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Pal S, Slepenkin A, Felgner J, Huw Davies D, Felgner P, de la Maza LM. Evaluation of Four Adjuvant Combinations, IVAX-1, IVAX-2, CpG-1826+Montanide ISA 720 VG and CpG-1018+Montanide ISA 720 VG, for Safety and for Their Ability to Elicit Protective Immune Responses in Mice against a Respiratory Challenge with Chlamydia muridarum. Pathogens 2023; 12:863. [PMID: 37513710 PMCID: PMC10383793 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to produce a vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Here, using the Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) as an antigen, four adjuvant combinations IVAX-1 (MPLA+CpG-1018+AddaVax), IVAX-2 (MPLA+CpG-1018+AS03), CpG-1826+Montanide ISA 720 VG (CpG-1826+Mont) and CpG-1018+Montanide ISA 720 VG (CpG-1018+Mont), were tested for their local reactogenicity and ability to elicit protection in BALB/c mice against a respiratory challenge with C. muridarum. Immunization with IVAX-1 or IVAX-2 induced no significant local reactogenicity following intramuscular immunization. In contrast, vaccines containing Montanide resulted in the formation of a local granuloma. Based on the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio in serum, the four adjuvant combinations elicited Th1-biased responses. IVAX-1 induced the highest in vitro neutralization titers while CpG-1018+Mont stimulated the lowest. As determined by the levels of IFN-γ produced by T-cells, the most robust cellular immune responses were elicited in mice immunized with CpG-1018+Mont, while the weakest responses were mounted by mice receiving IVAX-1. Following the respiratory challenge, mice immunized with CpG-1018+Mont lost the least amount of body weight and had the lowest number of C. muridarum inclusion-forming units (IFUs) in the lungs, while those receiving IVAX-2 had lost the most weight and had the highest number of IFUs in their lungs. Animals vaccinated with CpG-1826+Mont had the lightest lungs while those immunized using IVAX-2 had the heaviest. To conclude, due to their safety and adjuvanticity, IVAX formulations should be considered for inclusion in human vaccines against Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anatoli Slepenkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Philip Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Mayavannan A, Shantz E, Haidl ID, Wang J, Marshall JS. Mast cells selectively produce inflammatory mediators and impact the early response to Chlamydia reproductive tract infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166068. [PMID: 37138882 PMCID: PMC10150091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that causes reproductive tract complications in women, including ectopic pregnancies and tubal factor infertility. We hypothesized that mast cells, which are common at mucosal barriers, may contribute to responses to Chlamydia infection and aimed to define human mast cell responses to C. trachomatis. Methods Human cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMCs) were exposed to C. trachomatis to assess bacterial uptake, mast cell degranulation, gene expression, and production of inflammatory mediators. The role of formyl peptide receptors and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) were investigated using pharmacological inhibitors and soluble TLR2. Mast cell-deficient mice and littermate controls were used to examine the in vivo role of mast cells in influencing the immune response to Chlamydia infection in the female reproductive tract. Results C. trachomatis bacteria were taken up by human mast cells but did not replicate efficiently inside CBMCs. C. trachomatis-activated mast cells did not degranulate but maintained viability and exhibited cellular activation with homotypic aggregation and upregulation of ICAM-1. However, they significantly enhanced the gene expression of IL1B, CCL3, NFKB1, CXCL8, and IL6. Inflammatory mediators were produced, including TNF, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-23, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8. Endocytic blockade resulted in reduced gene expression of IL6, IL1B, and CCL3, suggesting C. trachomatis induced mast cell activation in both extracellular and intracellular locations. The IL-6 response to C. trachomatis was reduced when CBMCs were treated with C. trachomatis coated with soluble TLR2. Mast cells derived from TLR2-deficient mice also demonstrated a reduced IL-6 response to C. muridarum. Five days following C. muridarum infection, mast cell-deficient mice showed attenuated CXCL2 production and significantly reduced numbers of neutrophils, eosinophils, and B cells in the reproductive tract when compared with mast cell-containing littermates. Discussion Taken together, these data demonstrate that mast cells are reactive to Chlamydia spp. through multiple mechanisms that include TLR2-dependent pathways. Mast cells also play an important role in shaping in vivo immune responses in Chlamydia reproductive tract infection through both effector cell recruitment and modification of the chemokine microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animamalar Mayavannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emily Shantz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ian D. Haidl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean S. Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean S. Marshall,
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Zha X, Yang S, Niu W, Tan L, Xu Y, Zeng J, Tang Y, Sun L, Pang G, Qiao S, Zhang H, Liu T, Zhao H, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Bai H. IL-27/IL-27R Mediates Protective Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Suppressing Excessive Th17 Responses and Reducing Neutrophil Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2160-2169. [PMID: 33863788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine of the IL-12 family, has diverse influences on the development of multiple inflammatory diseases. In this study, we identified the protective role of IL-27/IL-27R in host defense against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infection and further investigated the immunological mechanism. Our results showed that IL-27 was involved in C. muridarum infection and that IL-27R knockout mice (WSX-1-/- mice) suffered more severe disease, with greater body weight loss, higher chlamydial loads, and more severe inflammatory reactions in the lungs than C57BL/6 wild-type mice. There were excessive IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells and many more neutrophils, neutrophil-related proteins, cytokines, and chemokines in the lungs of WSX-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice following C. muridarum infection. In addition, IL-17/IL-17A-blocking Ab treatment improved disease after C. muridarum infection in WSX-1-/- mice. Overall, we conclude that IL-27/IL-27R mediates protective immunity during chlamydial respiratory infection in mice by suppressing excessive Th17 responses and reducing neutrophil inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaini Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lida Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongci Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cell depletion therapy targets IL-17A-expressing mammary carcinomas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13343. [PMID: 32770025 PMCID: PMC7414122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an invasive subtype of breast cancer but paradoxically associated with increased tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying TNBC immunobiology are incompletely understood. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has both pro- and anti-tumor effects and found in 40-80% of TNBC samples. We report here that IL-17A mRNA and protein are detectable in some human TNBC cell lines and further upregulated by IL-23 and LPS stimulation. Furthermore, the impact of tumor-derived IL-17A in host immune response and tumor growth was examined using murine TNBC 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing IL-17A (AdIL-17A) or control vector (Addl). Compared to Addl-transduction, AdIL-17A-transduction enhanced 4T1 tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo, which was associated with a marked expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, AdIL-17A-transduction also induced strong organ-specific and time-dependent immune activation indicated by dynamic changes of NK cells, B cells, CD4, and CD8 T cells in peripheral blood, lung, and tumor site, as well as the plasma levels of IFNγ. Such findings highlight that tumor-associated IL-17A induces concurrent immune activation and immune suppression. Administration of anti-Gr1 or anti-G-CSF antibody effectively depleted MDSCs in vivo, markedly reducing the growth of AdIL-17A-transduced 4T1 tumors, and eliminating lung metastasis. Collectively, our study demonstrates that MDSC depletion is an effective and practical approach for treating IL-17A-enriched mammary carcinomas.
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Cipollini V, Anrather J, Orzi F, Iadecola C. Th17 and Cognitive Impairment: Possible Mechanisms of Action. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:95. [PMID: 31803028 PMCID: PMC6877481 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells represent a distinct population of immune cells, important in the defense of the organism against extracellular infectious agents. Because of their cytokine profile and ability to recruit other immune cell types, they are highly pro-inflammatory and are involved in the induction of several autoimmune disorders. Recent studies show that Th17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17 have also a role in a wide variety of neurological diseases. This review article will briefly summarize the evidence linking Th17 cells to brain diseases associated with cognitive impairment, including multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic brain injury and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We will also investigate the mechanisms by which these cells enter the brain and induce brain damage, including direct effects of IL-17 on brain cells and indirect effects mediated through disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurovascular dysfunction and gut-brain axis. Finally, therapeutic prospects targeting Th17 cells and IL-17 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Sant' Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Rajput C, Han M, Bentley JK, Lei J, Ishikawa T, Wu Q, Hinde JL, Callear AP, Stillwell TL, Jackson WT, Martin ET, Hershenson MB. Enterovirus D68 infection induces IL-17-dependent neutrophilic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121882. [PMID: 30135310 PMCID: PMC6141171 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) shares biologic features with rhinovirus (RV). In 2014, a nationwide outbreak of EV-D68 was associated with severe asthma-like symptoms. We sought to develop a mouse model of EV-D68 infection and determine the mechanisms underlying airway disease. BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with EV-D68 (2014 isolate), RV-A1B, or sham, alone or in combination with anti-IL-17A or house dust mite (HDM) treatment. Like RV-A1B, lung EV-D68 viral RNA peaked 12 hours after infection. EV-D68 induced airway inflammation, expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12b, IL-17A, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, and CCL2), and airway hyperresponsiveness, which were suppressed by anti-IL-17A antibody. Neutrophilic inflammation and airway responsiveness were significantly higher after EV-D68 compared with RV-A1B infection. Flow cytometry showed increased lineage-, NKp46-, RORγt+ IL-17+ILC3s and γδ T cells in the lungs of EV-D68-treated mice compared with those in RV-treated mice. EV-D68 infection of HDM-exposed mice induced additive or synergistic increases in BAL neutrophils and eosinophils and expression of IL-17, CCL11, IL-5, and Muc5AC. Finally, patients from the 2014 epidemic period with EV-D68 showed significantly higher nasopharyngeal IL-17 mRNA levels compared with patients with RV-A infection. EV-D68 infection induces IL-17-dependent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, which is greater than that generated by RV-A1B, consistent with the clinical picture of severe asthma-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Rajput
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jing Lei
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomoko Ishikawa
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joanna L. Hinde
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy P. Callear
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Terri L. Stillwell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William T. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily T. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Li T, Rong HM, Zhang C, Zhai K, Tong ZH. IL-9 Deficiency Promotes Pulmonary Th17 Response in Murine Model of Pneumocystis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1118. [PMID: 29887863 PMCID: PMC5980981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a severe complication with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. It has been well accepted that CD4+ T cells play a major role in controlling Pneumocystis infection. Th9 cells were the main source of IL-9 with multifaced roles depending on specific diseases. It is unclear whether IL-9/Th9 contributes to the immune response against PCP. The current study aims to explore the role of IL-9 and the effect of IL-9 on Th17 cells in murine model of PCP. Materials and methods Mice were intratracheally injected with 1 × 106Pneumocystis organisms to establish the murine model of Pneumocystis infection. Pneumocystis burden was detected by TaqMan real-time PCR. Using IL-9-deficient (IL-9−/−) mice, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to investigate the immune function related to Th17 response in defense against Pneumocystis infection. Results Reduced Pneumocystis burden was observed in lungs in IL-9−/− mice compared with WT mice at 3-week postinfection. IL-9−/−mice exhibited stronger Th17 immune responses than WT PCP mice through flow cytometer and real-time PCR. ELISA revealed higher levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from IL-9−/− mice than WT mice. And IL-9 deficiency promoted Th17 differentiation from CD4+ naive T cells. IL-17A neutralization increased Pneumocystis burden in IL-9−/− mice. Conclusion Although similar basic clearance of Pneumocystis organisms was achieved in both WT and IL-9−/− PCP mice, IL-9 deficiency could lower Pneumocystis organism burden and promote pulmonary Th17 cells response in the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Schleich F, Demarche S, Louis R. Biomarkers in the Management of Difficult Asthma. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1561-73. [PMID: 26467509 PMCID: PMC4997932 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666151015093406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Difficult asthma is a heterogeneous disease of the airways including various types of bronchial inflammation and various degrees of airway remodeling. Therapeutic response of severe asthmatics can be predicted by the use of biomarkers of Type2-high or Type2-low inflammation. Based on sputum cell analysis, four inflammatory phenotypes have been described. As induced sputum is time-consuming and expensive technique, surrogate biomarkers are useful in clinical practice. Eosinophilic phenotype is likely to reflect ongoing adaptive immunity in response to allergen. Several biomarkers of eosinophilic asthma are easily available in clinical practice (blood eosinophils, serum IgE, exhaled nitric oxyde, serum periostin). Neutrophilic asthma is thought to reflect innate immune system activation in response to pollutants or infectious agents while paucigranulocytic asthma is thought to be not inflammatory and characterized by smooth muscle dysfunction. We currently lack of user-friendly biomarkers of neutrophilic asthma and airway remodeling. In this review, we summarize the biomarkers available for the management of difficult asthma.
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Velichko S, Zhou X, Zhu L, Anderson JD, Wu R, Chen Y. A Novel Nuclear Function for the Interleukin-17 Signaling Adaptor Protein Act1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163323. [PMID: 27723765 PMCID: PMC5056742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the human airway, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) signaling is associated with severe inflammation, as well as protection against pathogenic infection, particularly at mucosal surfaces such as the airway. The intracellular molecule Act1 has been demonstrated to be an essential mediator of IL-17A signaling. In the cytoplasm, it serves as an adaptor protein, binding to both the intracellular domain of the IL-17 receptor as well as members of the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. It also has enzymatic activity, and serves as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In the context of airway epithelial cells, we demonstrate for the first time that Act1 is also present in the nucleus, especially after IL-17A stimulation. Ectopic Act1 expression can also increase the nuclear localization of Act1. Act1 can up-regulate the expression and promoter activity of a subset of IL-17A target genes in the absence of IL-17A signaling in a manner that is dependent on its N- and C-terminal domains, but is NF-κB independent. Finally, we show that nuclear Act1 can bind to both distal and proximal promoter regions of DEFB4, one of the IL-17A responsive genes. This transcriptional regulatory activity represents a novel function for Act1. Taken together, this is the first report to describe a non-adaptor function of Act1 by directly binding to the promoter region of IL-17A responsive genes and directly regulate their transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene Velichko
- The Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States of America
| | - Lingxiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States of America
| | - Johnathon David Anderson
- The Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Reen Wu
- The Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Luo CJ, Luo F, Zhang L, Xu Y, Cai GY, Fu B, Feng Z, Sun XF, Chen XM. Knockout of interleukin-17A protects against sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:56. [PMID: 27334720 PMCID: PMC4917508 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is an independent risk factor for death in patients with sepsis, but treatment for it is limited. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of SA-AKI, we must first understand its pathogenesis. Recently, interleukin (IL)-17A has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and sepsis, but its role in SA-AKI remains unclear. Methods SA-AKI was induced in male C57BL/6 and IL-17A−/− mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) operations for 24 h. Results At 7 days, only seven mice survived in the wild-type septic group, but nine survived in the IL-17A−/− septic group, corresponding to survival rates of 25 % and 45 %, respectively. At 24 h after CLP operations, both wild-type and IL-17A−/− septic mice developed kidney injury. The IL-17A−/− septic mice exhibited decreased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and an improved acute tubular necrosis score. The IL-17A−/− septic mice exhibited decreased IL-6, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 expression in kidney tissue, but increased IL-10 expression. In addition, renal neutrophil infiltration was attenuated significantly in the IL-17A−/− septic group. Moreover, IL-17A−/− septic mice showed significantly decreased apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells, including decreased TUNEL-positive tubular cell number and cleaved caspase-3 level, compared with the wild-type CLP group. Their Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio was also increased. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that IL-17A knockout could protect against SA-AKI. We show that IL-17A plays a pathogenic role in SA-AKI by increasing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and by inducing neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells. Accordingly, IL-17A may be a novel target in SA-AKI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13613-016-0157-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Juan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Shandong, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, No.28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Korb VC, Phulukdaree A, Lalloo UG, Chuturgoon AA, Moodley D. TB/HIV pleurisy reduces Th17 lymphocyte proportion independent of the cytokine microenvironment. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99:92-99. [PMID: 27450010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) 17 cells are a pro-inflammatory subset of CD4(+) effector T-cells critical in mucosal immunity. Imbalances in Th17 cell proportion have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases; however, this has not been adequately explored in tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. Since Th17 cells are predominantly mucosally associated, we assessed Th17 proportion and associated microenvironment in pleural effusions from patients co-infected with TB/HIV. Our results show that TB(+)HIV(+) pleurisy results in significantly reduced frequency of CD4(+)IL-17(+)RORC(+)STAT3(+) Th17 cells compared to TB(-)HIV(-)ex vivo (p = 0.0054) and was confirmed in conditioned media studies in vitro (p = 0.0001). This was not associated with alterations in Th17 polarising cytokines IL-6, IL-21 and IL-23 or changes in Th17 signature cytokines IL-17A and F. However, the mRNA expression of Th17 signalling molecules, IL-6 (p = 0.0022), IL-6R (p = 0.0247), IL-1β (p = 0.0022) and signal transducer and activator (STAT) 3 (p = 0.0022) were significantly upregulated. Notably, TB(+)HIV(+) pleural fluid contained significantly higher concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.0008), IL-22 (p = 0.0115), IL-31 (p = 0.0210), TNF-α (p = 0.0251) and IFN-γ (p = 0.0026) than TB(-)HIV(-) pleural fluid ex vivo. Taken together, this suggests a reduced portion of Th17 lymphocytes in TB/HIV pleurisy is independent of locally mediated cytokine polarisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Korb
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Alisa Phulukdaree
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Umesh G Lalloo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
| | - Devapregasan Moodley
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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12
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Tsai HC, Wu R. Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin in the Modulation of TH17 Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:135-52. [PMID: 26351147 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that TH17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to host defense against various bacterial and fungal infections. The protective responses mediated by TH17 cells and IL-17A include the recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and enhanced tight junction of epithelial cells. Due to the importance of TH17 cells in infections, efforts have been made to develop TH17-based vaccines. The goal of vaccination is to establish a protective immunological memory. Most currently approved vaccines are antibody-based and have limited protection against stereotypically different strains. Studies show that T-cell-based vaccines may overcome this limitation and protect hosts against infection of different strains. Two main strategies are used to develop TH17 vaccines: identification of TH17-specific antigens and TH17-skewing adjuvants. Studies have revealed that cholera toxin (CT) induces a potent Th17 response following vaccination. Antigen vaccination along with CT induces a robust TH17 response, which is sometimes accompanied by TH1 responses. Due to the toxicity of CT, it is hard to apply CT in a clinical setting. Thus, understanding how CT modulates TH17 responses may lead to the development of successful TH17-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, USA
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13
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Zhang L, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. The Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection suppresses Th17 cells response in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:75-85. [PMID: 27259830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been shown to immunomodulate innate and adaptive immunity of pigs. The Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection causes severe bacterial secondary infection in pigs. However, the mechanism in relation to the bacterial secondary infection induced by HP-PRRSV remains unknown. In the present study, Th17 cells response in peripheral blood, lungs, spleens and lymph nodes of piglets were analyzed, and bacterial loads in lungs of piglets were examined upon HP-PRRSV infection. Meanwhile the changes of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood of the inoculated piglets were analyzed. The results showed that HP-PRRSV-inoculated piglets exhibited a suppressed Th17 cells response in peripheral blood and a reduced number of Th17 cells in lungs, and higher bacterial loads in lungs, compared with low pathogenic PRRSV. Moreover, HP-PRRSV obviously resulted in severe depletion of porcine T cells in peripheral blood at the early stage of infection. These findings indicate that HP-PRRSV infection suppresses the response of Th17 cells that play an important role in combating bacterial infections, suggesting a possible correlation between the suppression of Th17 cells response in vivo and bacterial secondary infection induced by HP-PRRSV. Our present study adds a novel insight into better understanding of the pathogenesis of the Chinese HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Li J, Dong X, Zhao L, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang H, Zhao W. Natural killer cells regulate Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance in chlamydial lung infection. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1339-51. [PMID: 27028780 PMCID: PMC4929289 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is an important component in innate immunity, playing a critical role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by modulating the function of other immune cells including T cells. In this study, we focused on the role of NK cells in regulating Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance during chlamydial lung infection. We found that NK cell‐depleted mice showed decreased Th1 and Th17 cells, which was correlated with reduced interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐17 and IL‐22 production as well as T‐bet and receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t expression compared with mice treated with the isotype control antibody. In contrast, NK cell depletion significantly increased Treg in cell number and related transcription factor (Foxp3) expression. The opposite trends of changes of Th1/Th17 and Treg led to significant reduction in the Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios. The data implicate that NK cells play an important role in host defence against chlamydial lung infection, mainly through maintaining Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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15
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Jiang X, Hou X, Tang L, Jiang Y, Ma G, Li Y. A phase trial of the oral Lactobacillus casei vaccine polarizes Th2 cell immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7457-69. [PMID: 27020282 PMCID: PMC7080089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. TGEV is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes highly fatal acute diarrhoea in newborn pigs. An oral Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) vaccine against anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus developed in our laboratory was used to study mucosal immune responses. In this L. casei vaccine, repetitive peptides expressed by L. casei (specifically the MDP and tuftsin fusion protein (MT)) were repeated 20 times and the D antigenic site of the TGEV spike (S) protein was repeated 6 times. Immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus is crucial for investigations of the effect of immunization, such as the first immunization time and dose. The first immunization is more important than the last immunization in the series. The recombinant Lactobacillus elicited specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. Recombinant L. casei had a strong potentiating effect on the cellular immunity induced by the oral L. casei vaccine. However, during TGEV infection, the systemic and local immune responses switched from Th1 to Th2-based immune responses. The systemic humoral immune response was stronger than the cellular immune response after TGEV infection. We found that the recombinant Lactobacillus stimulated IL-17 expression in both the systemic and mucosal immune responses against TGEV infection. Furthermore, the Lactobacillus vaccine stimulated an anti-TGEV infection Th17 pathway. The histopathological examination showed tremendous potential for recombinant Lactobacillus to enable rapid and effective treatment for TGEV with an intestinal tropism in piglets. The TGEV immune protection was primarily dependent on mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpeng Ma
- Agricultural High Technology Department, China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yijing Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Lorè NI, Bragonzi A, Cigana C. The IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in pulmonary defence and immunopathology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:19-27. [PMID: 27033174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-17A/IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) axis is emerging as a key player in host defence. Several studies have demonstrated that IL-17A-mediated responses play a critical role in both acute and chronic inflammation induced by infectious agents, environmental stimuli and genetic diseases in the airways. In this regard, it is becoming evident that IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling may have a protective and beneficial impact on health, but that it can also result in detrimental outcomes. On one hand, the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis can contribute to the elimination of noxious stimuli and to the resolution of acute inflammatory processes; on the other hand, it can exacerbate immunopathological responses, contributing to the development and progression of chronic respiratory illnesses. In addition, cellular and molecular signatures underlying IL-17A/IL-17RA signalling have been increasingly identified, although further studies are needed to clarify such complex responses. Here, we discuss the latest discoveries on the role of the IL-17A/IL-17RA axis in driving host pulmonary defence and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ivan Lorè
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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17
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Li Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tang J, Peng B, Wei Y. X-ray Irradiated Vaccine Confers protection against Pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18823. [PMID: 26879055 PMCID: PMC4754647 DOI: 10.1038/srep18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infection worldwide, however, no effective vaccine is currently available in the market. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of the bacteria by X-ray irradiation inhibits its replication capability but retained antigenic expression functionally thus allowing its use as a potential vaccine. Mice immunized by this vaccine were challenged by the parental strain, the O-antigen-homologous strain PAO-1 (O2/O5) and heterologous strain PAO-6 (O6) in an acute pneumonia model. We further measured the protective effect of the vaccine, as well as host innate and cellular immunity responses. We found immunized mice could protect against both strains. Notably, the antiserum only had significant protective role against similar bacteria, while adoptive transfer of lymphocytes significantly controlled the spread of the virulent heterologous serogroup PAO-6 infection, and the protective role could be reversed by CD4 rather than CD8 antibody. We further revealed that vaccinated mice could rapidly recruit neutrophils to the airways early after intranasal challenge by PAO-6, and the irradiated vaccine was proved to be protective by the generated CD4(+) IL-17(+) Th17 cells. In conclusion, the generation of inactivated but metabolically active microbes is a promising strategy for safely vaccinating against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Zhenling Wang
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Jianying Tang
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
| | - Bin Peng
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China.,Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Labortary of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Cheng Du, China
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18
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Murthy AK, Li W, Ramsey KH. Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 412:183-215. [PMID: 27370346 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydial infections lead to a number of clinically relevant diseases and induce significant morbidity in human populations. It is generally understood that certain components of the host immune response to infection also mediate such disease pathologies. A clear understanding of pathogenic mechanisms will enable us to devise better preventive and/or intervention strategies to mitigate the morbidity caused by these infections. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the immunopathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-induced diseases of the eye, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular systems. In this article, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by Chlamydia, animal models used to study disease pathology, and a historical context to the efforts to understand chlamydial pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings regarding pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of the adaptive immune response in the development of chlamydial disease sequelae. Finally, we summarize the key insights obtained from studies of chlamydial pathogenesis and avenues that remain to be explored in order to inform the next steps of vaccine development against chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlesh K Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA.
| | - Weidang Li
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, 555, 31st Steet, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
| | - Kyle H Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, USA
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19
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Lagae S, Dumont A, Vanrompay D. Examination of the in vivo immune response elicited by Chlamydia psittaci in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 170:54-64. [PMID: 26848049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has since long been reported that Chlamydia psittaci is endemic in the poultry industry in Belgium as well as in other European Countries. This can lead to major economic losses because of a lowered egg production, higher mortality and carcass condemnation. Nowadays, expensive antibiotic treatments are necessary to reduce mortality rate but this can lead to antibiotic resistance. Moreover, C. psittaci can easily be transmitted from birds to humans through the inhalation of pathogen-containing aerosols derived from feces and eye and nostril secretions. Therefore, the need for an efficient vaccine against C. psittaci is augmenting. However, more research is needed to develop such a vaccine. Knowledge on the immune mechanisms of C. psittaci infections is crucial to understand the pathogenesis of, and immunity to this zoonotic pathogen and to act as a basis for vaccination studies. This study has investigated the in vivo immune response evoked by C. psittaci in his natural host, the chicken. Excretion of C. psittaci, chlamydial antibody detection in sera, blood immune cells and the mRNA expression levels of different cytokines, chemokines and one Toll-like receptor were investigated in different organs (conchae, lungs, airsacs, harderian gland, bursa fabricius and spleen) at different time points post infection (6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 4 d, 6d, 8 d, 10 d, 14 d and 21 d). A higher frequency of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and monocytes/macrophages expressing the MHC II molecule were observed in the infected group. Several cytokines and chemokines are significantly upregulated during infection but remarkably also significantly downregulated, especially at late time points. Furthermore, the only Toll-like receptor investigated, TLR4, was also significant upregulated in several organs. This study can contribute on the elucidation on how C. psittaci interact with his host, leading to the developing of targets for effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies for infection.
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20
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Gauguet S, D'Ortona S, Ahnger-Pier K, Duan B, Surana NK, Lu R, Cywes-Bentley C, Gadjeva M, Shan Q, Priebe GP, Pier GB. Intestinal Microbiota of Mice Influences Resistance to Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4003-14. [PMID: 26216419 PMCID: PMC4567647 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00037-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 immunity in the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by the intestinal microbiota composition, particularly the presence of segmented filamentous bacteria (sfb), but the role of the intestinal microbiota in pulmonary host defense is not well explored. We tested whether altering the gut microbiota by acquiring sfb influences the susceptibility to staphylococcal pneumonia via induction of type 17 immunity. Groups of C57BL/6 mice which differed in their intestinal colonization with sfb were challenged with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an acute lung infection model. Bacterial burdens, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cell types, and cytokine levels were compared between mice from different vendors, mice from both vendors after cohousing, mice given sfb orally prior to infection, and mice with and without exogenous interleukin-22 (IL-22) or anti-IL-22 antibodies. Mice lacking sfb developed more severe S. aureus pneumonia than mice colonized with sfb, as indicated by higher bacterial burdens in the lungs, lung inflammation, and mortality. This difference was reduced when sfb-negative mice acquired sfb in their gut microbiota through cohousing with sfb-positive mice or when given sfb orally. Levels of type 17 immune effectors in the lung were higher after infection in sfb-positive mice and increased in sfb-negative mice after acquisition of sfb, as demonstrated by higher levels of IL-22 and larger numbers of IL-22(+) TCRβ(+) cells and neutrophils in BALF. Exogenous IL-22 protected mice from S. aureus pneumonia. The murine gut microbiota, particularly the presence of sfb, promotes pulmonary type 17 immunity and resistance to S. aureus pneumonia, and IL-22 protects against severe pulmonary staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gauguet
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha D'Ortona
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn Ahnger-Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Biyan Duan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neeraj K Surana
- Division of Infectious Diseases (Department of Medicine), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roger Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mihaela Gadjeva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory P Priebe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Infectious Diseases (Department of Medicine), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Essilfie AT, Horvat JC, Kim RY, Mayall JR, Pinkerton JW, Beckett EL, Starkey MR, Simpson JL, Foster PS, Gibson PG, Hansbro PM. Macrolide therapy suppresses key features of experimental steroid-sensitive and steroid-insensitive asthma. Thorax 2015; 70:458-67. [PMID: 25746630 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-insensitive endotypes of asthma are an important clinical problem and effective therapies are required. They are associated with bacterial infection and non-eosinophilic inflammatory responses in the asthmatic lung. Macrolide therapy is effective in steroid-insensitive endotypes, such as non-eosinophilic asthma. However, whether the effects of macrolides are due to antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory mechanisms is not known. OBJECTIVE To determine and assess the efficacy of macrolide (ie, clarithromycin) and non-macrolide (ie, amoxicillin) antibiotic treatments in experimental models of infection-induced, severe, steroid-insensitive neutrophilic allergic airways disease (SSIAAD), compared with steroid-sensitive AAD and to delineate the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide therapy. METHODS We developed and used novel mouse models of Chlamydia and Haemophilus lung infection-induced SSIAAD. We used these models to investigate the effects of clarithromycin and amoxicillin treatment on immune responses and airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in Ova-induced, T helper lymphocyte (Th) 2 -associated steroid-sensitive AAD and infection-induced Th1/Th17-associated SSIAAD compared with dexamethasone treatment. RESULTS Clarithromycin and amoxicillin had similar antimicrobial effects on infection. Amoxicillin did attenuate some features, but did not broadly suppress either form of AAD. It did restore steroid sensitivity in SSIAAD by reducing infection. In contrast, clarithromycin alone widely suppressed inflammation and AHR in both steroid-sensitive AAD and SSIAAD. This occurred through reductions in Th2 responses that drive steroid-sensitive eosinophilic AAD and tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 17 responses that induce SSIAAD. CONCLUSIONS Macrolides have broad anti-inflammatory effects in AAD that are likely independent of their antimicrobial effects. The specific responses that are suppressed are dependent upon the responses that dominate during AAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama-Tawiah Essilfie
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James W Pinkerton
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma L Beckett
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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CD43-, but not CD43+, IL-10-producing CD1dhiCD5+ B cells suppress type 1 immune responses during Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:94-106. [PMID: 24938746 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are known to modulate immune responses through predominantly interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dependent mechanisms and can be hypothetically divided into innate and adaptive subsets based on the nature of their activating signals. However, the specific role of different Breg subsets in modulating immune responses remains ambiguous. Here we have shown that Chlamydia induces IL-10-producing splenic B-cell populations consisting of CD43(+) and CD43(-) subsets of IgM(hi)IgD(lo) innate-like B (ILB) cells in vitro. While CD43(+)IL-10-producing B cells displayed innate type features and were readily induced by Chlamydia via Toll-like-receptor (TLR) signaling, CD43(-)IL-10-producing B cells required additional B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-mediated signals from dendritic cells (DCs) for their differentiation and activation, thereby classifying them as adaptive type Bregs. Importantly, CD43(-), but not CD43(+), IL-10-producing ILB cells displayed bona fide Breg activity by potently suppressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in vitro in an IL-10-dependent manner. Furthermore, a novel CD43(-)CD1d(hi)CD5(+) IL-10-producing Breg population was predominantly induced by Chlamydia genital infection in vivo. Correspondingly, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice with B-cell-specific IL-10 deficiency exhibited significantly increased type 1 immune responses, decreased bacterial burden, and reduced oviduct pathology upon infection. Our data demonstrate for the first time a distinct role for CD43(-)CD1d(hi)CD5(+)-adaptive Bregs over CD43(+) innate counterparts in controlling mucosal responses against intracellular bacterial infection.
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Rizzetto L, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D. Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3166-81. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rizzetto
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
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Mathew M, Waugh C, Beagley KW, Timms P, Polkinghorne A. Interleukin 17A is an immune marker for chlamydial disease severity and pathogenesis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:423-429. [PMID: 24915607 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an iconic Australian marsupial species that is facing many threats to its survival. Chlamydia pecorum infections are a significant contributor to this ongoing decline. A major limiting factor in our ability to manage and control chlamydial disease in koalas is a limited understanding of the koala's cell-mediated immune response to infections by this bacterial pathogen. To identify immunological markers associated with chlamydial infection and disease in koalas, we used koala-specific Quantitative Real Time PCR (qrtPCR) assays to profile the cytokine responses of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) collected from 41 koalas with different stages of chlamydial disease. Target cytokines included the principal Th1 (Interferon gamma; IFNγ), Th2 (Interleukin 10; IL10), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; TNFα). A novel koala-specific IL17A qrtPCR assay was also developed as part of this study to quantitate the gene expression of this Th17 cytokine in koalas. A statistically significant higher IL17A gene expression was observed in animals with current chlamydial disease compared to animals with asymptomatic chlamydial infection. A modest up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IFNγ, was also observed in these animals with signs of current chlamydial disease. IL10 gene expression was not evident in the majority of animals from both groups. Future longitudinal studies are now required to confirm the role played by cytokines in pathology and/or protection against C. pecorum infection in the koala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mathew
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Courtney Waugh
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia.
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Downregulation of chicken interleukin-17 receptor A during Eimeria infection. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3845-54. [PMID: 24980970 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02141-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F are proinflammatory cytokines that have an important role in intestinal homeostasis via receptor signaling. These cytokines have been characterized in chickens, but very little is known about their receptors and their functional activity. We provide here the first description of the sequence analysis, bioactivity, and comparative expression analysis of chicken IL-17RA (chIL-17RA) in chickens infected with Salmonella and Eimeria, two major infectious agents of gastrointestinal diseases of poultry of economic importance. A full-length chIL-17RA cDNA with a 2,568-bp coding region was identified from chicken thymus cDNA. chIL-17RA shares ca. 46% identity with mammalian homologues and 29.2 to 31.5% identity with its piscine counterparts. chIL-17RA transcript expression was relatively high in the thymus and in the chicken macrophage cell line HD11. The chIL-17RA-specific small interfering RNA inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-1β mRNA expression in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (but not in DF-1 cells) stimulated with chIL-17A or chIL-17F. Interaction between chIL-17RA and chIL-17A was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Downregulation of chIL-17RA occurred in concanavalin A- or lipopolysaccharide-activated splenic lymphocytes but not in poly(I·C)-activated splenic lymphocytes. In Salmonella- and Eimeria-infected chickens, the expression levels of the chIL-17RA transcript were downregulated in intestinal tissues from chickens infected with two Eimeria species, E. tenella or E. maxima, that preferentially infect the cecum and jejunum, respectively. However, chIL-17RA expression was generally unchanged in Salmonella infection. These results suggest that chIL-17RA has an important role in mucosal immunity to intestinal intracellular parasite infections such as Eimeria infection.
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Wang X, Li C, Thongda W, Luo Y, Beck B, Peatman E. Characterization and mucosal responses of interleukin 17 family ligand and receptor genes in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:47-55. [PMID: 24602926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 17 family cytokines are important mediators of mucosal immune responses, tightly regulated by signals from the complex milieu of pathogenic and commensal microbes, epithelial cells and innate and adaptive leukocytes found at tissue barriers. In mammals, IL17 ligand expression has been linked not only to protective immunity but also excessive tissue inflammation and damage in the gut and lungs. To better understand the scope and action of the IL17 family in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, we identified and characterized seven IL17 ligands and four IL17 receptor (IL17R) homologues from transcriptomic and genomic databases. To gain insight into the mucosal actions of the IL17A/Fs-associated pathway in inflammatory processes, the expression profiles of three IL17A/Fs and their putative receptors IL17RA and IL17RC in mucosal tissues of catfish following experimental challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare were investigated. Bacterial challenge induced higher expression of the catfish IL17A/Fs as early at 4 h post-infection, particularly in gill tissue. In contrast, in the catfish intestine, where IL17 function is best understood in mouse models, IL17A/F expression showed minimal early responses to E. ictaluri infection. Instead, a significant up-regulation of IL17 ligands and receptors was observed in the intestine at 7 d, highlighting species and tissue-specific regulation of the IL17 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Wang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yupeng Luo
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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Croxford AL, Karbach S, Kurschus FC, Wörtge S, Nikolaev A, Yogev N, Klebow S, Schüler R, Reissig S, Piotrowski C, Brylla E, Bechmann I, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Thomas Wunderlich F, Münzel T, von Stebut E, Waisman A. IL-6 Regulates Neutrophil Microabscess Formation in IL-17A-Driven Psoriasiform Lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:728-735. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Clinical consequences of targeting IL-17 and TH17 in autoimmune and allergic disorders. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 13:587-95. [PMID: 23760974 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The TH17 lineage of T cells and its canonical cytokine IL-17 have been the focus of many recent studies in autoimmune, allergic, and infectious disease. In this review, we will briefly discuss the current knowledge about the role of these cells and IL-17 in a spectrum of disorders. It is clear that IL-17 plays pathogenic roles in certain conditions while the same pathway is critically important to immunity in others. Targeting of TH17 cells or IL-17 therapeutically may impart many benefits, but this approach is not without potentially serious implications regarding host defense. These issues will be discussed herein as we evaluate pharmacological approaches targeting this pathway that are just beginning to be fully tested in human disease.
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Wan C, Latter JL, Amirshahi A, Symonds I, Finnie J, Bowden N, Scott RJ, Cunningham KA, Timms P, Beagley KW. Progesterone activates multiple innate immune pathways in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected endocervical cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2013; 71:165-77. [PMID: 24206234 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Susceptibility to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is increased by oral contraceptives and modulated by sex hormones. We therefore sought to determine the effects of female sex hormones on the innate immune response to C. trachomatis infection. METHOD OF STUDY ECC-1 endometrial cells, pre-treated with oestradiol or progesterone, were infected with C. trachomatis and the host transcriptome analysed by Illumina Sentrix HumanRef-8 microarray. Primary endocervical epithelial cells, prepared at either the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, were infected with C. trachomatis and cytokine gene expression determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS Chlamydia trachomatis yield from progesterone-primed ECC-1 cells was significantly reduced compared with oestradiol-treated cells. Genes upregulated in progesterone-treated and Chlamydia-infected cells only included multiple CC and CXC chemokines, IL-17C, IL-29, IL-32, TNF-α, DEFB4B, LCN2, S100A7-9, ITGAM, NOD2, JAK1, IL-6ST, type I and II interferon receptors, numerous interferon-stimulated genes and STAT6. CXCL10, CXCL11, CX3 CL1 and IL-17C, which were also upregulated in infected secretory-stage primary cells, and there was a trend towards higher levels of immune mediators in infected secretory-phase compared with proliferative-phase cells. CONCLUSION Progesterone treatment primes multiple innate immune pathways in hormone-responsive epithelial cells that could potentially increase resistance to chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Wan
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
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Lactobacillus plantarum reduces Streptococcus pyogenes virulence by modulating the IL-17, IL-23 and Toll-like receptor 2/4 expressions in human epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:453-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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The role of T helper (TH)17 cells as a double-edged sword in the interplay of infection and autoimmunity with a focus on xenobiotic-induced immunomodulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:374769. [PMID: 24151516 PMCID: PMC3787652 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research in recent years suggests that exposure to xenobiotic stimuli plays a critical role in autoimmunity induction and severity and that the resulting response would be exacerbated in individuals with an infection-aroused immune system. In this context, heavy metals constitute a prominent category of xenobiotic substances, known to alter divergent immune cell responses in accidentally and occupationally exposed individuals, thereby increasing the susceptibility to autoimmunity and cancer, especially when accompanied by inflammation-triggered persistent sensitization. This perception is learned from experimental models of infection and epidemiologic studies and clearly underscores the interplay of exposure to such immunomodulatory elements with pre- or postexposure infectious events. Further, the TH17 cell subset, known to be associated with a growing list of autoimmune manifestations, may be the “superstar” at the interface of xenobiotic exposure and autoimmunity. In this review, the most recently established links to this nomination are short-listed to create a framework to better understand new insights into TH17's contributions to autoimmunity.
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Moore-Connors JM, Fraser R, Halperin SA, Wang J. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells Promote Th17 Responses and Genital Tract Inflammation upon IntracellularChlamydia muridarumInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3430-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Akamatsu T, Arai Y, Kosugi I, Kawasaki H, Meguro S, Sakao M, Shibata K, Suda T, Chida K, Iwashita T. Direct isolation of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts from bleomycin-injured lungs reveals their functional similarities and differences. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:15. [PMID: 23927729 PMCID: PMC3751789 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Myofibroblasts play a crucial role in tissue repair. The functional similarities and differences between myofibroblasts and fibroblasts are not fully understood because they have not been separately isolated from a living body. The purpose of this study was to establish a method for the direct isolation of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts from injured lungs by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and to compare their functions. Results We demonstrated that lineage-specific cell surface markers (lin), such as CD31, CD45, CD146, EpCAM (CD326), TER119, and Lyve-1 were not expressed in myofibroblasts or fibroblasts. Fibroblasts of bleomycin-injured lungs and saline-treated lungs were shown to be enriched in linneg Sca-1high, and myofibroblasts of bleomycin-injured lungs were shown to be enriched in linneg Sca-1low CD49ehigh. Results from in-vitro proliferation assays indicated in-vitro proliferation of fibroblasts but not myofibroblasts of bleomycin-injured lungs and of fibroblasts of saline-treated lungs. However, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts might have a low proliferative capacity in vivo. Analysis of genes for collagen and collagen synthesis enzymes by qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of about half of the genes were significantly higher in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of bleomycin-injured lungs than in fibroblasts of saline-treated lungs. By contrast, the expression levels of 8 of 11 chemokine genes of myofibroblasts were significantly lower than those of fibroblasts. Conclusions This is the first study showing a direct isolation method of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts from injured lungs. We demonstrated functional similarities and differences between myofibroblasts and fibroblasts in terms of both their proliferative capacity and the expression levels of genes for collagen, collagen synthesis enzymes, and chemokines. Thus, this direct isolation method has great potential for obtaining useful information from myofibroblasts and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Akamatsu
- Department of Regenerative and Infectious Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Al-Alwan LA, Chang Y, Mogas A, Halayko AJ, Baglole CJ, Martin JG, Rousseau S, Eidelman DH, Hamid Q. Differential roles of CXCL2 and CXCL3 and their receptors in regulating normal and asthmatic airway smooth muscle cell migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2731-41. [PMID: 23904157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural cell migration plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several diseases, including asthma. Previously, we established that IL-17-induced (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3) production promoted airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) migration, and consequently we sought to investigate the molecular mechanism of CXC-induced ASMC migration. Recombinant human CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 were used to assess migration of human primary ASMCs from normal and asthmatic subjects using a modified Boyden chamber. Neutralizing Abs or small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK pathways were used to investigate the receptors and the signaling pathways involved in CXC-induced ASMC migration, respectively. We established the ability of CXCL2 and CXCL3, but not CXCL1, to induce ASMC migration at the tested concentrations using normal ASMCs. We found CXCL2-induced ASMC migration to be dependent on p38 MAPK and CXCR2, whereas CXCL3-induced migration was dependent on p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways via CXCR1 and CXCR2. While investigating the effect of CXCL2 and CXCL3 on asthmatic ASMC migration, we found that they induced greater migration of asthmatic ASMCs compared with normal ones. Interestingly, unlike normal ASMCs, CXCL2- and CXCL3-induced asthmatic ASMC migration was mainly mediated by the PI3K pathway through CXCR1. In conclusion, our results establish a new role of CXCR1 in ASMC migration and demonstrate the diverse mechanisms by which CXCL2 and CXCL3 mediate normal and asthmatic ASMC migration, suggesting that they may play a role in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila A Al-Alwan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories and Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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IL-17A and Th17 cells in lung inflammation: an update on the role of Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17R signaling in host defense against infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:267971. [PMID: 23956759 PMCID: PMC3730142 DOI: 10.1155/2013/267971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The significance of Th17 cells and interleukin- (IL-)17A signaling in host defense and disease development has been demonstrated in various infection and autoimmune models. Numerous studies have indicated that Th17 cells and its signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to the airway's immune response against various bacteria and fungal infection. Cytokines such as IL-23, which are involved in Th17 differentiation, play a critical role in controlling Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) infection. IL-17A acts on nonimmune cells in infected tissues to strengthen innate immunity by inducing the expression of antimicrobial proteins, cytokines, and chemokines. Mice deficient in IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) expression are susceptible to infection by various pathogens. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in unraveling the mechanism behind Th17 cell differentiation, IL-17A/IL-17R signaling, and also the importance of IL-17A in pulmonary infection.
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Mosolygó T, Korcsik J, Balogh EP, Faludi I, Virók DP, Endrész V, Burián K. Chlamydophila pneumoniae re-infection triggers the production of IL-17A and IL-17E, important regulators of airway inflammation. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:451-60. [PMID: 23385305 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effects of interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines in Chlamydophila pneumoniae-infected mice. METHODS Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae once or three times and the expression of IL-17 cytokines was followed by RT qPCR from day 1 to day 28 after infection and re-infection. After the treatment of mice with anti-IL-17A, ELISA was used to detect the differences in cytokine and chemokine production. The number and phenotype of the IL-17A-producing cells were determined by ELISPOT. RESULTS Chlamydophila pneumoniae induced IL-17A and IL-17F from day 2 after infection, and their levels remained elevated on day 28. The expression of IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17E mRNA did not change significantly in response to a single infection. The in vivo neutralization of IL-17A resulted in a higher C. pneumoniae burden in the mouse lungs, a decreased cell influx, and diminished chemokine levels. The phenotype of IL-17A-producing cells was CD4(+). The re-infection of mice led to an increased expression of IL-17E mRNA. CONCLUSION These results facilitate an understanding of the early inflammatory response after C. pneumoniae infection and suggest that C. pneumoniae re-infection induces the production of a high amount of IL-17E, which has an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Mosolygó
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Andrian E, Qi G, Wang J, Halperin SA, Lee SF. Role of surface proteins SspA and SspB of Streptococcus gordonii in innate immunity. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:2099-2106. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.058073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisoa Andrian
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gaofu Qi
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Scott A. Halperin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Song F. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Nakamura T, Nishibu A, Yasoshima M, Tanoue C, Yoshida N, Hatta J, Miyamoto T, Nishii M, Yanagibashi T, Nagai Y, Takatsu K, Mochizuki T, Ogawa K. Analysis of Trichophyton antigen-induced contact hypersensitivity in mouse. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Interleukin-17A contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59:420-9. [PMID: 22261166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested whether interleukin (IL)-17A is involved in the pathogenesis of mouse myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and investigated the mechanisms. BACKGROUND Inflammatory processes play a major role in myocardial I/R injury. We recently identified IL-17A as an important cytokine in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and viral myocarditis. However, its role in myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. METHODS The involvement of IL-17A was assessed in functional assays in mouse myocardial I/R injury by neutralization/repletion or genetic deficiency of IL-17A, and its mechanism on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration were further studied in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Interleukin-17A was elevated after murine left coronary artery ligation and reperfusion. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that γδT lymphocytes but not CD4(+) helper T cells were a major source of IL-17A. Anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody treatment or IL-17A knockout markedly ameliorated I/R injury, as demonstrated by reduced infarct size, reduced cardiac troponin T levels, and improved cardiac function. This improvement was associated with a reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration. In contrast, repletion of exogenous IL-17A induced the opposite effect. In vitro study showed that IL-17A mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis through regulating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, induced CXC chemokine-mediated neutrophil migration and promoted neutrophil-endothelial cell adherence through induction of endothelial cell E-selectin and inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS IL-17A mainly produced by γδT cells plays a pathogenic role in myocardial I/R injury by inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration.
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Brown TH, David J, Acosta-Ramirez E, Moore JM, Lee S, Zhong G, Hancock RE, Xing Z, Halperin SA, Wang J. Comparison of immune responses and protective efficacy of intranasal prime-boost immunization regimens using adenovirus-based and CpG/HH2 adjuvanted-subunit vaccines against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:350-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lu C, Zeng H, Li Z, Lei L, Yeh IT, Wu Y, Zhong G. Protective immunity against mouse upper genital tract pathology correlates with high IFNγ but low IL-17 T cell and anti-secretion protein antibody responses induced by replicating chlamydial organisms in the airway. Vaccine 2011; 30:475-85. [PMID: 22079265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To search for optimal immunization conditions for inducing protective immunity against upper genital tract pathologies caused by chlamydial intravaginal infection, we compared protection efficacy in mice immunized intranasally or intramuscularly with live or inactivated Chlamydia muridarum organisms. Mice immunized intranasally with live organisms developed strong protection against both vaginal shedding of infectious organisms and upper genital tract pathologies. The protection correlated with a robust antigen-specific T cell response with high IFNγ but low IL-17. Although a significant level of IL-5 was also detected, these mice maintained an overall Th1-dorminant immunity following immunization and challenge infection. On the contrary, mice immunized intranasally with inactivated organisms or intramuscularly with live or inactivated organisms produced high levels of IL-17 and still developed significant upper genital tract pathologies. High titers of antibodies against chlamydial secretion antigens were detected only in mice immunized intranasally with live organisms but not mice in other groups, suggesting that the intranasally inoculated live organisms were able to undergo replication and immune responses to the chlamydial secretion proteins may contribute to protective immunity. These observations have provided important information on how to develop subunit vaccines for inducing protective immunity against urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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He X, Nair A, Mekasha S, Alroy J, O'Connell CM, Ingalls RR. Enhanced virulence of Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infections in the absence of TLR2 activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20846. [PMID: 21695078 PMCID: PMC3114860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted pathogen and is associated with infant pneumonia. Data from the female mouse model of genital tract chlamydia infection suggests a requirement for TLR2-dependent signaling in the induction of inflammation and oviduct pathology. We hypothesized that the role of TLR2 in moderating mucosal inflammation is site specific. In order to investigate this, we infected mice via the intranasal route with C. muridarum and observed that in the absence of TLR2 activation, mice had more severe disease, higher lung cytokine levels, and an exaggerated influx of neutrophils and T-cells into the lungs. This could not be explained by impaired bacterial clearance as TLR2-deficient mice cleared the infection similar to controls. These data suggest that TLR2 has an anti-inflammatory function in the lung during Chlamydia infection, and that the role of TLR2 in mucosal inflammation varies at different mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao He
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anjali Nair
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samrawit Mekasha
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. O'Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robin R. Ingalls
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Innate immune responses to systemic Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice: neutrophils, but not interleukin-17, mediate host resistance. Infect Immun 2011; 79:3317-27. [PMID: 21576323 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00069-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen with a high prevalence of multiple-drug-resistant strains, causing pneumonia and sepsis. The current studies further develop a systemic mouse model of this infection and characterize selected innate immune responses to the organism. Five clinical isolates, with various degrees of antibiotic resistance, were assessed for virulence in two mouse strains, and between male and female mice, using intraperitoneal infection. A nearly 1,000-fold difference in virulence was found between bacterial strains, but no significant differences between sexes or mouse strains were observed. It was found that microbes disseminated rapidly from the peritoneal cavity to the lung and spleen, where they replicated. A persistent septic state was observed. The infection progressed rapidly, with mortality between 36 and 48 h. Depletion of neutrophils with antibody to Ly-6G decreased mean time to death and increased mortality. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) promotes the response of neutrophils by inducing production of the chemokine keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant (KC/CXCL1), the mouse homolog of human IL-8. Acinetobacter infection resulted in biphasic increases in both IL-17 and KC/CXCL1. Depletion of neither IL-17 nor KC/CXCL1, using specific antibodies, resulted in a difference in bacterial burdens in organs of infected mice at 10 h postinfection. Comparison of bacterial burdens between IL-17a(-/-) and wild-type mice confirmed that the absence of this cytokine did not sensitize mice to Acinetobacter infection. These studies definitely demonstrate the importance of neutrophils in resistance to systemic Acinetobacter infection. However, neither IL-17 nor KC/CXCL1 alone is required for effective host defense to systemic infection with this organism.
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Abstract
The identification of a new T cell subset referred to as T helper 17 (Th17) cells and its role in protective immunity against extracellular bacterial infections is well established. In contrast, initial studies suggested that the IL-23-IL-17 pathway was not required for protection against intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterial infections. However, recent studies demonstrate that Th17-IL-23 pathway may play a crucial role in protective immunity against other intracellular pathogens by regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses. The current outlook on the role of IL-23-IL-17 pathway in protective immunity to intracellular pathogens is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Eko FO, Okenu DN, Singh UP, He Q, Black C, Igietseme JU. Evaluation of a broadly protective Chlamydia-cholera combination vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2011; 29:3802-10. [PMID: 21421002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The need to simultaneously target infections with epidemiological overlap in the population with a single vaccine provides the basis for developing combination vaccines. Vibrio cholerae ghosts (rVCG) offer an attractive approach for developing vaccines against a number of human and animal pathogens. In this study, we constructed a multisubunit vaccine candidate co-expressing the serovar D-derived Porin B and polymorphic membrane protein-D proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis and evaluated its ability to simultaneously induce broad-based chlamydial immunity and elicit a vibriocidal antibody response to the Vibrio carrier envelope. Intramuscular (IM) immunization with the vaccine candidate elicited high levels of antigen-specific genital mucosal and systemic Th1 cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against heterologous serovars and strains, including serovars E-H and L. Also, in addition to the multisubunit vaccine, the single subunit constructs conferred significant cross protection against the heterologous mouse strain, Chlamydia muridarum. Furthermore, all mice immunized with rVCG vaccine constructs responded with a significant rise in vibriocidal antibody titer, the surrogate marker for protection in cholera. These findings demonstrate the ability of the multisubunit vaccine to induce cross protective chlamydial as well as vibriocidal immunity and establish the possibility of developing a broadly efficacious Chlamydia-cholera combination vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O Eko
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Jha R, Srivastava P, Salhan S, Finckh A, Gabay C, Mittal A, Bas S. Spontaneous secretion of interleukin-17 and -22 by human cervical cells in Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:167-78. [PMID: 21034849 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether IL-17A (IL-17) and IL-22 are produced in response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the cervical washes of 27 women with C. trachomatis infection and 17 C. trachomatis negative controls were collected. The levels of cytokines were determined in the cervical wash and in the supernatant of cervical and systemic cell cultures upon C. trachomatis antigen stimulation. C. trachomatis infection appeared to activate local IL-17 and IL-22 production more efficiently than IFN-γ production. In the cervical wash of infected women, median concentrations of IL-17 and -22 were 5- and 3-fold higher, respectively, than in negative controls. The spontaneous intracellular expression of these cytokines was analysed by flow cytometry in blood and cervical cells and 26% of cervical mononuclear cells from infected women were shown to produce IL-22 and 12% to coproduce IL-17 and IL-22. In addition, it was demonstrated that 20-25% of IL-22 producing and IL-17-IL-22 coproducing cervical CD4+ T cells expressed the mucosal homing receptor CCR6. These results suggest that CCR6 is involved in the migration of these cells to the cervix and that IL-17 and IL-22 might play a role in the immune response at the site of C. trachomatis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Jha
- Institute of Pathology-ICMR, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Interleukin-17 contributes to generation of Th1 immunity and neutrophil recruitment during Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection but is not required for macrophage influx or normal resolution of infection. Infect Immun 2010; 79:1349-62. [PMID: 21149587 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00984-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) contributes to development of Th1 immunity and neutrophil influx during Chlamydia muridarum pulmonary infection, but its role during C. muridarum genital tract infection has not been described. We detected similar numbers of Chlamydia-specific Th17 and Th1 cells in iliac nodes of wild-type mice early during genital C. muridarum infection, while Th1 cells predominated later. il17ra(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced chlamydia-specific Th1 response in draining iliac nodes and decreased local IFN-γ production. Neutrophil influx into the genital tract was also decreased. However, il17ra(-/-) mice resolved infection normally, and no difference in pathology was observed compared to the wild type. Macrophage influx and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production were increased in il17ra(-/-) mice, providing a compensatory mechanism to effectively control chlamydial genital tract infection despite a reduced Th1 response. In ifnγ(-/-) mice, a marked increase in cellular infiltrates and chronic pathology was associated with an increased Th17 response. Although neutralization of IL-17 in ifnγ(-/-) mice decreased neutrophil influx, macrophage infiltration remained intact and the bacterial burden was not increased. Collectively, these results indicate that IL-17 contributes to the generation of Th1 immunity and neutrophil recruitment but is not required for macrophage influx or normal resolution of C. muridarum genital infection. These data highlight the redundant immune mechanisms operative at this mucosal site and the importance of examining site-specific responses to mucosal pathogens.
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Cochrane M, Armitage CW, O’Meara CP, Beagley KW. Towards a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine: how close are we? Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1833-56. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and preventable blindness worldwide. The incidence of chlamydial sexually transmitted infections has increased rapidly and current antibiotic therapy has failed as an intervention strategy. The most accepted strategy for protection and/or control of chlamydial infections is a vaccine that induces both local neutralizing antibodies to prevent infections by the extracellular elementary bodies and a cell-mediated immune response to target the intracellular infection. This article will discuss the challenges in vaccine design for the prevention of chlamydial urogenital infection and/or disease, including selection of target antigens, discussion of effective delivery systems, immunization routes and adjuvants for induction of protective immunity at the targeted mucosal surface whilst minimizing severe inflammatory disease sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cochrane
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Connor P O’Meara
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Chen S, Shimada K, Zhang W, Huang G, Crother TR, Arditi M. IL-17A is proatherogenic in high-fat diet-induced and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5619-27. [PMID: 20935201 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-17 in atherogenesis remains controversial. We previously reported that the TLR/MyD88 signaling pathway plays an important role in high-fat diet as well as Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection-mediated acceleration of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. In this study, we investigated the role of the IL-17A in high-fat diet (HFD)- and C. pneumoniae-induced acceleration of atherosclerosis. The aortic sinus plaque and aortic lesion size and lipid composition as well as macrophage accumulation in the lesions were significantly diminished in IL-17A(-/-) mice fed an HFD compared with wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 control mice. As expected, C. pneumoniae infection led to a significant increase in size and lipid content of the atherosclerotic lesions in WT mice. However, IL-17A(-/-) mice developed significantly less acceleration of lesion size following C. pneumoniae infection compared with WT control despite similar levels of blood cholesterol levels. Furthermore, C. pneumoniae infection in WT but not in IL-17A(-/-) mice was associated with significant increases in serum concentrations of IL-12p40, CCL2, IFN-γ, and numbers of macrophages in their plaques. Additionally, in vitro studies suggest that IL-17A activates vascular endothelial cells, which secrete cytokines that in turn enhance foam cell formation in macrophages. Taken together, our data suggest that IL-17A is proatherogenic and that it plays an important role in both diet-induced atherosclerotic lesion development, and C. pneumoniae infection-mediated acceleration of atherosclerotic lesions in the presence of HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Abstract
Laboratory mice are well known to be highly susceptible to virulent strains of Yersinia pestis in experimental models of bubonic plague. We have found that Mus spretus-derived SEG/Pas (SEG) mice are exceptionally resistant to virulent CO92 and 6/69 wild type strains. Upon subcutaneous injection of 10(2) colony-forming units (CFU), 90% of females and 68% of males survived, compared with only an 8% survival rate for both male and female C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, half of the SEG mice survived a challenge of up to 10(7) CFU. The time required for mortality was similar between B6 and SEG, suggesting that survival is dependent on early rather than late processes. The analysis of 322 backcross mice identified three significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 3, 4 and 6, with dominant SEG protective alleles. Each QTL increased the survival rate by approximately 20%. The three QTLs function additively, thereby accounting for 67% of the difference between the parental phenotypes. Mice heterozygous for the three QTLs were just as resistant as SEG mice to Y. pestis challenge. The SEG strain therefore offers an invaluable opportunity to unravel mechanisms and underlying genetic factors of resistance against Y. pestis infection.
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