1
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Coelho C. Batf3-cDC1 control Th1 and fungicidal responses during cryptococcal meningitis: is this enough to control meningitis? mBio 2024:e0037524. [PMID: 39254303 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00375-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, is responsible for >15% of AIDS-related deaths. A recent study by Xu et al. showed that Batf3-dependent conventional type 1 dendritic (cDC1) cells are key players in generating IFNγ+ CD4+ T cell and fungicidal lung and brain tissue-resident responses during murine cryptococcosis, contributing to fungal clearance in the lungs and brain of mice (J. Xu, R. Hissong, R. Bareis, A. Creech, et al., mBio 15:e02853-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02853-23). However, despite their critical role, the depletion of Batf3-dependent cDC1 cells did not significantly alter overall mouse survival or disease progression, highlighting the complex immune regulation required to survive cryptococcal infection and the need for further research in medical mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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2
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Choudhury QJ, Ambati S, Link CD, Lin X, Lewis ZA, Meagher RB. Dectin-3-targeted antifungal liposomes efficiently bind and kill diverse fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:723-739. [PMID: 37800599 PMCID: PMC10823756 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
DectiSomes are anti-infective drug-loaded liposomes targeted to pathogenic cells by pathogen receptors including the Dectins. We have previously used C-type lectin (CTL) pathogen receptors Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and DC-SIGN to target DectiSomes to the extracellular oligoglycans surrounding diverse pathogenic fungi and kill them. Dectin-3 (also known as MCL, CLEC4D) is a CTL pathogen receptor whose known cognate ligands are partly distinct from other CTLs. We expressed and purified a truncated Dectin-3 polypeptide (DEC3) comprised of its carbohydrate recognition domain and stalk region. We prepared amphotericin B (AmB)-loaded pegylated liposomes (AmB-LLs) and coated them with this isoform of Dectin-3 (DEC3-AmB-LLs), and we prepared control liposomes coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA-AmB-LLs). DEC3-AmB-LLs bound to the exopolysaccharide matrices of Candida albicans, Rhizopus delemar (formerly known as R. oryzae), and Cryptococcus neoformans from one to several orders of magnitude more strongly than untargeted AmB-LLs or BSA-AmB-LLs. The data from our quantitative fluorescent binding assays were standardized using a CellProfiler program, AreaPipe, that was developed for this purpose. Consistent with enhanced binding, DEC3-AmB-LLs inhibited and/or killed C. albicans and R. delemar more efficiently than control liposomes and significantly reduced the effective dose of AmB. In conclusion, Dectin-3 targeting has the potential to advance our goal of building pan-antifungal DectiSomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Collin D. Link
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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3
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Goughenour KD, Nair AS, Xu J, Olszewski MA, Wozniak KL. Dendritic Cells: Multifunctional Roles in Host Defenses to Cryptococcus Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1050. [PMID: 37998856 PMCID: PMC10672120 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasingly growing public health concern, and Cryptococcus is one of the most problematic fungal organisms causing substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. Clinically, this high incidence of cryptococcosis is most commonly seen in immunocompromised patients, especially those who lack an adaptive T cell response, such as HIV/AIDS patients. However, patients with other underlying immunodeficiencies are also at an increased risk for cryptococcosis. The adaptive immune response, in particular the Th1/Th17 T-cell-mediated responses, to pulmonary Cryptococcus infections are required for host protection. Dendritic cells (DCs), encompassing multiple subsets identified to date, are recognized as the major professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) subset essential for the initiation and execution of T-cell immunity. Apart from their prominent role in orchestration of the adaptive arm of the immune defenses, DCs are fully armed cells from the innate immune system capable of the recognition, uptake, and killing of the fungal cells. Thus, DCs serve as a critical point for the endpoint outcomes of either fungal control or unrestrained fungal infection. Multiple studies have shown that DCs are required for anti-cryptococcal defense in the lungs. In addition, the role of DCs in Cryptococcus gattii infections is just starting to be elucidated. C. gattii has recently risen to prominence with multiple outbreaks in the US and Canada, demonstrating increased virulence in non-immunocompromised individuals. C. gattii infection fails to generate an inflammatory immune response or a protective Th1/Th17 T cell response, at least in part, through a lack of proper DC function. Here we summarize the multiple roles of DCs, including subsets of DCs in both mouse and human models, the roles of DCs during cryptococcal infection, and mechanisms by cryptococcal cells to attempt to undermine these host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie D. Goughenour
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ayesha S. Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jintao Xu
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michal A. Olszewski
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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4
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Conn BN, Wozniak KL. Innate Pulmonary Phagocytes and Their Interactions with Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:617. [PMID: 37367553 PMCID: PMC10299524 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes over 180,000 annual deaths in HIV/AIDS patients. Innate phagocytes in the lungs, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are the first cells to interact with the pathogen. Neutrophils, another innate phagocyte, are recruited to the lungs during cryptococcal infection. These innate cells are involved in early detection of C. neoformans, as well as the removal and clearance of cryptococcal infections. However, C. neoformans has developed ways to interfere with these processes, allowing for the evasion of the host's innate immune system. Additionally, the innate immune cells have the ability to aid in cryptococcal pathogenesis. This review discusses recent literature on the interactions of innate pulmonary phagocytes with C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L. Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, 307 Life Science East, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
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5
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Meagher RB, Lewis ZA, Ambati S, Lin X. DectiSomes: C-type lectin receptor-targeted liposomes as pan-antifungal drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114776. [PMID: 36934519 PMCID: PMC10133202 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Combatting the ever-increasing threat from invasive fungal pathogens faces numerous fundamental challenges, including constant human exposure to large reservoirs of species in the environment, the increasing population of immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals, the unsatisfactory efficacy of current antifungal drugs and their associated toxicity, and the scientific and economic barriers limiting a new antifungal pipeline. DectiSomes represent a new drug delivery platform that enhances antifungal efficacy for diverse fungal pathogens and reduces host toxicity for current and future antifungals. DectiSomes employ pathogen receptor proteins - C-type lectins - to target drug-loaded liposomes to conserved fungal cognate ligands and away from host cells. DectiSomes represent one leap forward for urgently needed effective pan-antifungal therapy. Herein, we discuss the problems of battling fungal diseases and the state of DectiSome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zachary A Lewis
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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6
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Yang C, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Zang X, Deng H, Liu Y, Shen D, Xue X. Cryptococcus escapes host immunity: What do we know? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1041036. [PMID: 36310879 PMCID: PMC9606624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is an invasive fungus that seriously endangers human life and health, with a complex and well-established immune-escaping mechanism that interferes with the function of the host immune system. Cryptococcus can attenuate the host’s correct recognition of the fungal antigen and escape the immune response mediated by host phagocytes, innate lymphoid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes with antibodies, and peripheral cytokines. In addition, the capsule, melanin, dormancy, Titan cells, biofilm, and other related structures of Cryptococcus are also involved in the process of escaping the host’s immunity, as well as enhancing the ability of Cryptococcus to infect the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyu Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dingxia Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
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7
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Bencze D, Fekete T, Pfliegler W, Szöőr Á, Csoma E, Szántó A, Tarr T, Bácsi A, Kemény L, Veréb Z, Pázmándi K. Interactions between the NLRP3-Dependent IL-1β and the Type I Interferon Pathways in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012154. [PMID: 36293012 PMCID: PMC9602791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, a reciprocal antagonistic interaction exists between the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) and the antibacterial nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent IL-1β pathways that can significantly shape immune responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), as professional type I IFN-producing cells, are the major coordinators of antiviral immunity; however, their NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretory pathway is poorly studied. Our aim was to determine the functional activity of the IL-1β pathway and its possible interaction with the type I IFN pathway in pDCs. We found that potent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inducers promote higher levels of pro-IL-1β during priming compared to those activation signals, which mainly trigger interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-mediated type I IFN production. The generation of cleaved IL-1β requires certain secondary signals in pDCs and IFN-α or type I IFN-inducing viruses inhibit IL-1β production of pDCs, presumably by promoting the expression of various NLRP3 pathway inhibitors. In line with that, we detected significantly lower IL-1β production in pDCs of psoriasis patients with elevated IFN-α levels. Collectively, our results show that the NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretory pathway is inducible in pDCs; however, it may only prevail under inflammatory conditions, in which the type I IFN pathway is not dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Árpád Szöőr
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antónia Szántó
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tarr
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-417-159
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8
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Maldonado SD, Dai J, Dutta O, Hurley HJ, Singh S, Gittens-Williams L, Kalyoussef E, Edelblum KL, Rivera A, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Express C-Type Lectin Receptors and Attach and Respond to Aspergillus fumigatus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:675-683. [PMID: 35879099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have been implicated as having a role in antifungal immunity, but mechanisms of their interaction with fungi and the resulting cellular responses are not well understood. In this study, we identify the direct and indirect biological response of human pDCs to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and characterize the expression and regulation of antifungal receptors on the pDC surface. Results indicate pDCs do not phagocytose Aspergillus conidia, but instead bind hyphal surfaces and undergo activation and maturation via the upregulation of costimulatory and maturation markers. Measuring the expression of C-type lectin receptors dectin-1, dectin-2, dectin-3, and mannose receptor on human pDCs revealed intermediate expression of each receptor compared with monocytes. The specific dectin-1 agonist curdlan induced pDC activation and maturation in a cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic manner. The indirect activation of pDCs by curdlan was much stronger than direct stimulation and was mediated through cytokine production by other PBMCs. Overall, our data indicate pDCs express various C-type lectin receptors, recognize and respond to Aspergillus hyphal Ag, and serve as immune enhancers or modulators in the overarching fungal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Maldonado
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Orchi Dutta
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ
| | - Harry J Hurley
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ
| | - Sukhwinder Singh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Lisa Gittens-Williams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Evelyne Kalyoussef
- Department of Otolaryngology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ; and
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Patricia Fitzgerald-Bocarsly
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ; and
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9
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Saksida T, Jevtić B, Djedović N, Miljković Đ, Stojanović I. Redox Regulation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Autoimmunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:364-382. [PMID: 32458699 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Autoimmune diseases are progressively affecting westernized societies, as the proportion of individuals suffering from autoimmunity is steadily increasing over the past decades. Understanding the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulation of the immune response in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders is of utmost importance. The focus of this review is the regulation of ROS production within tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells that have the essential role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases and significant potency in their therapy. Recent Advances: It is now clear that ROS are extremely important for the proper function of both DC and T cells. Antigen processing/presentation and the ability of DC to activate T cells depend upon the ROS availability. Treg differentiation, suppressive function, and stability are profoundly influenced by ROS presence. Critical Issues: Although a plethora of results on the relation between ROS and immune cells exist, it remains unclear whether ROS modulation is a productive way for skewing T cells and DCs toward a tolerogenic phenotype. Also, the possibility of ROS modulation for enhancement of regulatory properties of DC and Treg during their preparation for use in cellular therapy has to be clarified. Future Directions: Studies of DC and T cell redox regulation should allow for the improvement of the therapy of autoimmune diseases. This could be achieved through the direct therapeutic application of ROS modulators in autoimmunity, or indirectly through ROS-dependent enhancement of tolDC and Treg preparation for cell-based immunotherapy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 364-382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Saksida
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Djedović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stojanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković," National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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11
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Berry SB, Haack AJ, Theberge AB, Brighenti S, Svensson M. Host and Pathogen Communication in the Respiratory Tract: Mechanisms and Models of a Complex Signaling Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:537. [PMID: 33015094 PMCID: PMC7511576 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, encompassing a diverse range of conditions from infections with pathogenic microorganisms to underlying genetic disorders. The respiratory tract represents an active interface with the external environment having the primary immune function of resisting pathogen intrusion and maintaining homeostasis in response to the myriad of stimuli encountered within its microenvironment. To perform these vital functions and prevent lung disorders, a chemical and biological cross-talk occurs in the complex milieu of the lung that mediates and regulates the numerous cellular processes contributing to lung health. In this review, we will focus on the role of cross-talk in chronic lung infections, and discuss how different cell types and signaling pathways contribute to the chronicity of infection(s) and prevent effective immune clearance of pathogens. In the lung microenvironment, pathogens have developed the capacity to evade mucosal immunity using different mechanisms or virulence factors, leading to colonization and infection of the host; such mechanisms include the release of soluble and volatile factors, as well as contact dependent (juxtracrine) interactions. We explore the diverse modes of communication between the host and pathogen in the lung tissue milieu in the context of chronic lung infections. Lastly, we review current methods and approaches used to model and study these host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and the role of these technological platforms in advancing our knowledge about chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Rippee-Brooks MD, Marcinczyk RN, Lupfer CR. What came first, the virus or the egg: Innate immunity during viral coinfections. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:194-206. [PMID: 32761626 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infections with any pathogen can be severe and present with numerous complications caused by the pathogen or the host immune response to the invading microbe. However, coinfections, also called polymicrobial infections or secondary infections, can further exacerbate disease. Coinfections are more common than is often appreciated. In this review, we focus specifically on coinfections between viruses and other viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi. Importantly, innate immune signaling and innate immune cells that facilitate clearance of the initial viral infection can affect host susceptibility to coinfections. Understanding these immune imbalances may facilitate better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of such coinfections.
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13
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Guo Y, Kasahara S, Jhingran A, Tosini NL, Zhai B, Aufiero MA, Mills KA, Gjonbalaj M, Espinosa V, Rivera A, Luster AD, Hohl TM. During Aspergillus Infection, Monocyte-Derived DCs, Neutrophils, and Plasmacytoid DCs Enhance Innate Immune Defense through CXCR3-Dependent Crosstalk. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:104-116.e4. [PMID: 32485165 PMCID: PMC7263227 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous mold, is a common cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunocompromised patients. Host defense against IA relies on lung-infiltrating neutrophils and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Here, we demonstrate that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are prototypically antiviral cells, participate in innate immune crosstalk underlying mucosal antifungal immunity. Aspergillus-infected murine Mo-DCs and neutrophils recruited pDCs to the lung by releasing the CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, in a Dectin-1 and Card9- and type I and III interferon signaling-dependent manner, respectively. During aspergillosis, circulating pDCs entered the lung in response to CXCR3-dependent signals. Via targeted pDC ablation, we found that pDCs were essential for host defense in the presence of normal neutrophil and Mo-DC numbers. Although interactions between pDC and fungal cells were not detected, pDCs regulated neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity and conidial killing. Thus, pDCs act as positive feedback amplifiers of neutrophil effector activity against inhaled mold conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Guo
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shinji Kasahara
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anupam Jhingran
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Tosini
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bing Zhai
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariano A. Aufiero
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen A.M. Mills
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mergim Gjonbalaj
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Espinosa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Newark, NJ, USA,Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias M. Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author
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14
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Nelson BN, Hawkins AN, Wozniak KL. Pulmonary Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:37. [PMID: 32117810 PMCID: PMC7026008 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can cause life-threatening infections in immune compromised individuals. This pathogen is typically acquired via inhalation, and enters the respiratory tract. Innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are the first host cells that encounter C. neoformans, and the interactions between Cryptococcus and innate immune cells play a critical role in the progression of disease. Cryptococcus possesses several virulence factors and evasion strategies to prevent its killing and destruction by pulmonary phagocytes, but these phagocytic cells can also contribute to anti-cryptococcal responses. This review will focus on the interactions between Cryptococcus and primary macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), dealing specifically with the cryptococcal/pulmonary cell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ashlee N Hawkins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Karen L Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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15
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Hatinguais R, Willment JA, Brown GD. PAMPs of the Fungal Cell Wall and Mammalian PRRs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:187-223. [PMID: 32180018 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are immune receptors that ensure the internalisation and the killing of fungal pathogens. They also mount the inflammatory response, which contributes to initiate and polarise the adaptive response, controlled by lymphocytes. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are required to control fungal infections. The immune recognition of fungal pathogen primarily occurs at the interface between the membrane of innate immune cells and the fungal cell wall, which contains a number of PAMPs. This chapter will focus on describing the main mammalian PRRs that have been shown to bind to PAMPs from the fungal cell wall of the four main fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii. We will describe these receptors, their functions and ligands to provide the reader with an overview of how the immune system recognises fungal pathogens and responds to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet A Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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16
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Li TH, Liu L, Hou YY, Shen SN, Wang TT. C-type lectin receptor-mediated immune recognition and response of the microbiota in the gut. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2019; 7:312-321. [PMID: 31687150 PMCID: PMC6821170 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are powerful pattern-recognition receptors that discern ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ in our body and protect us from invasive pathogens by mediating immune recognition and response. The gastrointestinal tract is very important for the maintenance of homeostasis; it is the largest shelter for the billions of microorganisms in the body and CLRs play a crucial regulatory role in this system. This study focuses on several CLRs, including Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3 and Mincle. We summarize the roles of CLRs in maintaining gastrointestinal immune-system homeostasis, especially their functions in mediating immune recognition and responses in the gut, discuss their relationships to some diseases, highlight the significance of CLR-mediated sensing of microbial and non-microbial compounds in the gut immune system and identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hang Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School of Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School of Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Yi Hou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School of Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Su-Nan Shen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School of Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School of Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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17
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Pulmonary Iron Limitation Induced by Exogenous Type I IFN Protects Mice from Cryptococcus gattii Independently of T Cells. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00799-19. [PMID: 31213551 PMCID: PMC6581853 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00799-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii cause fatal infection in immunodeficient and immunocompetent individuals. While these fungi are sibling species, C. gattii infects very few AIDS patients, while C. neoformans infection is an AIDS-defining illness, suggesting that the host response to HIV selects C. neoformans over C. gattii. We used a viral mimic molecule (pICLC) to stimulate the immune response, and pICLC treatment improved mouse outcomes from both species. pICLC-induced action against C. neoformans was due to activation of well-defined immune pathways known to deter C. neoformans, whereas these immune pathways were dispensable for pICLC treatment of C. gattii. Since these immune pathways are eventually destroyed by HIV/AIDS, our data help explain why the antiviral immune response in AIDS patients is unable to control C. neoformans infection but is protective against C. gattii. Furthermore, pICLC induced tighter control of iron in the lungs of mice, which inhibited C. gattii, thus suggesting an entirely new mode of nutritional immunity activated by viral signals. Cryptococcus neoformans causes deadly mycosis primarily in AIDS patients, whereas Cryptococcus gattii infects mostly non-HIV patients, even in regions with high burdens of HIV/AIDS and an established environmental presence of C. gattii. As HIV induces type I IFN (t1IFN), we hypothesized that t1IFN would differentially affect the outcome of C. neoformans and C. gattii infections. Exogenous t1IFN induction using stabilized poly(I·C) (pICLC) improved murine outcomes in either cryptococcal infection. In C. neoformans-infected mice, pICLC activity was associated with C. neoformans containment and classical Th1 immunity. In contrast, pICLC activity against C. gattii did not require any immune factors previously associated with C. neoformans immunity: T, B, and NK cells, IFN-γ, and macrophages were all dispensable. Interestingly, C. gattii pICLC activity depended on β-2-microglobulin, which impacts iron levels among other functions. Iron supplementation reversed pICLC activity, suggesting C. gattii pICLC activity requires iron limitation. Also, pICLC induced a set of iron control proteins, some of which were directly inhibitory to cryptococcus in vitro, suggesting t1IFN regulates iron availability in the pulmonary air space fluids. Thus, exogenous induction of t1IFN significantly improves the outcome of murine infection by C. gattii and C. neoformans but by distinct mechanisms; the C. gattii effect was mediated by iron limitation, while the effect on C. neoformans infection was through induction of classical T-cell-dependent immunity. Together this difference in types of T-cell-dependent t1IFN immunity for different Cryptococcus species suggests a possible mechanism by which HIV infection may select against C. gattii but not C. neoformans.
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18
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Guo Y, Chang Q, Cheng L, Xiong S, Jia X, Lin X, Zhao X. C-Type Lectin Receptor CD23 Is Required for Host Defense against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2427-2440. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Huang HR, Li F, Han H, Xu X, Li N, Wang S, Xu JF, Jia XM. Dectin-3 Recognizes Glucuronoxylomannan of Cryptococcus neoformans Serotype AD and Cryptococcus gattii Serotype B to Initiate Host Defense Against Cryptococcosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1781. [PMID: 30131805 PMCID: PMC6090260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii cause life-threatening meningoencephalitis or lung diseases in immunocompetent individuals or immunocompromised ones. C. neoformans and C. gattii are subdivided into five serotypes based on their capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). C. neoformans consists of serotypes A, D, and AD hybrid, and C. gattii consists of serotypes B and C. Given structural differences of GXM between C. neoformans and C. gattii, it remains unclear that how innate immune system recognizes GXM. Here, we report that C-type lectin receptor Dectin-3 (MCL encoded by Clec4d) is a direct receptor for GXMs from C. neoformans serotype AD (C.n-AD) and C. gattii serotype B (C.g-B). GXMs from C.n-AD and C.g-B activated NF-κB and ERK pathways to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, whereas it was completely abolished due to deficiency of Dectin-3 or caspase recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9). Upon pulmonary C.n-AD and C.g-B infection, Dectin-3- and CARD9-deficient mice were highly susceptible and showed augmented lung injury due to impairment of alveolar macrophage accumulation and killing activities. Our study provides the first biological and genetic evidence demonstrating that Dectin-3 recognizes GXM of C.n-AD and C.g-B to initiate host defense against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Rong Huang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Han
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunchun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Ming Jia
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Feldman MB, Vyas JM, Mansour MK. It takes a village: Phagocytes play a central role in fungal immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:16-23. [PMID: 29727727 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an essential step in the innate immune response to invasive fungal infections. This process is carried out by a proverbial "village" of professional phagocytic cells, which have evolved efficient machinery to recognize and ingest pathogens, namely macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. These innate immune cells drive early cytokine production, fungicidal activity, antigen presentation and activation of the adaptive immune system. Despite the development of antifungal agents with potent activity, the biological activity of professional phagocytic innate immune cells has proven indispensable in protecting a host from invasive fungal infections. Additionally, an emerging body of evidence suggests non-professional phagocytes, such as airway epithelial cells, carry out phagocytosis and may play a critical role in the elimination of fungal pathogens. Here, we review recent advances of phagocytosis by both professional and non-professional phagocytes in response to fungal pathogens, with a focus on invasive aspergillosis as a model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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22
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Differential In Vitro Cytokine Induction by the Species of Cryptococcus gattii Complex. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00958-17. [PMID: 29311248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00958-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal species vary in capsule and cell size, thermotolerance, geographic distribution, and affected populations. Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto and C. deuterogattii affect mainly immunocompetent hosts; however, C. bacillisporus, C. decagattii, and C. tetragattii cause infections mainly in immunocompromised hosts. This study aimed to compare the capacities of different species of the C. gattii species complex to induce cytokines and antimicrobial molecules in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cryptococcus bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii induced the lowest levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 among the five species of the C. gattii complex. Cryptococcus deuterogattii induced higher levels of IL-22 than those induced by C. tetragattii and the environmental species C. flavescens In addition, C. bacillisporus and C. gattii sensu stricto proliferated inside human monocyte-derived macrophages after 24 h of infection. All Cryptococcus species were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human PBMCs, with C. bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii being more efficient than the other species. In conclusion, C. bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii induce lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and higher ROS levels than those induced by the other species. Species of the Cryptococcus gattii complex have different abilities to induce cytokine and ROS production by human PBMCs.
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23
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Preite NW, Feriotti C, Souza de Lima D, da Silva BB, Condino-Neto A, Pontillo A, Calich VLG, Loures FV. The Syk-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors Dectin-2 and Dectin-3 Are Involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Recognition by Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:464. [PMID: 29616019 PMCID: PMC5869931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which have been extensively studied in the context of the immune response to viruses, have recently been implicated in host defense mechanisms against fungal infections. Nevertheless, the involvement of human pDCs during paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a fungal infection endemic to Latin America, has been scarcely studied. However, pDCs were found in the cutaneous lesions of PCM patients, and in pulmonary model of murine PCM these cells were shown to control disease severity. These findings led us to investigate the role of human pDCs in the innate phase of PCM. Moreover, considering our previous data on the engagement of diverse Toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors receptors in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis recognition, we decided to characterize the innate immune receptors involved in the interaction between human pDCs and yeast cells. Purified pDCs were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and they were stimulated with P. brasiliensis with or without blocking antibodies to innate immune receptors. Here we demonstrated that P. brasiliensis stimulation activates human pDCs that inhibit fungal growth and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. Surprisingly, P. brasiliensis-stimulated pDCs produce mature IL-1β and activate caspase 1, possibly via inflammasome activation, which is a phenomenon not yet described during pDC engagement by microorganisms. Importantly, we also demonstrate that dectin-2 and dectin-3 are expressed on pDCs and appear to be involved (via Syk signaling) in the pDC-P. brasiliensis interaction. Moreover, P. brasiliensis-stimulated pDCs exhibited an efficient antigen presentation and were able to effectively activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time that human pDCs are involved in P. brasiliensis recognition and may play an important role in the innate and adaptive immunity against this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nycolas Willian Preite
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dhêmerson Souza de Lima
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Borges da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio Condino-Neto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Pontillo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Wozniak KL. Interactions of Cryptococcus with Dendritic Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4010036. [PMID: 29543719 PMCID: PMC5872339 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii can cause life-threatening infections in immune compromised and immune competent hosts. These pathogens enter the host via inhalation, and respiratory tract innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the first host cells they encounter. The interactions between Cryptococcus and innate immune cells play a critical role in the progression of disease in the host. This review will focus specifically on the interactions between Cryptococcus and dendritic cells (DCs), including recognition/processing by DCs, effects of immune mediators on DC recruitment and activity, and the potential for DC vaccination against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Wozniak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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25
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Campuzano A, Wormley FL. Innate Immunity against Cryptococcus, from Recognition to Elimination. J Fungi (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29518906 PMCID: PMC5872336 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species, the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, are encapsulated fungal yeasts that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised individuals, and are responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Exposure follows the inhalation of the yeast into the lung alveoli, making it incumbent upon the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of pulmonary phagocytes to recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of fungi. The main challenges impeding the ability of pulmonary phagocytes to effectively recognize Cryptococcus include the presence of the yeast's large polysaccharide capsule, as well as other cryptococcal virulence factors that mask fungal PAMPs and help Cryptococcus evade detection and subsequent activation of the immune system. This review will highlight key phagocyte cell populations and the arsenal of PRRs present on these cells, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and soluble receptors. Additionally, we will highlight critical cryptococcal PAMPs involved in the recognition of Cryptococcus. The question remains as to which PRR-ligand interaction is necessary for the recognition, phagocytosis, and subsequent killing of Cryptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea Campuzano
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Floyd L Wormley
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Dutra FF, Albuquerque PC, Rodrigues ML, Fonseca FL. Warfare and defense: The host response to Cryptococcus infection. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Host response to pulmonary fungal infections: A highlight on cell-driven immunity to Cryptococcus species and Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:335-345. [PMID: 29430385 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Maldonado S, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Antifungal Activity of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and the Impact of Chronic HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1705. [PMID: 29255464 PMCID: PMC5723005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV can control viral replication and live longer lifespans than ever. However, HIV-positive individuals still face challenges to their health and well-being, including dysregulation of the immune system resulting from years of chronic immune activation, as well as opportunistic infections from pathogenic fungi. This review focuses on one of the key players in HIV immunology, the plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC), which links the innate and adaptive immune response and is notable for being the body’s most potent producer of type-I interferons (IFNs). During chronic HIV infection, the pDC compartment is greatly dysregulated, experiencing a substantial depletion in number and compromise in function. This immune dysregulation may leave patients further susceptible to opportunistic infections. This is especially important when considering a new role for pDCs currently emerging in the literature: in addition to their role in antiviral immunity, recent studies suggest that pDCs also play an important role in antifungal immunity. Supporting this new role, pDCs express C-type lectin receptors including dectin-1, dectin-2, dectin-3, and mannose receptor, and toll-like receptors-4 and -9 that are involved in recognition, signaling, and response to a wide variety of fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Accordingly, pDCs have been demonstrated to recognize and respond to certain pathogenic fungi, measured via activation, cytokine production, and fungistatic activity in vitro, while in vivo mouse models indicated a strikingly vital role for pDCs in survival against pulmonary Aspergillus challenge. Here, we discuss the role of the pDC compartment and the dysregulation it undergoes during chronic HIV infection, as well as what is known so far about the role and mechanisms of pDC antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Maldonado
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Patricia Fitzgerald-Bocarsly
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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Macrophage C-type lectin is essential for phagosome maturation and acidification during Escherichia coli -induced peritonitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1491-1497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ostrop J, Lang R. Contact, Collaboration, and Conflict: Signal Integration of Syk-Coupled C-Type Lectin Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1403-1414. [PMID: 28167651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several spleen tyrosine kinase-coupled C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) have emerged as important pattern recognition receptors for infectious danger. Because encounter with microbial pathogens leads to the simultaneous ligation of several CLRs and TLRs, the signals emanating from different pattern recognition receptors have to be integrated to achieve appropriate biological responses. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge about ligand recognition and core signaling by Syk-coupled CLRs. We then address mechanisms of synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between different CLRs and with TLRs. Emerging evidence suggests that signal integration occurs through 1) direct interaction between receptors, 2) regulation of expression levels and localization, and 3) collaborative or conflicting signaling interference. Accordingly, we aim to provide a conceptual framework for the complex and sometimes unexpected outcome of CLR ligation in bacterial and fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ostrop
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; .,Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; and
| | - Roland Lang
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Cryptococcus species are encapsulated fungi found in the environment that predominantly cause disease in immunocompromised hosts after inhalation into the lungs. Even with contemporary antifungal regimens, patients with cryptococcosis continue to have high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of more effective therapies may depend on our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the host promotes sterilizing immunity against the fungus. This review will highlight our current knowledge of how Cryptococcus, primarily the species C. neoformans, is sensed by the mammalian host and how subsequent signaling pathways direct the anti-cryptococcal response by effector cells of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena J Heung
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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