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Ferrer P, Berry AA, Bucsan AN, Prajapati SK, Krishnan K, Barbeau MC, Rickert DM, Guerrero SM, Usui M, Abebe Y, Patil A, Chakravarty S, Billingsley PF, Pa'ahana-Brown F, Strauss K, Shrestha B, Nomicos E, Deye GA, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL, Williamson KC, Lyke KE. Repeat controlled human Plasmodium falciparum infections delay bloodstream patency and reduce symptoms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5194. [PMID: 38890271 PMCID: PMC11189388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to clinical malaria takes years to develop even in hyperendemic regions and sterilizing immunity has rarely been observed. To evaluate the maturation of the host response against controlled repeat exposures to P. falciparum (Pf) NF54 strain-infected mosquitoes, we systematically monitored malaria-naïve participants through an initial exposure to uninfected mosquitoes and 4 subsequent homologous exposures to Pf-infected mosquitoes over 21 months (n = 8 males) (ClinicalTrials.gov# NCT03014258). The primary outcome was to determine whether protective immunity against parasite infection develops following repeat CHMI and the secondary outcomes were to track the clinical signs and symptoms of malaria and anti-Pf antibody development following repeat CHMI. After two exposures, time to blood stage patency increases significantly and the number of reported symptoms decreases indicating the development of clinical tolerance. The time to patency correlates positively with both anti-Pf circumsporozoite protein (CSP) IgG and CD8 + CD69+ effector memory T cell levels consistent with partial pre-erythrocytic immunity. IFNγ levels decrease significantly during the participants' second exposure to high blood stage parasitemia and could contribute to the decrease in symptoms. In contrast, CD4-CD8 + T cells expressing CXCR5 and the inhibitory receptor, PD-1, increase significantly after subsequent Pf exposures, possibly dampening the memory response and interfering with the generation of robust sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferrer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andrea A Berry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Surendra K Prajapati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Karthik Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michelle C Barbeau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David M Rickert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Mendoza Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Miho Usui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Faith Pa'ahana-Brown
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathy Strauss
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Biraj Shrestha
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Effie Nomicos
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and International Programs Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory A Deye
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and International Programs Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Vigário AM, Pamplona A. γδ T cells as immunotherapy for malaria: balancing challenges and opportunities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242306. [PMID: 38124746 PMCID: PMC10731019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Vigário
- Projecto Medicina, Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Pamplona
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Lautenbach MJ, Yman V, Silva CS, Kadri N, Broumou I, Chan S, Angenendt S, Sondén K, Plaza DF, Färnert A, Sundling C. Systems analysis shows a role of cytophilic antibodies in shaping innate tolerance to malaria. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110709. [PMID: 35443186 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity to malaria develops over time with repeated malaria episodes, but protection against severe malaria and immune regulation limiting immunopathology, called tolerance, develops more rapidly. Here, we comprehensively profile the blood immune system in patients, with or without prior malaria exposure, over 1 year after acute symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Using a data-driven analysis approach to describe the immune landscape over time, we show that a dampened inflammatory response is associated with reduced γδ T cell expansion, early expansion of CD16+ monocytes, and parasite-specific antibodies of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes. This also coincided with reduced parasitemia and duration of hospitalization. Our data indicate that antibody-mediated phagocytosis during the blood stage infection leads to lower parasitemia and less inflammatory response with reduced γδ T cell expansion. This enhanced control and reduced inflammation points to a potential mechanism on how tolerance is established following repeated malaria exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Julius Lautenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, South Stockholm Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Sousa Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine Solna, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Broumou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sherwin Chan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratories, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sina Angenendt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Fernando Plaza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kumar A, Singh B, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Singh SS, Sundar S, Kumar R. Emerging role of γδ T cells in protozoan infection and their potential clinical application. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105210. [PMID: 35031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are thymus derived heterogeneous and unconventional T- lymphocyte expressing TCR γ (V γ9) and TCRδ (Vδ2) chain and play an important role in connecting innate and adaptive armaments of immune response. These cells can recognize wide ranges of antigens even without involvement of major histocompatibility complex and exert their biological functions by cytotoxicity or activating various types of immune cells. In recent past, γδ T cells have emerged as an important player during protozoa infection and rapidly expand after exposure with them. They have also been widely studied in vaccine induced immune response against many bacterial and protozoan infections with improved clinical outcome. In this review, we will discuss the various roles of γδ T cells in immunity against malaria and leishmaniasis, the two important protozoan diseases causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | | | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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7
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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8
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Eberl M, Oldfield E, Herrmann T. Immuno-antibiotics: targeting microbial metabolic pathways sensed by unconventional T cells. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab005. [PMID: 35919736 PMCID: PMC9327107 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and other unconventional T cells are specialised in detecting microbial metabolic pathway intermediates that are absent in humans. The recognition by such semi-invariant innate-like T cells of compounds like (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), the penultimate metabolite in the MEP isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, and intermediates of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and their metabolites allows the immune system to rapidly sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are shared by a wide range of micro-organisms. Given the essential nature of these metabolic pathways for microbial viability, they have emerged as promising targets for the development of novel antibiotics. Here, we review recent findings that link enzymatic inhibition of microbial metabolism with alterations in the levels of unconventional T cell ligands produced by treated micro-organisms that have given rise to the concept of 'immuno-antibiotics': combining direct antimicrobial activity with an immunotherapeutic effect via modulation of unconventional T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Correspondence: Matthias Eberl, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK. Tel: +44-29206-87011;
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institut für Virologie und Immunbiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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γδ T cells suppress Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection by direct killing and phagocytosis. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:347-357. [PMID: 33432229 PMCID: PMC7906917 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activated Vγ9Vδ2 (γδ2) T lymphocytes that sense parasite-produced phosphoantigens are expanded in Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients. Although previous studies suggested that γδ2 T cells help control erythrocytic malaria, whether γδ2 T cells recognize infected red blood cells (iRBCs) was uncertain. Here we show that iRBCs stained for the phosphoantigen sensor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). γδ2 T cells formed immune synapses and lysed iRBCs in a contact, phosphoantigen, BTN3A1 and degranulation-dependent manner, killing intracellular parasites. Granulysin released into the synapse lysed iRBCs and delivered death-inducing granzymes to the parasite. All intra-erythrocytic parasites were susceptible, but schizonts were most sensitive. A second protective γδ2 T cell mechanism was identified. In the presence of patient serum, γδ2 T cells phagocytosed and degraded opsonized iRBCs in a CD16-dependent manner, decreasing parasite multiplication. Thus, γδ2 T cells have two ways to control blood-stage malaria-γδ T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated degranulation and phagocytosis of antibody-coated iRBCs.
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10
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Bucşan AN, Williamson KC. Setting the stage: The initial immune response to blood-stage parasites. Virulence 2020; 11:88-103. [PMID: 31900030 PMCID: PMC6961725 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1708053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals growing up in malaria endemic areas gradually develop protection against clinical malaria and passive transfer experiments in humans have demonstrated that this protection is mediated in part by protective antibodies. However, neither the target antigens, specific effector mechanisms, nor the role of continual parasite exposure have been elucidated, which complicates vaccine development. Progress has been made in defining the innate signaling pathways activated by parasite components, including DNA, RNA, hemozoin, and phospholipids, which initiate the immune response and will be the focus of this review. The challenge that remains within the field is to understand the role of these early responses in the development of protective adaptive responses that clear iRBC and block merozoite invasion so that optimal vaccines and therapeutics may be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N. Bucşan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim C. Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Kumarasingha R, Ioannidis LJ, Abeysekera W, Studniberg S, Wijesurendra D, Mazhari R, Poole DP, Mueller I, Schofield L, Hansen DS, Eriksson EM. Transcriptional Memory-Like Imprints and Enhanced Functional Activity in γδ T Cells Following Resolution of Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582358. [PMID: 33154754 PMCID: PMC7591758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells play an essential role in the immune response to many pathogens, including Plasmodium. However, long-lasting effects of infection on the γδ T cell population still remain inadequately understood. This study focused on assessing molecular and functional changes that persist in the γδ T cell population following resolution of malaria infection. We investigated transcriptional changes and memory-like functional capacity of malaria pre-exposed γδ T cells using a Plasmodiumchabaudi infection model. We show that multiple genes associated with effector function (chemokines, cytokines and cytotoxicity) and antigen-presentation were upregulated in P. chabaudi-exposed γδ T cells compared to γδ T cells from naïve mice. This transcriptional profile was positively correlated with profiles observed in conventional memory CD8+ T cells and was accompanied by enhanced reactivation upon secondary encounter with Plasmodium-infected red blood cells in vitro. Collectively our data demonstrate that Plasmodium exposure result in "memory-like imprints" in the γδ T cell population and also promotes γδ T cells that can support antigen-presentation during subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa J. Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Waruni Abeysekera
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Studniberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinidu Wijesurendra
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramin Mazhari
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Diana S. Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily M. Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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13
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Mwangi SJ, Gwela A, Mwikali K, Bargul JL, Nduati EW, Ndungu FM, Bejon P, Rayner JC, Abdi AI. Impact of Plasmodium falciparum small-sized extracellular vesicles on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16131.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exagerated immune activation has a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria. During blood-stage infection, Plasmodium falciparum can interact directly with host immune cells through infected red blood cells (PfiRBCs), or indirectly by the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we compared the impact of PfiRBCs and P. falciparum small-sized EVs (PfsEVs, also known as exosomes) from a Kenyan clinical isolate (PfKE12) adapted to short-term laboratory culture conditions on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PfsEVs were isolated from cell-free culture-conditioned media by ultracentrifugation while mature trophozoite PfiRBCs were purified by magnetic column separation. The PfsEVs and the PfiRBCs were co-cultured for 18 hours with PBMC. Cellular responses were quantified by cell surface expression of activation markers (CD25, CD69) and cytokine/chemokine levels in the supernatant. Results: Relative to negative control conditions, PfsEVs induced CD25 expression on CD4+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells, while PfiRBCs induced on CD19+ and CD14+ cells. Both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs induced CD69 on CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells. In addition, PfiRBCs induced higher expression of CD69 on CD14+ cells. CD69 induced by PfiRBCs on CD4+ and CD19+ cells was significantly higher than that induced by PfsEVs. Secretion of MIP1α, MIP1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα were significantly induced by both PfsEVs and PfiRBCs whereas MCP-1, IL-10, IL-17α were preferentially induced by PfsEVs and IP-10 and IFN-γ by PfiRBCs. Prior exposure to malaria (judged by antibodies to schizont extract) was associated with lower monocyte responses to PfsEVs. Conclusions: PfsEVs and PfiRBCs showed differential abilities to induce secretion of IL-17α and IFN-γ, suggesting that the former are better at inducing Th17, whilst the latter induce Th1 immune responses respectively. Prior exposure to malaria significantly reduces the ability of PfsEVs to activate monocytes, suggesting immune tolerance to PfsEVs may play a role in naturally acquired anti-disease immunity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune memory is essential for host defense against invaders and it is also used as a basis for vaccine development. For these reasons, it is crucial to understand its molecular basis. In this review, we describe recent findings on memory characteristics of innate-like lymphocytes and its contribution to host protection.(Figure is included in full-text article.) RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to adaptive immune cells, innate cells are also able to mount memory responses through a process called 'trained immunity.' Importantly, the lymphoid lineage is not restricted to cells carrying specific T-cell or B-cell receptors, but include cells with germline-encoded receptors. Recent studies show that these innate-like lymphocytes are able to generate efficient recall responses to reinfection. In different circumstances and depending on the cell type, innate-like lymphocyte memory can be antigen-specific or unspecific. Epigenetic changes accompany the generation of memory in these cells, but are still poorly defined. SUMMARY Immune memory is not restricted to antigen-specific cells, but also encompass different populations of innate immune cells. Innate-like lymphocytes embrace features of both innate and adaptive immune memory, and thus bridge adaptive and innate immune characteristics.
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Schmaler M, Orlova-Fink N, Rutishauser T, Abdulla S, Daubenberger C. Human unconventional T cells in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:265-277. [PMID: 32076813 PMCID: PMC7223888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an old scourge of humankind and has a large negative impact on the economic development of affected communities. Recent success in malaria control and reduction of mortality seems to have stalled emphasizing that our current intervention tools need to be complemented by malaria vaccines. Different populations of unconventional T cells such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cells are gaining attention in the field of malaria immunology. Significant advances in our basic understanding of unconventional T cell biology in rodent malaria models have been made, however, their roles in humans during malaria are less clear. Unconventional T cells are abundant in skin, gut and liver tissues, and long-lasting expansions and functional alterations were observed upon malaria infection in malaria naïve and malaria pre-exposed volunteers. Here, we review the current understanding of involvement of unconventional T cells in anti-Plasmodium falciparum immunity and highlight potential future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schmaler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Rutishauser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Clinical Trial Unit, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hernández-Castañeda MA, Happ K, Cattalani F, Wallimann A, Blanchard M, Fellay I, Scolari B, Lannes N, Mbagwu S, Fellay B, Filgueira L, Mantel PY, Walch M. γδ T Cells Kill Plasmodium falciparum in a Granzyme- and Granulysin-Dependent Mechanism during the Late Blood Stage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1798-1809. [PMID: 32066596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, have a complex life cycle. The exponential growth of the parasites during the blood stage is responsible for almost all malaria-associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, tight immune control of the intraerythrocytic replication of the parasite is essential to prevent clinical malaria. Despite evidence that the particular lymphocyte subset of γδ T cells contributes to protective immunity during the blood stage in naive hosts, their precise inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Using human PBMCs, we confirmed in this study that γδ T cells specifically and massively expanded upon activation with Plasmodium falciparum culture supernatant. We also demonstrate that these activated cells gain cytolytic potential by upregulating cytotoxic effector proteins and IFN-γ. The killer cells bound to infected RBCs and killed intracellular P. falciparum via the transfer of the granzymes, which was mediated by granulysin in a stage-specific manner. Several vital plasmodial proteins were efficiently destroyed by granzyme B, suggesting proteolytic degradation of these proteins as essential in the lymphocyte-mediated death pathway. Overall, these data establish a granzyme- and granulysin-mediated innate immune mechanism exerted by γδ T cells to kill late-stage blood-residing P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Andrea Hernández-Castañeda
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Katharina Happ
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Filippo Cattalani
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Alexandra Wallimann
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Marianne Blanchard
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Brigitte Scolari
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Nils Lannes
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Smart Mbagwu
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Benoît Fellay
- Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, 1752 Villars-sur-Glâne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Michael Walch
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
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17
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Antonelli LR, Junqueira C, Vinetz JM, Golenbock DT, Ferreira MU, Gazzinelli RT. The immunology of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:163-189. [PMID: 31642531 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax infection, the predominant cause of malaria in Asia and Latin America, affects ~14 million individuals annually, with considerable adverse effects on wellbeing and socioeconomic development. A clinical hallmark of Plasmodium infection, the paroxysm, is driven by pyrogenic cytokines produced during the immune response. Here, we review studies on the role of specific immune cell types, cognate innate immune receptors, and inflammatory cytokines on parasite control and disease symptoms. This review also summarizes studies on recurrent infections in individuals living in endemic regions as well as asymptomatic infections, a serious barrier to eliminating this disease. We propose potential mechanisms behind these repeated and subclinical infections, such as poor induction of immunological memory cells and inefficient T effector cells. We address the role of antibody-mediated resistance to P. vivax infection and discuss current progress in vaccine development. Finally, we review immunoregulatory mechanisms, such as inhibitory receptors, T regulatory cells, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, that antagonizes both innate and acquired immune responses, interfering with the development of protective immunity and parasite clearance. These studies provide new insights for the clinical management of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals and the development of an efficacious vaccine for vivax malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis R Antonelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Caroline Junqueira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Disease and immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Disease and immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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18
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γδ-T cells promote IFN-γ-dependent Plasmodium pathogenesis upon liver-stage infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9979-9988. [PMID: 31028144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814440116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major cause of death due to Plasmodium infection. Both parasite and host factors contribute to the onset of CM, but the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to its pathogenesis remain poorly characterized. Unlike conventional αβ-T cells, previous studies on murine γδ-T cells failed to identify a nonredundant role for this T cell subset in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Here we show that mice lacking γδ-T cells are resistant to ECM when infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA sporozoites, the liver-infective form of the parasite and the natural route of infection, in contrast with their susceptible phenotype if challenged with P. berghei ANKA-infected red blood cells that bypass the liver stage of infection. Strikingly, the presence of γδ-T cells enhanced the expression of Plasmodium immunogenic factors and exacerbated subsequent systemic and brain-infiltrating inflammatory αβ-T cell responses. These phenomena were dependent on the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ, which was required during liver stage for modulation of the parasite transcriptome, as well as for downstream immune-mediated pathology. Our work reveals an unanticipated critical role of γδ-T cells in the development of ECM upon Plasmodium liver-stage infection.
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19
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Diallo H, Katile A, Kwan JL, Sissoko MS, Healy SA, Doumbo OK, Duffy PE, Zaidi I. Longitudinal analysis of gamma delta T cell subsets during malaria infections in Malian adults. Malar J 2019; 18:69. [PMID: 30866943 PMCID: PMC6416881 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunity that limits malarial disease is acquired over time, but adults living in endemic areas continue to become infected and can require treatment for clinical illness. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, particularly the Vδ2+ subset, have been associated with development of clinical malaria in children. In this study, the dynamics of total γδ T cells, Vδ2+ and Vδ2− T cells were measured during a malaria transmission season in Malian adults. Methods This study explored γδ T cell dynamics and Plasmodium falciparum infection outcomes over the course of the malaria transmission season in Malian adults enrolled in the placebo arm of a double-blind randomized vaccine trial. All volunteers were treated with anti-malarial drugs prior to the start of the transmission season and blood smears were assessed for P. falciparum infection every 2 weeks from July 2014 to January 2015. The study participants were stratified as either asymptomatic infections or clinical malaria cases. Vδ2+ and Vδ2− γδ T cell frequencies and activation (as measured by CD38 expression) were measured in all study participants at baseline and then every 2 months using a whole blood flow cytometry assay. Results Forty of the forty-three subjects became infected with P. falciparum and, of those, 21 individuals were diagnosed with clinical malaria at least once during the season. The γδ T cell percentage and activation increased over the duration of the transmission season. Both the Vδ2+ and Vδ2− γδ T cells were activated by P. falciparum infection. Conclusion γδ T cells increased during a malaria transmission season and this expansion was noted in both the Vδ2+ and Vδ2− γδ T cells. However, neither expansion or activation of either γδ T cell subsets discriminated study participants that had asymptomatic infections from those that had clinical malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hama Diallo
- Malaria Research Training Center, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Katile
- Malaria Research Training Center, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mahamadou S Sissoko
- Malaria Research Training Center, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sara A Healy
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research Training Center, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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20
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Deroost K, Langhorne J. Gamma/Delta T Cells and Their Role in Protection Against Malaria. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2973. [PMID: 30619330 PMCID: PMC6306408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and how γδT cells play a protective role in immunity against Plasmodium infection remain open questions. γδT cells expand in patients and mice infected with Plasmodium spp, and cytokine production and cytotoxic responses against blood-stage parasites are observed in vitro. Their expansion is associated with protective immunity induced by irradiated sporozoite immunization, and depletion of γδT cells in some mouse models of malaria excacerbates blood-stage infections. It is now clear that these cells can have many different functions, and data are emerging suggesting that in addition to having direct parasitocidal effects, they can regulate other immune cells during Plasmodium infections. Here we review some of the historic and more recent data on γδT cells, and in light of the new information on their potential protective roles we suggest that it is a good time to re-evaluate their activation requirements, specificity and function during malaria.
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21
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Howard J, Zaidi I, Loizon S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Mamani-Matsuda M. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes in the Immune Response to P. falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2760. [PMID: 30538708 PMCID: PMC6277687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium sp, the most lethal being Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical malaria is associated with the asexual replication cycle of Plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cells (RBCs) and a dysregulated immune response. Although the mechanisms of immune responses to blood—or liver-stage parasites have been extensively studied, this has not led to satisfactory leads for vaccine design. Among innate immune cells responding to infection are the non-conventional gamma-delta T-cells. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset, found only in primates, is activated in response to non-peptidic phosphoantigens produced by stressed mammalian cells or by microorganisms such as Mycobacteria, E.coli, and Plasmodium. The potential protective role of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells against infections and cancer progression is of current research interest. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells have been shown to play a role in the early control of P. falciparum parasitemia and to influence malaria adaptive immunity via cytokine release and antigen presentation. They are activated and expanded during a primary P. falciparum infection in response to malaria phosphoantigens and their activity is modulated upon subsequent infections. Here, we review the wide range of functions by which Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells could both contribute to and protect from malaria pathology, with a particular focus on their ability to induce both innate and adaptive responses. We discuss how the multifunctional roles of these T-cells could open new perspectives on gamma-delta T-cell-based interventions to prevent or cure malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Séverine Loizon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Gogoi D, Biswas D, Borkakoty B, Mahanta J. Exposure to Plasmodium vivax is associated with the increased expression of exhaustion markers on γδ T lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12594. [PMID: 30276843 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells exhibit potent anti-Plasmodium activity but are also implicated in the immunopathology of malaria. It is currently poorly understood how γδ T cells are affected in human suffering from Plasmodium vivax infection or in symptomless individuals living in an endemic region. We examined both the percentages and expression of markers associated with immune exhaustion in γδ T cells in individuals living in a P. vivax endemic region by flow cytometry. The percentage of γδ T cells in the blood was significantly higher both in acute P. vivax-positive patients and in individuals from an endemic region in comparison with control uninfected adults. The frequency of the expression of the exhaustion markers-Tim-3, Lag-3, CTLA-4 and PD-1 was higher in γδ and total T cells from P. vivax-infected patients than in those populations from control uninfected adults. Individuals from a P. vivax endemic region showed elevated percentages of Tim-3-, Lag-3- and CTLA-4-positive γδ T cells and an increased percentage of Tim-3-positive total T cells. The phenotypic exhaustion of these cells might be a protective mechanism preventing the immunopathology associated with activated T cells and may provide a rationale for targeted manipulation of this process in diseases such as malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpu Gogoi
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Dipankar Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Indian Council of Medical Research, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786001, India
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Dantzler KW, Jagannathan P. γδ T Cells in Antimalarial Immunity: New Insights Into Their Diverse Functions in Protection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2445. [PMID: 30405634 PMCID: PMC6206268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniquely expressing diverse innate-like and adaptive-like functions, γδ T cells exist as specialized subsets, but are also able to adapt in response to environmental cues. These cells have long been known to rapidly proliferate following primary malaria infection in humans and mice, but exciting new work is shedding light into their diverse functions in protection and following repeated malaria infection. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of functional specialization of γδ T cells in malaria, and the mechanisms dictating recognition of malaria parasites and resulting proliferation. We discuss γδ T cell plasticity, including changing interactions with other immune cells during recurrent infection and potential for immunological memory in response to repeated stimulation. Building on recent insights from human and murine experimental studies and vaccine trials, we propose areas for future research, as well as applications for therapeutic development.
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Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferate in response to phosphoantigens released from erythrocytes infected with asexual and gametocyte stage Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Immunol 2018; 334:11-19. [PMID: 30177348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the dominant γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood, are stimulated by phosphoantigens, of which (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate, is produced in the apicoplast of malaria parasites. Cell-free media from synchronised Plasmodium falciparum asexual ring, trophozoite, and schizont stage-cultures of high purity as well as media from ruptured schizont cultures, all stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation, as did media from pure gametocyte cultures, whereas media from uninfected erythrocytes cultures did not. The media from ruptured schizont cultures and all the asexual and gametocyte stage cultures contained only background iron levels, suggesting that all erythrocyte haemoglobin is consumed as the parasites develop and supporting that the phosphoantigens were released from intact parasitized erythrocytes. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-stimulating agent was not affected by freezing, thawing or heating but was sensitive to phosphatase treatment, confirming its phosphoantigen identity. In summary, phosphoantigens are released from parasitised erythrocytes at all developmental blood stages.
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25
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Prediction of Disordered Regions and Their Roles in the Anti-Pathogenic and Immunomodulatory Functions of Butyrophilins. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020328. [PMID: 29401697 PMCID: PMC6017450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilins (BTNs) are a group of the moonlighting proteins, some members of which are secreted in milk. They constitute a large family of structurally similar type 1 transmembrane proteins from the immunoglobulin superfamily. Although the founding member of this family is related to lactation, participating in the secretion, formation and stabilization of milk fat globules, it may also have a cell surface receptor function. Generally, the BTN family members are known to modulate co-stimulatory responses, T cell selection, differentiation, and cell fate determination. Polymorphism of these genes was shown to be associated with the pathology of several human diseases. Despite their biological significance, structural information on human butyrophilins is rather limited. Based on their remarkable multifunctionality, butyrophilins seem to belong to the category of moonlighting proteins, which are known to contain intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs). However, the disorder status of human BTNs was not systematically investigated as of yet. The goal of this study is to fill this gap and to evaluate peculiarities of intrinsic disorder predisposition of the members of human BTN family, and to find if they have IDPRs that can be attributed to the multifunctionality of these important proteins.
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26
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Zaidi I, Diallo H, Conteh S, Robbins Y, Kolasny J, Orr-Gonzalez S, Carter D, Butler B, Lambert L, Brickley E, Morrison R, Sissoko M, Healy SA, Sim BKL, Doumbo OK, Hoffman SL, Duffy PE. γδ T Cells Are Required for the Induction of Sterile Immunity during Irradiated Sporozoite Vaccinations. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3781-3788. [PMID: 29079696 PMCID: PMC5698172 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-sporozoite vaccines confer sterilizing immunity to malaria-naive individuals by unknown mechanisms. In the first PfSPZ Vaccine trial ever in a malaria-endemic population, Vδ2 γδ T cells were significantly elevated and Vγ9/Vδ2 transcripts ranked as the most upregulated in vaccinees who were protected from Plasmodium falciparum infection. In a mouse model, absence of γδ T cells during vaccination impaired protective CD8 T cell responses and ablated sterile protection. γδ T cells were not required for circumsporozoite protein-specific Ab responses, and γδ T cell depletion before infectious challenge did not ablate protection. γδ T cells alone were insufficient to induce protection and required the presence of CD8α+ dendritic cells. In the absence of γδ T cells, CD8α+ dendritic cells did not accumulate in the livers of vaccinated mice. Altogether, our results show that γδ T cells were essential for the induction of sterile immunity during whole-organism vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Hama Diallo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Mali-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Solomon Conteh
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Yvette Robbins
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Jacqueline Kolasny
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Dariyen Carter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Brandi Butler
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Elizabeth Brickley
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Robert Morrison
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Mahamadou Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Mali-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Sara A Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | | | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, Mali-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases International Center for Excellence in Research, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | | | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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Howard J, Loizon S, Tyler CJ, Duluc D, Moser B, Mechain M, Duvignaud A, Malvy D, Troye-Blomberg M, Moreau JF, Eberl M, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Behr C, Mamani-Matsuda M. The Antigen-Presenting Potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells During Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1569-1579. [PMID: 28368498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During Plasmodium falciparum infections, erythrocyte-stage parasites inhibit dendritic cell maturation and function, compromising effective antimalarial adaptive immunity. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can act in vitro as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce αβ T-cell activation. However, the relevance of this activity in vivo has remained elusive. Because Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated during the early immune response against P. falciparum infection, we investigated whether they could contribute to the instruction of adaptive immune responses toward malaria parasites. In P. falciparum-infected patients, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells presented increased surface expression of APC-associated markers HLA-DR and CD86. In response to infected red blood cells in vitro, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upregulated surface expression of HLA-DR, HLA-ABC, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, induced naive αβ T-cell responses, and cross- presented soluble prototypical protein to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings qualify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as alternative APCs, which could be harnessed for therapeutic interventions and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and
| | - Matthieu Mechain
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Denis Malvy
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Moreau
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University.,CHU de Bordeaux, Immunology and Immunogenetic Laboratory, and
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, United Kingdom ; and
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28
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Schofield L, Ioannidis LJ, Karl S, Robinson LJ, Tan QY, Poole DP, Betuela I, Hill DL, Siba PM, Hansen DS, Mueller I, Eriksson EM. Synergistic effect of IL-12 and IL-18 induces TIM3 regulation of γδ T cell function and decreases the risk of clinical malaria in children living in Papua New Guinea. BMC Med 2017; 15:114. [PMID: 28615061 PMCID: PMC5471992 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γδ T cells are important for both protective immunity and immunopathogenesis during malaria infection. However, the immunological processes determining beneficial or detrimental effects on disease outcome remain elusive. The aim of this study was to examine expression and regulatory effect of the inhibitory receptor T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) on γδ T cells. While TIM3 expression and function on conventional αβ T cells have been clearly defined, the equivalent characterization on γδ T cells and associations with disease outcomes is limited. This study investigated the functional capacity of TIM3+ γδ T cells and the underlying mechanisms contributing to TIM3 upregulation and established an association with malaria disease outcomes. METHODS We analyzed TIM3 expression on γδ T cells in 132 children aged 5-10 years living in malaria endemic areas of Papua New Guinea. TIM3 upregulation and effector functions of TIM3+ γδ T cells were assessed following in vitro stimulation with parasite-infected erythrocytes, phosphoantigen and/or cytokines. Associations between the proportion of TIM3-expressing cells and the molecular force of infection were tested using negative binomial regression and in a Cox proportional hazards model for time to first clinical episode. Multivariable analyses to determine the association of TIM3 and IL-18 levels were conducted using general linear models. Malaria infection mouse models were utilized to experimentally investigate the relationship between repeated exposure and TIM3 upregulation. RESULTS This study demonstrates that even in the absence of an active malaria infection, children of malaria endemic areas have an atypical population of TIM3-expressing γδ T cells (mean frequency TIM3+ of total γδ T cells 15.2% ± 12). Crucial factors required for γδ T cell TIM3 upregulation include IL-12/IL-18, and plasma IL-18 was associated with TIM3 expression (P = 0.002). Additionally, we show a relationship between TIM3 expression and infection with distinct parasite clones during repeated exposure. TIM3+ γδ T cells were functionally impaired and were associated with asymptomatic malaria infection (hazard ratio 0.54, P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Collectively our data demonstrate a novel role for IL-12/IL-18 in shaping the innate immune response and provide fundamental insight into aspects of γδ T cell immunoregulation. Furthermore, we show that TIM3 represents an important γδ T cell regulatory component involved in minimizing malaria symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Schofield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Stephan Karl
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Qiao Y Tan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Inoni Betuela
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Danika L Hill
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peter M Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Division of Population Health and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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29
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Odorizzi PM, Feeney ME. Impact of In Utero Exposure to Malaria on Fetal T Cell Immunity. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:877-888. [PMID: 27614925 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated malaria, including placental malaria, causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, it has been suggested that in utero exposure of the fetus to malaria antigens may negatively impact the developing immune system and result in tolerance to malaria. Here, we review our current knowledge of fetal immunity to malaria, focusing on the dynamic interactions between maternal malaria infection, placental development, and the fetal immune system. A better understanding of the long-term impact of in utero malaria exposure on the development of natural immunity to malaria, immune responses to other childhood pathogens, and vaccine immunogenicity is urgently needed. This may guide the implementation of novel chemoprevention strategies during pregnancy and facilitate the push toward malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Lalor SJ, McLoughlin RM. Memory γδ T Cells-Newly Appreciated Protagonists in Infection and Immunity. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:690-702. [PMID: 27567182 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential for diversity in their T cell receptor, γδ T cells are primarily considered to be innate immune cells. Recently, memory-like γδ T cell responses have been identified in murine models of infection and autoimmunity. Similar memory responses have also been described in human and non-human primate γδ T cells. It has thus become clear that subpopulations of γδ T cells can develop long-lasting memory akin to conventional αβ T cells, with protective and pathogenic consequences. Hence, a re-evaluation of their true capabilities and role in infection and immunity is required. This review discusses recent reports of memory-type responses attributed to γδ T cells and assesses this underappreciated facet of these enigmatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lalor
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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31
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Kilcollins AM, Li J, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. HMBPP Analog Prodrugs Bypass Energy-Dependent Uptake To Promote Efficient BTN3A1-Mediated Malignant Cell Lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocyte Effectors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:419-28. [PMID: 27271567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells lyse cells in response to phosphorus-containing small molecules, providing primates a unique route to remove infected or malignant cells. Yet, the triggering mechanisms remain ill defined. We examined lysis mediated by human Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells in response to the naturally occurring (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) or a synthetic cell-permeable prodrug, bis (pivaloyloxymethyl) (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl phosphonate. CD27(+)/CD45RA(-) Th1-like effector cells killed K562 target cells through a mechanism that could be enhanced by either compound or TCR Ab and blocked by Src inhibition or butyrophilin 3 isoform A1 (BTN3A1) disruption. Pretreatment at 4 °: C decreased HMBPP-induced lysis but did not reduce lysis induced by bis (pivaloyloxymethyl) (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl phosphonate. Together, our results show that internalization of HMBPP into target cells is required for BTN3A1-dependent lysis by Vγ9Vδ2 effector T cells. The enhanced activity of the prodrug analog is due to its ability to bypass the pathways required for entry of HMBPP. These findings support an inside-out model of T cell triggering driven by small-molecule induction of BTN3A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Kilcollins
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; and
| | | | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269; and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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32
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Farrington LA, Jagannathan P, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Bowen K, Boyle MJ, Nankya F, Wamala S, Auma A, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Frequent Malaria Drives Progressive Vδ2 T-Cell Loss, Dysfunction, and CD16 Up-regulation During Early Childhood. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1483-90. [PMID: 26667315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells expressing Vδ2 may be instrumental in the control of malaria, because they inhibit the replication of blood-stage parasites in vitro and expand during acute malaria infection. However, Vδ2 T-cell frequencies and function are lower among children with heavy prior malaria exposure. It remains unclear whether malaria itself is driving this loss. Here we measure Vδ2 T-cell frequency, cytokine production, and degranulation longitudinally in Ugandan children enrolled in a malaria chemoprevention trial from 6 to 36 months of age. We observed a progressive attenuation of the Vδ2 response only among children incurring high rates of malaria. Unresponsive Vδ2 T cells were marked by expression of CD16, which was elevated in the setting of high malaria transmission. Moreover, chemoprevention during early childhood prevented the development of dysfunctional Vδ2 T cells. These observations provide insight into the role of Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to chronic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara I McIntyre
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Hilary M Vance
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felistas Nankya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Wamala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Bigira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
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