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Lohr T, Scheuplein NJ, Jenkins C, Norville I, Erk C, Stapf M, Kirchner L, Sarkar-Tyson M, Holzgrabe U. Identification of active main metabolites of anti-infective inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator protein by liquid chromatography using mass detection. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400032. [PMID: 38687906 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the development of anti-infectives with new mechanisms of action is crucial. Virulence factors such as the "macrophage infectivity potentiator" (Mip) protein, which catalyzes the folding of proline-containing proteins by means of their cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity, have come into focus as a potential new target. Since the inhibition of Mip by small molecules has been shown to lead to reduced virulence and survival in vitro, especially of Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng), or Coxiella burnetii (Cb), among many others, a library of Mip inhibitors was developed. As drug metabolism has a significant impact on the overall therapeutic outcome, this report describes the biotransformation of the most potent Mip inhibitors. Therefore, the anti-infectives were treated using human liver microsomes in vitro. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods were applied to identify the metabolites and quantify the metabolic degradation of the hit compounds. Active metabolites, N-oxides, were found, leading to new opportunities for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Isobel Norville
- DSTL, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - Christine Erk
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stapf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Iwasaki J, Bzdyl NM, Lin-Sullivan DJM, Scheuplein NJ, Dueñas ME, de Jong E, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Inhibition of macrophage infectivity potentiator in Burkholderia pseudomallei suppresses pro-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1353682. [PMID: 38590438 PMCID: PMC10999550 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1353682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Melioidosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease endemic in many tropical countries globally. Clinical presentation is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal septicemia, and thus the outcome of infection can depend on the host immune responses. The aims of this study were to firstly, characterize the macrophage immune response to B. pseudomallei and secondly, to determine whether the immune response was modified in the presence of novel inhibitors targeting the virulence factor, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein. We hypothesized that inhibition of Mip in B. pseudomallei would disarm the bacteria and result in a host beneficial immune response. Methods Murine macrophage J774A.1 cells were infected with B. pseudomallei K96243 in the presence of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Mip protein. RNA-sequencing was performed on infected cells four hours post-infection. Secreted cytokines and lactose dehydrogenase were measured in cell culture supernatants 24 hours post-infection. Viable, intracellular B. pseudomallei in macrophages were also enumerated 24 hours post-infection. Results Global transcriptional profiling of macrophages infected with B. pseudomallei by RNA-seq demonstrated upregulation of immune-associated genes, in particular a significant enrichment of genes in the TNF signaling pathway. Treatment of B. pseudomallei-infected macrophages with the Mip inhibitor, AN_CH_37 resulted in a 5.3-fold reduction of il1b when compared to cells treated with DMSO, which the inhibitors were solubilized in. A statistically significant reduction in IL-1β levels in culture supernatants was seen 24 hours post-infection with AN_CH_37, as well as other pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and TNF-α. Treatment with AN_CH_37 also reduced the survival of B. pseudomallei in macrophages after 24 hours which was accompanied by a significant reduction in B. pseudomallei-induced cytotoxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release. Discussion These data highlight the potential to utilize Mip inhibitors in reducing potentially harmful pro-inflammatory responses resulting from B. pseudomallei infection in macrophages. This could be of significance since overstimulation of pro-inflammatory responses can result in immunopathology, tissue damage and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dion J. M. Lin-Sullivan
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Emma de Jong
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Wiedemann C, Whittaker JJ, Pérez Carrillo VH, Goretzki B, Dajka M, Tebbe F, Harder JM, Krajczy PR, Joseph B, Hausch F, Guskov A, Hellmich UA. Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator protein appendage domains modulate protein dynamics and inhibitor binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126366. [PMID: 37633566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP) proteins are widespread in human pathogens including Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease and protozoans such as Trypanosoma cruzi. All MIP proteins contain a FKBP (FK506 binding protein)-like prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase domain that hence presents an attractive drug target. Some MIPs such as the Legionella pneumophila protein (LpMIP) have additional appendage domains of mostly unknown function. In full-length, homodimeric LpMIP, the N-terminal dimerization domain is linked to the FKBP-like domain via a long, free-standing stalk helix. Combining X-ray crystallography, NMR and EPR spectroscopy and SAXS, we elucidated the importance of the stalk helix for protein dynamics and inhibitor binding to the FKBP-like domain and bidirectional crosstalk between the different protein regions. The first comparison of a microbial MIP and a human FKBP in complex with the same synthetic inhibitor was made possible by high-resolution structures of LpMIP with a [4.3.1]-aza-bicyclic sulfonamide and provides a basis for designing pathogen-selective inhibitors. Through stereospecific methylation, the affinity of inhibitors to L. pneumophila and T. cruzi MIP was greatly improved. The resulting X-ray inhibitor-complex structures of LpMIP and TcMIP at 1.49 and 1.34 Å, respectively, provide a starting point for developing potent inhibitors against MIPs from multiple pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiedemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J J Whittaker
- Groningen Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - V H Pérez Carrillo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - B Goretzki
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M Dajka
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - F Tebbe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J-M Harder
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - P R Krajczy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - F Hausch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Guskov
- Groningen Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - U A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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4
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Deutscher RCE, Safa Karagöz M, Purder PL, Kolos JM, Meyners C, Oki Sugiarto W, Krajczy P, Tebbe F, Geiger TM, Ünal C, Hellmich UA, Steinert M, Hausch F. [4.3.1]Bicyclic FKBP Ligands Inhibit Legionella Pneumophila Infection by LpMip-Dependent and LpMip-Independent Mechanisms. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300442. [PMID: 37489700 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a serious form of pneumonia. Its macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip), a member of a highly conserved family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), plays a major role in the proliferation of the gram-negative bacterium in host organisms. In this work, we test our library of >1000 FKBP-focused ligands for inhibition of LpMip. The [4.3.1]-bicyclic sulfonamide turned out as a highly preferred scaffold and provided the most potent LpMip inhibitors known so far. Selected compounds were non-toxic to human cells, displayed antibacterial activity and block bacterial proliferation in cellular infection-assays as well as infectivity in human lung tissue explants. The results confirm [4.3.1]-bicyclic sulfonamides as anti-legionellal agents, although their anti-infective properties cannot be explained by inhibition of LpMip alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C E Deutscher
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick L Purder
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Kolos
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wisely Oki Sugiarto
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patryk Krajczy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frederike Tebbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Germany, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas M Geiger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Can Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Germany, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankurt/Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Lohr T, Kibble EA, Hasenkopf A, Herbst C, Sarkar-Tyson M, Holzgrabe U. Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Inhibitors of the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (Mip) Proteins of Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Med Chem 2023; 66:8876-8895. [PMID: 37389560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein is a promising target for developing new drugs to combat antimicrobial resistance. New rapamycin-derived Mip inhibitors have been designed that may be able to combine two binding modes to inhibit the Mip protein of Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpMip). These novel compounds are characterized by an additional substituent in the middle chain linking the lateral pyridine to the pipecoline moiety, constituting different stereoisomers. These compounds demonstrated high affinity for the BpMip protein in the nanomolar range and high anti-enzymatic activity and ultimately resulted in significantly reduced cytotoxicity of B. pseudomallei in macrophages. They also displayed strong anti-enzymatic activity against the Mip proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and substantially improved the ability of macrophages to kill the bacteria. Hence, the new Mip inhibitors are promising, non-cytotoxic candidates for further testing against a broad spectrum of pathogens and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 1, 620 High Street, Kew, Victoria 3101, Australia
| | - Anja Hasenkopf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carina Herbst
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Debowski AW, Bzdyl NM, Thomas DR, Scott NE, Jenkins CH, Iwasaki J, Kibble EA, Khoo CA, Scheuplein NJ, Seibel PM, Lohr T, Metters G, Bond CS, Norville IH, Stubbs KA, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Newton HJ, Sarkar-Tyson M. Macrophage infectivity potentiator protein, a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, essential for Coxiella burnetii growth and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011491. [PMID: 37399210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes the debilitating disease Q fever, which affects both animals and humans. The only available human vaccine, Q-Vax, is effective but has a high risk of severe adverse reactions, limiting its use as a countermeasure to contain outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to identify new drug targets to treat this infection. Macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins catalyse the folding of proline-containing proteins through their peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and have been shown to play an important role in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. To date the role of the Mip protein in C. burnetii pathogenesis has not been investigated. This study demonstrates that CbMip is likely to be an essential protein in C. burnetii. The pipecolic acid derived compounds, SF235 and AN296, which have shown utility in targeting other Mip proteins from pathogenic bacteria, demonstrate inhibitory activities against CbMip. These compounds were found to significantly inhibit intracellular replication of C. burnetii in both HeLa and THP-1 cells. Furthermore, SF235 and AN296 were also found to exhibit antibiotic properties against both the virulent (Phase I) and avirulent (Phase II) forms of C. burnetii Nine Mile Strain in axenic culture. Comparative proteomics, in the presence of AN296, revealed alterations in stress responses with H2O2 sensitivity assays validating that Mip inhibition increases the sensitivity of C. burnetii to oxidative stress. In addition, SF235 and AN296 were effective in vivo and significantly improved the survival of Galleria mellonella infected with C. burnetii. These results suggest that unlike in other bacteria, Mip in C. burnetii is required for replication and that the development of more potent inhibitors against CbMip is warranted and offer potential as novel therapeutics against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra W Debowski
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 1, Kew, Australia
| | - Chen Ai Khoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela M Seibel
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georgie Metters
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Scheuplein NJ, Lohr T, Vivoli Vega M, Ankrett D, Seufert F, Kirchner L, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U. Fluorescent probe for the identification of potent inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein of Burkholderia pseudomallei. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:211-222. [PMID: 37001588 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein belongs to the immunophilin superfamily. This class of enzymes catalyzes the interconversion between the cis and trans configuration of proline-containing peptide bonds. Mip has been shown to be important for the virulence of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Small molecules derived from the natural product rapamycin, lacking its immunosuppression-inducing moiety, inhibit Mip's peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and lead to a reduction in pathogen load in vitro. Here, a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) to enable the screening and effective development of BpMip inhibitors was established. A fluorescent probe was prepared, derived from previous pipecolic scaffold Mip inhibitors labeled with fluorescein. This probe showed moderate affinity for BpMip and enabled a highly robust FPA suitable for screening large compound libraries with medium- to high-throughput (Z factor ∼ 0.89) to identify potent new inhibitors. The FPA results are consistent with data from the protease-coupled PPIase assay. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the probe's binding highlighted that BpMip's ligand binding is driven by enthalpic rather than entropic effects. This has considerable consequences for the use of low-temperature kinetic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Julian Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Dyan Ankrett
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Florian Seufert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
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8
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Scheithauer L, Karagöz MS, Mayer BE, Steinert M. Protein sociology of ProA, Mip and other secreted virulence factors at the Legionella pneumophila surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140688. [PMID: 36936764 PMCID: PMC10017501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of L. pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, depends on an arsenal of interacting proteins. Here we describe how surface-associated and secreted virulence factors of this pathogen interact with each other or target extra- and intracellular host proteins resulting in host cell manipulation and tissue colonization. Since progress of computational methods like AlphaFold, molecular dynamics simulation, and docking allows to predict, analyze and evaluate experimental proteomic and interactomic data, we describe how the combination of these approaches generated new insights into the multifaceted "protein sociology" of the zinc metalloprotease ProA and the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator). Both virulence factors of L. pneumophila interact with numerous proteins including bacterial flagellin (FlaA) and host collagen, and play important roles in virulence regulation, host tissue degradation and immune evasion. The recent progress in protein-ligand analyses of virulence factors suggests that machine learning will also have a beneficial impact in early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Scheithauer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benjamin E. Mayer
- Computational Biology & Simulation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Steinert,
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Abstract
The soil saprophyte, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic in South East Asia and northern Australia. Exposure to B. pseudomallei by either inhalation or inoculation can lead to severe disease. B. pseudomallei rapidly shifts from an environmental organism to an aggressive intracellular pathogen capable of rapidly spreading around the body. The expression of multiple virulence factors at every stage of intracellular infection allows for rapid progression of infection. Following invasion or phagocytosis, B. pseudomallei resists host-cell killing mechanisms in the phagosome, followed by escape using the type III secretion system. Several secreted virulence factors manipulate the host cell, while bacterial cells undergo a shift in energy metabolism allowing for overwhelming intracellular replication. Polymerisation of host cell actin into “actin tails” propels B. pseudomallei to the membranes of host cells where the type VI secretion system fuses host cells into multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) to facilitate cell-to-cell dissemination. This review describes the various mechanisms used by B. pseudomallei to survive within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Bzdyl
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Clare L Moran
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Justine Bendo
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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10
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Christodoulides M. Update on the Neisseria Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator-Like PPIase Protein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:861489. [PMID: 35392612 PMCID: PMC8981591 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.861489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria pathogens express a Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator Protein (MIP), which belongs to the FK506 binding protein (FKBP) family of proteins that exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Neisseria MIP proteins are potential candidates for inclusion into vaccines for gonorrhoea caused by N. gonorrhoeae infection, and meningitis/sepsis caused by M. meningitidis infection. Neisseria MIP proteins are also potential targets for directed drug treatments, although this remains relatively unexplored. In this mini-review, we provide an update into the vaccine potential of Neisseria MIP and the few published drug targeting studies, and explore further the diversity of this protein amongst both pathogenic and commensal Neisseria spp.
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11
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Iwasaki J, Lorimer DD, Vivoli-Vega M, Kibble EA, Peacock CS, Abendroth J, Mayclin SJ, Dranow DM, Pierce PG, Fox D, Lewis M, Bzdyl NM, Kristensen SS, Inglis TJJ, Kahler CM, Bond CS, Hasenkopf A, Seufert F, Schmitz J, Marshall LE, Scott AE, Norville IH, Myler PJ, Holzgrabe U, Harmer NJ, Sarkar-Tyson M. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1625-1634. [PMID: 35245364 PMCID: PMC9155639 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Donald D. Lorimer
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Mirella Vivoli-Vega
- Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Emily A. Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 2, 24 Wakefield St, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Christopher S. Peacock
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Stephen J. Mayclin
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - David M. Dranow
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Phillip G. Pierce
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - David Fox
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Beryllium, Inc., 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Maria Lewis
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Nicole M. Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Sofie S. Kristensen
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Timothy J. J. Inglis
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Anja Hasenkopf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seufert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schmitz
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura E. Marshall
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Andrew E. Scott
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6008, Australia
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Huang Q, Yang J, Li C, Song Y, Zhu Y, Zhao N, Mou X, Tang X, Luo G, Tong A, Sun B, Tang H, Li H, Bai L, Bao R. Structural characterization of PaFkbA: A periplasmic chaperone from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2460-2467. [PMID: 34025936 PMCID: PMC8113782 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Mip-like FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) mostly exhibit peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities. These activities are associated with various intracellular functions with diverse molecular mechanisms. Herein, we report the PA3262 gene-encoded crystal structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1's Mip-like protein PaFkbA. Biochemical characterization of PaFkbA demonstrated PaFkbA's chaperone activity for periplasmic protein MucD, a negative regulator of alginate biosynthesis. Furthermore, structural analysis of PaFkbA was used to describe the key features of PaFkbA chaperone activity. The outcomes of this analysis showed that the hinge region in the connecting helix of PaFbkA leads to the crucial conformational state transition for PaFkbA activity. Besides, the N-terminal domains participated in dimerization, and revealed its potential connection with FKBP domain and substrate binding. Mutagenesis and chaperone activity assay supported the theory that inter-domain motions are essential for PaFkbA function. These results provide biochemical and structural insights into the mechanism for FKBP's chaperone activity and establish a plausible correlation between PaFkbA and P. aeruginosa MucD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changcheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ninglin Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Mou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Guihua Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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13
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Zhang F, Li B, Dong H, Chen M, Yao S, Li J, Zhang H, Liu X, Wang H, Song N, Zhang K, Du N, Xu S, Gu L. YdiV regulates Escherichia coli ferric uptake by manipulating the DNA-binding ability of Fur in a SlyD-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9571-9588. [PMID: 32813023 PMCID: PMC7515728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for all bacteria. In most bacteria, intracellular iron homeostasis is tightly regulated by the ferric uptake regulator Fur. However, how Fur activates the iron-uptake system during iron deficiency is not fully elucidated. In this study, we found that YdiV, the flagella gene inhibitor, is involved in iron homeostasis in Escherichia coli. Iron deficiency triggers overexpression of YdiV. High levels of YdiV then transforms Fur into a novel form which does not bind DNA in a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase SlyD dependent manner. Thus, the cooperation of YdiV, SlyD and Fur activates the gene expression of iron-uptake systems under conditions of iron deficiency. Bacterial invasion assays also demonstrated that both ydiV and slyD are necessary for the survival and growth of uropathogenic E. coli in bladder epithelial cells. This reveals a mechanism where YdiV not only represses flagella expression to make E. coli invisible to the host immune system, but it also promotes iron acquisition to help E. coli overcome host nutritional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Shun Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, P.R. China
| | - Kundi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Ning Du
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, P.R. China
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14
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Scheuplein NJ, Bzdyl NM, Kibble EA, Lohr T, Holzgrabe U, Sarkar-Tyson M. Targeting Protein Folding: A Novel Approach for the Treatment of Pathogenic Bacteria. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13355-13388. [PMID: 32786507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, exacerbated by increasing antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species. The development of drugs with new modes of action is essential. A leading strategy is antivirulence, with the aim to target bacterial proteins that are important in disease causation and progression but do not affect growth, resulting in reduced selective pressure for resistance. Immunophilins, a superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) enzymes have been shown to be important for virulence in a broad-spectrum of pathogenic bacteria. This Perspective will provide an overview of the recent advances made in understanding the role of each immunophilin family, cyclophilins, FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs), and parvulins in bacteria. Inhibitor design and medicinal chemistry strategies for development of novel drugs against bacterial FKBPs will be discussed. Furthermore, drugs against human cyclophilins and parvulins will be reviewed in their current indication as antiviral and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia.,School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 6150 Murdoch, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 6009 Perth, Australia
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15
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Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase ppiB Is Essential for Proteome Homeostasis and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00528-19. [PMID: 31331957 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00528-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Mortality rates in these areas are high even with antimicrobial treatment, and there are few options for effective therapy. Therefore, there is a need to identify antibacterial targets for the development of novel treatments. Cyclophilins are a family of highly conserved enzymes important in multiple cellular processes. Cyclophilins catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of xaa-proline bonds, a rate-limiting step in protein folding which has been shown to be important for bacterial virulence. B. pseudomallei carries a putative cyclophilin B gene, ppiB, the role of which was investigated. A B. pseudomallei ΔppiB (BpsΔppiB) mutant strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation and reduced motility. Macrophage invasion and survival assays showed that although the BpsΔppiB strain retained the ability to infect macrophages, it had reduced survival and lacked the ability to spread cell to cell, indicating ppiB is essential for B. pseudomallei virulence. This is reflected in the BALB/c mouse infection model, demonstrating the requirement of ppiB for in vivo disease dissemination and progression. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that the loss of PpiB leads to pleiotropic effects, supporting the role of PpiB in maintaining proteome homeostasis. The loss of PpiB leads to decreased abundance of multiple virulence determinants, including flagellar machinery and alterations in type VI secretion system proteins. In addition, the loss of ppiB leads to increased sensitivity toward multiple antibiotics, including meropenem and doxycycline, highlighting ppiB inhibition as a promising antivirulence target to both treat B. pseudomallei infections and increase antibiotic efficacy.
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16
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Peptidyl-Prolyl- cis/ trans-Isomerases Mip and PpiB of Legionella pneumophila Contribute to Surface Translocation, Growth at Suboptimal Temperature, and Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00939-17. [PMID: 30323027 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00939-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammaproteobacterium Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, an atypical pneumonia that manifests itself with severe lung damage. L. pneumophila, a common inhabitant of freshwater environments, replicates in free-living amoebae and persists in biofilms in natural and man-made water systems. Its environmental versatility is reflected in its ability to survive and grow within a broad temperature range as well as its capability to colonize and infect a wide range of hosts, including protozoa and humans. Peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases) are multifunctional proteins that are mainly involved in protein folding and secretion in bacteria. In L. pneumophila the surface-associated PPIase Mip was shown to facilitate the establishment of the intracellular infection cycle in its early stages. The cytoplasmic PpiB was shown to promote cold tolerance. Here, we set out to analyze the interrelationship of these two relevant PPIases in the context of environmental fitness and infection. We demonstrate that the PPIases Mip and PpiB are important for surfactant-dependent sliding motility and adaptation to suboptimal temperatures, features that contribute to the environmental fitness of L. pneumophila Furthermore, they contribute to infection of the natural host Acanthamoeba castellanii as well as human macrophages and human explanted lung tissue. These effects were additive in the case of sliding motility or synergistic in the case of temperature tolerance and infection, as assessed by the behavior of the double mutant. Accordingly, we propose that Mip and PpiB are virulence modulators of L. pneumophila with compensatory action and pleiotropic effects.
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17
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Wlodek A, Kendrew SG, Coates NJ, Hold A, Pogwizd J, Rudder S, Sheehan LS, Higginbotham SJ, Stanley-Smith AE, Warneck T, Nur-E-Alam M, Radzom M, Martin CJ, Overvoorde L, Samborskyy M, Alt S, Heine D, Carter GT, Graziani EI, Koehn FE, McDonald L, Alanine A, Rodríguez Sarmiento RM, Chao SK, Ratni H, Steward L, Norville IH, Sarkar-Tyson M, Moss SJ, Leadlay PF, Wilkinson B, Gregory MA. Diversity oriented biosynthesis via accelerated evolution of modular gene clusters. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1206. [PMID: 29089518 PMCID: PMC5663706 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythromycin, avermectin and rapamycin are clinically useful polyketide natural products produced on modular polyketide synthase multienzymes by an assembly-line process in which each module of enzymes in turn specifies attachment of a particular chemical unit. Although polyketide synthase encoding genes have been successfully engineered to produce novel analogues, the process can be relatively slow, inefficient, and frequently low-yielding. We now describe a method for rapidly recombining polyketide synthase gene clusters to replace, add or remove modules that, with high frequency, generates diverse and highly productive assembly lines. The method is exemplified in the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster where, in a single experiment, multiple strains were isolated producing new members of a rapamycin-related family of polyketides. The process mimics, but significantly accelerates, a plausible mechanism of natural evolution for modular polyketide synthases. Detailed sequence analysis of the recombinant genes provides unique insight into the design principles for constructing useful synthetic assembly-line multienzymes. Reengineering polyketide synthase encoding genes to produce analogues of natural products can be slow and low-yielding. Here the authors use accelerated evolution to recombine the gene cluster for rapid production of rapamycin-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wlodek
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Steve G Kendrew
- Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Engineered Biodesign Limited, Cambridge, CB22 3GN, UK
| | - Nigel J Coates
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Adam Hold
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Joanna Pogwizd
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Steven Rudder
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Lesley S Sheehan
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | | | - Anna E Stanley-Smith
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Tony Warneck
- Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Markus Radzom
- Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,BASF SE, Speyerer Str. 2, Limburgerhof, 67117, Germany
| | - Christine J Martin
- Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Lois Overvoorde
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Markiyan Samborskyy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Silke Alt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel Heine
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Guy T Carter
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Edmund I Graziani
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA.,Medicine Discovery Network-Synthetic Biology, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Frank E Koehn
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Leonard McDonald
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Alexander Alanine
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (PRED), Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | | | - Suzan Keen Chao
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (PRED), Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Hasane Ratni
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (PRED), Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Lucinda Steward
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development (PRED), Basel, CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, PO17 6AD, UK
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, PO17 6AD, UK.,Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Monash Avenue, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Steven J Moss
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Barrie Wilkinson
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK. .,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Matthew A Gregory
- Isomerase Therapeutics Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK. .,Biotica Technology Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK.
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18
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Vivoli M, Renou J, Chevalier A, Norville IH, Diaz S, Juli C, Atkins H, Holzgrabe U, Renard PY, Sarkar-Tyson M, Harmer NJ. A miniaturized peptidyl-prolyl isomerase enzyme assay. Anal Biochem 2017; 536:59-68. [PMID: 28803887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl-peptidyl isomerases (PPIases) are enzymes that are found in all living organisms. They form an essential part of the cellular protein folding homeostasis machinery. PPIases are associated with many important human diseases, e.g. cardiovascular disease, cancer and Alzheimer's. The development of novel PPIase inhibitors has been limited by the lack of a rapid, laboratory-based assay for these enzymes, as their substrates and products are challenging to distinguish. A well described continuous assay, coupled with the hydrolysis of a peptide by chymotrypsin is highly effective, but comparatively slow. To address this, we developed an improved version of the traditional assay using a temperature controlled plate reader. This assay allows semi-automated medium throughput assays in an academic laboratory for 84 samples per day. The assay shows lower errors, with an average Z' of 0.72. We further developed the assay using a fluorogenic peptide-based FRET probe. This provides an extremely sensitive PPIase assay using substrate at 200 nM, which approaches single turnover conditions. The fluorescent probe achieves an excellent quenching efficiency of 98.6%, and initial experiments showed acceptable Z' of 0.31 and 0.30 for cyclophilin A and hFKBP12 respectively. The assays provide an improved toolset for the quantitative, biochemical analysis of PPIases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vivoli
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Renou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CNRS, INSAREOUEN, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, 1 rue Tesnière 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevalier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CNRS, INSAREOUEN, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, 1 rue Tesnière 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Suraya Diaz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Juli
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 970074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helen Atkins
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 970074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, CNRS, INSAREOUEN, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, 1 rue Tesnière 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom; Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
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Seufert F, Kuhn M, Hein M, Weiwad M, Vivoli M, Norville IH, Sarkar-Tyson M, Marshall LE, Schweimer K, Bruhn H, Rösch P, Harmer NJ, Sotriffer CA, Holzgrabe U. Development, synthesis and structure-activity-relationships of inhibitors of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins of Legionella pneumophila and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5134-5147. [PMID: 27591009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and Legionella pneumophila cause severe diseases like melioidosis and Legionnaire's disease with high mortality rates despite antibiotic treatment. Due to increasing antibiotic resistances against these and other Gram-negative bacteria, alternative therapeutical strategies are in urgent demand. As a virulence factor, the macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein constitutes an attractive target. The Mip proteins of B. pseudomallei and L. pneumophila exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and belong to the PPIase superfamily. In previous studies, the pipecolic acid moiety proved to be a valuable scaffold for inhibiting this PPIase activity. Thus, a library of pipecolic acid derivatives was established guided by structural information and computational analyses of the binding site and possible binding modes. Stability and toxicity considerations were taken into account in iterative extensions of the library. Synthesis and evaluation of the compounds in PPIase assays resulted in highly active inhibitors. The activities can be interpreted in terms of a common binding mode obtained by docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Seufert
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kuhn
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hein
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiwad
- Research Center for Enzymology of Proteinfolding, Max-Planck-Institute Halle, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mirella Vivoli
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom; Marshall Center for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura E Marshall
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Schweimer
- Department of Biopolymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heike Bruhn
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Rösch
- Department of Biopolymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Christoph A Sotriffer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Skagia A, Zografou C, Vezyri E, Venieraki A, Katinakis P, Dimou M. Cyclophilin PpiB is involved in motility and biofilm formation via its functional association with certain proteins. Genes Cells 2016; 21:833-51. [PMID: 27306110 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PpiB belongs to the superfamily of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases, EC: 5.2.1.8), which catalyze the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl-prolyl bonds and control several biological processes. In this study, we show that PpiB acts as a negative effector of motility and biofilm formation ability of Escherichia coli. We identify multicopy suppressors of each ΔppiB phenotype among putative PpiB prey proteins which upon deletion are often characterized by analogous phenotypes. Many putative preys show similar gene expression in wild-type and ΔppiB genetic backgrounds implying possible post-translational modifications by PpiB. We further conducted in vivo and in vitro interaction screens to determine which of them represent true preys. For DnaK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, biotin carboxylase subunit (AccC) and phosphate acetyltransferase (Pta) we also showed a direct role of PpiB in the functional control of these proteins because it increased the measured enzyme activity of each protein and further interfered with DnaK localization and the correct folding of AccC. Taken together, these results indicate that PpiB is involved in diverse regulatory mechanisms to negatively modulate motility and biofilm formation via its functional association with certain protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Skagia
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Zografou
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Vezyri
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Venieraki
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katinakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dimou
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
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21
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Jenner D, Ducker C, Clark G, Prior J, Rowland CA. Using multispectral imaging flow cytometry to assess an in vitro intracellular Burkholderia thailandensis infection model. Cytometry A 2016; 89:328-37. [PMID: 26841315 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro models to understand the interaction of bacteria with host cells is well established. In vitro bacterial infection models are often used to quantify intracellular bacterial load by lysing cell populations and subsequently enumerating the bacteria. Modern established techniques employ the use of fluorescence technologies such as flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and/or confocal microscopy. However, these techniques often lack either the quantification of large data sets (microscopy) or use of gross fluorescence signal which lacks the visual confirmation that can provide additional confidence in data sets. Multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) is a novel emerging field of technology. This technology captures a bright field and fluorescence image of cells in a flow using a charged coupled device camera. It allows the analysis of tens of thousands of single cell images, making it an extremely powerful technology. Here MIFC was used as an alternative method of analyzing intracellular bacterial infection using Burkholderia thailandensis E555 as a model organism. It has been demonstrated that the data produced using traditional enumeration is comparable to data analyzed using MIFC. It has also been shown that by using MIFC it is possible to generate other data on the dynamics of the infection model rather than viable counts alone. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to inhibit the uptake of bacteria into mammalian cells and identify differences between treated and untreated cell populations. The authors believe this to be the first use of MIFC to analyze a Burkholderia bacterial species during intracellular infection. © 2016 Crown copyright. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Ducker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Kent, Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Clark
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Rowland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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22
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Humbert MV, Almonacid Mendoza HL, Jackson AC, Hung MC, Bielecka MK, Heckels JE, Christodoulides M. Vaccine potential of bacterial macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP)-like peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) proteins. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1633-49. [PMID: 26468663 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1095638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a superfamily of proteins ubiquitously distributed among living organisms, which function primarily to assist the folding and structuring of unfolded and partially folded polypeptide chains and proteins. In this review, we focus specifically on the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator (MIP)-like PPIases, which are members of the immunophilin family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBP). MIP-like PPIases have accessory roles in virulence and are candidates for inclusion in vaccines protective against both animal and human bacterial pathogens. A structural vaccinology approach obviates any issues over molecular mimicry and potential cross-reactivity with human FKBP proteins and studies with a representative antigen, the Neisseria meningitidis-MIP, support this strategy. Moreover, a dual approach of vaccination and drug targeting could be considered for controlling bacterial infectious diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Humbert
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Hannia L Almonacid Mendoza
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Alexandra C Jackson
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Miao-Chiu Hung
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Magdalena K Bielecka
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - John E Heckels
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- a Neisseria Research, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories , University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine , Southampton , UK
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23
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Santiago AE, Mann BJ, Qin A, Cunningham AL, Cole LE, Grassel C, Vogel SN, Levine MM, Barry EM. Characterization of Francisella tularensis Schu S4 defined mutants as live-attenuated vaccine candidates. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv036. [PMID: 25986219 PMCID: PMC4462183 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (Ft), the etiological agent of tularemia and a Tier 1 select agent, has been previously weaponized and remains a high priority for vaccine development. Ft tularensis (type A) and Ft holarctica (type B) cause most human disease. We selected six attenuating genes from the live vaccine strain (LVS; type B), F. novicida and other intracellular bacteria: FTT0507, FTT0584, FTT0742, FTT1019c (guaA), FTT1043 (mip) and FTT1317c (guaB) and created unmarked deletion mutants of each in the highly human virulent Ft strain Schu S4 (Type A) background. FTT0507, FTT0584, FTT0742 and FTT1043 Schu S4 mutants were not attenuated for virulence in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, Schu S4 gua mutants were unable to replicate in murine macrophages and were attenuated in vivo, with an i.n. LD50 > 105 CFU in C57BL/6 mice. However, the gua mutants failed to protect mice against lethal challenge with WT Schu S4, despite demonstrating partial protection in rabbits in a previous study. These results contrast with the highly protective capacity of LVS gua mutants against a lethal LVS challenge in mice, and underscore differences between these strains and the animal models in which they are evaluated, and therefore have important implications for vaccine development. Mutations in guanine biosynthesis genes, but not in four other hypothetical virulence factors in highly virulent Francisella tularensis strain Schu S4 resulted in attenuation in macrophage replication and mouse virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E Santiago
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Barbara J Mann
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aiping Qin
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aimee L Cunningham
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Leah E Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christen Grassel
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eileen M Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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24
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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25
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Lawrence P, Bey R. Map-based comparative genomic analysis of virulent haemophilus parasuis serovars 4 and 5. J Genomics 2015; 3:59-71. [PMID: 25874016 PMCID: PMC4379386 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.10924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is a commensal bacterium of the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs. However, in conjunction with viral infections in immunocompromised animals H. parasuis can transform into a pathogen that is responsible for causing Glasser's disease which is typically characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis and sometimes acute pneumonia and septicemia in pigs. Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5 is highly virulent and more frequently isolated from respiratory and systemic infection in pigs. Recently a highly virulent H. parasuis serovar 4 was isolated from the tissues of diseased pigs. To understand the differences in virulence and virulence-associated genes between H. parasuis serovar 5 and highly virulent H. parasuis serovar 4 strains, a genomic library was generated by TruSeq preparation and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 2000 obtaining 50 bp PE reads. A three-way comparative genomic analysis was conducted between two highly virulent H. parasuis serovar 4 strains and H. parasuis serovar 5. Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5 GenBank isolate SH0165 (GenBank accession number CP001321.1) was used as reference strain for assembly. Results of these analysis revealed the highly virulent H. parasuis serovar 4 lacks genes encoding for, glycosyl transferases, polysaccharide biosynthesis protein capD, spore coat polysaccharide biosynthesis protein C, polysaccharide export protein and sialyltransferase which can modify the lipopolysaccharide forming a short-chain LPS lacking O-specific polysaccharide chains often referred to as lipooligosaccharide (LOS). In addition, it can modify the outer membrane protein (OMP) structure. The lack of sialyltransferase significantly reduced the amount of sialic acid incorporated into LOS, a major and essential component of the cell wall and an important virulence determinant. These molecules may be involved in various stages of pathogenesis through molecular mimicry and by causing host cell cytotoxicity, reduced inflammatory and immunological response to infection with this organism. The mechanism by which sialyation of LPS contributes to virulence is a key to understanding the pathogenesis of this highly virulent H. parasuis serovar 4. This analysis also revealed the presence of virulence associated genes similar to the MerR family transcriptional regulators, macrophage infectivity potentiator protein, hemolysin, opacity associated protein, toxin antitoxin system, and virulence associated protein D and colicins. Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 variants also possess extensive metal ion uptake and regulation mechanism which controls various virulence and virulence associated genes. A combination of virulence associated factors and/or genes and proteins with overlapping functions may be responsible for the apparent enhanced virulence of this organism. The extensive structural modification of LOS and OMP of variant H. parasuis serovar 4 strains appear to aid in nasal colonization, are associated with the organisms' ability to evade the host immune response and provide serum-resistance. In addition, the combination of capsule modification and phase variation due to LOS substitutions could help variant H. parasuis serovar 4 transform into a highly virulent pathogen. Based on these results, the variant H. parasuis serovar 4 strains harbor a diverse repertoire of virulence associated genes which have not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulraj Lawrence
- Newport Laboratories Inc., Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Russell Bey
- Newport Laboratories Inc., Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
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26
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Zhu Y, Chen M, Gong Y, Liu Z, Li A, Kang D, Han F, Liu J, Liu J, Yuan Y. Helicobacter pylori FKBP-type PPIase promotes gastric epithelial cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth through activation of ERK-mediated mitogenic signaling pathway. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv023. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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27
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Ünal CM, Steinert M. FKBPs in bacterial infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:2096-102. [PMID: 25529296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) contain a domain with peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) activity and bind the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin. FKBPs belong to the immunophilin family and are found in eukaryotes and bacteria. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we describe two major groups of bacterial virulence-associated FKBPs, the trigger factor and Mip-like PPIases. Moreover, we discuss the contribution of host FKBPs in bacterial infection processes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since PPIases are regarded as alternative antiinfective drug targets we highlight current research strategies utilizing pipecolinic acid and cycloheximide derivatives as well as substrate based inhibitors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current research strategies suggest a beneficial synergism of drug development and basic research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can M Ünal
- Türk-Alman Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Istanbul, Turkey; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Braunschweig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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28
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Stone JK, DeShazer D, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN. Melioidosis: molecular aspects of pathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1487-99. [PMID: 25312349 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.970634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that causes melioidosis, a multifaceted disease that is highly endemic in southeast Asia and northern Australia. This facultative intracellular pathogen possesses a large genome that encodes a wide array of virulence factors that promote survival in vivo by manipulating host cell processes and disarming elements of the host immune system. Antigens and systems that play key roles in B. pseudomallei virulence include capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, adhesins, specialized secretion systems, actin-based motility and various secreted factors. This review provides an overview of the current and steadily expanding knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms used by this organism to survive within a host and their contribution to the pathogenesis of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, 610 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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29
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Ireland PM, McMahon RM, Marshall LE, Halili M, Furlong E, Tay S, Martin JL, Sarkar-Tyson M. Disarming Burkholderia pseudomallei: structural and functional characterization of a disulfide oxidoreductase (DsbA) required for virulence in vivo. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:606-17. [PMID: 23901809 PMCID: PMC3901323 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei causes the disease melioidosis, a major source of morbidity and mortality in southeast Asia and northern Australia. The need to develop novel antimicrobials is compounded by the absence of a licensed vaccine and the bacterium's resistance to multiple antibiotics. In a number of clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogens, DsbA is the primary disulfide oxidoreductase responsible for catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds in secreted and membrane-associated proteins. In this study, a putative B. pseudomallei dsbA gene was evaluated functionally and structurally and its contribution to infection assessed. RESULTS Biochemical studies confirmed the dsbA gene encodes a protein disulfide oxidoreductase. A dsbA deletion strain of B. pseudomallei was attenuated in both macrophages and a BALB/c mouse model of infection and displayed pleiotropic phenotypes that included defects in both secretion and motility. The 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure of BpsDsbA revealed differences from the classic member of this family Escherichia coli DsbA, in particular within the region surrounding the active site disulfide where EcDsbA engages with its partner protein E. coli DsbB, indicating that the interaction of BpsDsbA with its proposed partner BpsDsbB may be distinct from that of EcDsbA-EcDsbB. INNOVATION This study has characterized BpsDsbA biochemically and structurally and determined that it is required for virulence of B. pseudomallei. CONCLUSION These data establish a critical role for BpsDsbA in B. pseudomallei infection, which in combination with our structural characterization of BpsDsbA will facilitate the future development of rationally designed inhibitors against this drug-resistant organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Ireland
- 1 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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30
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A structural biology approach enables the development of antimicrobials targeting bacterial immunophilins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1458-67. [PMID: 24366729 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01875-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infectivity potentiators (Mips) are immunophilin proteins and essential virulence factors for a range of pathogenic organisms. We applied a structural biology approach to characterize a Mip from Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpML1), the causative agent of melioidosis. Crystal structure and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of BpML1 in complex with known macrocyclics and other derivatives led to the identification of a key chemical scaffold. This scaffold possesses inhibitory potency for BpML1 without the immunosuppressive components of related macrocyclic agents. Biophysical characterization of a compound series with this scaffold allowed binding site specificity in solution and potency determinations for rank ordering the set. The best compounds in this series possessed a low-micromolar affinity for BpML1, bound at the site of enzymatic activity, and inhibited a panel of homologous Mip proteins from other pathogenic bacteria, without demonstrating toxicity in human macrophages. Importantly, the in vitro activity of BpML1 was reduced by these compounds, leading to decreased macrophage infectivity and intracellular growth of Burkholderia pseudomallei. These compounds offer the potential for activity against a new class of antimicrobial targets and present the utility of a structure-based approach for novel antimicrobial drug discovery.
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Vanden Bergh P, Heller M, Braga-Lagache S, Frey J. The Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida exoproteome: global analysis, moonlighting proteins and putative antigens for vaccination against furunculosis. Proteome Sci 2013; 11:44. [PMID: 24127837 PMCID: PMC3826670 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen of fisheries worldwide. Despite the identification of several virulence factors the pathogenesis is still poorly understood. We have used high-throughput proteomics to display the differences between in vitro secretome of A. salmonicida wild-type (wt, hypervirulent, JF5054) and T3SS-deficient (isogenic ΔascV, extremely low-virulent, JF2747) strains in exponential (GP) and stationary (SP) phases of growth. RESULTS Among the different experimental conditions we obtained semi-quantitative values for a total of 2136 A. salmonicida proteins. Proteins of specific A. salmonicida species were proportionally less detected than proteins common to the Aeromonas genus or those shared with other Aeromonas species, suggesting that in vitro growth did not induce the expression of these genes. Four detected proteins which are unidentified in the genome of reference strains of A. salmonicida were homologous to components of the conjugative T4SS of A. hydrophila pRA1 plasmid. Polypeptides of three proteins which are specific to the 01-B526 strain were also discovered. In supernatants (SNs), the number of detected proteins was higher in SP (326 for wt vs 329 for mutant) than in GP (275 for wt vs 263 for mutant). In pellets, the number of identified proteins (a total of 1536) was approximately the same between GP and SP. Numerous highly conserved cytoplasmic proteins were present in A. salmonicida SNs (mainly EF-Tu, EF-G, EF-P, EF-Ts, TypA, AlaS, ribosomal proteins, HtpG, DnaK, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases, GAPDH, Enolase, FbaA, TpiA, Pgk, TktA, AckA, AcnB, Mdh, AhpC, Tpx, SodB and PNPase), and several evidences support the theory that their extracellular localization was not the result of cell lysis. According to the Cluster of Orthologous Groups classification, 29% of excreted proteins in A. salmonicida SNs were currently poorly characterized. CONCLUSIONS In this part of our work we elucidated the whole in vitro exoproteome of hypervirulent A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and showed the secretion of several highly conserved cytoplasmic proteins with putative moonlighting functions and roles in virulence. All together, our results offer new information about the pathogenesis of furunculosis and point out potential candidates for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vanden Bergh
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Heller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, P.O. Box 37, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga-Lagache
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, P.O. Box 37, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, P.O. Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
AIM To investigate the biological activity of the H. pylori SlyD in vitro. METHODS Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) slyD prokaryotic expression vector was carried out in Escherichia coli (E.coli), and recombination SlyD (rSlyD) was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, transformation effects of rSlyD on AGS cells was detected by CCK-8, cell cycle, caspase-3 activity, matrigel invasion assay, and double-deck soft agar colony forming efficiency. In addition, the expressions of PCNA, KI-67, caspase-3, and MMP-9 were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assay, respectively. RESULTS The CCK-8 assay revealed that cell proliferation was increased in a time and dose-dependent manner in AGS + rSlyD group compared with that of AGS or AGS + PBS group (p < .05). There are significant difference of PCNA and KI67 expressions among AGS, AGS + PBS, AGS + rSlyD groups (p < .05). Soft agar colony formation assay revealed the colony number (foci>100 μm) in AGS + rSlyD group was 26.3 ± 7.09, whereas 5.6 ± 1.15 in AGS and 5.0 ± 1.0 in AGS + PBS groups, respectively (p < .01). Colorimetric enzyme assay revealed the activity of caspase-3 was decreased to 31.45 ± 0.49 after treatment with rSlyD, whereas 55.5 ± 0.43 in AGS and 55.1 ± 0.25 in AGS + PBS group, respectively (p < .001). Similar caspase-3 expression also was confirmed by Western blot. The number of invasive cells in transwell chambers assay is 196.66 ± 40.41 in AGS + rSlyD group higher than 85 ± 22.9 in AGS or 81.66 ± 15.27 in AGS + PBS group, respectively (p < .001). The MMP-9 expression in AGS + rSlyD group was also higher than that of AGS or AGS + PBS group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the HpSlyD may play an important role in disturbing cell proliferation, apoptosis, and enhancing cell transformation and invasion in the AGS cell line. HpSlyD might contribute to gastric pathogenicity in H.pylori-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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