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Westland MD, Schrimpe-Rutledge AC, Codreanu SG, Sherrod SD, McLean JA, McClain MS, Cover TL. Taurine modulates host cell responses to Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin. Infect Immun 2024:e0022424. [PMID: 38975764 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00224-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the human stomach with Helicobacter pylori strains producing active forms of the secreted toxin VacA is associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, compared with colonization with strains producing hypoactive forms of VacA. Previous studies have shown that active s1m1 forms of VacA cause cell vacuolation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we sought to define the cellular metabolic consequences of VacA intoxication. Untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed that several hundred metabolites were significantly altered in VacA-treated gastroduodenal cells (AGS and AZ-521) compared with control cells. Pathway analysis suggested that VacA caused alterations in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Treatment of cells with the purified active s1m1 form of VacA, but not hypoactive s2m1 or Δ6-27 VacA-mutant proteins (defective in membrane channel formation), caused reductions in intracellular taurine and hypotaurine concentrations. Supplementation of the tissue culture medium with taurine or hypotaurine protected AZ-521 cells against VacA-induced cell death. Untargeted global metabolomics of VacA-treated AZ-521 cells or AGS cells in the presence or absence of extracellular taurine showed that taurine was the main intracellular metabolite significantly altered by extracellular taurine supplementation. These results indicate that VacA causes alterations in cellular taurine metabolism and that repletion of taurine is sufficient to attenuate VacA-induced cell death. We discuss these results in the context of previous literature showing the important role of taurine in cell physiology and the pathophysiology or treatment of multiple pathologic conditions, including gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, inflammatory diseases, and other aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy D Westland
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Simona G Codreanu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacy D Sherrod
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark S McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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He Y, Zhang X, Zhang X, Fu B, Xing J, Fu R, Lv J, Guo M, Huo X, Liu X, Lu J, Cao L, Du X, Ge Z, Chen Z, Lu X, Li C. Hypoxia exacerbates the malignant transformation of gastric epithelial cells induced by long-term H. pylori infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0031124. [PMID: 38916312 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic Gram-negative bacterium that resides in the human stomach and is classified as a class I carcinogen for gastric cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated that H. pylori infection plays a role in regulating the function of host cells, thereby contributing to the malignant transformation of these cells. However, H. pylori infection is a chronic process, and short-term cellular experiments may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo situation, especially when considering the lower oxygen levels in the human stomach. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying gastric cell dysfunction after prolonged exposure to H. pylori under hypoxic conditions. We conducted a co-culture experiment using the gastric cell line GES-1 and H. pylori for 30 generations under intermittent hypoxic conditions. By closely monitoring cell proliferation, migration, invasion, autophagy, and apoptosis, we revealed that sustained H. pylori stimulation under hypoxic conditions significantly influences the function of GES-1 cells. This stimulation induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and contributes to the propensity for malignant transformation of gastric cells. To confirm the in vitro results, we conducted an experiment involving Mongolian gerbils infected with H. pylori for 85 weeks. All the results strongly suggest that the Nod1 receptor signaling pathway plays a crucial role in H. pylori-related apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, continuous stimulation by H. pylori affects the functioning of gastric cells through the Nod1 receptor signaling pathway, increasing the likelihood of cell carcinogenesis. The presence of hypoxic conditions further exacerbates this process.IMPORTANCEDeciphering the collaborative effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric epithelial cell function is key to unraveling the development mechanisms of gastric cancer. Prior research has solely examined the outcomes of short-term H. pylori stimulation on gastric epithelial cells under aerobic conditions, neglecting the bacterium's nature as a microaerophilic organism that leads to cancer following prolonged stomach colonization. This study mimics a more genuine in vivo infection scenario by repeatedly exposing gastric epithelial cells to H. pylori under hypoxic conditions for up to 30 generations. The results show that chronic exposure to H. pylori in hypoxia substantially increases cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, while suppressing autophagy and apoptosis. This highlights the significance of hypoxic conditions in intensifying the carcinogenic impact of H. pylori infection. By accurately replicating the in vivo gastric environment, this study enhances our comprehension of H. pylori's pathogenic mechanisms in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xing
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyi Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixue Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Popoff MR. Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38668607 PMCID: PMC11054074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are secreted by certain bacteria and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in humans and animals. They are among the most potent molecules known, which are active at very low concentrations. Bacterial protein toxins exhibit a wide diversity based on size, structure, and mode of action. Upon recognition of a cell surface receptor (protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid), they are active either at the cell surface (signal transduction, membrane damage by pore formation, or hydrolysis of membrane compound(s)) or intracellularly. Various bacterial protein toxins have the ability to enter cells, most often using an endocytosis mechanism, and to deliver the effector domain into the cytosol, where it interacts with an intracellular target(s). According to the nature of the intracellular target(s) and type of modification, various cellular effects are induced (cell death, homeostasis modification, cytoskeleton alteration, blockade of exocytosis, etc.). The various modes of action of bacterial protein toxins are illustrated with representative examples. Insights in toxin evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
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Connolly SM, Erwin AL, Sabb M, Hanks JL, Chang L, Torrez RM, Caso GC, Campbell AM, Mosalaganti S, Cover TL, Ohi MD. Structural Analysis of Membrane-associated Forms of Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168432. [PMID: 38161000 PMCID: PMC11090358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach in about half of the human population, leading to an increased risk of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. H. pylori secretes an 88 kDa VacA toxin that contributes to pathogenesis. VacA assembles into oligomeric complexes in solution and forms anion-selective channels in cell membranes. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analyses of VacA oligomers in solution provided insights into VacA oligomerization but failed to reveal the structure of the hydrophobic N-terminal region predicted to be a pore-forming domain. In this study, we incubated VacA with liposomes and used single particle cryo-EM to analyze detergent-extracted VacA oligomers. A 3D structure of detergent-solubilized VacA hexamers revealed the presence of six α-helices extending from the center of the oligomers, a feature not observed in previous studies of water-soluble VacA oligomers. Cryo-electron tomography analysis and 2D averages of VacA associated with liposomes confirmed that central regions of the membrane-associated VacA oligomers can insert into the lipid bilayer. However, insertion is heterogenous, with some membrane-associated oligomers appearing only partially inserted and others sitting on top of the bilayer. These studies indicate that VacA undergoes a conformational change when contacting the membrane and reveal an α-helical region positioned to extend into the membrane. Although the reported VacA 3D structure does not represent a selective anion channel, our combined single particle 3D analysis, cryo-electron tomography, and modeling allow us to propose a model for the structural organization of the VacA N-terminus in the context of a hexamer as it inserts into the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Connolly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda L Erwin
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan Sabb
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica L Hanks
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Louise Chang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel M Torrez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Georgia C Caso
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anne M Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J. There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248700 PMCID: PMC10821523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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Wroblewski LE, Peek RM. Clinical Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms of Gastric Cancer Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 444:25-52. [PMID: 38231214 PMCID: PMC10924282 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47331-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The human pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric disease and cancer, and gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death across the globe. Carcinogenic mechanisms associated with H. pylori are multifactorial and are driven by bacterial virulence constituents, host immune responses, environmental factors such as iron and salt, and the microbiota. Infection with strains that harbor the cytotoxin-associated genes (cag) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) confer increased risk for developing more severe gastric diseases. Other important H. pylori virulence factors that augment disease progression include vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), specifically type s1m1 vacA alleles, serine protease HtrA, and the outer-membrane adhesins HopQ, BabA, SabA and OipA. Additional risk factors for gastric cancer include dietary factors such as diets that are high in salt or low in iron, H. pylori-induced perturbations of the gastric microbiome, host genetic polymorphisms, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus. This chapter discusses in detail host factors and how H. pylori virulence factors augment the risk of developing gastric cancer in human patients as well as how the Mongolian gerbil model has been used to define mechanisms of H. pylori-induced inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Wroblewski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Chaturvedi M, Mishra M, Pandey A, Gupta J, Pandey J, Gupta S, Malik MZ, Somvanshi P, Chaturvedi R. Oxidative Products of Curcumin Rather Than Curcumin Bind to Helicobacter Pylori Virulence Factor VacA and Are Required to Inhibit Its Vacuolation Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196727. [PMID: 36235264 PMCID: PMC9572645 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from turmeric with potent anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. Curcumin is degraded into various derivatives under in vitro and in vivo conditions, and it appears that its degradation may be responsible for the pharmacological effects of curcumin. The primary risk factor for the cause of gastric cancer is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). A virulence factor vacuolating cytotoxic A (VacA) is secreted by H. pylori as a 88 kDa monomer (p88), which can be fragmented into a 33 kDa N-terminal domain (p33) and a 55 kDa C-terminal domain (p55). Recently it has been reported that curcumin oxidation is required to inhibit the activity of another major H.pylori toxin CagA. We performed molecular docking of curcumin and its oxidative derivatives with p33 and p55 domains of VacA. Further, we have examined the effect of the oxidation of curcumin on the vacuolation activity of VacA protein. We observed the binding of curcumin to the p55 domain of VacA at five different sites with moderate binding affinities. Curcumin did not bind to p33 domain of VacA. Remarkably, cyclobutyl cyclopentadione and dihydroxy cyclopentadione, which are oxidized products of curcumin, showed a higher binding affinity with VacA protein at all sites except one as compared to parent curcumin itself. However, cyclobutyl cyclopentadione showed a significant binding affinity for the active site 5 of the p55 protein. Active site five (312-422) of p55 domain of VacA plays a crucial role in VacA-mediated vacuole formation. Invitro experiments showed that curcumin inhibited the vacuolation activity of H. pylori in human gastric cell line AGS cells whereas acetyl and diacetyl curcumin, which cannot be oxidized, failed to inhibit the vacuolation in AGS cells after H. pylori infection. Here our data showed that oxidation is essential for the activity of curcumin in inhibiting the vacuolation activity of H. pylori. Synthesis of these oxidized curcumin derivatives could potentially provide new therapeutic drug molecules for inhibiting H. pylori-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Energy and Environment, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohit Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Achyut Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jyoti Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jyoti Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, P.O. Box 1180, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Special Center for System Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Special Center for System Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Nanofluidiks Pvt. Ltd., Jawaharlal Nehru University-Foundation for Innovation, New Delhi 110067, India
- Correspondence:
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