmania species, but also by a combination of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host immune response factors resulting in different clinical outcomes. This review discusses the distinct cutaneous syndromes described in humans, and current knowledge of the inflammatory responses associated with divergent cutaneous pathologic responses to different Leishmania species. The contribution of key hematopoietic cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mouse models are also reviewed and compared with those observed during human infection. We hypothesize that local skin events influence the ensuing adaptive immune response to Leishmania spp. infections, and that the balance between inflammatory and regulatory factors induced by infection are critical for determining cutaneous pathology and outcome of infection.
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20
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Miró G, Petersen C, Cardoso L, Bourdeau P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Oliva G. Novel Areas for Prevention and Control of Canine Leishmaniosis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:718-730. [PMID: 28601528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been multiple recent advances regarding tools for the control and prevention of canine leishmaniosis (CanL), including new preventative vaccines. In this review, these advances are evaluated based on control targets, including vector and parasite. Leishvet recommendations are provided for control practices based on the dog's risk of infection. New topical insecticide formulations have proven to be effective in preventing sand fly bites, and subsequently infection. Parasite control occurs through chemotherapeutic or immunologic means, which decrease or prevent transmission to other animals, including humans. Leishmaniosis control programs that include a combination of coordinated measures, either in individuals or for prevention across reservoir populations, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy
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21
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Glennie ND, Scott P. Memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:50-54. [PMID: 27493096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania causes a spectrum of diseases that range from self-healing to fatal infections. Control of leishmania is dependent upon generating CD4+ Th1 cells that produce IFNγ, leading to macrophage activation and killing of the intracellular parasites. Following resolution of the disease, short-lived effector T cells, as well as long-lived central memory T cells and skin resident memory T cells, are retained and able to mediate immunity to a secondary infection. However, there is no vaccine for leishmaniasis, and the drugs used to treat the disease can be toxic and ineffective. While a live infection generates immunity, a successful vaccine will depend upon generating memory T cells that can be maintained without the continued presence of parasites. Since both central memory and skin resident memory T cells are long-lived, they may be the appropriate targets for a leishmaniasis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson D Glennie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Schleicher U, Paduch K, Debus A, Obermeyer S, König T, Kling JC, Ribechini E, Dudziak D, Mougiakakos D, Murray PJ, Ostuni R, Körner H, Bogdan C. TNF-Mediated Restriction of Arginase 1 Expression in Myeloid Cells Triggers Type 2 NO Synthase Activity at the Site of Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1062-1075. [PMID: 27117406 PMCID: PMC5065922 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralization or deletion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) causes loss of control of intracellular pathogens in mice and humans, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we found that TNF antagonized alternative activation of macrophages and dendritic cells by IL-4. TNF inhibited IL-4-induced arginase 1 (Arg1) expression by decreasing histone acetylation, without affecting STAT6 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. In Leishmania major-infected C57BL/6 wild-type mice, type 2 nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS2) was detected in inflammatory dendritic cells or macrophages, some of which co-expressed Arg1. In TNF-deficient mice, Arg1 was hyperexpressed, causing an impaired production of NO in situ. A similar phenotype was seen in L. major-infected BALB/c mice. Arg1 deletion in hematopoietic cells protected these mice from an otherwise lethal disease, although their disease-mediating T cell response (Th2, Treg) was maintained. Thus, deletion or TNF-mediated restriction of Arg1 unleashes the production of NO by NOS2, which is critical for pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Paduch
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Debus
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Obermeyer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Till König
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica C. Kling
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Laboratory of DC Biology, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Renato Ostuni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells by evading or exploiting host immune mechanisms. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to better strategies for effective management of Leishmania infections. Current research has focused on parasite modification of host cell signaling pathways, entry into phagocytic cells, and modulation of cytokine and chemokine profiles that alter immune cell activation and trafficking to sites of infection. Immuno-therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms of immune evasion by Leishmania offer promising areas for preclinical and clinical research.
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Fromm PD, Kling JC, Remke A, Bogdan C, Körner H. Fatal Leishmaniasis in the Absence of TNF Despite a Strong Th1 Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1520. [PMID: 26834705 PMCID: PMC4722107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mononuclear phagocytes by IFN-γ and innate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) provide the basis for an effective immune response to the intracellular parasite Leishmania (L.) major. In previous experiments, we observed a fatal visceral form of leishmaniasis in L. major-infected C57BL/6 TNF-/- mice. To further delineate the protective function of TNF and its receptor requirements, we comparatively assessed L. major-infected C57BL/6 mice that were either deficient for membrane and soluble TNF (Tnf-/-), for soluble TNF alone (memTnfΔ/Δ), or the TNF receptors type 1 (Tnfr1-/-) or type 2 (Tnfr2-/-). We detected locally and systemically increased levels of the cytokine IFN-γ in the absence of the TNF-TNFR1-signaling pathway. An analysis of transcription factors and cytokines revealed that activated Tnf-/- CD4+ T cells displayed a highly active Th1 phenotype with a strong usage of the T cell receptor Vβ5.1/2. From these data we conclude that the fatal outcome of L. major infection in Tnf-/- mice does not result from a skewed or deficient Th1 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Fromm
- Comparative Genomics Centre, James Cook University, Townsville QN, Australia
| | - Jessica C Kling
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, HobartTAS, Australia; Blumenthal Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, WoolloongabbaQLD, Australia
| | - Annika Remke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Friederich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
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25
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Shekhar S, Yang X. Natural killer cells in host defense against veterinary pathogens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:30-4. [PMID: 26553564 PMCID: PMC7112915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells constitute a major subset of innate lymphoid cells that do not express the T- and B-cell receptors and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. NK cells not only induce early and rapid innate immune responses, but also communicate with dendritic cells to shape the adaptive immunity, thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Although the functional biology of NK cells is well-documented in a variety of infections in humans and mice, their role in protecting domestic animals from infectious agents is only beginning to be understood. In this article, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the contribution of NK cells in pathogen defense in domestic animals, especially cattle and pigs. Understanding the immunobiology of NK cells will translate into strategies to manipulate these cells for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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26
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Abasi M, Lotfi P, Bazmani A, Matini M, Hajilooi M. Evaluation of FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 Polymorphism in Visceral Leishmaniasis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e12437. [PMID: 24910789 PMCID: PMC4028762 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence demonstrating that innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in the defense against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A polymorphism within the FcγRIIIB gene can lead to the expression of three variants of NA1, NA2, and the combined one (NA1/NA2) which alters affinity of IgG to its receptor. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to evaluate the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 polymorphism in the FcγRIIIB gene of VL patients in comparison to healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, three groups; 54 seropositive patients with clinical presentation of VL (group 1), 104 seropositive patients without clinical presentation (group 2), and 104 healthy controls (group 3) were evaluated with respect to the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 polymorphism using a PCR-SSP method. The titration of anti-leishmania antibodies was analyzed using an immunoflorescence technique. RESULTS Our results indicated that polymorphisms within the FcγRIIIB gene (that lead to the expression of the NA1/NA2 isoforms) are significantly associated with VL. The results demonstrated that the genotype heterozygotic for FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 expression was significantly increased in VL patients, group 1 when compared to groups 2 and 3. Conversely, there is a decrease in homozygous NA1 and NA2 genotypes in VL patients; however, the overall frequency of NA1 and NA2 alleles appear similar across the three cohorts examined. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, it is likely that the increased frequency of the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 genotype is associated with impaired immune responses against VL and its subsequent clearance from the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Pegah Lotfi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Mohamad Matini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mehrdad Hajilooi, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-8118250509, Fax: +98-8118254073, E-mail:
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27
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Fernandes AP, Canavaci AMC, McCall LI, Matlashewski G. A2 and other visceralizing proteins of Leishmania: role in pathogenesis and application for vaccine development. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:77-101. [PMID: 24264241 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a re-emergent disease and a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. Amongst the more than 20 Leishmania species, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum and more rarely Leishmania amazonensis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. A major question in leishmaniasis research is how these species migrate to and infect visceral organs whereas other species such as Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis remain in the skin, causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. Here we present the more recent advances and approaches towards the identification of species-specific visceralizing factors of Leishmania, such as the A2 protein, leading to a better understanding of parasite biology. We also discuss their potential use for the development of a vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270901, Brazil,
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28
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Nogusa S, Murasko DM, Gardner EM. Differential effects of stimulatory factors on natural killer cell activities of young and aged mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:947-54. [PMID: 22454373 PMCID: PMC3436087 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated influences on natural killer (NK) cell functions following cytokine stimulation were examined in splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice. NK cells of both young and aged mice exhibited significantly increased: interferon-γ production after interleukin (IL)-12 or IL-15 alone or any combination of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-2; cytotoxicity after IL-2 or IL-15; and granzyme B expression after IL-15. The only significant age-associated differences were observed in interferon-γ production after IL-15 or IL-12 + 18 + 2 and in granzyme B expression following IL-2 or IL-15. Perforin expression did not increase following stimulation; however, NK cells from aged mice expressed significantly higher levels than young mice. These results underscore the complexity of the cytokine-induced functional activities of NK cells and illustrate the differential response of NK cells from young and aged mice to cytokine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nogusa
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M. Murasko
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth M. Gardner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University,
East Lansing
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29
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Fernandes AP, Coelho EAF, Machado-Coelho GLL, Grimaldi G, Gazzinelli RT. Making an anti-amastigote vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: rational, update and perspectives. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:476-85. [PMID: 22698479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a major health problem in Latina America, as well as the Mediterranean region of Europe and Asia. We aimed to develop a vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis targeting the intracellular amastigotes, which is the parasite stage that persists throughout infections with Leishmania parasites. With this in mind, we identified an amastigote specific antigen (A2) that contains an immunogenic epitope for CD4+ T helper (Th) cells and multiple repetitive units encoding CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. Vaccine formulations containing the recombinant A2 associated with saponin, alum and IL-12 or expressed by attenuated adenovirus were shown to be protective in mice, dogs and nonhuman-primates. We are currently identifying novel amastigote specific immunogenic proteins that could be aggregated to A2 to further improve the level of vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity and protection against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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30
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Bogdan C. Natural killer cells in experimental and human leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:69. [PMID: 22919660 PMCID: PMC3417408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with parasites of the genus Leishmania lead to a rapid, but transient activation of natural killer (NK) cells. In mice activation of NK cells requires a toll-like-receptor 9-dependent stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) which is followed by the production of IL-12. Although NK cells appear to be non-essential for the ultimate control of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and can exhibit immunosuppressive functions, they form an important source of interferon (IFN)-γ, which elicits antileishmanial activity in macrophages and helps to pave a protective T helper cell response. In contrast, the cytotoxic activity of NK cells is dispensable, because Leishmania-infected myeloid cells are largely resistant to NK-mediated lysis. In human cutaneous and VL, the functional importance of NK cells is suggested by reports that demonstrate (1) a direct activation or inhibition of NK cells by Leishmania promastigotes, (2) the suppression of NK cell numbers or activity during chronic, non-healing infections, and (3) the recovery of NK cell activity following treatment. This review aims to provide an integrated view on the migration, activation, inhibition, function, and therapeutic modulation of NK cells in experimental and human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Bavaria, Germany. christian.bogdan@ uk-erlangen.de
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31
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Zhou Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Tian Z. Macrophages help NK cells to attack tumor cells by stimulatory NKG2D ligand but protect themselves from NK killing by inhibitory ligand Qa-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36928. [PMID: 22629344 PMCID: PMC3356357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and their crosstalk with other immune cells are important for innate immunity against tumor. To explore the role of the interaction between NK cells and macrophages in the regulation of anti-tumor activities of NK cells, we here demonstrate that poly I:C-treated macrophages increased NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target tumor cells in NKG2D-dependent manner. In addition, IL-15, IL-18, and IFN-β secreted by poly I:C-treated macrophages are also involved in NKG2D expression and NK cell activation. Interestingly, the increase in expression of NKG2D ligands on macrophages induced a highly NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells, but not against macrophages themselves. Notably, a high expression level of Qa-1, a NKG2A ligand, on macrophages may contribute to such protection of macrophages from NK cell-mediated killing. Furthermore, Qa-1 or NKG2A knockdown and Qa-1 antibody blockade caused the macrophages to be sensitive to NK cytolysis. These results suggested that macrophages may activate NK cells to attack tumor by NKG2D recognition whereas macrophages protect themselves from NK lysis via preferential expression of Qa-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixia Zhou
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (ZT)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (ZT)
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32
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Passero LFD, Carvalho AK, Bordon MLAC, Bonfim-Melo A, Toyama MH, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (Viannia) shawi purified antigens confer protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:255-63. [PMID: 22166919 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmania (Viannia) shawi was characterized only recently, and few studies concerning the immunogenic and protective properties of its antigens have been performed. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the five antigenic fractions isolated from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soluble antigen from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes was submitted to reverse phase HPLC to purify F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 antigens. BALB/c mice were immunized once a week for two consecutive weeks by subcutaneous routes in the rump, using 25 μg protein. After 1 week, groups were challenged in the footpad with L. (V.) shawi promastigotes. After 8 weeks, those same mice were sacrificed and parasite burden as well as the cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS F1 and F5-immunized mice restrained lesion progression and parasite load in the skin. However, only the F1 group was able to control the parasitism in lymph nodes, which was associated with low IL-4 and high IFN-γ production; IgG2a isotype was increased in this group. Immunizations with F2, F3 and F4 antigens did not protect mice. CONCLUSION The capability of antigens to restrain IL-4 levels and increase IFN-γ was associated with protection, such as in immunization using F1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
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