1
|
Zhang S, Zhang Y, Gan L, Wei F, Chai B, A Aljaafreh AAH, Liu X, Duan X, Jiang J, Wang X, He M, Huang X, Cai H, Chen T, Chen H. Progesterone Suppresses Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Induced Inflammation Through Inhibition of NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway in THP-1 Cells and Murine Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:570093. [PMID: 33633700 PMCID: PMC7900005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.570093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic/subclinical gonococcal infections in females continue to be prevalent within the general population, thus emerging as a global health problem. However, the reasons for these clinical manifestations are unknown. Our group had previously found out that in females, asymptomatic gonococcal infections correlate with higher serum progesterone (P4) levels and lower IL-1β levels in cervical secretions. We used murine infection model and THP-1 cells to determine whether P4 exerts anti-inflammatory effects on gonococcal infections. In the murine infection model, P4 (1 mg/day) inhibited the inflammatory effects induced by gonococcal infections which led to decreased neutrophil infiltration, reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) numbers, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in vaginal secretions. In addition, P4 down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3, associated with lower mRNA levels of pro-IL-1β, repressed caspase-1 activity in genital tissues and THP-1 cells. Moreover, P4 suppressed the phosphorylation levels of NF-κB and attenuated Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae, gonococci or GC)-induced ROS generation. This is consistent with the two signals required for activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome. In conclusion, our result shows that P4 suppresses the gonococci induced-inflammation, especially through the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and partially explains the pathogenesis of asymptomatic GC infection in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingmiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Tchnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao Chai
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amaneh Abdel Hafez A Aljaafreh
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoru Duan
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengwen He
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huahua Cai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deo P, Chow SH, Han ML, Speir M, Huang C, Schittenhelm RB, Dhital S, Emery J, Li J, Kile BT, Vince JE, Lawlor KE, Naderer T. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria activates intrinsic apoptosis and inflammation. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1418-1427. [PMID: 32807891 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensing of microbes activates the innate immune system, depending on functional mitochondria. However, pathogenic bacteria inhibit mitochondrial activity by delivering toxins via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). How macrophages respond to pathogenic microbes that target mitochondria remains unclear. Here, we show that macrophages exposed to OMVs from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce mitochondrial apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. OMVs and toxins that cause mitochondrial dysfunction trigger inhibition of host protein synthesis, which depletes the unstable BCL-2 family member MCL-1 and induces BAK-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. In parallel with caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis, mitochondrial apoptosis and potassium ion efflux activate the NLRP3 inflammasome after OMV exposure in vitro. Importantly, in the in vivo setting, the activation and release of interleukin-1β in response to N. gonorrhoeae OMVs is regulated by mitochondrial apoptosis. Our data highlight how innate immune cells sense infections by monitoring mitochondrial health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seong H Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mei-Ling Han
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Speir
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedical Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Subhash Dhital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jack Emery
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Outer Membrane Lipid Secretion and the Innate Immune Response to Gram-Negative Bacteria. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00920-19. [PMID: 32253250 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00920-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The asymmetric character and unique biochemistry of LPS molecules contribute to the OM's ability to function as a molecular permeability barrier that protects the bacterium against hazards in the environment. Assembly and regulation of the OM have been extensively studied for understanding mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and bacterial defense against host immunity; however, there is little knowledge on how Gram-negative bacteria release their OMs into their environment to manipulate their hosts. Discoveries in bacterial lipid trafficking, OM lipid homeostasis, and host recognition of microbial patterns have shed new light on how microbes secrete OM vesicles (OMVs) to influence inflammation, cell death, and disease pathogenesis. Pathogens release OMVs that contain phospholipids, like cardiolipins, and components of LPS molecules, like lipid A endotoxins. These multiacylated lipid amphiphiles are molecular patterns that are differentially detected by host receptors like the Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex (TLR4/MD-2), mouse caspase-11, and human caspases 4 and 5. We discuss how lipid ligands on OMVs engage these pattern recognition receptors on the membranes and in the cytosol of mammalian cells. We then detail how bacteria regulate OM lipid asymmetry, negative membrane curvature, and the phospholipid-to-LPS ratio to control OMV formation. The goal is to highlight intersections between OM lipid regulation and host immunity and to provide working models for how bacterial lipids influence vesicle formation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Christodoulides M. Preparation of Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2020; 1997:87-96. [PMID: 31119619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9496-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram-negative obligate human pathogen that contains lipooligosaccharide (LOS) as a major constituent within the outer membrane. LOS plays a major role in pathogenesis by inducing host inflammatory responses and also enabling evasion of host innate immunity through sialylation. Epitopes within LOS are also potential vaccine candidates. In this chapter, we describe a general method based on the Westphal hot phenol extraction process to purify whole LOS from N. gonorrhoeae for structural analyses and for use in in vivo and in vitro biological assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myron Christodoulides
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Use of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages to Study Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31119631 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9496-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical cells in the innate immune response to microorganisms sensed in the tissues. During infections, the interaction between pathogens and macrophages leads to a macrophage response that includes cytokine production, antigen processing and presentation in the context of MHC molecules, expression of T cell costimulatory molecules and recruitment of innate defense effectors, which results in clearance of infection. However, Neisseria gonorrhoeae can suppress the protective immune response at this level, avoiding its detection and elimination. Studies addressed to develop the interactions between macrophages and Neisseria gonorrhoeae allow us to find potential targets to be exploited with vaccines and therapeutic drugs. In this chapter, we describe protocols to generate human monocyte-derived macrophages and assess their response to infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Collapse
|
6
|
Casabuono AC, Sisti F, Fernández J, Hozbor D, Couto AS. Bordetella bronchiseptica Glycosyltransferase Core Mutants Trigger Changes in Lipid A Structure. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1679-1689. [PMID: 31190311 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica, known to infect animals and rarely humans, expresses a lipopolysaccharide that plays an essential role in host interactions, being critical for early clearance of the bacteria. On a B. bronchiseptica 9.73 isolate, mutants defective in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of the core region were previously constructed. Herein, a comparative detailed structural analysis of the expressed lipids A by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed. The Bb3394 LPS defective in a 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid lateral residue of the core presented a penta-acylated diglucosamine backbone modified with two glucosamine phosphates, similar to the wild-type lipid A. In contrast, BbLP39, resulting in the interruption of the LPS core oligosaccharide synthesis, presented lipid A species consisting in a diglucosamine backbone N-substituted with C14:0(3-O-C12:0) in C-2 and C14:0(3-O-C14:0) in C-2', O-acylated with C14:0(3-O-C10:0(3-OH) in C-3' and with a pyrophosphate in C-1. Regarding Bb3398 also presenting a rough LPS, the lipid A is formed by a hexa-acylated diglucosamine backbone carrying one pyrophosphate group in C-1 and one phosphate in C-4', both substituted with ethanolamine groups. As far as we know, this is the first description of a phosphoethanolamine modification in B. bronchiseptica lipid A. Our results demonstrate that although gene deletions were not directed to the lipid A moiety, each mutant presented different modifications. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was an excellent tool to highlight the structural diversity of the lipid A structures biosynthesized during its transit through the periplasm to the final localization in the outer surface of the outer membrane. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Casabuono
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428GA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Sisti
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular CCT La Plata CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Fernández
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular CCT La Plata CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela Hozbor
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular CCT La Plata CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia S Couto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428GA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mwatelah R, McKinnon LR, Baxter C, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS. Mechanisms of sexually transmitted infection-induced inflammation in women: implications for HIV risk. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22 Suppl 6:e25346. [PMID: 31468677 PMCID: PMC6715949 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, sexually transmitted infections (STI) affect >300 million people annually, and are a major cause of sexual and reproductive health complications in women. In this commentary, we describe how STIs interact with the immune and non-immune cells, both within and below the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier, to cause inflammation, which in turn has been associated with increased HIV acquisition risk. DISCUSSION STIs have a major impact on the female genital mucosa, which is an important biological and physical barrier that forms the first line of defence against invading microorganisms such as HIV. Pattern recognition of STI pathogens, by receptors expressed either on the cell surface or inside the cell, typically triggers inflammation at the mucosal barrier. The types of mucosal responses vary by STI, and can be asymptomatic or culminate in the formation of discharge, ulcers and/or warts. While the aim of this response is to clear the invading microbes, in many cases these responses are either evaded or cause pathology that impairs barrier integrity and increases HIV access to target cells in the sub-mucosa. In addition, innate responses to STIs can result in an increased number of immune cells, including those that are the primary targets of HIV, and may contribute to the association between STIs and increased susceptibility to HIV acquisition. Many of these cells are mediators of adaptive immunity, including tissue-resident cells that may also display innate-like functions. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is another common cause of inflammation, and evidence for multiple interactions between BV, STIs and HIV suggest that susceptibility to these conditions should be considered in concert. CONCLUSIONS STIs and other microbes can induce inflammation in the genital tract, perturbing the normal robust function of the mucosal barrier against HIV. While the impact of STIs on the mucosal immune system and HIV acquisition is often under-appreciated, understanding their interactions of the infections with the immune responses play an important role in improving treatment and reducing the risk of HIV acquisition. The frequent sub-clinical inflammation associated with STIs underscores the need for better STI diagnostics to reverse the immunological consequences of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mwatelah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA)University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Department of EpidemiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li LH, Lin JS, Chiu HW, Lin WY, Ju TC, Chen FH, Chernikov OV, Liu ML, Chang JC, Hsu CH, Chen A, Ka SM, Gao HW, Hua KF. Mechanistic Insight Into the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1815. [PMID: 31417575 PMCID: PMC6685137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonorrhea is a type III legal communicable disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), one of the most common sexually transmitted bacteria worldwide. NG infection can cause urethritis or systemic inflammation and may lead to infertility or other complications. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein and caspase-1 and is an important part of the cellular machinery controlling the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and the pathogenesis of numerous infectious diseases. It has been reported that NG infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; however, the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this report, the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of NG-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages were studied. The results indicated that viable NG, but not heat-killed or freeze/thaw-killed NG, activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages through toll-like receptor 2, but not toll-like receptor 4. NG infection provided the priming signal to the NLRP3 inflammasome that induced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β precursor through the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, NG infection provided the activation signal to the NLRP3 inflammasome that activated caspase-1 through P2X7 receptor-dependent potassium efflux, lysosomal acidification, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species production pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NLRP3 knockout increased phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages and increases the bactericidal activity of macrophages against NG. These findings provide potential molecular targets for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs that could ameliorate NG-mediated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sing Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Chuen Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Oleg V Chernikov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russia
| | - May-Lan Liu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Toko University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Che Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Escobar A, Rodas PI, Acuña-Castillo C. Macrophage- Neisseria gonorrhoeae Interactions: A Better Understanding of Pathogen Mechanisms of Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3044. [PMID: 30627130 PMCID: PMC6309159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a significant health problem worldwide due to multi-drug resistance issues and absence of an effective vaccine. Patients infected with N. gonorrhoeae have not shown a better immune response in successive infections. This might be explained by the fact that N. gonorrhoeae possesses several mechanisms to evade the innate and adaptative immune responses at different levels. Macrophages are a key cellular component in the innate immune response against microorganisms. The current information suggests that gonococcus can hijack the host response by mechanisms that involve the control of macrophages activity. In this mini review, we intend to condense the recent knowledge on the macrophage–N. gonorrhoeae interactions with a focus on strategies developed by gonococcus to evade or to exploit immune response to establish a successful infection. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of therapeutics for controlling immune manipulation by N. gonorrhoeae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Rodas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Médica y Patogénesis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lenz JD, Dillard JP. Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the Host Defense in Ascending Infections of Human Fallopian Tube. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2710. [PMID: 30524442 PMCID: PMC6258741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that causes mucosal surface infections of male and female reproductive tracts, pharynx, rectum, and conjunctiva. Asymptomatic or unnoticed infections in the lower reproductive tract of women can lead to serious, long-term consequences if these infections ascend into the fallopian tube. The damage caused by gonococcal infection and the subsequent inflammatory response produce the condition known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Infection can lead to tubal scarring, occlusion of the oviduct, and loss of critical ciliated cells. Consequences of the damage sustained on the fallopian tube epithelium include increased risk of ectopic pregnancy and tubal-factor infertility. Additionally, the resolution of infection can produce new adhesions between internal tissues, which can tear and reform, producing chronic pelvic pain. As a bacterium adapted to life in a human host, the gonococcus presents a challenge to the development of model systems for probing host-microbe interactions. Advances in small-animal models have yielded previously unattainable data on systemic immune responses, but the specificity of N. gonorrhoeae for many known (and unknown) host targets remains a constant hurdle. Infections of human volunteers are possible, though they present ethical and logistical challenges, and are necessarily limited to males due to the risk of severe complications in women. It is routine, however, that normal, healthy fallopian tubes are removed in the course of different gynecological surgeries (namely hysterectomy), making the very tissue most consequentially damaged during ascending gonococcal infection available for laboratory research. The study of fallopian tube organ cultures has allowed the opportunity to observe gonococcal biology and immune responses in a complex, multi-layered tissue from a natural host. Forty-five years since the first published example of human fallopian tube being infected ex vivo with N. gonorrhoeae, we review what modeling infections in human tissue explants has taught us about the gonococcus, what we have learned about the defenses mounted by the human host in the upper female reproductive tract, what other fields have taught us about ciliated and non-ciliated cell development, and ultimately offer suggestions regarding the next generation of model systems to help expand our ability to study gonococcal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Lenz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The host-adapted human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhoea. Consistent with its proposed evolution from an ancestral commensal bacterium, N. gonorrhoeae has retained features that are common in commensals, but it has also developed unique features that are crucial to its pathogenesis. The continued worldwide incidence of gonorrhoeal infection, coupled with the rising resistance to antimicrobials and the difficulties in controlling the disease in developing countries, highlights the need to better understand the molecular basis of N. gonorrhoeae infection. This knowledge will facilitate disease prevention, surveillance and control, improve diagnostics and may help to facilitate the development of effective vaccines or new therapeutics. In this Review, we discuss sex-related symptomatic gonorrhoeal disease and provide an overview of the bacterial factors that are important for the different stages of pathogenesis, including transmission, colonization and immune evasion, and we discuss the problem of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Quillin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - H Steven Seifert
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ritter JL, Genco CA. Neisseria gonorrhoeae-Induced Inflammatory Pyroptosis in Human Macrophages is Dependent on Intracellular Gonococci and Lipooligosaccharide. J Cell Death 2018; 11:1179066017750902. [PMID: 29434478 PMCID: PMC5805002 DOI: 10.1177/1179066017750902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the human obligate pathogen responsible for the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, has evolved several mechanisms to evade the host immune response. One such mechanism is the modulation of host cell death pathways. In this study, we defined cell death pathways induced by N gonorrhoeae in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). In a dose-dependent manner, N gonorrhoeae stimulation of MDMs resulted in caspase 1 and 4-dependent cell deaths, indicative of canonical and noncanonical pyroptosis, respectively. Internalization of bacteria or stimulation with lipooligosaccharide (LOS) specifically induced pyroptosis in MDMs and increased secretion of IL-1β. Collectively, our results demonstrate that N gonorrhoeae induces inflammatory pyroptosis in human macrophages due in part to intracellular LOS. We propose that this in turn may exacerbate inflammatory outcomes observed during mucosal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leigh Ritter
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
John CM, Phillips NJ, Stein DC, Jarvis GA. Innate immune response to lipooligosaccharide: pivotal regulator of the pathobiology of invasive Neisseria meningitidis infections. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3569603. [PMID: 28423169 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections due to Neisseria meningitidis afflict more than one million people worldwide annually and cause death or disability in many survivors. The clinical course of invasive infections has been well studied, but our understanding of the cause of differences in patient outcomes has been limited because these are dependent on multiple factors including the response of the host, characteristics of the bacteria and interactions between the host and the bacteria. The meningococcus is a highly inflammatory organism, and the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) on the outer membrane is the most potent inflammatory molecule it expresses due to the interactions of the lipid A moiety of LOS with receptors of the innate immune system. We previously reported that increased phosphorylation of hexaacylated neisserial lipid A is correlated with greater inflammatory potential. Here we postulate that variability in lipid A phosphorylation can tip the balance of innate immune responses towards homeostatic tolerance or proinflammatory signaling that affects adaptive immune responses, causing disease with meningitis only, or septicemia with or without meningitis, respectively. Furthermore, we propose that studies of the relationship between bacterial virulence and gene expression should consider whether genetic variation could affect properties of biosynthetic enzymes resulting in LOS structural differences that alter disease pathobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance M John
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel C Stein
- University of Maryland, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Gary A Jarvis
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Verma V, Dhanda RS, Møller NF, Yadav M. Inflammasomes and Their Role in Innate Immunity of Sexually Transmitted Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:540. [PMID: 27994587 PMCID: PMC5136550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes present in the cytosol as pattern recognition receptors or as sensors of damage-associated molecular patterns. After recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns or host-derived danger signals, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors oligomerize to form inflammasomes. The activation of inflammasomes results in an alarm, which is raised to alert adjacent cells through the processing and release of a number of other substrates present in the cytosol. A wide array of inflammasomes and their adapter molecules have been identified in the host’s innate immune system in response to various pathogens. Components of specific pathogens activate different inflammasomes, which once activated in response to pathogen-induced infection, induce the activation of caspases, and the release of mature forms of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Identifying the mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced inflammasome activation is important if we are to develop novel therapeutic strategies to target sexually transmitted infections (STIs) related pathogens. This information is currently lacking in literature. In this review, we have discussed the role of various inflammasomes in sensing different STIs, as well as the beneficial or detrimental effects of inflammasome signaling in host resistance. Additionally, we have discussed both canonical and non-canonical processing of IL-1β induced with respect to particular infections. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of both the basic biology and clinical relevance of inflammasomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Rakesh Singh Dhanda
- Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
| | | | - Manisha Yadav
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Phillips NJ, John CM, Jarvis GA. Analysis of Bacterial Lipooligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS with Traveling Wave Ion Mobility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1263-1276. [PMID: 27056565 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are major microbial virulence factors displayed on the outer membrane of rough-type Gram-negative bacteria. These amphipathic glycolipids are comprised of two domains, a core oligosaccharide linked to a lipid A moiety. Isolated LOS samples are generally heterogeneous mixtures of glycoforms, with structural variability in both domains. Traditionally, the oligosaccharide and lipid A components of LOS have been analyzed separately following mild acid hydrolysis, although important acid-labile moieties can be cleaved. Recently, an improved method was introduced for analysis of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS using a thin layer matrix composed of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and nitrocellulose. In addition to molecular ions, the spectra show in-source "prompt" fragments arising from regiospecific cleavage between the lipid A and oligosaccharide domains. Here, we demonstrate the use of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) for IMS-MS and IMS-MS/MS analyses of intact LOS from Neisseria spp. ionized by MALDI. Using IMS, the singly charged prompt fragments for the oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS were readily separated into resolved ion plumes, permitting the extraction of specific subspectra, which led to increased confidence in assigning compositions and improved detection of less abundant ions. Moreover, IMS separation of precursor ions prior to collision-induced dissociation (CID) generated time-aligned, clean MS/MS spectra devoid of fragments from interfering species. Incorporating IMS into the profiling of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS exploits the unique domain structure of the molecule and offers a new means of extracting more detailed information from the analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Constance M John
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gary A Jarvis
- Center for Immunochemistry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andrade WA, Agarwal S, Mo S, Shaffer SA, Dillard JP, Schmidt T, Hornung V, Fitzgerald KA, Kurt-Jones EA, Golenbock DT. Type I Interferon Induction by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Dual Requirement of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase and Toll-like Receptor 4. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2438-48. [PMID: 27264171 PMCID: PMC5401638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC). Exposure of cells to GC lipooligosaccharides induces a strong immune response, leading to type I interferon (IFN) production via TLR4/MD-2. In addition to living freely in the extracellular space, GC can invade the cytoplasm to evade detection and elimination. Double-stranded DNA introduced into the cytosol binds and activates the enzyme cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which produces 2'3'-cGAMP and triggers STING/TBK-1/IRF3 activation, resulting in type I IFN expression. Here, we reveal a cytosolic response to GC DNA that also contributes to type I IFN induction. We demonstrate that complete IFN-β induction by live GC depends on both cGAS and TLR4. Type I IFN is detrimental to the host, and dysregulation of iron homeostasis genes may explain lower bacteria survival in cGAS(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) cells. Collectively, these observations reveal cooperation between TLRs and cGAS in immunity to GC infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warrison A Andrade
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sarika Agarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shunyan Mo
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Joseph P Dillard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Douglas T Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG 30190-002, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Château A, Seifert HS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae survives within and modulates apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production of human macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:546-60. [PMID: 26426083 PMCID: PMC5240846 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human-adapted organism Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted infection. It readily colonizes the genital, rectal and nasalpharyngeal mucosa during infection. While it is well established that N. gonorrhoeae recruits and modulates the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during infection, how N. gonorrhoeae interacts with macrophages present in infected tissue is not fully defined. We studied the interactions of N. gonorrhoeae with two human monocytic cell lines, THP-1 and U937, and primary monocytes, all differentiated into macrophages. Most engulfed bacteria were killed in the phagolysosome, but a subset of bacteria was able to survive and replicate inside the macrophages suggesting that those cells may be an unexplored cellular reservoir for N. gonorrhoeae during infection. N. gonorrhoeae was able to modulate macrophage apoptosis: N. gonorrhoeae induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells whereas it inhibited induced apoptosis in U937 cells and primary human macrophages. Furthermore, N. gonorrhoeae induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, suggesting a role for macrophages in recruiting polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the site of infection. These results indicate macrophages may serve as a significant replicative niche for N. gonorrhoeae and play an important role in gonorrheal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Château
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - H. Steven Seifert
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zariri A, van der Ley P. Biosynthetically engineered lipopolysaccharide as vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:861-76. [PMID: 25797360 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1026808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a dominant component of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane, is a strong activator of the innate immune system, and thereby an important determinant in the adaptive immune response following bacterial infection. This adjuvant activity can be harnessed following immunization with bacteria-derived vaccines that naturally contain LPS, and when LPS or molecules derived from it are added to purified vaccine antigens. However, the downside of the strong biological activity of LPS is its ability to contribute to vaccine reactogenicity. Modification of the LPS structure allows triggering of a proper immune response needed in a vaccine against a particular pathogen while at the same time lowering its toxicity. Extensive modifications to the basic structure are possible by using our current knowledge of bacterial genes involved in LPS biosynthesis and modification. This review focuses on biosynthetic engineering of the structure of LPS and implications of these modifications for generation of safe adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zariri
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (InTraVacc), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|