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Piergallini TJ, Scordo JM, Allué-Guardia A, Pino PA, Zhang H, Cai H, Wang Y, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Acute inflammation alters lung lymphocytes and potentiates innate-like behavior in young mouse lung CD8 T cells, resembling lung CD8 T cells from old mice. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:237-249. [PMID: 37196159 PMCID: PMC10473256 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in lung infection including that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in which both adaptive and innate lymphocytes can affect infection control. How inflammation affects infection is understood in a broad sense, including inflammaging (chronic inflammation) seen in the elderly, but the explicit role that inflammation can play in regulation of lymphocyte function is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we used an acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in young mice and studied lymphocyte responses, focusing on CD8 T cell subsets. LPS treatment decreased the total numbers of T cells in the lungs of LPS mice while also increasing the number of activated T cells. We demonstrate that lung CD8 T cells from LPS mice became capable of an antigen independent innate-like IFN-γ secretion, dependent on IL-12p70 stimulation, paralleling innate-like IFN-γ secretion of lung CD8 T cells from old mice. Overall, this study provides information on how acute inflammation can affect lymphocytes, particularly CD8 T cells, which could potentially affect immune control of various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J Piergallini
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 370 W. 9th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Julia M Scordo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
- Barshop Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7755, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Paula A Pino
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Hao Zhang
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Yufeng Wang
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Dr., San Antonio, TX 78227-5302, United States
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2
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Poladian N, Orujyan D, Narinyan W, Oganyan AK, Navasardyan I, Velpuri P, Chorbajian A, Venketaraman V. Role of NF-κB during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1772. [PMID: 36675296 PMCID: PMC9865913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) causes tuberculosis infection in humans worldwide, especially among immunocompromised populations and areas of the world with insufficient funding for tuberculosis treatment. Specifically, M. tb is predominantly exhibited as a latent infection, which poses a greater risk of reactivation for infected individuals. It has been previously shown that M. tb infection requires pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators to manage its associated granuloma formation via tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and caseum formation via IL-10, respectively. Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) has been found to play a unique mediator role in providing a pro-inflammatory response to chronic inflammatory disease processes by promoting the activation of macrophages and the release of various cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α. NF-κB's role is especially interesting in its mechanism of assisting the immune system's defense against M. tb, wherein NF-κB induces IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) to decrease the immune response, but has also been shown to crucially assist in keeping a granuloma and bacterial load contained. In order to understand NF-κB's role in reducing M. tb infection, within this literature review we will discuss the dynamic interaction between M. tb and NF-κB, with a focus on the intracellular signaling pathways and the possible side effects of NF-κB inactivation on M. tb infection. Through a thorough review of these interactions, this review aims to highlight the role of NF-κB in M. tb infection for the purpose of better understanding the complex immune response to M. tb infection and to uncover further potential therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Poladian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Davit Orujyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - William Narinyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Armani K. Oganyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Ave, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Inesa Navasardyan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Prathosh Velpuri
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Abraham Chorbajian
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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3
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Olmo-Fontánez AM, Turner J. Tuberculosis in an Aging World. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101101. [PMID: 36297158 PMCID: PMC9611089 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death due to its being an infectious disease, caused by the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Approximately one-fourth of the world’s population is infected with latent M.tb, and TB is considered a global threat killing over 4000 people every day. The risk of TB susceptibility and mortality is significantly increased in individuals aged 65 and older, confirming that the elderly represent one of the largest reservoirs for M.tb infection. The elderly population faces many challenges that increase their risk of developing respiratory diseases, including TB. The challenges the elderly face in this regard include the following: decreased lung function, immuno-senescence, inflammaging, adverse drug effects, low tolerance to anti-TB drugs, lack of suitable diagnoses/interventions, and age-associated comorbidities. In order to find new therapeutic strategies to maintain lung homeostasis and resistance to respiratory infections as we age, it is necessary to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind natural lung aging. This review focuses primarily on why the elderly are more susceptible to TB disease and death, with a focus on pulmonary function and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M. Olmo-Fontánez
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Lafuse WP, Wu Q, Kumar N, Saljoughian N, Sunkum S, Ahumada OS, Turner J, Rajaram MVS. Psychological stress creates an immune suppressive environment in the lung that increases susceptibility of aged mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:990402. [PMID: 36189368 PMCID: PMC9523253 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.990402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for chronic infections, including tuberculosis (TB). Elderly TB patients also suffer from elevated levels of psychological stress. It is not clear how psychological stress impacts immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). In this study, we used social disruption stress (SDR) to investigate effects of psychological stress in young and old mice. Unexpectedly, we found that SDR suppresses lung inflammation in old mice as evidenced by lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in bronchial lavage fluid and decreased cytokine mRNA expression by alveolar macrophages. To investigate effects of stress on M.tb infection, mice were subjected to SDR and then infected with M.tb. As previously reported, old mice were better at controlling infection at 30 days than young mice. This control was transient as CFUs at 60 days were higher in old control mice compared to young mice. Consistently, SDR significantly increased M.tb growth at 60 days in old mice compared to young mice. In addition, SDR in old mice resulted in accumulation of IL-10 mRNA and decreased IFN-γ mRNA at 60 days. Also, confocal microscopy of lung sections from old SDR mice showed increased number of CD4 T cells which express LAG3 and CD49b, markers of IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells. Further, we also demonstrated that CD4 T cells from old SDR mice express IL-10. Thus, we conclude that psychological stress in old mice prior to infection, increases differentiation of IL-10 secreting T cells, which over time results in loss of control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: William P. Lafuse, ; Murugesan V. S. Rajaram,
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shrayes Sunkum
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: William P. Lafuse, ; Murugesan V. S. Rajaram,
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5
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Torrelles JB, Restrepo BI, Bai Y, Ross C, Schlesinger LS, Turner J. The Impact of Aging on the Lung Alveolar Environment, Predetermining Susceptibility to Respiratory Infections. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:818700. [PMID: 35821836 PMCID: PMC9261427 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.818700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are one of the top causes of death in the elderly population, displaying susceptibility factors with increasing age that are potentially amenable to interventions. We posit that with increasing age there are predictable tissue-specific changes that prevent the immune system from working effectively in the lung. This mini-review highlights recent evidence for altered local tissue environment factors as we age focusing on increased tissue oxidative stress with associated immune cell changes, likely driven by the byproducts of age-associated inflammatory disease. Potential intervention points are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Blanca I. Restrepo
- School of Public Health in Brownsville, University of Texas Health Houston, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT-Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Corinna Ross
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Soutwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Population Health and Host-Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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6
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Piergallini TJ, Scordo JM, Pino PA, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Acute Inflammation Confers Enhanced Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0001621. [PMID: 34232086 PMCID: PMC8552513 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00016-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this study, we demonstrate that an inflammatory pulmonary environment at the time of infection mediated by lipopolysaccharide treatment in mice confers enhanced protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months postinfection. This early and transient inflammatory environment was associated with a neutrophil and CD11b+ cell influx and increased inflammatory cytokines. In vitro infection demonstrated that neutrophils from lipopolysaccharide-treated mice exhibited increased association with M. tuberculosis and had a greater innate capacity for killing M. tuberculosis. Finally, partial depletion of neutrophils in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice showed an increase in M. tuberculosis burden, suggesting neutrophils played a part in the protection observed in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. These results indicate a positive role for an inflammatory environment in the initial stages of M. tuberculosis infection and suggest that acute inflammation at the time of M. tuberculosis infection can positively alter disease outcome. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis disease, is estimated to infect one-fourth of the world's population and is one of the leading causes of death due to an infectious disease worldwide. The high-level variability in tuberculosis disease responses in the human populace may be linked to immune processes related to inflammation. In many cases, inflammation appears to exasperate tuberculosis responses; however, some evidence suggests inflammatory processes improve control of M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we show an acute inflammatory stimulus in mice provides protection against M. tuberculosis for up to 6 months, suggesting acute inflammation can positively affect M. tuberculosis infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J. Piergallini
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia M. Scordo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula A. Pino
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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7
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Ault RC, Headley CA, Hare AE, Carruthers BJ, Mejias A, Turner J. Blood RNA signatures predict recent tuberculosis exposure in mice, macaques and humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16873. [PMID: 33037303 PMCID: PMC7547102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73942-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death due to a single infectious disease. Knowing when a person was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is critical as recent infection is the strongest clinical risk factor for progression to TB disease in immunocompetent individuals. However, time since M.tb infection is challenging to determine in routine clinical practice. To define a biomarker for recent TB exposure, we determined whether gene expression patterns in blood RNA correlated with time since M.tb infection or exposure. First, we found RNA signatures that accurately discriminated early and late time periods after experimental infection in mice and cynomolgus macaques. Next, we found a 6-gene blood RNA signature that identified recently exposed individuals in two independent human cohorts, including adult household contacts of TB cases and adolescents who recently acquired M.tb infection. Our work supports the need for future longitudinal studies of recent TB contacts to determine whether biomarkers of recent infection can provide prognostic information of TB disease risk in individuals and help map recent transmission in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Ault
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colwyn A Headley
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexander E Hare
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bridget J Carruthers
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lafuse WP, Rajaram MVS, Wu Q, Moliva JI, Torrelles JB, Turner J, Schlesinger LS. Identification of an Increased Alveolar Macrophage Subpopulation in Old Mice That Displays Unique Inflammatory Characteristics and Is Permissive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2252-2264. [PMID: 31511357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The elderly population is more susceptible to pulmonary infections, including tuberculosis. In this article, we characterize the impact of aging on the phenotype of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) and their response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Uninfected AMs were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of young (3 mo) and old (18 mo) C57BL/6 mice. AMs from old mice expressed higher mRNA levels of CCL2, IFN-β, IL-10, IL-12p40, TNF-α, and MIF than young mice, and old mice contained higher levels of CCL2, IL-1β, IFN-β, and MIF in their alveolar lining fluid. We identified two distinct AM subpopulations, a major CD11c+ CD11b- population and a minor CD11c+ CD11b+ population; the latter was significantly increased in old mice (4-fold). Expression of CD206, TLR2, CD16/CD32, MHC class II, and CD86 was higher in CD11c+ CD11b+ AMs, and these cells expressed monocytic markers Ly6C, CX3CR1, and CD115, suggesting monocytic origin. Sorted CD11c+ CD11b+ AMs from old mice expressed higher mRNA levels of CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, whereas CD11c+ CD11b- AMs expressed higher mRNA levels of immune-regulatory cytokines IFN-β and IL-10. CD11c+ CD11b+ AMs phagocytosed significantly more M. tuberculosis, which expressed higher RNA levels of genes required for M. tuberculosis survival. Our studies identify two distinct AM populations in old mice: a resident population and an increased CD11c+ CD11b+ AM subpopulation expressing monocytic markers, a unique inflammatory signature, and enhanced M. tuberculosis phagocytosis and survival when compared with resident CD11c+ CD11b- AMs, which are more immune regulatory in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227
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Piergallini TJ, Turner J. Tuberculosis in the elderly: Why inflammation matters. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:32-39. [PMID: 29287772 PMCID: PMC5967410 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growing old is associated with an increase in the basal inflammatory state of an individual and susceptibility to many diseases, including infectious diseases. Evidence is growing to support the concept that inflammation and disease susceptibility in the elderly is linked. Our studies focus on the infectious disease tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a pathogen that infects approximately one fourth of the world's population. Aging is a major risk factor for developing TB, and inflammation has been strongly implicated. In this review we will discuss the relationship between inflammation in the lung and susceptibility to develop and succumb to TB in old age. Further understanding of the relationship between inflammation, age, and M.tb will lead to informed decisions about TB prevention and treatment strategies that are uniquely designed for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tucker J Piergallini
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, United States.
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10
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Byng-Maddick R, Noursadeghi M. Does tuberculosis threaten our ageing populations? BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:119. [PMID: 26968654 PMCID: PMC4787032 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global population is ageing quickly and our understanding of age-related changes in the immune system suggest that the elderly will have less immunological protection from active tuberculosis (TB). Discussion Ongoing global surveillance of TB notifications shows increasing age of patients with active TB. This effect of age is compounded by changes to clinical manifestations of disease, confounding of diagnostic tests and increased rates of adverse reactions to antimicrobial treatment of TB. Future epidemiological surveillance, development of diagnostic tests and trials of treatment shortening should all include a focus on ageing people. Summary More detailed surveillance of TB notifications in elderly people should be undertaken and carefully evaluated. Risk stratification will help target care for those in greatest need, particularly those with comorbidities or on immunosuppressive therapies. Novel diagnostics and treatment regimes should be designed specifically to be used in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Byng-Maddick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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11
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Ottenlinger F, Schwiebs A, Pfarr K, Wagner A, Grüner S, Mayer CA, Pfeilschifter JM, Radeke HH. Fingolimod targeting protein phosphatase 2A differently affects IL-33 induced IL-2 and IFN-γ production in CD8(+) lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:941-51. [PMID: 26683421 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis patients are treated with fingolimod (FTY720), a prodrug that acts as an immune modulator. FTY720 is first phosphorylated to FTY720-P and then internalizes sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, preventing lymphocyte sequestration. IL-33 is released from necrotic endothelial cells and contributes to MS severity by coactivating T cells. Herein we analyzed the influence of FTY720, FTY720-P, and S1P on IL-33 induced formation of IL-2 and IFN-γ, by using IL-33 receptor overexpressing EL4 cells, primary CD8(+) T cells, and splenocytes. EL4-ST2 cells released IL-2 after IL-33 stimulation that was inhibited dose-dependently by FTY720-P but not FTY720. In this system, S1P increased IL-2, and accordingly, inhibition of S1P producing sphingosine kinases diminished IL-2 release. In primary CD8(+) T cells and splenocytes IL-33/IL-12 stimulation induced IFN-γ, which was prevented by FTY720 but not FTY720-P, independently from intracellular phosphorylation. The inhibition of IFN-γ by nonphosphorylated FTY720 was mediated via the SET/protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) pathway, since a SET peptide antagonist also prevented IFN-γ formation and the inhibition of IFN-γ by FTY720 was reversible by a PP2A inhibitor. While our findings directly improve the understanding of FTY720 therapy in MS, they could also contribute to side effects of FTY720 treatment, like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, caused by an insufficient immune response to a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ottenlinger
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Schwiebs
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kathrin Pfarr
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Annika Wagner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophia Grüner
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph A Mayer
- Center for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef M Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Canan CH, Gokhale NS, Carruthers B, Lafuse WP, Schlesinger LS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Characterization of lung inflammation and its impact on macrophage function in aging. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:473-80. [PMID: 24935957 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0214-093rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation that occurs with increasing age (inflammaging) is thought to contribute to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to several disease states. The elderly are at significant risk for developing pulmonary disorders and infectious diseases, but the contribution of inflammation in the pulmonary environment has received little attention. In this study, we demonstrate that the lungs of old mice have elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and a resident population of highly activated pulmonary macrophages that are refractory to further activation by IFN-γ. The impact of this inflammatory state on macrophage function was determined in vitro in response to infection with M.tb. Macrophages from the lungs of old mice secreted more proinflammatory cytokines in response to M.tb infection than similar cells from young mice and also demonstrated enhanced M.tb uptake and P-L fusion. Supplementation of mouse chow with the NSAID ibuprofen led to a reversal of lung and macrophage inflammatory signatures. These data indicate that the pulmonary environment becomes inflammatory with increasing age and that this inflammatory environment can be reversed with ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia H Canan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Nandan S Gokhale
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Bridget Carruthers
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - William P Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
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Pacheco SA, Powers KM, Engelmann F, Messaoudi I, Purdy GE. Autophagic Killing Effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Alveolar Macrophages from Young and Aged Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66985. [PMID: 23825603 PMCID: PMC3688994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates, notably rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, RM), provide a robust experimental model to investigate the immune response to and effective control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Changes in the function of immune cells and immunosenescence may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to tuberculosis. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of age on M. tuberculosis host-pathogen interactions following infection of primary alveolar macrophages derived from young and aged rhesus macaques. Of specific interest to us was whether the mycobactericidal capacity of autophagic macrophages was reduced in older animals since decreased autophagosome formation and autophagolysosomal fusion has been observed in other cells types of aged animals. Our data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages from old RM are as competent as those from young animals for autophagic clearance of M. tuberculosis infection and controlling mycobacterial replication. While our data do not reveal significant differences between alveolar macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis by young and old animals, these studies are the first to functionally characterize autophagic clearance of M. tuberculosis by alveolar macrophages from RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Pacheco
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Abstract
The ability of natural killer (NK) cells to kill malignant or infected cells depends on the integration of signals from different families of cell surface receptors, including cytokine receptors. How such signals then regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity is incompletely understood. Here we analyzed an endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity called SET, and its role in regulating human NK-cell cytotoxicity and its mechanism of action in human NK cells. RNAi-mediated suppression of SET down-modulates NK-cell cytotoxicity, whereas ectopic overexpression of SET enhances cytotoxicity. SET knockdown inhibits both mRNA and protein granzyme B expression, as well as perforin expression, whereas SET overexpression enhances granzyme B expression. Treatment of NK cells with the PP2A activator 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin also inhibits both granzyme B expression and cytotoxicity. In addition, pretreatment with the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid rescues declining granzyme B mRNA levels in SET knockdown cells. Down-modulation of SET expression or activation of PP2A also decreases human NK-cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Finally, the induction of granzyme B gene expression by interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 is inhibited by SET knockdown. These data provide evidence that granzyme B gene expression and therefore human NK-cell cytotoxicity can be regulated by the PP2A-SET interplay.
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Ito T, Takii T, Maruyama M, Hayashi D, Wako T, Asai A, Horita Y, Taniguchi K, Yano I, Yamamoto S, Onozaki K. Effectiveness of BCG vaccination to aged mice. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2010; 7:12. [PMID: 20809944 PMCID: PMC2936867 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The tuberculosis (TB) still increases in the number of new cases, which is estimated to approach 10 million in 2010. The number of aged people has been growing all over the world. Ageing is one of risk factors in tuberculosis because of decreased immune responses in aged people. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is a sole vaccine currently used for TB, however, the efficacy of BCG in adults is still a matter of debate. Emerging the multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) make us to see the importance of vaccination against TB in new light. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of BCG vaccination in aged mice. Results The Th1 responses, interferon-γ production and interleukin 2, in BCG inoculated aged mice (24-month-old) were comparable to those of young mice (4- to 6-week-old). The protection activity of BCG in aged mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was also the same as young mice. Conclusion These findings suggest that vaccination in aged generation is still effective for protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Ito
- Department of Molecular Health Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Influence of advanced age on Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in guinea pigs aerogenically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1500-6. [PMID: 20685935 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00190-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only tuberculosis (TB) vaccine currently available, but its efficacy against adult pulmonary TB remains controversial. BCG induces specific immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and may elicit protective immunity against TB. TB remains a major public health problem, especially among the elderly, yet the efficacy of BCG in the elderly is unknown. We investigated the ability of BCG vaccination to prevent TB in young (6-week-old), middle-aged (18-month-old), and old (60-month-old) guinea pigs. BCG-Tokyo vaccination reduced the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in all three groups. By use of an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells were detected in the 60-month-old guinea pigs after a booster vaccination with BCG-Tokyo. Our findings suggest that BCG-Tokyo has a protective effect against tuberculosis infection regardless of age.
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T cells expressing the transcription factor PLZF regulate the development of memory-like CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:709-16. [PMID: 20601952 PMCID: PMC3051359 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several gene deficiency models promote the development of “innate CD8+ T cells” that have diverse TCRs, but display a memory phenotype and rapidly produce cytokines. We here demonstrate that similar cells develop in Kruppel-Like Factor 2 (KLF2) deficient mice. However, this is not due to intrinsic deficiency in KLF2, but rather to interleukin 4 (IL-4) produced by an expanded population of T cells expressing the PLZF transcription factor. The development of innate CD8+ T cells in ITK and CBP transcription factor deficient mice is also attributable to this IL-4-dependent mechanism. Finally, we show that the same mechanism drives innate CD8+ T cell differentiation in BALB/c mice. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of CD8+ T cells via PLZF+ T cell production of IL-4.
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