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Quintana-Hayashi MP, Thomsson Hulthe KA, Lindén SK. In vitro fish mucosal surfaces producing mucin as a model for studying host-pathogen interactions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308609. [PMID: 39121037 PMCID: PMC11315345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Current prophylactic and disease control measures in aquaculture highlight the need of alternative strategies to prevent disease and reduce antibiotic use. Mucus covered mucosal surfaces are the first barriers pathogens encounter. Mucus, which is mainly composed of highly glycosylated mucins, has the potential to contribute to disease prevention if we can strengthen this barrier. Therefore, aim of this study was to develop and characterize fish in vitro mucosal surface models based on commercially available cell lines that are functionally relevant for studies on mucin regulation and host-pathogen interactions. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill epithelial cell line RTgill-W1 and the embryonic cell line from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) CHSE-214 were grown on polycarbonate membrane inserts and chemically treated to differentiate the cells into mucus producing cells. RTGill-W1 and CHSE-214 formed an adherent layer at two weeks post-confluence, which further responded to treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and prolonged culture by increasing the mucin production. Mucins were metabolically labelled with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine 6 h post addition to the in vitro membranes. The level of incorporated label was relatively similar between membranes based on RTgill-W1, while larger interindividual variation was observed among the CHSE in vitro membranes. Furthermore, O-glycomics of RTgill-W1 cell lysates identified three sialylated O-glycans, namely Galβ1-3(NeuAcα2-6)GalNAcol, NeuAcα-Galβ1-3GalNAcol and NeuAcα-Galβ1-3(NeuAcα2-6)GalNAcol, resembling the glycosylation present in rainbow trout gill mucin. These glycans were also present in CHSE-214. Additionally, we demonstrated binding of the fish pathogen A. salmonicida to RTgill-W1 and CHSE-214 cell lysates. Thus, these models have similarities to in vivo mucosal surfaces and can be used to investigate the effect of pathogens and modulatory components on mucin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P. Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson Hulthe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lin SJH, Helm ET, Gabler NK, Burrough ER. Acute infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae affects mucin expression, glycosylation, and fecal MUC5AC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1042815. [PMID: 36683692 PMCID: PMC9852840 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infection with strongly β-hemolytic strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae leads to swine dysentery (SD), a production-limiting disease that causes mucohemorrhagic diarrhea and typhlocolitis in pigs. This pathogen has strong chemotactic activity toward mucin, and infected pigs often have a disorganized mucus layer and marked de novo expression of MUC5AC, which is not constitutively expressed in the colon. It has been shown that fucose is chemoattractant for B. hyodysenteriae, and a highly fermentable fiber diet can mitigate and delay the onset of SD. Methods We used lectins targeting sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), α-linked L-fucose, and an immunohistochemical stain targeting N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) to investigate the local expression of these mucin glycans in colonic tissues of pigs with acute SD. We used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify fecal MUC5AC in infected pigs and assess its potential as a diagnostic monitoring tool and RNA in situ hybridization to detect IL-17A in the colonic mucosa. Results Colonic mucin glycosylation during SD has an overall increase in fucose, a spatially different distribution of GlcNAc with more expression within the crypt lumens of the upper colonic mucosa, and decreased expression or a decreased trend of sialic acids in α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages, and NeuGc compared to the controls. The degree of increased fucosylation was less in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD and fed the highly fermentable fiber diet. There was a significant increase in MUC5AC in fecal and colonic samples of pigs with SD at the endpoint compared to the controls, but the predictive value for disease progression was limited. Discussion Fucosylation and the impact of dietary fiber may play important roles in the pathogenesis of SD. The lack of predictive value for fecal MUC5AC quantification by ELISA is possibly due to the presence of other non-colonic sources of MUC5AC in the feces. The moderate correlation between IL-17A, neutrophils and MUC5AC confirms its immunoregulatory and mucin stimulatory role. Our study characterizes local alteration of mucin glycosylation in the colonic mucosa of pigs with SD after B. hyodysenteriae infection and may provide insight into host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Je-Han Lin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Fodor CC, Fouhse J, Drouin D, Ma T, Willing BP, Guan LL, Cobo ER. Colonic innate immune defenses and microbiota alterations in acute swine dysentery. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Manirarora JN, Walker KE, Patil V, Renukaradhya GJ, LaBresh J, Sullivan Y, Francis O, Lunney JK. Development and Characterization of New Monoclonal Antibodies Against Porcine Interleukin-17A and Interferon-Gamma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786396. [PMID: 35185884 PMCID: PMC8850701 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research efforts require a broad range of immune reagents, but those available for pigs are limited. The goal of this study was to generate priority immune reagents for pigs and pipeline them for marketing. Our efforts were aimed at the expression of soluble swine cytokines and the production of panels of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to these proteins. Swine interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) recombinant proteins were produced using yeast expression and used for monoclonal antibody (mAb) production resulting in panels of mAbs. We screened each mAb for cross-species reactivity with orthologs of IL-17A or IFNγ and checked each mAb for inhibition by other related mAbs, to assign mAb antigenic determinants. For porcine IL-17A, the characterization of a panel of 10 mAbs identified eight different antigenic determinants; interestingly, most of the mAbs cross-reacted with the dolphin recombinant ortholog. Likewise, the characterization of a panel of nine anti-PoIFNγ mAbs identified four different determinants; most of the mAbs cross-reacted with dolphin, bovine, and caprine recombinant orthologs. There was a unique reaction of one anti-PoIFNγ mAb that cross-reacted with the zebrafish recombinant ortholog. The αIL-17A mAbs were used to develop a quantitative sandwich ELISA detecting the yeast expressed protein as well as native IL-17A in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants. Our analyses showed that phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin stimulation of PBMC induced significant expression of IL-17A by CD3+ T cells as detected by several of our mAbs. These new mAbs expand opportunities for immunology research in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean N Manirarora
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kristen E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, United States
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Sharba S, Sundh H, Sundell K, Benktander J, Santos L, Birchenough G, Lindén SK. Rainbow trout gastrointestinal mucus, mucin production, mucin glycosylation and response to lipopolysaccharide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:181-190. [PMID: 35077869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucus, whereof the highly glycosylated mucins are a major component, protects the epithelial mucosal surfaces. The aim of this study was to characterize the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gastrointestinal mucus barrier function, mucin production, glycosylation and response to lipopolysaccharide. Both gastric and intestinal mucus was thick and impenetrable to bacteria-sized beads ex vivo. The secreted mucus covering the gastric epithelium predominantly contained sialylated mucins. Plume-like structures emerging from the gastric pits were both sialylated and fucosylated, indicating heterogeneity in gastric mucus secreted by the surface mucus cells and gland secretory cells, whereas intestinal mucus appeared more homogenous. In vivo metabolic mucin labelling revealed regional differences in mucin production and basal to apical transport, while lipopolysaccharide stimulation increased the rate of mucin production and basal to apical transport in both stomach and intestine. Using mass spectrometry, 34 mucin O-glycans were identified, with ∼70% of the relative abundance being sialylated, ∼40% di-sialylated and 20-25% fucosylated. No effects of lipopolysaccharide treatment were apparent regarding O-glycan repertoires, relative abundance of components, size distribution or core structures. Thus, the mucus production and organization differ between epithelial sites but provide a barrier to bacteria in both stomach and intestine. Furthermore, mucin production and basal to apical transport was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in all regions, suggesting a mechanism to combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Sharba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Licinia Santos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Brachyspira Species Avidity to Colonic Mucins from Pigs with and without Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Infection Is Species Specific and Varies between Strains. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0048621. [PMID: 34543117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00486-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is commonly associated with swine dysentery (SD), a disease that has an economic impact on the swine industry. B. hyodysenteriae infection results in changes to the colonic mucus niche with massive mucus induction, which substantially increases the number of B. hyodysenteriae binding sites in the mucus. We previously determined that a B. hyodysenteriae strain binds to colon mucins in a manner that differs between pigs and mucin types. Here, we investigated if adhesion to mucins is a trait observed across a broad set of B. hyodysenteriae strains and isolates and furthermore at a genus level (B. innocens, B. pilosicoli, B. murdochii, B. hampsonii, and B. intermedia strains). Our results show that binding to mucins appears to be specific to B. hyodysenteriae, and within this species, the binding ability to mucins varies between strains/isolates, increases for mucins from pigs with SD, and is associated with sialic acid epitopes on mucins. Infection with B. hyodysenteriae strain 8dII results in mucin glycosylation changes in the colon, including a shift in sialic acid-containing structures. Thus, we demonstrate through hierarchical cluster analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models of the relative abundances of sialic acid-containing glycans that sialic acid-containing structures in the mucin O-glycome are good predictors of B. hyodysenteriae strain 8dII infection in pigs. The results emphasize the role of sialic acids in governing B. hyodysenteriae interactions with its host, which may open perspectives for therapeutic strategies.
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Barbosa JA, Rodrigues LA, Columbus DA, Aguirre JCP, Harding JCS, Cantarelli VS, Costa MDO. Experimental infectious challenge in pigs leads to elevated fecal calprotectin levels following colitis, but not enteritis. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34429170 PMCID: PMC8383374 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is largely applied as a non-invasive intestinal inflammation biomarker in human medicine. Previous studies in pigs investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin in healthy animals only. Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding its application during infectious diarrhea. This study investigated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella Typhimurium infected pigs. RESULTS Fecal samples from pigs with colitis (n = 18) were collected from animals experimentally inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 3). Fecal samples from pigs with enteritis (n = 14) were collected from animals inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (n = 8) or from sham-inoculated controls (n = 4). For both groups, fecal samples were scored as: 0 = normal; 1 = soft, wet cement; 2 = watery feces; 3 = mucoid diarrhea; and 4 = bloody diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin levels were assayed using a sandwich ELISA, a turbidimetric immunoassay and a point-of-care dipstick test. Fecal calprotectin levels were greater in colitis samples scoring 4 versus ≤ 4 using ELISA, and in feces scoring 3 and 4 versus ≤ 1 using immunoturbidimetry (P < 0.05). No differences were found in calprotectin concentration among fecal scores for enteritis samples, regardless of the assay used. All samples were found below detection limits using the dipstick method. CONCLUSIONS Fecal calprotectin levels are increased following the development of colitis, but do not significantly change due to enteritis. While practical, the use of commercially available human kits present sensitivity limitations. Further studies are needed to validate the field application of calprotectin as a marker of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., 2105 - 8th Street East, PO Box 21057, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 5N9, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., 2105 - 8th Street East, PO Box 21057, Saskatoon, SK, S7H 5N9, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Juan C P Aguirre
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vinícius S Cantarelli
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus de O Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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Lin SJH, Arruda B, Burrough E. Alteration of Colonic Mucin Composition and Cytokine Expression in Acute Swine Dysentery. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:531-541. [PMID: 33686884 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821996657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is an enteric disease associated with strongly β-hemolytic Brachyspira spp. that cause mucohemorrhagic diarrhea primarily in grower-finisher pigs. We characterized alteration of colonic mucin composition and local cytokine expression in the colon of pigs with acute SD after B. hyodysenteriae (Bhyo) infection and fed either a diet containing 30% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or a control diet. Colonic tissue samples from 9 noninoculated pigs (Control, N = 4; DDGS, N = 5) and 10 inoculated pigs experiencing acute SD (Bhyo, N = 4; Bhyo-DDGS, N = 6) were evaluated. At the apex of the spiral colon, histochemical staining with high-iron diamine-Alcian blue revealed increased sialomucin (P = .008) and decreased sulfomucin (P = .027) in Bhyo pigs relative to controls, with a dietary effect for sulfomucin. Noninoculated pigs fed DDGS had greater expression of sulfomucin (P = .002) compared to pigs fed the control diet. Immunohistochemically, there was de novo expression of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the Bhyo group while mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was not significantly different between groups. RNA in situ hybridization to detect the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β often showed increased expression in the Bhyo group although without statistical significance, and this was not correlated with MUC5AC or MUC2 expression, suggesting IL-1β is not a major regulator of their secretion in acute SD. Expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 was significantly suppressed in the Bhyo group compared to controls (P = .005). This study reveals mucin and cytokine alterations in the colon of pigs with experimentally induced SD and related dietary effects of DDGS.
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Increased MUC1 plus a larger quantity and complex size for MUC5AC in the peripheral airway lumen of long-term tobacco smokers. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1107-1125. [PMID: 32400877 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is little information on mucins versus potential regulatory factors in the peripheral airway lumen of long-term smokers with (LTS+) and without (LTS-) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We explored these matters in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from two study materials, both including LTS+ and LTS- with a very similar historic exposure to tobacco smoke, and healthy non-smokers (HNSs; n=4-20/group). Utilizing slot blot and immunodetection of processed (filtered and centrifuged), as well as unprocessed BAL samples from one of the materials, we compared the quantity and fraction of large complexes of mucins. All LTS displayed an enhanced (median) level of MUC5AC compared with HNS. LTS- displayed a higher level of large MUC5AC complexes than HNS while LTS+ displayed a similar trend. In all LTS, total MUC5AC correlated with blood leukocytes, BAL neutrophil elastase and net gelatinase activity. Large mucin complexes accounted for most MUC5B, without clear group differences. In all LTS, total MUC5B correlated with total MUC5AC and local bacteria. In the same groups, large MUC5B complexes correlated with serum cotinine. MUC1 was increased and correlated with BAL leukocytes in all LTS whereas MUC2 was very low and without clear group differences. Thus, the main part of MUC5AC and MUC5B is present as large complexes in the peripheral airway lumen and historic as well as current exposure to tobacco smoke emerge as potential regulatory factors, regardless of COPD per se. Bacteria, leukocytes and proteinases also constitute potential regulatory factors, of interest for future therapeutic strategies.
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Sharba S, Venkatakrishnan V, Padra M, Winther M, Gabl M, Sundqvist M, Wang J, Forsman H, Linden SK. Formyl peptide receptor 2 orchestrates mucosal protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection. Virulence 2020; 10:610-624. [PMID: 31234710 PMCID: PMC6629182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1635417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an attaching and effacing intestinal murine pathogen which shares similar virulence strategies with the human pathogens enteropathogenic- and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to infect their host. C. rodentium is spontaneously cleared by healthy wild-type (WT) mice whereas mice lacking Muc2 or specific immune regulatory genes demonstrate an impaired ability to combat the pathogen. Here we demonstrate that apical formyl peptide receptor 2 (Fpr2) expression increases in colonic epithelial cells during C. rodentium infection. Using a conventional inoculum dose of C. rodentium, both WT and Fpr2−/− mice were infected and displayed similar signs of disease, although Fpr2−/− mice recovered more slowly than WT mice. However, Fpr2−/− mice exhibited increased susceptibility to C. rodentium colonization in response to low dose infection: 100% of the Fpr2−/− and 30% of the WT mice became colonized and Fpr2−/− mice developed more severe colitis and more C. rodentium were in contact with the colonic epithelial cells. In line with the larger amount of C. rodentium detected in the spleen in Fpr2−/− mice, more C. rodentium and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli translocated across an in vitro mucosal surface to the basolateral compartment following FPR2 inhibitor treatment. Fpr2−/− mice also lacked the striated inner mucus layer that was present in WT mice. Fpr2−/− mice had decreased mucus production and different mucin O-glycosylation in the colon compared to WT mice, which may contribute to their defect inner mucus layer. Thus, Fpr2 contributes to protection against infection and influence mucus production, secretion and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharba
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - V Venkatakrishnan
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Padra
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Winther
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Gabl
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Sundqvist
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - J Wang
- c Cancer and Inflammation Program , National Cancer Institute at Frederick , Frederick , MD , USA
| | - H Forsman
- b Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - S K Linden
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Enns CB, Keith BA, Challa N, Harding JCS, Loewen ME. Impairment of electroneutral Na + transport and associated downregulation of NHE3 contributes to the development of diarrhea following in vivo challenge with Brachyspira spp. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G288-G297. [PMID: 31760765 PMCID: PMC7052572 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00011.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira hampsonii spirochetosis on Na+ transport was assessed in the colon to determine its contribution to diarrheal disease in pigs following experimental infection. Electrogenic and electroneutral Na+ absorption was assessed in Ussing chambers by radiolabeled 22Na flux and pharmacological inhibitory studies. Basal radiolabeled 22Na flux experiments revealed that mucosal-to-serosal flux (Jms) was significantly impaired in B. hyodysenteriae and B. hampsonii-diseased pigs. Inhibition of epithelial sodium channel via amiloride did not significantly reduce electrogenic short-circuit current (Isc) in the proximal, apex, and distal colonic segments of diseased pigs over control pigs, suggesting that a loss of electroneutral Na+ absorption is responsible for diarrheal development. These findings were further supported by significant downregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3) mRNA expression in the proximal, apex, and distal colonic segments paired with decreased protein expression of the critical NHE3 isoform. The decrease in NHE3 mRNA expression appears not to be attributed to the host's cytokine response as human IL-1α did not modify NHE3 mRNA expression in Caco-2 cells. However, a whole cell B. hampsonii lysate significantly downregulated NHE3 mRNA expression and significantly increased p38 phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells. Together these findings provide a likely mechanism for the spirochete-induced malabsorptive diarrhea, indicated by a decrease in electroneutral Na+ absorption in the porcine colon due to Brachyspira's ability to inhibit NHE3 transcription, resulting in diarrheal disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research demonstrates that diarrheal disease caused by two infectious spirochete spp. is a result of impaired electroneutral Na+ absorption via Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) in the porcine colon. Our findings suggest that the decrease in NHE3 mRNA and protein is not likely a result of the host's cytokine response. Rather, it appears that these two Brachyspira spp. directly inhibit the transcription and translation of NHE3, resulting in the development of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole B. Enns
- 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brandon A. Keith
- 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Nitin Challa
- 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- 2Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Loewen
- 1Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Role of Sialic Acid in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Adhesion to Pig Colonic Mucins. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00889-18. [PMID: 30988055 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00889-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae results in mucoid hemorrhagic diarrhea. This pathogen is associated with the colonic mucus layer, mainly composed of mucins. Infection regulates mucin O-glycosylation in the colon and increases mucin secretion as well as B. hyodysenteriae binding sites on mucins. Here, we analyzed potential mucin epitopes for B. hyodysenteriae adhesion in the colon, as well as the effect of colonic mucins on bacterial growth. Associations between B. hyodysenteriae binding to pig colonic mucins and mucin glycan data showed that B. hyodysenteriae binding was associated with the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) on mucins. The role of sialic acid in B. hyodysenteriae adhesion was analyzed after the removal of sialic acid residues on the mucins by enzymatic treatment with sialidase A, which decreased bacterial binding to the mucins. The effect of pig colonic mucins on B. hyodysenteriae growth was determined in carbohydrate-free medium. B. hyodysenteriae growth increased in the presence of mucins from two out of five infected pigs, suggesting utilization of mucins as a carbon source for growth. Additionally, bacterial growth was enhanced by free sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The results highlight a role of sialic acid as an adhesion epitope for B. hyodysenteriae interaction with colonic mucins. Furthermore, the mucin response and glycosylation changes exerted in the colon during B. hyodysenteriae infection result in a potentially favorable environment for pathogen growth in the intestinal mucus layer.
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Sharba S, Navabi N, Padra M, Persson JA, Quintana-Hayashi MP, Gustafsson JK, Szeponik L, Venkatakrishnan V, Sjöling Å, Nilsson S, Quiding-Järbrink M, Johansson MEV, Linden SK. Interleukin 4 induces rapid mucin transport, increases mucus thickness and quality and decreases colitis and Citrobacter rodentium in contact with epithelial cells. Virulence 2019; 10:97-117. [PMID: 30665337 PMCID: PMC6363059 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1573050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium infection is a murine model for pathogenic intestinal Escherichia coli infection. C. rodentium infection causes an initial decrease in mucus layer thickness, followed by an increase during clearance. We aimed to identify the cause of these changes and to utilize this naturally occurring mucus stimulus to decrease pathogen impact and inflammation. We identified that mucin production and speed of transport from Golgi to secretory vesicles at the apical surface increased concomitantly with increased mucus thickness. Of the cytokines differentially expressed during increased mucus thickness, IFN-γ and TNF-α decreased the mucin production and transport speed, whereas IL-4, IL-13, C. rodentium and E. coli enhanced these aspects. IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment in combination with C. rodentium and pathogenic E. coli infection negatively affected mucus parameters in vitro, which was relieved by IL-4 treatment. The effect of IL-4 was more pronounced than that of IL-13, and in wild type mice, only IL-4 was present. Increased expression of Il-4, Il-4-receptor α, Stat6 and Spdef during clearance indicate that this pathway contributes to the increase in mucin production. In vivo IL-4 administration initiated 10 days after infection increased mucus thickness and quality and decreased colitis and pathogen contact with the epithelium. Thus, during clearance of infection, the concomitant increase in IL-4 protects and maintains goblet cell function against the increasing levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Furthermore, IL-4 affects intestinal mucus production, pathogen contact with the epithelium and colitis. IL-4 treatment may thus have therapeutic benefits for mucosal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharba
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - N Navabi
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Padra
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - J A Persson
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M P Quintana-Hayashi
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - J K Gustafsson
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - L Szeponik
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - V Venkatakrishnan
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Å Sjöling
- c Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - S Nilsson
- d Department of Pathology & Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Sweden.,e Department of Mathematical Sciences , Chalmer University of Technology , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M Quiding-Järbrink
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - M E V Johansson
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - S K Linden
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Enns CB, Harding JCS, Loewen ME. Decreased electrogenic anionic secretory response in the porcine colon following in vivo challenge with Brachyspira spp. supports an altered mucin environment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G495-G508. [PMID: 30629469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brachyspira spp. cause diarrheal disease in multiple animal species by colonization of the colon, resulting in colitis, mucus induction, and disrupted ion transport. Unique to spirochete pathogenesis is the immense production of mucus, resulting in a niche mucin environment likely favoring spirochete colonization. Mucin rheological properties are heavily influenced by anionic secretion, and loss of secretory function has been implicated in diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Here, the effects on the agonist-induced electrogenic anionic secretory response by infectious colonic spirochete bacteria Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira hampsonii were assessed in the proximal, apex, and distal sections of colon in Ussing chambers. Activation of secretion via isoproterenol, carbachol, and forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine demonstrated a significantly decreased change in short-circuit current ( Isc) in Brachyspira-infected pigs in all sections. Tissue resistances did not account for this difference, rather, it was attributed to a decrease in anionic secretion as indicated by a decrease in bumetanide inhibitable Isc. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses determined that the major anionic channels of the epithelium were downregulated in diarrheic pigs paired with altered mucin gene expression. The investigated cytokines were not responsible for the downregulation of anion channel gene transcripts. Although IL-1α was upregulated in all segments, it did not alter cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA expression in Caco-2 monolayers. However, a whole cell Brachyspira hampsonii lysate significantly reduced CFTR mRNA expression in Caco-2 monolayers. Together, these findings indicate that these two Brachyspira spp. may directly cause a decreased anionic secretory response in the porcine colon, supporting an altered mucin environment likely favoring spirochete colonization. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research demonstrates for the first time that the niche mucin environment produced by two infectious spirochete spp. is supported by a decrease in the electrogenic anionic secretory response throughout the porcine colon. Our findings suggest that the host's cytokine response is not likely responsible for the decrease in anionic secretory function. Rather, it appears that Brachyspira spp. directly impede ion channel transcription and translation, potentially altering colonic mucin rheological properties, which may favor spirochete colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole B Enns
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
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Quintana-Hayashi MP, Padra M, Padra JT, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Mucus-Pathogen Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Farmed Animals. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E55. [PMID: 29912166 PMCID: PMC6027344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal infections cause significant challenges and economic losses in animal husbandry. As pathogens becoming resistant to antibiotics are a growing concern worldwide, alternative strategies to treat infections in farmed animals are necessary in order to decrease the risk to human health and increase animal health and productivity. Mucosal surfaces are the most common route used by pathogens to enter the body. The mucosal surface that lines the gastrointestinal tract is covered by a continuously secreted mucus layer that protects the epithelial surface. The mucus layer is the first barrier the pathogen must overcome for successful colonization, and is mainly composed of densely glycosylated proteins called mucins. The vast array of carbohydrate structures present on the mucins provide an important setting for host-pathogen interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on gastrointestinal mucins and their role during infections in farmed animals. We examine the interactions between mucins and animal pathogens, with a focus on how pathogenic bacteria can modify the mucin environment in the gut, and how this in turn affects pathogen adhesion and growth. Finally, we discuss analytical challenges and complexities of the mucus-based defense, as well as its potential to control infections in farmed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Médea Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Mahu M, Boyen F, Canessa S, Zavala Marchan J, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Pasmans F. An avirulent Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strain elicits intestinal IgA and slows down spread of swine dysentery. Vet Res 2017; 48:59. [PMID: 28982389 PMCID: PMC5629781 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, results in substantial economic losses in swine producing countries worldwide. Although a number of different vaccine approaches have been explored with regard to this disease, they show limitations and none of them have reached the market. We here determine the vaccine potential of a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain. The virulence of this strain was assessed in experimental infection trials and its protection against swine dysentery was quantified in a vaccination-challenge experiment using a seeder infection model. Systemic IgG production and local IgA production were monitored in serum and faeces respectively. Across all trials, pigs that were colonized by virulent, strongly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strains consistently developed swine dysentery, in contrast to none of the pigs colonized by the weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae vaccine strain. In the seeder vaccination trial nearly all immunised animals developed swine dysentery on subsequent challenge with a virulent strain, but the speed of spread of swine dysentery and faecal score were significantly reduced in animals immunised with the weakly haemolytic strain compared to sham-immunised animals. The IgA response of immunised animals upon challenge with a virulent B. hyodysenteriae strain significantly correlated to a later onset of disease. The correlation between local IgA production and protection induced by a weakly haemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain provides leads for future vaccine development against swine dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stefano Canessa
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jackeline Zavala Marchan
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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