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Ding Y, Tong J, Luo G, Sun R, Bei C, Feng Z, Meng L, Wang F, Zhou J, Chen Z, Li D, Fan Y, Song S, Wang D, Feng CG, Liu H, Chen Q, Yan B, Gao Q. Mycobacterial CpsA activates type I IFN signaling in macrophages via cGAS-mediated pathway. iScience 2024; 27:109807. [PMID: 38766355 PMCID: PMC11099328 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) production is crucial in tuberculosis pathogenesis, yet the bacterial factors initiating this process are incompletely understood. CpsA, protein of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, plays a key role in maintaining bacterial virulence and inhibiting host cell LC3-associated phagocytosis. By utilizing CpsA full deletion mutant studies, we re-verified its essential role in infection-induced pathology and revealed its new role in type I IFN expression. CpsA deficiency hindered IFN production in infected macrophages in vitro as well as zebrafish and mice in vivo. This effect was linked to the cGAS-TBK1-IRF3 pathway, as evidenced by decreased TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation in CpsA-deficient bacterial strain-infected macrophages. Moreover, we further show that CpsA deficiency cause decreased cytosolic DNA levels, correlating with impaired phagosomal membrane rupture. Our findings reveal a new function of mycobacterial CpsA in type I IFN production and offer insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying mycobacterial infection pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfeng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Bei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences/University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Duoduo Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, College of Basic Medical Sciences; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R China
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Immunology and Host Defence Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Serene LG, Webber K, Champion PA, Schorey JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis SecA2-dependent activation of host Rig-I/MAVs signaling is not conserved in Mycobacterium marinum. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0281564. [PMID: 38394154 PMCID: PMC10889897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene I (Rig-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor canonically described for its important role in sensing viral RNAs. Increasingly, bacterially-derived RNA from intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have been shown to activate the same host Rig-I/Mitochondrial antiviral sensing protein (MAVS) signaling pathway to drive a type-I interferon response that contributes to bacterial pathogenesis in vivo. In M. tuberculosis, this response is mediated by the protein secretion system SecA2, but little is known about whether this process is conserved in other pathogenic mycobacteria or the mechanism by which these nucleic acids gain access to the host cytoplasm. Because the M. tuberculosis and M. marinum SecA2 protein secretion systems share a high degree of genetic and functional conservation, we hypothesized that Rig-I/MAVS activation and subsequent induction of IFN-β secretion by host macrophages will also be conserved between these two mycobacterial species. To test this, we generated a ΔsecA2 M. marinum strain along with complementation strains expressing either the M. marinum or M. tuberculosis secA2 genes. Our results suggest that the ΔsecA2 strain has a growth defect in vitro but not in host macrophages. These intracellular growth curves also suggested that the calculation applied to estimate the number of bacteria added to macrophage monolayers in infection assays underestimates bacterial inputs for the ΔsecA2 strain. Therefore, to better examine secreted IFN-β levels when bacterial infection levels are equal across strains we plated bacterial CFUs at 2hpi alongside our ELISA based infections. This enabled us to normalize secreted levels of IFN-β to a standard number of bacteria. Applying this approach to both WT and MAVS-/- bone marrow derived macrophages we observed equal or higher levels of secreted IFN-β from macrophages infected with the ΔsecA2 M. marinum strain as compared to WT. Together our findings suggest that activation of host Rig-I/MAVS cytosolic sensors and subsequent induction of IFN-β response in a SecA2-dependent manner is not conserved in M. marinum under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G. Serene
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Kylie Webber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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Malakar B, Chauhan K, Sanyal P, Naz S, Kalam H, Vivek-Ananth RP, Singh LV, Samal A, Kumar D, Nandicoori VK. Phosphorylation of CFP10 modulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. mBio 2023; 14:e0123223. [PMID: 37791794 PMCID: PMC10653824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Secreted virulence factors play a critical role in bacterial pathogenesis. Virulence effectors not only help bacteria to overcome the host immune system but also aid in establishing infection. Mtb, which causes tuberculosis in humans, encodes various virulence effectors. Triggers that modulate the secretion of virulence effectors in Mtb are yet to be fully understood. To gain mechanistic insight into the secretion of virulence effectors, we performed high-throughput proteomic studies. With the help of system-level protein-protein interaction network analysis and empirical validations, we unravelled a link between phosphorylation and secretion. Taking the example of the well-known virulence factor of CFP10, we show that the dynamics of CFP10 phosphorylation strongly influenced bacterial virulence and survival ex vivo and in vivo. This study presents the role of phosphorylation in modulating the secretion of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanti Malakar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sanyal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saba Naz
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Haroon Kalam
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - R. P. Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Lakshya Veer Singh
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Chennai, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Nandicoori
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Campus, Hyderabad, India
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Lienard J, Munke K, Carlsson F. A Murine Mycobacterium marinum Infection Model for Longitudinal Analyses of Disease Development and the Inflammatory Response. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:313-326. [PMID: 37258977 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections, including tuberculosis, are a major health problem globally. Prevention and treatments of tuberculosis are challenging due to the poor efficacy of the current vaccine and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, it is critical to increase our basic understanding of mycobacterial virulence strategies as well as the host immune response during infection in the complex in vivo setting. While existing infection models provide valuable tools for investigating mycobacterial pathogenesis, they also exhibit limitations that can be addressed by the development of complementary models. Here we describe recent advances to the murine Mycobacterium marinum infection model, in which the bacteria produce a local infection restricted to the tail tissue. The M. marinum model has the advantage of mimicking some of the key hallmarks of human tuberculosis not replicated in the conventional murine Mycobacterium tuberculosis model, such as the formation of granulomas with central caseating necrosis and the spontaneous development of a latency-like stage. Moreover, the model is non-lethal and enables longitudinal analysis of disease development in live animals. In this chapter, we report protocols to prepare infected tissue samples for detailed and quantitative analysis of the immune response by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot, as well as for the analysis of bacterial load and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lienard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Munke
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric Carlsson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Host–Pathogen Interactions of Marine Gram-Positive Bacteria. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091316. [PMID: 36138795 PMCID: PMC9495620 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Complex interactions between marine Gram-positive pathogens and fish hosts in the marine environment can result in diseases of economically important finfish, which cause economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Understanding how these pathogens interact with the fish host and generate disease will contribute to efficient prophylactic measures and treatments. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews on marine Gram-positive pathogens. Therefore, here we reviewed the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens from the pathogen-centric and host-centric points of view. Abstract Marine Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, including Renibacterium salmoninarum, Mycobacterium marinum, Nocardia seriolae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Streptococcus spp. cause economic losses in marine fish aquaculture worldwide. Comprehensive information on these pathogens and their dynamic interactions with their respective fish–host systems are critical to developing effective prophylactic measures and treatments. While much is known about bacterial virulence and fish immune response, it is necessary to synthesize the knowledge in terms of host–pathogen interactions as a centerpiece to establish a crucial connection between the intricate details of marine Gram-positive pathogens and their fish hosts. Therefore, this review provides a holistic view and discusses the different stages of the host–pathogen interactions of marine Gram-positive pathogens. Gram-positive pathogens can invade fish tissues, evade the fish defenses, proliferate in the host system, and modulate the fish immune response. Marine Gram-positive pathogens have a unique set of virulence factors that facilitate adhesion (e.g., adhesins, hemagglutination activity, sortase, and capsules), invasion (e.g., toxins, hemolysins/cytolysins, the type VII secretion system, and immune-suppressive proteins), evasion (e.g., free radical quenching, actin-based motility, and the inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion), and proliferation and survival (e.g., heme utilization and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems) in the fish host. After infection, the fish host initiates specific innate and adaptive immune responses according to the extracellular or intracellular mechanism of infection. Although efforts have continued to be made in understanding the complex interplay at the host–pathogen interface, integrated omics-based investigations targeting host–pathogen–marine environment interactions hold promise for future research.
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Yang Z, Feng Y, Li D, Pang Z, Wang S, Chen H, Jiang M, Yan H, Li T, Fu H, Xiong H, Shi D. 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy ameliorates cutaneous granuloma by killing drug-resistant Mycobacterium marinum. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102839. [PMID: 35367615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has been extensively used to treat various skin diseases, its application to the treatment of cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum), especially by drug-resistant M. marinum, is still unclear. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the efficacy of ALA-PDT on M. marinum in a mouse infection model and tested its killing effect on M. marinum in vitro. We also investigated the clinical effect of ALA-PDT on cutaneous granuloma caused by drug-resistant M. marinum. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 9 M. marinum strains isolated from patients were tested for anti-mycobacterial susceptibility. The effects of ALA-PDT on M. marinum in vitro and in mice model were investigated. Therapeutic efficacy was further assessed in two patients with cutaneous granuloma caused by drug- resistant M. marinum. RESULTS We demonstrated that ALA-PDT directly killed M. marinum in vitro. The cutaneous lesions on mouse paws caused by M. marinum were fully recovered 4 weeks after the ALA-PDT treatment. ALA-PDT was also effective in two patients with cutaneous infection caused by drug-resistant M. marinum. The level of intracellular ROS in M. marinum treated with ALA-PDT was significantly higher than that of M. marinum alone. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that ALA-PDT is effective in treating M. marinum cutaneous infections by releasing more reactive oxygen species to kill M. marinum directly, and these effects are independent of systemic immune responses. The data highlights that ALA-PDT is a promising therapeutic choice for treatment of M. marinum cutaneous infections, especially drug-resistant M. marinum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Yang
- The Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yahui Feng
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zhiping Pang
- The Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- The Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Mingze Jiang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxia Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272001, Shandong, China
| | - Tianhang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272001, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272001, Shandong, China
| | - Huabao Xiong
- Institute of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Basic Medical School, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China..
| | - Dongmei Shi
- The Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, Shandong, China.; Department of Dermatology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272001, Shandong, China.
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Mycobacteriosis and Infections with Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria in Aquatic Organisms: A Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091368. [PMID: 32906655 PMCID: PMC7564596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacteriaceae constitute a family of varied Gram-positive organisms that include a large number of pathogenic bacteria. Among these, non-tuberculous mycobacteria are endemic worldwide and have been associated with infections in a large number of organisms, including humans and other mammals and reptiles, as well as fish. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings regarding this group of pathogens in fish. There, four species are most commonly associated with disease outbreaks: Mycobacterium marinum, the most common of these fish mycobacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium gordonae, and Mycobacterium chelonae. These bacteria have a broad host range: they are zoonotic, and infections have been reported in a large number of fish species. The main route of entry of the bacterium into the fish is through the gastrointestinal route, and the disease is associated with ulcerative dermatitis as well as organomegaly and the development of granulomatous lesions in the internal organs. Mycobacteriaceae are slow-growing and fastidious and isolation is difficult and time consuming and diagnostic is mostly performed using serological and molecular tools. Control of the disease is also difficult: there is currently no effective vaccine and infections react poorly to antibiotherapy. For this reason, more research is needed on the subject of these vexing pathogens.
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van Winden VJC, Houben ENG, Braunstein M. Protein Export into and across the Atypical Diderm Cell Envelope of Mycobacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0043-2018. [PMID: 31400094 PMCID: PMC10957183 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0043-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria, including the infamous pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are high-GC Gram-positive bacteria with a distinctive cell envelope. Although there is a typical inner membrane, the mycobacterial cell envelope is unusual in having its peptidoglycan layer connected to a polymer of arabinogalactan, which in turn is covalently attached to long-chain mycolic acids that help form a highly impermeable mycobacterial outer membrane. This complex double-membrane, or diderm, cell envelope imparts mycobacteria with unique requirements for protein export into and across the cell envelope for secretion into the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the four protein export pathways known to exist in mycobacteria: two conserved systems that exist in all types of bacteria (the Sec and Tat pathways) and two specialized systems that exist in mycobacteria, corynebacteria, and a subset of low-GC Gram-positive bacteria (the SecA2 and type VII secretion pathways). We describe the progress made over the past 15 years in understanding each of these mycobacterial export pathways, and we highlight the need for research to understand the specific steps of protein export across the mycobacterial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J C van Winden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edith N G Houben
- Section of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines, and Systems, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Hashish E, Merwad A, Elgaml S, Amer A, Kamal H, Elsadek A, Marei A, Sitohy M. Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management; a review. Vet Q 2018; 38:35-46. [PMID: 29493404 PMCID: PMC6831007 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2018.1447171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish. The cell wall-associated lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids and ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) are the conserved virulence determinant of the organism. Human infections with Mycobacterium marinum hypothetically are classified into four clinical categories (type I-type IV) and have been associated with the exposure of damaged skin to polluted water from fish pools or contacting objects contaminated with infected fish. Fish mycobacteriosis is clinically manifested and characterized in man by purple painless nodules, liable to develop into superficial crusting ulceration with scar formation. Early laboratory diagnosis of M. marinum including histopathology, culture and PCR is essential and critical as the clinical response to antibiotics requires months to be attained. The pathogenicity and virulence determinants of M. marinum need to be thoroughly and comprehensively investigated and understood. In spite of accumulating information on this pathogen, the different relevant data should be compared, connected and globally compiled. This article is reviewing the epidemiology, virulence factors, diagnosis and disease management in fish while casting light on the potential associated public health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Hashish
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Elgaml
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ali Amer
- Tuberculosis Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Huda Kamal
- Department of Meat Hygiene, National Research Center (NRC), Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsadek
- Immunology Research Lab, Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ayman Marei
- Immunology Research Lab, Immunology Division, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Abstract
Mycobacteria are a major human health problem globally. Regarding tuberculosis the situation is worsened by the poor efficacy of current vaccine regimens and by emergence of drug-resistant strains (Manjelievskaia J et al, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 110: 110, 2016; Pereira et al., Lancet Infect Dis 12:300-306, 2012; http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/) undermining both disease-prevention and available treatments. Thus, increased basic understanding of mycobacterial-and particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis-virulence strategies and pathogenesis is of great importance. To this end several in vivo infection models are available (Guirado and Schlesinger, Front Immunol 4:98, 2013; Leung et al., Eur J Immunol 43:2246-2254, 2013; Patel et al., J Lab Physicians 3:75-79, 2011; van Leeuwen et al., Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 5:a018580, 2015). While these models all have their merits they also exhibit limitations, and none perfectly mimics all aspects of human tuberculosis. Thus, there is a need for multiple models that may complement each other, ultimately allowing us to gain true insight into the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections.Here, we describe a recently developed mouse model of Mycobacterium marinum infection that allows kinetic and quantitative studies of disease progression in live animals [8]. Notably, this model exhibits features of human tuberculosis not replicated in M. tuberculosis infected mice, and may provide an important complement to the field. For example, granulomas in the M. marinum model develop central caseating necrosis (Carlsson et al., PLoS Pathog 6:e1000895, 2010), a hallmark of granulomas in human tuberculosis normally not replicated in murine M. tuberculosis infection. Moreover, while tuberculosis is heterogeneous and presents with a continuum of active and latent disease, M. tuberculosis infected mice essentially lack this dynamic range and do not replicate latency (Guirado and Schlesinger, Front Immunol 4:98, 2013; Patel et al., J Lab Physicians 3(2):75-79, 2011). In contrast, M. marinum infected mice may naturally develop latency, as suggested by reduced inflammation and healing of the diseased tissue while low numbers of bacteria persist in granulomatous lesions (Carlsson et al., PLoS Pathog 6:e1000895, 2010). Thus, infection with M. marinum may offer a unique murine model for studying granuloma formation as well as latency-and possibly also for studies of disease-reactivation. In addition to the in vivo model, we describe infection of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages, an in vitro platform enabling detailed mechanistic studies of host-pathogen interactions occurring in the principal host target cell for pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Abstract
All bacteria utilize pathways to export proteins from the cytoplasm to the bacterial cell envelope or extracellular space. Many exported proteins function in essential physiological processes or in virulence. Consequently, the responsible protein export pathways are commonly essential and/or are important for pathogenesis. The general Sec protein export pathway is conserved and essential in all bacteria, and it is responsible for most protein export. The energy for Sec export is provided by the SecA ATPase. Mycobacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria have two SecA paralogs: SecA1 and SecA2. SecA1 is essential and works with the canonical Sec pathway to perform the bulk of protein export. The nonessential SecA2 exports a smaller subset of proteins and is required for the virulence of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this article, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of the SecA1 and SecA2 export pathways and discuss some of their better-studied exported substrates. We focus on proteins with established functions in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and proteins that suggest potential roles for SecA1 and SecA2 in M. tuberculosis dormancy.
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Liu X, Zhang W, Zhao Z, Dai X, Yang Y, Bai Z. Protein secretion in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:541-551. [PMID: 27737570 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1206059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive bacterium, has been widely used for the industrial production of amino acids, such as glutamate and lysine, for decades. Due to several characteristics - its ability to secrete properly folded and functional target proteins into culture broth, its low levels of endogenous extracellular proteins and its lack of detectable extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity - C. glutamicum is also a very favorable host cell for the secretory production of heterologous proteins, important enzymes, and pharmaceutical proteins. The target proteins are secreted into the culture medium, which has attractive advantages over the manufacturing process for inclusion of body expression - the simplified downstream purification process. The secretory process of proteins is complicated and energy consuming. There are two major secretory pathways in C. glutamicum, the Sec pathway and the Tat pathway, both have specific signal peptides that mediate the secretion of the target proteins. In the present review, we critically discuss recent progress in the secretory production of heterologous proteins and examine in depth the mechanisms of the protein translocation process in C. glutamicum. Some successful case studies of actual applications of this secretory expression host are also evaluated. Finally, the existing issues and solutions in using C. glutamicum as a host of secretory proteins are specifically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Liu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yankun Yang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Zhonghu Bai
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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13
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Scharn CR, Collins AC, Nair VR, Stamm CE, Marciano DK, Graviss EA, Shiloh MU. Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulates Inflammation and Mycobacterial Survival in Human Macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4641-9. [PMID: 27183573 PMCID: PMC4875857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis infection in mice induces expression of the CO-producing enzyme heme oxygenase (HO1) and that CO is sensed by M. tuberculosis to initiate a dormancy program. Further, mice deficient in HO1 succumb to M. tuberculosis infection more readily than do wild-type mice. Although mouse macrophages control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection through several mechanisms, such as NO synthase, the respiratory burst, acidification, and autophagy, how human macrophages control M. tuberculosis infection remains less well understood. In this article, we show that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 in both mouse and human tuberculosis lesions in vivo, and that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 during primary human macrophage infection in vitro. Surprisingly, we find that chemical inhibition of HO1 both reduces inflammatory cytokine production by human macrophages and restricts intracellular growth of mycobacteria. Thus, induction of HO1 by M. tuberculosis infection may be a mycobacterial virulence mechanism to enhance inflammation and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Scharn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Angela C Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Vidhya R Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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14
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Oikonomou CM, Chang YW, Jensen GJ. A new view into prokaryotic cell biology from electron cryotomography. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:205-20. [PMID: 26923112 PMCID: PMC5551487 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron cryotomography (ECT) enables intact cells to be visualized in 3D in an essentially native state to 'macromolecular' (∼4 nm) resolution, revealing the basic architectures of complete nanomachines and their arrangements in situ. Since its inception, ECT has advanced our understanding of many aspects of prokaryotic cell biology, from morphogenesis to subcellular compartmentalization and from metabolism to complex interspecies interactions. In this Review, we highlight how ECT has provided structural and mechanistic insights into the physiology of bacteria and archaea and discuss prospects for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Oikonomou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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15
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Siad S, Byrne S, Mukamolova G, Stover C. Intracellular localisation of Mycobacterium marinum in mast cells. World J Immunol 2016; 6:83-95. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic role of mast cells during infection with Mycobacterium.
METHODS: Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) (BAA-535/M strain) was investigated for its ability to grow at a temperature relevant to the mammalian host. Primary mast cells were differentiated from bone marrows of mice, a human mast cell line (HMC-1) and a human monocytic cell line (MonoMac6) were maintained in culture. Mice were stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed M. marinum to study cytochemically the degranulation of peritoneal mast cells. HMC-1 cells were stimulated with M. marinum to analyse mRNA expression for inflammatory reactant genes, while HMC-1 and primary mouse mast cells were infected with M. marinum to establish in parallel cell viability (lactate dehydrogenase release and cell counts) and viable mycobacterial counts. Flow cytometry was used to assess intracellular presence of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled M. marinum after trypan blue quenching and to measure the extent of infection-induced apoptosis or necrosis in HMC-1. A GFP expressing recombinant M. marinum strain was used to assess intracellular location by fluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy of osmium tetroxide and Gram Twort stained sections of 0.5 μm and transmission electron microscopy were undertaken as sensitive methods.
RESULTS: Since its isolation, M. marinum has adapted to grow at 37 °C. This study found that M. marinum infects HMC-1 cells and primary murine mast cells, where they survive, replicate, and cause dose dependent cell damage over the analysis period of up to 120 h. Amikacin was an effective aminoglycoside antibiotic to eliminate extracellular or membrane attached M. marinum in order to adequately quantify the intracellular bacterial loads. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of heat-killed M. marinum led to the release of mast cell granules in mice. HMC-1 cells stimulated with M. marinum showed a biphasic pattern of increased mRNA expression for LL-37 and COX-2/TNF-α during 24 h of stimulation. In HMC-1, M. marinum localised to the cytoplasm whereas in primary mast cells, M. marinum were found in vacuoles.
CONCLUSION: The effector role of mast cells in infection with M. marinum can be studied in vitro and in vivo.
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16
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Hussain Bhat K, Mukhopadhyay S. Macrophage takeover and the host-bacilli interplay during tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:853-72. [PMID: 26000654 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key type of antigen-presenting cells that arbitrate the first line of defense against various intracellular pathogens. Tuberculosis, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, is an infectious disease of global concern caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacillus is a highly successful pathogen and has acquired various strategies to downregulate critical innate-effector immune responses of macrophages, such as phagosome-lysosome fusion, autophagy, induction of cytokines, generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and antigen presentation. In addition, the bacilli also subvert acquired immunity. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of different antimycobacterial immune functions of macrophage and the strategies adopted by the bacilli to manipulate these functions to favor its survival and replication inside the host.
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17
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Prabudiansyah I, Driessen AJM. The Canonical and Accessory Sec System of Gram-positive Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 404:45-67. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Harvie EA, Huttenlocher A. Neutrophils in host defense: new insights from zebrafish. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:523-37. [PMID: 25717145 PMCID: PMC4569048 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr1114-524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are highly motile phagocytic cells that play a critical role in the immune response to infection. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are increasingly used to study neutrophil function and host-pathogen interactions. The generation of transgenic zebrafish lines with fluorescently labeled leukocytes has made it possible to visualize the neutrophil response to infection in real time by use of optically transparent zebrafish larvae. In addition, the genetic tractability of zebrafish has allowed for the generation of models of inherited neutrophil disorders. In this review, we discuss several zebrafish models of infectious disease, both in the context of immunocompetent, as well as neutrophil-deficient hosts and how these models have shed light on neutrophil behavior during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Harvie
- *Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- *Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Protection and pathology in TB: learning from the zebrafish model. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:261-73. [PMID: 26324465 PMCID: PMC4779130 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has earned its place among animal models of tuberculosis. Its natural pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum, shares major virulence factors with the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In adult zebrafish, which possess recombination-activated adaptive immunity, it can cause acute infection or a chronic progressive disease with containment of mycobacteria in well-structured, caseating granulomas. In addition, a low-dose model that closely mimics human latent infection has recently been developed. These models are used alongside infection of optically transparent zebrafish embryos and larvae that rely on innate immunity and permit non-invasive visualization of the early stages of developing granulomas that are inaccessible in other animal models. By microinjecting mycobacteria intravenously or into different tissues, systemic and localized infections can be induced, each useful for studying particular aspects of early pathogenesis, such as phagocyte recruitment, granuloma expansion and maintenance, vascularization of granulomas, and the phagocyte-mediated dissemination of mycobacteria. This has contributed to new insights into the mycobacteria-driven mechanisms that promote granuloma formation, the double-edged role of inflammation, the mechanisms of macrophage cell death that favor disease progression, and the host-protective role of autophagy. As a result, zebrafish models are now increasingly used to explore strategies for adjunctive therapy of tuberculosis with host-directed drugs.
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20
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Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Ganguli G, Padhi A, Roy D, Alaridah N, Saha P, Nongthomba U, Godaly G, Gopal RK, Banerjee S, Sonawane A. A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13321-43. [PMID: 25825498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis employs various strategies to modulate host immune responses to facilitate its persistence in macrophages. The M. tuberculosis cell wall contains numerous glycoproteins with unknown roles in pathogenesis. Here, by using Concanavalin A and LC-MS analysis, we identified a novel mannosylated glycoprotein phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by Rv3242c from M. tuberculosis cell walls. Homology modeling, bioinformatic analyses, and an assay of phosphoribosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing recombinant Rv3242c (MsmRv3242c) confirmed the mass spectrometry data. Using Mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish and the surrogate MsmRv3242c infection models, we proved that phosphoribosyltransferase is involved in mycobacterial virulence. Histological and infection assays showed that the M. marinum mimG mutant, an Rv3242c orthologue in a pathogenic M. marinum strain, was strongly attenuated in adult zebrafish and also survived less in macrophages. In contrast, infection with wild type and the complemented ΔmimG:Rv3242c M. marinum strains showed prominent pathological features, such as severe emaciation, skin lesions, hemorrhaging, and more zebrafish death. Similarly, recombinant MsmRv3242c bacteria showed increased invasion in non-phagocytic epithelial cells and longer intracellular survival in macrophages as compared with wild type and vector control M. smegmatis strains. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the Rv3242c- and mimG-mediated enhancement of intramacrophagic survival was due to inhibition of autophagy, reactive oxygen species, and reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. Infection with MsmRv3242c also activated the MAPK pathway, NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, we show that a novel mycobacterial mannosylated phosphoribosyltransferase acts as a virulence and immunomodulatory factor, suggesting that it may constitute a novel target for antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Lakshmanan Jagannathan
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India, the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nader Alaridah
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pratip Saha
- the Bioinformatics Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India, and
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Kumar Gopal
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India, the Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India,
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21
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Feltcher ME, Gunawardena HP, Zulauf KE, Malik S, Griffin JE, Sassetti CM, Chen X, Braunstein M. Label-free Quantitative Proteomics Reveals a Role for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SecA2 Pathway in Exporting Solute Binding Proteins and Mce Transporters to the Cell Wall. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1501-16. [PMID: 25813378 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an example of a bacterial pathogen with a specialized SecA2-dependent protein export system that contributes to its virulence. Our understanding of the mechanistic basis of SecA2-dependent export and the role(s) of the SecA2 pathway in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis has been hindered by our limited knowledge of the proteins exported by the pathway. Here, we set out to identify M. tuberculosis proteins that use the SecA2 pathway for their export from the bacterial cytoplasm to the cell wall. Using label-free quantitative proteomics involving spectral counting, we compared the cell wall and cytoplasmic proteomes of wild type M. tuberculosis to that of a ΔsecA2 mutant. This work revealed a role for the M. tuberculosis SecA2 pathway in the cell wall localization of solute binding proteins that work with ABC transporters to import solutes. Another discovery was a profound effect of SecA2 on the cell wall localization of the Mce1 and Mce4 lipid transporters, which contribute to M. tuberculosis virulence. In addition to the effects on solute binding proteins and Mce transporter export, our label-free quantitative analysis revealed an unexpected relationship between SecA2 and the hypoxia-induced DosR regulon, which is associated with M. tuberculosis latency. Nearly half of the transcriptionally controlled DosR regulon of cytoplasmic proteins were detected at higher levels in the ΔsecA2 mutant versus wild type M. tuberculosis. By increasing the list of M. tuberculosis proteins known to be affected by the SecA2 pathway, this study expands our appreciation of the types of proteins exported by this pathway and guides our understanding of the mechanism of SecA2-dependent protein export in mycobacteria. At the same time, the newly identified SecA2-dependent proteins are helpful for understanding the significance of this pathway to M. tuberculosis virulence and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | | | - Seidu Malik
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Jennifer E Griffin
- ¶Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- ¶Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; ‖Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 20815
| | - Xian Chen
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599;
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22
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Abstract
Despite efforts to generate new vaccines and antibiotics for tuberculosis, the disease remains a public health problem worldwide. The zebrafish Danio rerio has emerged as a useful model to investigate mycobacterial pathogenesis and treatment. Infection of zebrafish with Mycobacterium marinum, the closest relative of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, recapitulates many aspects of human tuberculosis. The zebrafish model affords optical transparency, abundant genetic tools and in vivo imaging of the progression of infection. Here, we review how the zebrafish–M. marinum system has been deployed to make novel observations about the role of innate immunity, the tuberculous granuloma, and crucial host and bacterial genes. Finally, we assess how these findings relate to human disease and provide a framework for novel strategies to treat tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cronan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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23
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Pagán AJ, Ramakrishnan L. Immunity and Immunopathology in the Tuberculous Granuloma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a018499. [PMID: 25377142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a defining feature of tuberculosis (TB). Granuloma formation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. However, the tuberculous granuloma has been assigned the role of a host protective structure which "walls-off" mycobacteria. Work conducted over the past decade has provided a more nuanced view of its role in pathogenesis. On the one hand, pathogenic mycobacteria accelerate and exploit granuloma formation for their expansion and dissemination by manipulating host immune responses to turn leukocyte recruitment and cell death pathways in their favor. On the other hand, granuloma macrophages can preserve granuloma integrity by exerting a microbicidal immune response, thus preventing an even more rampant expansion of infection in the extracellular milieu. Even this host-beneficial immune response required to maintain the bacteria intracellular must be tempered, as an overly vigorous immune response can also cause granuloma breakdown, thereby directly supporting bacterial growth extracellularly. This review will discuss how mycobacteria manipulate inflammatory responses to drive granuloma formation and will consider the roles of the granuloma in pathogenesis and protective immunity, drawing from clinical studies of TB in humans and from animal models--rodents, zebrafish, and nonhuman primates. A deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity in the granuloma could suggest therapeutic approaches to abrogate the host-detrimental aspects of granuloma formation to convert it into the host-beneficial structure that it has been thought to be for nearly a century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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24
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:223-42. [PMID: 23954721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. Not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. With pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is imperative to garner greater understanding of fish phagocyte antimicrobial responses and the mechanisms by which aquatic pathogens are able to overcome these teleost macrophage barriers. Insights into the regulation of macrophage immunity of bony fish species will lend to the development of more effective aquacultural prophylaxis as well as broadening our understanding of the evolution of these immune processes. Accordingly, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of teleost macrophage antimicrobial responses and the strategies by which intracellular fish pathogens are able to avoid being killed by phagocytes, with a focus on Mycobacterium marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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25
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van der Woude AD, Stoop EJM, Stiess M, Wang S, Ummels R, van Stempvoort G, Piersma SR, Cascioferro A, Jiménez CR, Houben ENG, Luirink J, Pieters J, van der Sar AM, Bitter W. Analysis of SecA2-dependent substrates in Mycobacterium marinum identifies protein kinase G (PknG) as a virulence effector. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:280-95. [PMID: 24119166 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of mycobacteria is closely associated with their ability to export virulence factors. For this purpose, mycobacteria possess different protein secretion systems, including the accessory Sec translocation pathway, SecA2. Although this pathway is associated with intracellular survival and virulence, the SecA2-dependent effector proteins remain largely undefined. In this work, we studied a Mycobacterium marinum secA2 mutant with an impaired capacity to initiate granuloma formation in zebrafish embryos. By comparing the proteomic profile of cell envelope fractions from the secA2 mutant with wild type M. marinum, we identified putative SecA2-dependent substrates. Immunoblotting procedures confirmed SecA2-dependent membrane localization for several of these proteins, including the virulence factor protein kinase G (PknG). Interestingly, phenotypical defects of the secA2 mutant are similar to those described for ΔpknG, including phagosomal maturation. Overexpression of PknG in the secA2 mutant restored its localization to the cell envelope. Importantly, PknG-overexpression also partially restored the virulence of the secA2 mutant, as indicated by enhanced infectivity in zebrafish embryos and restored inhibition of phagosomal maturation. These results suggest that SecA2-dependent membrane localization of PknG is an important determinant for M. marinum virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniek D van der Woude
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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