1
|
Assing K, Laursen CB, Campbell AJ, Beck HC, Davidsen JR. Proteome and Dihydrorhodamine Profiling of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:314. [PMID: 38786669 PMCID: PMC11122433 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil and (alveolar) macrophage immunity is considered crucial for eliminating Aspergillus fumigatus. Data derived from bronchoalveloar lavage (BAL) characterizing the human immuno-pulmonary response to Aspergillus fumigatus are non-existent. To obtain a comprehensive picture of the immune pathways involved in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), we performed proteome analysis on AL of 9 CPA patients and 17 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The dihydrorhodamine (DHR) test was also performed on BAL and blood neutrophils from CPA patients and compared to blood neutrophils from healthy controls (HCs). BAL from CPA patients primarily contained neutrophils, while ILD BAL was also characterized by a large fraction of lymphocytes; these differences likely reflecting the different immunological etiologies underlying the two disorders. BAL and blood neutrophils from CPA patients displayed the same oxidative burst capacity as HC blood neutrophils. Hence, immune evasion by Aspergillus involves other mechanisms than impaired neutrophil oxidative burst capacity per se. CPA BAL was enriched by proteins associated with innate immunity, as well as, more specifically, with neutrophil degranulation, Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, and neutrophil-mediated iron chelation. Our data provide the first comprehensive target organ-derived immune data on the human pulmonary immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Assing
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian B. Laursen
- South Danish Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases (SCILS) and Pulmonary Aspergillosis Center Denmark (PACD), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (C.B.L.)
- Odense Respiratory Research Unit (ODIN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Amanda Jessica Campbell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (A.J.C.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (A.J.C.); (H.C.B.)
| | - Jesper Rømhild Davidsen
- South Danish Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases (SCILS) and Pulmonary Aspergillosis Center Denmark (PACD), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark; (C.B.L.)
- Odense Respiratory Research Unit (ODIN), Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shankar J, Thakur R, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Interplay of Cytokines and Chemokines in Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:251. [PMID: 38667922 PMCID: PMC11051073 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus, most notably A. fumigatus. This fungus causes a spectrum of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations and severity of aspergillosis can vary depending on individual immune status and the specific species of Aspergillus involved. The recognition of Aspergillus involves pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as glucan, galactomannan, mannose, and conidial surface proteins. These are recognized by the pathogen recognition receptors present on immune cells such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-1,2,3,4, etc.) and C-type lectins (Dectin-1 and Dectin-2). We discuss the roles of cytokines and pathogen recognition in aspergillosis from both the perspective of human and experimental infection. Several cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the immune response to Aspergillus infection, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCR4, CCR17, and other interleukins. For example, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by Th2 and Th9 cell-type immunity and involves interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, it has been observed that invasive aspergillosis involves Th1 and Th17 cell-type immunity via IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17. These cytokines activate various immune cells and stimulate the production of other immune molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, which aid in the clearance of the fungal pathogen. Moreover, they help to initiate and coordinate the immune response, recruit immune cells to the site of infection, and promote clearance of the fungus. Insight into the host response from both human and animal studies may aid in understanding the immune response in aspergillosis, possibly leading to harnessing the power of cytokines or cytokine (receptor) antagonists and transforming them into precise immunotherapeutic strategies. This could advance personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jata Shankar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat Solan 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Thakur
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India;
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cantelli BA, Segura GG, Bitencourt TA, de Abreu MH, Petrucelli MF, Peronni K, Sanches PR, Beleboni RO, da Silva Junior WA, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. Transcriptome Analysis of Co-Cultures of THP-1 Human Macrophages with Inactivated Germinated Trichophyton rubrum Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050563. [PMID: 37233274 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most mycoses are superficial, the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum can cause systemic infections in patients with a weakened immune system, resulting in serious and deep lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptome of a human monocyte/macrophage cell line (THP-1) co-cultured with inactivated germinated T. rubrum conidia (IGC) in order to characterize deep infection. Analysis of macrophage viability by lactate dehydrogenase quantification showed the activation of the immune system after 24 h of contact with live germinated T. rubrum conidia (LGC). After standardization of the co-culture conditions, the release of the interleukins TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12 was quantified. The greater release of IL-12 was observed during co-culturing of THP-1 with IGC, while there was no change in the other cytokines. Next-generation sequencing of the response to T. rubrum IGC identified the modulation of 83 genes; of these, 65 were induced and 18 were repressed. The categorization of the modulated genes showed their involvement in signal transduction, cell communication, and immune response pathways. In total, 16 genes were selected for validation and Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating a high correlation between RNA-seq and qPCR. Modulation of the expression of all genes was similar for LGC and IGC co-culture; however, the fold-change values were higher for LGC. Due to the high expression of the IL-32 gene in RNA-seq, we quantified this interleukin and observed an increased release in co-culture with T. rubrum. In conclusion, the macrophages-T. rubrum co-culture model revealed the ability of these cells to modulate the immune response, as demonstrated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the RNA-seq gene expression profile. The results obtained permit to identify possible molecular targets that are modulated in macrophages and that could be explored in antifungal therapies involving the activation of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aline Cantelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Kamila Peronni
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Rene Oliveira Beleboni
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corrêa-Moreira D, Castro R, da Costa GL, Lima-Neto RG, Oliveira MME. Cerebrospinal fluid: a target of some fungi and an overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220251. [PMID: 36946852 PMCID: PMC10027065 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningitis is a potentially life-threatening infection characterised by the inflammation of the leptomeningeal membranes. The estimated annual prevalence of 8.7 million cases globally and the disease is caused by many different viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Although several genera of fungi are capable of causing infections in the central nervous system (CNS), the most significant number of registered cases have, as causal agents, yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus. The relevance of cryptococcal meningitis has changed in the last decades, mainly due to the increase in the number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and medications that impair the immune responses. In this context, coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has also emerged as a risk factor for invasive fungal infections (IFI), including fungal meningitis (FM), due to severe COVID-19 disease is associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, reduced CD4-interferon-gamma expression, CD4 and CD8 T cells. The gold standard technique for fungal identification is isolating fungi in the culture of the biological material, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, this methodology has as its main disadvantage the slow or null growth of some fungal species in culture, which makes it difficult to finalise the diagnosis. In conclusions, this article, in the first place, point that it is necessary to accurately identify the etiological agent in order to assist in the choice of the therapeutic regimen for the patients, including the implementation of actions that promote the reduction of the incidence, lethality, and fungal morbidity, which includes what is healthy in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielly Corrêa-Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gisela Lara da Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Taxonomia, Bioquímica e Bioprospecção de Fungos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Fun-Guide to Innate Immune Responses to Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080805. [PMID: 36012793 PMCID: PMC9409918 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals are at high risk of developing severe fungal infections with high mortality rates, while fungal pathogens pose little risk to most healthy people. Poor therapeutic outcomes and growing antifungal resistance pose further challenges for treatments. Identifying specific immunomodulatory mechanisms exploited by fungal pathogens is critical for our understanding of fungal diseases and development of new therapies. A gap currently exists between the large body of literature concerning the innate immune response to fungal infections and the potential manipulation of host immune responses to aid clearance of infection. This review considers the innate immune mechanisms the host deploys to prevent fungal infection and how these mechanisms fail in immunocompromised hosts. Three clinically relevant fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus spp. and Aspergillus spp.) will be explored. This review will also examine potential mechanisms of targeting the host therapeutically to improve outcomes of fungal infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Computational Modeling of Macrophage Iron Sequestration during Host Defense against Aspergillus. mSphere 2022; 7:e0007422. [PMID: 35862797 PMCID: PMC9429928 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential to the virulence of Aspergillus species, and restricting iron availability is a critical mechanism of antimicrobial host defense. Macrophages recruited to the site of infection are at the crux of this process, employing multiple intersecting mechanisms to orchestrate iron sequestration from pathogens. To gain an integrated understanding of how this is achieved in aspergillosis, we generated a transcriptomic time series of the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to Aspergillus and used this and the available literature to construct a mechanistic computational model of iron handling of macrophages during this infection. We found an overwhelming macrophage response beginning 2 to 4 h after exposure to the fungus, which included upregulated transcription of iron import proteins transferrin receptor-1, divalent metal transporter-1, and ZIP family transporters, and downregulated transcription of the iron exporter ferroportin. The computational model, based on a discrete dynamical systems framework, consisted of 21 3-state nodes, and was validated with additional experimental data that were not used in model generation. The model accurately captures the steady state and the trajectories of most of the quantitatively measured nodes. In the experimental data, we surprisingly found that transferrin receptor-1 upregulation preceded the induction of inflammatory cytokines, a feature that deviated from model predictions. Model simulations suggested that direct induction of transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) after fungal recognition, independent of the iron regulatory protein-labile iron pool (IRP-LIP) system, explains this finding. We anticipate that this model will contribute to a quantitative understanding of iron regulation as a fundamental host defense mechanism during aspergillosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a major cause of death among immunosuppressed individuals despite the best available therapy. Depriving the pathogen of iron is an essential component of host defense in this infection, but the mechanisms by which the host achieves this are complex. To understand how recruited macrophages mediate iron deprivation during the infection, we developed and validated a mechanistic computational model that integrates the available information in the field. The insights provided by this approach can help in designing iron modulation therapies as anti-fungal treatments.
Collapse
|
7
|
Functionalized niosomes as a smart delivery device in cancer and fungal infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106052. [PMID: 34740786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various diseases remain untreated due to lack of suitable therapeutic moiety or a suitable drug delivery device, especially where toxicities and side effects are the primary reason for concern. Cancer and fungal infections are diseases where treatment schedules are not completed due to severe side effects or lengthy treatment protocols. Advanced treatment approaches such as active targeting and inhibition of angiogenesis may be preferred method for the treatment for malignancy over the conventional method. Niosomes may be a better alternative drug delivery carrier for various therapeutic moieties (either hydrophilic or hydrophobic) and also due to ease of surface modification, non-immunogenicity and economical. Active targeting approach may be done by targeting the receptors through coupling of suitable ligand on niosomal surface. Moreover, various receptors (CD44, folate, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) & Vascular growth factor receptor (VGFR)) expressed by malignant cells have also been reviewed. The preparation of suitable niosomal formulation also requires considerable attention, and its formulation depends upon various factors such as selection of non-ionic surfactant, method of fabrication, and fabrication parameters. A combination therapy (dual drug and immunotherapy) has been proposed for the treatment of fungal infection with special consideration for surface modification with suitable ligand on niosomal surface to sensitize the receptors (C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors & Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors) present on immune cells involved in fungal immunity. Certain gene silencing concept has also been discussed as an advanced alternative treatment for cancer by silencing the mRNA at molecular level using short interfering RNA (si-RNA).
Collapse
|
8
|
Tong J, Duan Z, Zeng R, Du L, Xu S, Wang L, Liu Y, Chen Q, Chen X, Li M. MiR-146a Negatively Regulates Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced TNF-α and IL-6 Secretion in THP-1 Macrophages. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:341-354. [PMID: 34089172 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatu (A. fumigatus) is one of the most common important fungal pathogens that cause life-threatening infectious disease in immunocompromised individuals. However, the host immune response against this pathogenic mold is not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in regulating innate immunity. Thus, we investigated the function of miR-146a in inflammatory responses in macrophages after A. fumigatus stimulation in this study. We found that TNF-α and IL-6 were increased in THP-1 macrophage-like cells treated with A. fumigatus at both the mRNA and protein levels. The interaction between THP-1 macrophage-like cells and A. fumigatus resulted in a long-lasting increase in miR-146a expression dependent on p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling. In A. fumigatus-challenged THP-1 macrophage-like cells, overexpression of miR-146a by miR-146a mimics decreased TNF-α and IL-6 production, whereas downregulation of miR-146a by anti-miR-146a significantly enhanced the level of TNF-α and IL-6. Our study demonstrates that the crosstalk between miR-146a and the inflammation-regulating p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways might be a fine-tuning mechanism in the modulation of the inflammatory response in macrophages infected with A. fumigatus. Our findings illuminate the crucial role of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of human diseases associated with A. fumigatus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin, Institute of Dermatology, Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cellular and Molecular Response of Macrophages THP-1 during Co-Culture with Inactive Trichophyton rubrum Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040363. [PMID: 33322794 PMCID: PMC7770574 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is causing an increasing number of invasive infections, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients. The fungal invasive infectious process is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms during the interaction of macrophages and T. rubrum. For this purpose, we used a co-culture of previously germinated and heat-inactivated T. rubrum conidia placed in contact with human macrophages cell line THP-1 for 24 h. This interaction led to a higher level of release of interleukins IL-6, IL-2, nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, demonstrating the cellular defense by macrophages against dead fungal elements. Cell viability assays showed that 70% of macrophages remained viable during co-culture. Human microRNA expression is involved in fungal infection and may modulate the immune response. Thus, the macrophage expression profile of microRNAs during co-culture revealed the modulation of 83 microRNAs, with repression of 33 microRNAs and induction of 50 microRNAs. These data were analyzed using bioinformatics analysis programs and the modulation of the expression of some microRNAs was validated by qRT-PCR. In silico analysis showed that the target genes of these microRNAs are related to the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, drug resistance, and cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Breda LCD, Breda CNDS, de Almeida JRF, Paulo LNM, Jannuzzi GP, Menezes IDG, Albuquerque RC, Câmara NOS, Ferreira KS, de Almeida SR. Fonsecaeapedrosoi Conidia and Hyphae Activate Neutrophils Distinctly: Requirement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in Neutrophil Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:540064. [PMID: 33193308 PMCID: PMC7609859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.540064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused mainly by the fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The infection is characterized by erythematous papules and histological sections demonstrating an external layer of fibrous tissue and an internal layer of thick granulomatous inflammatory tissue containing mainly macrophages and neutrophils. Several groups are studying the roles of the innate and adaptive immune systems in F. pedrosoi infection; however, few studies have focused on the role of neutrophils in this infection. In the current study, we verify the importance of murine neutrophils in the killing of F. pedrosoi conidia and hyphae. We demonstrate that phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species during infection with conidia are TLR-2- and TLR-4-dependent and are essential for conidial killing. Meanwhile, hyphal killing occurs by NET formation in a TLR-2-, TLR-4-, and ROS-independent manner. In vivo experiments show that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are also important in chromoblastomycosis infection. TLR-2KO and TLR-4KO animals had lower levels of CCL3 and CXCL1 chemokines and impaired neutrophil migration to the infected site. These animals also had higher fungal loads during infection with F. pedrosoi conidia, confirming that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are essential receptors for F. pedrosoi recognition and immune system activation. Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time that neutrophil activation during F. pedrosoi is conidial or hyphal-specific with TLR-2 and TLR-4 being essential during conidial infection but unnecessary for hyphal killing by neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Carvalho Dantas Breda
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Roberto Fogaça de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Neves Monteiro Paulo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grasielle Pereira Jannuzzi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela de Godoy Menezes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Chaves Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Spadari Ferreira
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Using Expanded Natural Killer Cells as Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040231. [PMID: 33080826 PMCID: PMC7712362 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major opportunistic fungal infection in patients with haematological malignancies. Morbidity and mortality rates are high despite anti-fungal treatment, as the compromised status of immune system prevents the host from responding optimally to conventional therapy. This raises the consideration for immunotherapy as an adjunctive treatment. In this study, we evaluated the utility of expanded human NK cells as treatment against Aspergillus fumigatus infection in vitro and in vivo. The NK cells were expanded and activated by K562 cells genetically modified to express 4-1BB ligand and membrane-bound interleukin-15 (K562-41BBL-mbIL-15) as feeders. The efficacy of these cells was investigated in A. fumigatus killing assays in vitro and as adoptive cellular therapy in vivo. The expanded NK cells possessed potent killing activity at low effector-to-target ratio of 2:1. Fungicidal activity was morphotypal-dependent and most efficacious against A. fumigatus conidia. Fungicidal activity was mediated by dectin-1 receptors on the expanded NK cells leading to augmented release of perforin, resulting in enhanced direct cytolysis. In an immunocompromised mice pulmonary aspergillosis model, we showed that NK cell treatment significantly reduced fungal burden, hence demonstrating the translational potential of expanded NK cells as adjunctive therapy against IA in immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Valsecchi I, Stephen-Victor E, Wong SSW, Karnam A, Sunde M, Guijarro JI, Rodríguez de Francisco B, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Brown GD, Willment JA, Latgé JP, Brakhage AA, Bayry J, Aimanianda V. The Role of RodA-Conserved Cysteine Residues in the Aspergillus fumigatus Conidial Surface Organization. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030151. [PMID: 32859091 PMCID: PMC7558875 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune inertness of Aspergillusfumigatus conidia is attributed to its surface rodlet-layer made up of RodAp, characterized by eight conserved cysteine residues forming four disulfide bonds. Earlier, we showed that the conserved cysteine residue point (ccrp) mutations result in conidia devoid of the rodlet layer. Here, we extended our study comparing the surface organization and immunoreactivity of conidia carrying ccrp-mutations with the RODA deletion mutant (∆rodA). Western blot analysis using anti-RodAp antibodies indicated the absence of RodAp in the cytoplasm of ccrp-mutant conidia. Immunolabeling revealed differential reactivity to conidial surface glucans, the ccrp-mutant conidia preferentially binding to α-(1,3)-glucan, ∆rodA conidia selectively bound to β-(1,3)-glucan; the parental strain conidia showed negative labeling. However, permeability of ccrp-mutants and ∆rodA was similar to the parental strain conidia. Proteomic analyses of the conidial surface exposed proteins of the ccrp-mutants showed more similarities with the parental strain, but were significantly different from the ∆rodA. Ccrp-mutant conidia were less immunostimulatory compared to ∆rodA conidia. Our data suggest that (i) the conserved cysteine residues are essential for the trafficking of RodAp and the organization of the rodlet layer on the conidial surface, and (ii) targeted point mutation could be an alternative approach to study the role of fungal cell-wall genes in host–fungal interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Valsecchi
- Aspergillus Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (I.V.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherché des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.-V.); (A.K.)
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Molecular Mycology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR-2000, 10098 Paris, France;
| | - Anupama Karnam
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherché des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.-V.); (A.K.)
| | - Margaret Sunde
- School of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales (NSW) 2006, Australia;
| | - J. Iñaki Guijarro
- Biological NMR Technological Platform, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR-3528, 75015 Paris, France; (J.I.G.); (B.R.d.F.)
| | - Borja Rodríguez de Francisco
- Biological NMR Technological Platform, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR-3528, 75015 Paris, France; (J.I.G.); (B.R.d.F.)
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; (G.D.B.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Janet A. Willment
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology (MRC CMM), University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; (G.D.B.); (J.A.W.)
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Aspergillus Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (I.V.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (T.K.); (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherché des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France; (E.S.-V.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (V.A.); Tel.: +33-1-44278203 (J.B.); +33-1-45688225 (V.A.)
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Molecular Mycology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-UMR-2000, 10098 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (V.A.); Tel.: +33-1-44278203 (J.B.); +33-1-45688225 (V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Differential Interactions of Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Complement Proteins with Conidia of Airborne Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00212-20. [PMID: 32571987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00212-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though both cellular and humoral immunities contribute to host defense, the role played by humoral immunity against the airborne opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been underexplored. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the role of the complement system, the major humoral immune component, against A. fumigatus Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins extracted from A. fumigatus conidial (asexual spores and infective propagules) surfaces opsonized with human serum indicated that C3 is the major complement protein involved. Flow cytometry and immunolabeling assays further confirmed C3b (activated C3) deposition on the conidial surfaces. Assays using cell wall components of conidia indicated that the hydrophobin RodAp, β-(1,3)-glucan (BG) and galactomannan (GM) could efficiently activate C3. Using complement component-depleted sera, we showed that while RodAp activates C3 by the alternative pathway, BG and GM partially follow the classical and lectin pathways, respectively. Opsonization facilitated conidial aggregation and phagocytosis, and complement receptor (CR3 and CR4) blockage on phagocytes significantly inhibited phagocytosis, indicating that the complement system exerts a protective role against conidia by opsonizing them and facilitating their phagocytosis mainly through complement receptors. Conidial opsonization with human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) confirmed C3 to be the major complement protein interacting with conidia. Nevertheless, complement C2 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the classical and lectin pathway components, respectively, were not identified, indicating that BALF activates the alternative pathway on the conidial surface. Moreover, the cytokine profiles were different upon stimulation of phagocytes with serum- and BALF-opsonized conidia, highlighting the importance of studying interaction of conidia with complement proteins in their biological niche.
Collapse
|
14
|
Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cheng Z, Li M, Wang Y, Chai T, Cai Y, Li N. Pathogenicity and Immune Responses of Aspergillus fumigatus Infection in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:143. [PMID: 32219102 PMCID: PMC7078108 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogen in poultry farms, causing aspergillosis in chickens. To study the pathogenicity of A. fumigatus, 14-days-old chickens were infected with fungal conidia (2 × 107 CFU/mL) via thoracic intra-air sacs inoculation. The clinical symptoms, gross and histopathological lesions, and fungal load in the lungs were examined. Additionally, the mRNAs of Toll like receptors (TLR) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by quantitative PCR to explore the immune responses induced by A. fumigatus. The results showed that overt depression, ruffled feathers, and dyspnea were observed in the infected chickens as early as 3 days post infection (dpi). Eleven out of 25 infected chickens died from 5 to 9 dpi, and A. fumigatus could also be reisolated from the infected lung. Histopathological examination revealed obvious airsacculitis and pneumonia, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration (heterophils and macrophages), and granulomatous lesions in the lung. The mRNA expressions of TLR1 and TLR2 were upregulated in the lung and spleen, and most pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, Cxcl-8, TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ were increased in both the lung and spleen during the tested period, suggesting that the innate immune responses were triggered by A. fumigatus infection, and these cytokines participated in the inflammatory responses against A. fumigatus. These results indicate that A. fumigatus infection by thoracic intra-air sacs inoculation can cause severe respiratory damage in chickens, activate TLR1 and TLR2 mediated immune responses, and elicit large expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, Cxcl-8, and IFN-γ. These data will help further understanding of the pathogenesis and immune responses of A. fumigatus infection in the chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Mengxuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yumei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kimura Y, Yanagida T, Onda A, Tsukui D, Hosoyamada M, Kono H. Soluble Uric Acid Promotes Atherosclerosis via AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase)-Mediated Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:570-582. [PMID: 31996020 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uric acid is supposed but not yet determined to be associated with atherosclerosis. Uric acid is released from damaged cells to form urate crystal, which is recognized by the immune system to produce IL (interleukin)-1. Danger signals and IL-1 have been shown to play an important role in atherosclerosis. We determined whether the physiological level of soluble uric acid promotes inflammation and develops atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: The secretion of IL-1β from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells mediated by NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome was promoted by physiological levels in serum uric acid. This augmentation of inflammation was mediated by the regulation of the AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) pathway. In both of uricase transgenic and xanthine oxidase inhibitor-treated mice, decreased levels of uric acid resulted in the activation of AMPK and attenuation of the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Further, acute uric acid reduction by the administration of benzbromarone in healthy humans for 2 weeks significantly decreased plasma IL-18-an inflammasome-dependent cytokine. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the development of atherosclerosis and inflammation is promoted by uric acid in vivo. Moreover, the lowering of uric acid levels attenuated inflammation via the activation of the AMPK pathway. This study provides mechanistic evidence of uric acid-lowering therapies for atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kimura
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K., T.Y., A.O., D.T., H.K.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamiko Yanagida
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K., T.Y., A.O., D.T., H.K.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Onda
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K., T.Y., A.O., D.T., H.K.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsukui
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K., T.Y., A.O., D.T., H.K.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hosoyamada
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences (M.H.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kono
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K., T.Y., A.O., D.T., H.K.), Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Celestrino GA, Reis APC, Criado PR, Benard G, Sousa MGT. Trichophyton rubrum Elicits Phagocytic and Pro-inflammatory Responses in Human Monocytes Through Toll-Like Receptor 2. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2589. [PMID: 31824444 PMCID: PMC6881456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection mostly restricted to keratinized tissues such as skin, hair, and nails but with potential to cause invasive or even systemic disease in immunocompromised patients. Trichophyton rubrum is the main etiologic agent, accounting for approximately 80% of the cases. Mononuclear phagocytes respond to pathogens through phagocytosis followed by production of several antimicrobial molecules, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and failure in doing so may contribute to development of chronic fungal infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located on the surface of phagocytic cells bind either directly to target particles or through opsonizing ligands and trigger an actin-mediated ingestion. Even though the mechanisms involved in TLR-mediated cytokine responses are well established, the contribution of TLR in the recognition of T. rubrum by adherent monocytes remains unclear. Here, we report that phagocytosis of T. rubrum conidia by adherent monocytes is mediated by TLR2. Blockade of TLR2 by neutralizing antibodies impaired the fungicidal activity of monocytes as well their secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but neither nitric oxide (NO) production nor interleukin (IL)-10 secretion was disturbed. So far, our data suggest that TLR2 is required for efficient conidial phagocytosis, and the absence of TLR2 signaling in human monocytes may impair the subsequent inflammatory response. These findings expand our understanding of phagocyte modulation by this important fungal pathogen and may represent a potential target for interventions aiming at enhancing antifungal immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Azevedo Celestrino
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Carvalho Reis
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Teixeira Sousa
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology-LIM-53, Clinical Dermatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pathobiology of Aspergillus Fumigatus Endophthalmitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090297. [PMID: 31466325 PMCID: PMC6780922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite Aspergillus being the leading cause of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis following traumatic injury to the eye, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. In the current study, we developed a murine model of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) endophthalmitis and investigated the disease pathobiology. Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of Aspergillus spores in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (neutropenic) C57BL/6 mice, and disease severity was assessed by eye exam, fungal burden estimation, and histological examination. Our data showed that AF infection caused a time-dependent increase in corneal haze, opacity, and hypopyon beginning at two days post-infection (DPI). The fungal burden in infected eyes of immunocompetent mice peaked at 2 DPI and declined over 9 DPI. AF-infected neuroretina exhibited induction of innate immune response via upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL6), and increased polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Histological analysis revealed heavy cellular infiltrates in the vitreous cavity as well as disruption of normal retinal architecture and increased retinal cell death. Neutropenic mice exhibited severe disease pathology with the prolonged fungal burden and increased inflammatory mediators. Our study described the first immunocompetent murine model of exogenous AF endophthalmitis and demonstrated an important role of neutrophils in innate defense against fungal endophthalmitis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Y, Xu H, Li Y, Huang D, Chen L, Hu Y, Li L, Zhang D, Huang W. miRNA-344b-1-3p modulates the autophagy of NR8383 cells during Aspergillus fumigatus infection via TLR2. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:139-146. [PMID: 31258647 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves a pivotal role in host defense during fungal infections, and the contribution by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been well demonstrated. It has been reported that microRNA-344a-1-3p (miR-344a-1-3p) can directly target TLR2. However, the expression of TLR2 significantly decreases during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Therefore, the specific role of miR-344a-1-3p in the host defense against A. fumigatus infection remains to be elucidated. In the present study, A. fumigatus infection increased the expression of TLR2 and induced autophagy, which was indicated by increasing expression levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), Beclin-1, light chain 3 (LC3)-1 and LC3-II, as measured by western blot analysis, and an increased number of GFP-LC3 puncta, as measured by fluorescence. Following transfection with miR-344a-1-3p mimics and/or TLR2, miR-344b-1-3p significantly inhibited the expression of TLR2, Beclin-1, ATG5, LC3-I and LC3-II, whereas the overexpression of TLR2 significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect on autophagy by miR-344b-1-3p. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that A. fumigatus can be controlled by the induction of autophagy following de-repression of the expression of TLR2, mediated by miR-344a-1-3p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Respiratory Center of PLA, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Huang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Hu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Respiratory Center of PLA, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Deming Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Respiratory Center of PLA, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Øya E, Solhaug A, Bølling AK, Øvstebø R, Steensen TB, Afanou AKJ, Holme JA. Pro-inflammatory responses induced by A. fumigatus and A. versicolor in various human macrophage models. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:483-501. [PMID: 31116698 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1619114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mold-contaminated indoor air has been associated with various respiratory diseases, and there is a need for experimental data to confirm these associations. The pro-inflammatory properties of well-characterized aerosolized spores and hyphal fragments from Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor were examined and compared using various human macrophage cell models including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages (THP-1 Ma), primary peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and primary airway macrophages (AM) from induced sputum. X-ray treated samples of the two mold species induced different responses with A. fumigatus displaying the most potent induction of pro-inflammatory responses. While hyphal fragments from A. fumigatus were more potent than spores, similar responses were produced by the two growth stages of A. versicolor. THP-1 Ma was the most sensitive model releasing a broad range of cytokines/chemokines. MDM exhibited a similar cytokine/chemokine profile as THP-1 Ma, except for a low-quantity release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In contrast, AM appeared to be nonresponsive and yielded a different pattern of pro-inflammatory markers. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, but also to a certain degree TLR2, was involved in several responses induced by spores and aerosolized hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus in MDM. Taken together, MDM seems to be the most promising experimental macrophage model. Abbreviations: AF: A. fumigatus, Aspergillus fumigatus; AV: A. versicolor, Aspergillus versicolor; AM: Airway Macrophage; CBA: Cytometric Bead Array; CD: Cluster of Differentiation; DTT: dithiothreitol; ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GM-CSF: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1beta; MDM: Monocyte-Derived Macrophages; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NLR: NOD-like Receptor; PAMP: Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern; PMA: Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; THP-1: Human leukemia monocyte cell line; TLR: Toll-like Receptor; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øya
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anita Solhaug
- b Toxinology Research Group , Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anette K Bølling
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- c Department for Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Tonje B Steensen
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- d Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment , National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- a Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Opuntioside, opuntiol and its metallic nanoparticles attenuate adjuvant-induced arthritis: Novel suppressors of Toll-like receptors -2 and -4. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
22
|
Mello TP, Bittencourt VCB, Liporagi-Lopes LC, Aor AC, Branquinha MH, Santos AL. Insights into the social life and obscure side of Scedosporium/Lomentospora species: ubiquitous, emerging and multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
23
|
Palipane M, Snyder JD, LeMessurier KS, Schofield AK, Woolard SN, Samarasinghe AE. Macrophage CD14 impacts immune defenses against influenza virus in allergic hosts. Microb Pathog 2018; 127:212-219. [PMID: 30529429 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and influenza are leading causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Although these two conditions can co-exist in the same patient, the immune parameters that impact disease outcomes are not fully elucidated. The importance of macrophages to both conditions suggested a role for CD14, a co-receptor for endotoxin, as a regulatory mechanism for innate immune responses during asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Herein, we hypothesized that parameters of influenza morbidity will be reduced in the absence of CD14. Age and gender matched wild-type (WT) and CD14 knock-out (KO) mice were subjected to our validated model of Aspergillus-induced model of asthma and/or influenza. Characteristics of disease pathogenesis were investigated using standard methods in weight loss, flow cytometry, airway resistance, histology, quantitative real-time PCR, and viral titer quantification. The absence of CD14 did not have an impact on morbidity as these mice were equally susceptible to disease with similar airway resistance. Peribronchovascular inflammation and goblet cell content were equivalent between WT and KO mice in asthma alone and asthma and influenza co-morbidity. Co-morbid KO mice had less lymphocytes and eosinophils in the airways although their lung viral burden was equivalent to WT. Inflammatory gene signatures were altered in co-morbid mice in each genotype. CD14 expression on macrophages is necessary for airway inflammation but not for viral pathogenesis in allergic hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Palipane
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - John D Snyder
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - Kim S LeMessurier
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States
| | - Anna K Schofield
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Stacie N Woolard
- Department of Flow Cytometry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, United States
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38103, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fungal ligands released by innate immune effectors promote inflammasome activation during Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:316-327. [PMID: 30510167 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis causes substantial mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Recognition of Aspergillus fumigatus by the host immune system leads to activation of the inflammasome, which provides protection against infection. However, regulation of inflammasome activation at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, we describe two distinct pathways that coordinately control inflammasome activation during A. fumigatus infection. The C-type lectin receptor pathway activates both MAPK and NF-κB signalling, which leads to induction of downstream mediators, such as the transcription factor IRF1, and also primes the inflammasomes. Toll-like receptor signalling through the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF in turn mediates efficient activation of IRF1, which induces IRGB10 expression. IRGB10 targets the fungal cell wall, and the antifungal activity of IRGB10 causes hyphae damage, modifies the A. fumigatus surface and inhibits fungal growth. We also demonstrate that one of the major fungal pathogen-associated molecular patterns, β-glucan, directly triggers inflammasome assembly. Thus, the concerted activation of both Toll-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors is required for IRF1-mediated IRGB10 regulation, which is a key event governing ligand release and inflammasome activation upon A. fumigatus infection.
Collapse
|
25
|
Weiss E, Ziegler S, Fliesser M, Schmitt AL, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Morton CO, Einsele H, Loeffler J. First Insights in NK-DC Cross-Talk and the Importance of Soluble Factors During Infection With Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:288. [PMID: 30177958 PMCID: PMC6110135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus that mainly affects immunocompromised hosts. To investigate immune cell cross-talk during infection with A. fumigatus, we co-cultured natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) after stimulation with whole fungal structures, components of the fungal cell wall, fungal lysate or ligands for distinct fungal receptors. Both cell types showed activation after stimulation with fungal components and were able to transfer activation signals to the counterpart not stimulated cell type. Interestingly, DCs recognized a broader spectrum of fungal components and thereby initiated NK cell activation when those did not recognize fungal structures. These experiments highlighted the supportive function of DCs in NK cell activation. Furthermore, we focused on soluble DC mediated NK cell activation and showed that DCs stimulated with the TLR2/Dectin-1 ligand zymosan could maximally stimulate the expression of CD69 on NK cells. Thus, we investigated the influence of both receptors for zymosan, Dectin-1 and TLR2, which are highly expressed on DCs but show only minimal expression on NK cells. Specific focus was laid on the question whether Dectin-1 or TLR2 signaling in DCs is important for the secretion of soluble factors leading to NK cell activation. Our results show that Dectin-1 and TLR2 are negligible for NK cell activation. We conclude that besides Dectin-1 and TLR2 other receptors on DCs are able to compensate for the missing signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ziegler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Fliesser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 29980664 PMCID: PMC6035256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe infection that can occur in severely immunocompromised patients. Efficient immune recognition of Aspergillus is crucial to protect against infection, and previous studies suggested a role for NOD2 in this process. However, thorough investigation of the impact of NOD2 on susceptibility to aspergillosis is lacking. Common genetic variations in NOD2 has been associated with Crohn's disease and here we investigated the influence of these genetic variations on the anti-Aspergillus host response. A NOD2 polymorphism reduced the risk of IA after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Mechanistically, absence of NOD2 in monocytes and macrophages increases phagocytosis leading to enhanced fungal killing, conversely, NOD2 activation reduces the antifungal potential of these cells. Crucially, Nod2 deficiency results in resistance to Aspergillus infection in an in vivo model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic deficiency of NOD2 plays a protective role during Aspergillus infection.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chronic features of allergic asthma are enhanced in the absence of resistin-like molecule-beta. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7061. [PMID: 29728628 PMCID: PMC5935686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by inflammation and architectural changes in the lungs. A number of immune cells and mediators are recognized as initiators of asthma, although therapeutics based on these are not always effective. The multifaceted nature of this syndrome necessitate continued exploration of immunomodulators that may play a role in pathogenesis. We investigated the role of resistin-like molecule-beta (RELM-β), a gut antibacterial, in the development and pathogenesis of Aspergillus-induced allergic airways disease. Age and gender matched C57BL/6J and Retnlb−/− mice rendered allergic to Aspergillus fumigatus were used to measure canonical markers of allergic asthma at early and late time points. Inflammatory cells in airways were similar, although Retnlb−/− mice had reduced tissue inflammation. The absence of RELM-β elevated serum IgA and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs at homeostasis. Markers of chronic disease including goblet cell numbers, Muc genes, airway wall remodelling, and hyperresponsiveness were greater in the absence RELM-β. Specific inflammatory mediators important in antimicrobial defence in allergic asthma were also increased in the absence of RELM-β. These data suggest that while characteristics of allergic asthma develop in the absence of RELM-β, that RELM-β may reduce the development of chronic markers of allergic airways disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The balance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production by the host and stress response by fungi is a key axis of the host-pathogen interaction. This review will describe emerging themes in fungal pathogenesis underpinning this axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Malla N, Uhlig S, Rolen E, Skaar I, Straumfors A, Winberg JO, Bang BE, Schwarze PE, Eduard W, Holme JA. Characterization and pro-inflammatory responses of spore and hyphae samples from various mold species. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:28-39. [PMID: 28922584 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mold particles from Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor, and Stachybotrys chartarum have been linked to respiratory-related diseases. We characterized X-ray-inactivated spores and hyphae fragments from these species by number of particles, morphology, and mycotoxin, β-glucan and protease content/activity. The pro-inflammatory properties of mold particles were examined in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and THP-1 monocytes and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1. Spores from P. chrysogenum and S. chartarum contained some hyphae fragments, whereas the other preparations contained either spores or hyphae. Each mold species produced mainly one gelatin-degrading protease that was either of the metallo- or serine type, while one remains unclassified. Mycotoxin levels were generally low. Detectable levels of β-glucans were found mainly in hyphae particle preparations. PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages were by far the most sensitive model with effects in the order of 10 ng/cm2 . Hyphae preparations of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum were more potent than respective spore preparations, whereas the opposite seems to be true for A. versicolor and S. chartarum. Hyphae fragments of A. fumigatus, P. chrysogenum, and A. versicolor enhanced the release of metalloprotease (proMMP-9) most markedly. In conclusion, species, growth stage, and characteristics are all important factors for pro-inflammatory potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Øya
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K J Afanou
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Malla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - S Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Rolen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Skaar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Straumfors
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - J O Winberg
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - B E Bang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - P E Schwarze
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - W Eduard
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - J A Holme
- Department of Air and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goh JG, Ravikumar S, Win MS, Cao Q, Tan AL, Lim JHJ, Leong W, Herbrecht R, Troke PF, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG, Chng WJ, Dan YY, Chai LYA. Neutrophils differentially attenuate immune response to Aspergillus infection through complement receptor 3 and induction of myeloperoxidase. Cell Microbiol 2017; 20. [PMID: 29088499 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a major cause of morbidity in immunocompromised hosts. This is due to the inability of the host immunity to respond appropriately to Aspergillus. An established risk factor for IA is neutropenia that is encountered by patients undergoing chemotherapy. Herein, we investigate the role of neutrophils in modulating host response to Aspergillus. We found that neutrophils had the propensity to suppress proinflammatory cytokine production but through different mechanisms for specific cytokines. Cellular contact was requisite for the modulation of interleukin-1 beta production by Aspergillus with the involvement of complement receptor 3. On the other hand, inhibition of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production (TNF-α) was cell contact-independent and mediated by secreted myeloperoxidase. Specifically, the inhibition of TNF-α by myeloperoxidase was through the TLR4 pathway and involved interference with the mRNA transcription of TNF receptor-associated factor 6/interferon regulatory factor 5. Our study illustrates the extended immune modulatory role of neutrophils beyond its primary phagocytic function. The absence of neutrophils and loss of its inhibitory effect on cytokine production explains the hypercytokinemia seen in neutropenic patients when infected with Aspergillus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine G Goh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharada Ravikumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mar Soe Win
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai Ling Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joan H J Lim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winnie Leong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raoul Herbrecht
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Y A Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gresnigt MS, Jaeger M, Subbarao Malireddi RK, Rasid O, Jouvion G, Fitting C, Melchers WJG, Kanneganti TD, Carvalho A, Ibrahim-Granet O, van de Veerdonk FL. The Absence of NOD1 Enhances Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus Through Modulation of Dectin-1 Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1777. [PMID: 29326692 PMCID: PMC5733348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major life-threatening infections for which severely immunocompromised patients are at risk is invasive aspergillosis (IA). Despite the current treatment options, the increasing antifungal resistance and poor outcome highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcome of patients with IA. In the current study, we investigated whether and how the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 is involved in host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. When exploring the role of NOD1 in an experimental mouse model, we found that Nod1−/− mice were protected against IA and demonstrated reduced fungal outgrowth in the lungs. We found that macrophages derived from bone marrow of Nod1−/− mice were more efficiently inducing reactive oxygen species and cytokines in response to Aspergillus. Most strikingly, these cells were highly potent in killing A. fumigatus compared with wild-type cells. In line, human macrophages in which NOD1 was silenced demonstrated augmented Aspergillus killing and NOD1 stimulation decreased fungal killing. The differentially altered killing capacity of NOD1 silencing versus NOD1 activation was associated with alterations in dectin-1 expression, with activation of NOD1 reducing dectin-1 expression. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that Nod1−/− mice have elevated dectin-1 expression in the lung and bone marrow, and silencing of NOD1 gene expression in human macrophages increases dectin-1 expression. The enhanced dectin-1 expression may be the mechanism of enhanced fungal killing of Nod1−/− cells and human cells in which NOD1 was silenced, since blockade of dectin-1 reversed the augmented killing in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NOD1 receptor plays an inhibitory role in the host defense against Aspergillus. This provides a rationale to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of aspergillosis that target the NOD1 receptor, to enhance the efficiency of host immune cells to clear the infection by increasing fungal killing and cytokine responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang P, Xin X, Fang L, Jiang H, Xu X, Su X, Shi Y. HMGB1 mediates Aspergillus fumigatus -induced inflammatory response in alveolar macrophages of COPD mice via activating MyD88/NF-κB and syk/PI3K signalings. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 53:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
33
|
Gonçalves SM, Lagrou K, Rodrigues CS, Campos CF, Bernal-Martínez L, Rodrigues F, Silvestre R, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Maertens JA, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytokines as Biomarkers for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in At-Risk Patients. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2362. [PMID: 29238334 PMCID: PMC5712575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an infection that primarily affects immunocompromised hosts, including hematological patients and stem-cell transplant recipients. The diagnosis of IPA remains challenging, making desirable the availability of new specific biomarkers. High-throughput methods now allow us to interrogate the immune system for multiple markers of inflammation with enhanced resolution. Methods: To determine whether a signature of alveolar cytokines could be associated with the development of IPA and used as a diagnostic biomarker, we performed a nested case-control study involving 113 patients at-risk. Results: Among the 32 analytes tested, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, IL-23, and TNFα were significantly increased among patients with IPA, defining two clusters able to accurately differentiate cases of infection from controls. Genetic variants previously reported to confer increased risk of IPA compromised the production of specific cytokines and impaired their discriminatory potential toward infection. Collectively, our data indicated that IL-8 was the best performing cytokine, with alveolar levels ≥904 pg/mL predicting IPA with elevated sensitivity (90%), specificity (73%), and negative predictive value (88%). Conclusions: These findings highlight the existence of a specific profile of alveolar cytokines, with IL-8 being the dominant discriminator, which might be useful in supporting current diagnostic approaches for IPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cláudia S Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cláudia F Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Leticia Bernal-Martínez
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johan A Maertens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pinheiro CR, Coelho AL, de Oliveira CE, Gasparoto TH, Garlet GP, Silva JS, Santos CF, Cavassani KA, Hogaboam CM, Campanelli AP. Recognition of Candida albicans by gingival fibroblasts: The role of TLR2, TLR4/CD14, and MyD88. Cytokine 2017; 106:67-75. [PMID: 29128406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that nonprofessional immune cells such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts also contribute to innate immunity via secretion of cytokines. Fibroblasts are the principal type of cell found in the periodontal connective tissues and they are involved in the immune response during periodontal disease. The role of fibroblasts in the recognition of pathogens via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been established; however, few studies have been conducted concerning the involvement of innate immune receptors in the recognition of Candida albicans by gingival fibroblast. In the current study, we investigate the functional activity of TLR2, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) molecules in the recognition of C. albicans by gingival fibroblast. First, we identified that gingival fibroblasts expressed TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4. Our results showed that TLR agonists had no effect on these receptors' expression by TLR2, MyD88, and CD14-deficient cells. Notably, C. albicans and a synthetic triacylated lipoprotein (Pam3CSK4) induced a remarkable increase of TLR3 expression on MyD88-deficient gingival fibroblasts. TLR4 expression levels were lower than TLR2 and TLR3 levels and remained unchanged after TLR agonist stimulation. Gingival fibroblasts presented morphological similarities; however, TLR2 deficiency on these cells leads to a lower proliferative response, whereas the deficiency on CD14 expression resulted in lower levels of type I collagen by these cells. In addition, the recognition of C. albicans by gingival fibroblasts had an effect on the secretion of cytokines and it was dependent on a specific recognition molecule. Specifically, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production after the recognition of C. albicans was dependent on MyD88, CD14, and TLR2 molecules, whereas the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-13 was dependent on TLR2. These findings are the first to describe a role of gingival fibroblast in the recognition of C. albicans and the pathways involved in this process. An understanding of these pathways may lead to alternative treatments for patients with periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ramos Pinheiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coelho
- Department of Medicine, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thaís Helena Gasparoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Angélica Cavassani
- Department of Medicine, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Department of Medicine, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry - University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang PP, Xin XF, Xu XY, Fang LP, Wu J, Shi Y. Toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1 function as promising biomarker for Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3836-3840. [PMID: 29042988 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, along with the wide application of organ transplantation and immunosuppressive agents, as well as the abuse of broad spectrum antibiotics, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has been increasing gradually. The present study aimed to identify novel biomarkers in cells infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then harvested at different time-points (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h). The expression Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and dectin-1 expression were examined using flow cytometry and western blotting, and fluorescence-based microscopy was used to evaluate their distribution. The results indicated that TLR2 and dectin-1 protein levels were localized on the surface of HUVECs, and that dectin-1 was distributed on HUVEC membranes as observed under confocal microscope. Immunofluorescence assay result revealed that the optical intensity of dectin-1 in the Aspergillus fumigatus-infected group was significantly increased at 0, 1 and 2 h compared with the control group (P<0.05). However, the optical intensity of TLR2 in the Aspergillus fumigatus-infected group was markedly decreased between 0 and 6 h, as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that dectin-1 expression was significantly increased and TLR2 expression was significantly decreased at 0, 1 and 2 h post infection in the Aspergillus fumigatus-infected group compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression of TLR2 was also negatively correlated with the concentration of Aspergillus fumigatus. In conclusion, upon infection of cells with Aspergillus fumigatus, TLR2 and dectin-1 expression levels were significantly altered. Therefore, TLR2 and dectin-1 levels may function as promising biomarkers for the treatment or diagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Peng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yong Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical College, The Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fungal Pathogens in CF Airways: Leave or Treat? Mycopathologia 2017; 183:119-137. [PMID: 28770417 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic airway infection plays an essential role in the progress of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. In the past decades, mainly bacterial pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been the focus of researchers and clinicians. However, fungi are frequently detected in CF airways and there is an increasing body of evidence that fungal pathogens might play a role in CF lung disease. Several studies have shown an association of fungi, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, with the course of lung disease in CF patients. Mechanistically, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that an impaired immune response to fungal pathogens in CF airways renders them more susceptible to fungi. However, it remains elusive whether fungi are actively involved in CF lung disease pathologies or whether they rather reflect a dysregulated airway colonization and act as microbial bystanders. A key issue for dissecting the role of fungi in CF lung disease is the distinction of dynamic fungal-host interaction entities, namely colonization, sensitization or infection. This review summarizes key findings on pathophysiological mechanisms and the clinical impact of fungi in CF lung disease.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chidambaram JD, Kannambath S, Srikanthi P, Shah M, Lalitha P, Elakkiya S, Bauer J, Prajna NV, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Persistence of Innate Immune Pathways in Late Stage Human Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis: Results from a Comparative Transcriptome Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:193. [PMID: 28573109 PMCID: PMC5435826 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis (MK) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Despite adequate antimicrobial treatment, tissue damage can ensue. We compared the human corneal transcriptional profile in late stage MK to normal corneal tissue to identify pathways involved in pathogenesis. Total RNA from MK tissue and normal cadaver corneas was used to determine transcriptome profiles with Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 beadchips. We performed differential expression and network analysis of genes in bacterial keratitis (BK) and fungal keratitis (FK) compared with control (C) samples. Results were validated by RTqPCR for 45 genes in an independent series of 183 MK patients. For the microarray transcriptome analysis, 27 samples were used: 12 controls, 7 BK culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1), and 8 FK, culture positive for Fusarium sp. (n = 5), Aspergillus sp. (n = 2), or Lasiodiplodia sp. (n = 1). There were 185 unique differentially expressed genes in BK, 50 in FK, and 339 common to both [i.e., genes with fold-change (FC) < −4 or ≥4 and false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted P < 0.05]. MMP9 had the highest FC in BK (91 FC, adj p = 3.64 E-12) and FK (FC 64, adj. p = 6.10 E-11), along with other MMPs (MMP1, MMP7, MMP10, MMP12), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, TNF), and PRRs (TLR2, TLR4). HIF1A and its induced genes were upregulated uniquely in BK. Immune/defense response and extracellular matrix terms were the most enriched Gene Ontology terms in both BK and FK. In the network analysis, chemokines were prominent for FK, and actin filament reorganization for BK. Microarray and RTqPCR results were highly correlated for the same samples tested with both assays, and with the larger RTqPCR series. In conclusion, we found a great deal of overlap in the gene expression profile of late stage BK and FK, however genes unique to fungal infection highlighted a corneal epithelial wound healing response and for bacterial infection the prominence of HIF1A-induced genes. These sets of genes may provide new targets for future research into therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya D Chidambaram
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Shichina Kannambath
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manisha Shah
- Cornea Department, Aravind Eye HospitalMadurai, India.,Aravind Medical Research FoundationMadurai, India
| | - Prajna Lalitha
- Cornea Department, Aravind Eye HospitalMadurai, India.,Aravind Medical Research FoundationMadurai, India
| | | | - Julien Bauer
- Department of Pathology, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Namperumalsamy V Prajna
- Cornea Department, Aravind Eye HospitalMadurai, India.,Aravind Medical Research FoundationMadurai, India
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Krüppel-like Factor 4 modulates interleukin-6 release in human dendritic cells after in vitro stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27990. [PMID: 27346433 PMCID: PMC4921831 DOI: 10.1038/srep27990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rates and are mostly caused by the opportunistic fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. Immune responses against these fungi are still not fully understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial players in initiating innate and adaptive immune responses against fungal infections. The immunomodulatory effects of fungi were compared to the bacterial stimulus LPS to determine key players in the immune response to fungal infections. A genome wide study of the gene regulation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) confronted with A. fumigatus, C. albicans or LPS was performed and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was identified as the only transcription factor that was down-regulated in DCs by both fungi but induced by stimulation with LPS. Downstream analysis demonstrated the influence of KLF4 on the interleukine-6 expression in human DCs. Furthermore, KLF4 regulation was shown to be dependent on pattern recognition receptor ligation. Therefore KLF4 was identified as a controlling element in the IL-6 immune response with a unique expression pattern comparing fungal and LPS stimulation.
Collapse
|
39
|
Henriet SSV, van de Sande WWJ, Lee MJ, Simonetti E, Momany M, Verweij PE, Rijs AJMM, Ferwerda G, Sheppard DC, de Jonge MI, Warris A. Decreased Cell Wall Galactosaminogalactan in Aspergillus nidulans Mediates Dysregulated Inflammation in the Chronic Granulomatous Disease Host. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:488-98. [PMID: 27142572 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is a major threat to patients suffering from impaired neutrophil function, with Aspergillus fumigatus being the most common species causing this life-threatening condition. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) not only develop infections with A. fumigatus, but also exhibit a unique susceptibility to infection with the normally nonpathogenic species Aspergillus nidulans. In this study, we compared the inflammatory cytokine response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy and CGD patients to these two fungal species. CGD patients displayed evidence for a chronic hyperinflammatory state as indicated by elevated plasma IL-1β and TNF-α levels. PBMCs isolated from CGD patients secreted higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in response to A. nidulans as compared with A. fumigatus. The presence or absence of melanin in the cell wall of A. nidulans did not alter the cytokine release by healthy or CGD PBMCs. In contrast, A. fumigatus mutants lacking melanin stimulated higher levels of proinflammatory cytokine release from healthy, but not CGD PBMCs. Purified cell wall polysaccharides of A. nidulans induced a much higher level of IL-1β secretion by CGD PBMCs than did cell wall polysaccharides isolated from A. fumigatus. Using modified A. nidulans strains overexpressing galactosaminogalactan, we were able to show that the increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines by CGD PBMCs in response to A. nidulans are a consequence of low levels of cell wall-associated galactosaminogalactan in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie S V Henriet
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J van de Sande
- 2 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J Lee
- 3 Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Elles Simonetti
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Momany
- 4 Plant Biology Department, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia
| | - Paul E Verweij
- 5 Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius J M M Rijs
- 5 Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- 3 Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adilia Warris
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands .,6 Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mukherjee S, Karmakar S, Babu SPS. TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host immune responses in major infectious diseases: a review. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:193-204. [PMID: 26775799 PMCID: PMC9427569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, multicellular organisms have been orchestrated with an efficient and versatile immune system to counteract diverse group of pathogenic organisms. Pathogen recognition is considered as the most critical step behind eliciting adequate immune response during an infection. Hitherto Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially the surface ones viz. TLR2 and TLR4 have gained immense importance due to their extreme ability of identifying distinct molecular patterns from invading pathogens. These pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) not only act as innate sensor but also shape and bridge innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, they also play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between Th1 and Th2 type of response essential for the survivability of the host. In this work, major achievements rather findings made on the typical signalling and immunopathological attributes of TLR2 and TLR4 mediated host response against the major infectious diseases have been reviewed. Infectious diseases like tuberculosis, trypanosomiasis, malaria, and filariasis are still posing myriad threat to mankind. Furthermore, increasing resistance of the causative organisms against available therapeutics is also an emerging problem. Thus, stimulation of host immune response with TLR2 and TLR4 agonist can be the option of choice to treat such diseases in future.
Collapse
|
41
|
Becker KL, Gresnigt MS, Smeekens SP, Jacobs CW, Magis-Escurra C, Jaeger M, Wang X, Lubbers R, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Reijers MH, van de Veerdonk FL. Pattern recognition pathways leading to a Th2 cytokine bias in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:423-37. [PMID: 24912986 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterised by an exaggerated Th2 response to Aspergillus fumigatus, but the immunological pathways responsible for this effect are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to decipher the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokines involved in the Aspergillus-specific Th2 response and to study Aspergillus-induced responses in healthy controls and ABPA patients. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with heat-killed Aspergillus conidia, various other pathogens, or PRR ligands. PRRs and cytokine pathways were blocked with PRR-blocking reagents, anti-TNF (Etanercept or Adalimumab), IL-1Ra (Anakinra) or IFNγ (IFN-gamma). ELISA and FACS were used to analyse cytokine responses. RESULTS Aspergillus was the only pathogen that stimulated the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, while Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Candida albicans, chitin, β-glucan or Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands did not. Depletion of CD4(+) cells abolished IL-13 production. Blocking complement receptor 3 (CR3) significantly reduced IL-5 and IL-13, while blocking TLR2, TLR4 or dectin-1 had no effect. ABPA patients displayed increased Aspergillus-induced IL-5 and IL-13 and decreased IFNγ production compared with healthy controls. All biological agents tested showed the capability to inhibit Th2 responses, but also decreased Aspergillus-induced IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Aspergillus conidia are unique in triggering Th2 responses in human PBMCs, through a CR3-dependent pathway. ABPA patients display a significantly increased Aspergillus-induced Th2/Th1 ratio that can be modulated by biologicals. These data provide a rationale to explore IFNγ therapy in ABPA as a corticosteroid-sparing treatment option, by dampening Th2 responses and supplementing the IFNγ deficiency at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen, Medical Centre and Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dabó H, Marinho A, Gomes I. Pulmonary Aspergillus Nodule--Still Challenging? Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:603-4. [PMID: 26067097 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Dabó
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de São João EPE Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Oporto, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Marinho
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de São João EPE Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gomes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Centro Hospitalar de São João EPE Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Oporto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Trichophyton rubrum conidia modulate the expression and transport of Toll-like receptor 2 in HaCaT cell. Microb Pathog 2015; 83-84:1-5. [PMID: 25871642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) represents the most important agent of dermatophytosis in humans. T. rubrum infection causes slight inflammation, and tends to be chronic and recurrent. It is suggested that T. rubrum can modulate the innate immune responses of host cells, which result in the failure of host cells to recognize T. rubrum and initiate effective immune responses. In this study we show how T. rubrum conidia modulate the expression and transport of Toll-like receptor 2 in HaCaT cell. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the surface and total expression of Toll-like receptor 2 were upregulated at the very early stage when keratinocytes were exposed to T. rubrum conidia regardless of the dose, and the upregulation of surface TLR2 was much more significant than that of total TLR2. Moreover, TLR2 expression was suppressed after upregulation in the initial stage of T. rubrum exposure, and the decrease of total TLR2 was earlier than that of surface TLR2. Our results suggest that in the early stage, TLR2 of keratinocytes were upregulated and transported to the cell surface. After then, the expression of TLR2 was suppressed by T. rubrum conidia.
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu J, Zhang Y, Xin Z, Wu X. The crosstalk between TLR2 and NOD2 in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
45
|
Tunjungputri RN, van der Ven AJ, Riksen N, Rongen G, Tacke S, van den Berg TNA, Fijnheer R, Gomes ME, Dinarello CA, van de Veerdonk FL, Gasem MH, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, de Groot PG, de Mast Q. Differential effects of platelets and platelet inhibition by ticagrelor on TLR2- and TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1035-45. [PMID: 25716539 DOI: 10.1160/th14-07-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Platelets and platelet-monocyte interaction play an important role in inflammation. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of platelet inhibition have been reported in animal models. This study aimed to investigate the effect of platelets and platelet inhibition by the new P2Y12 receptor antagonist ticagrelor on monocyte function, as assessed by cytokine responses to Toll-like Receptor (TLR) ligands. In a set of in vitro experiments, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) incubated with the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 produced less cytokines in the presence of platelets, whereas platelets increased the production of cytokines when PBMC were exposed to TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These effects of platelets were dependent on direct platelet-leukocyte aggregation and for the Pam3CSK4-induced response, on phagocytosis of platelets by monocytes. In a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in healthy volunteers, a single oral dosage of 180 mg ticagrelor reduced platelet-monocyte complex (PMC) formation. This was associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood exposed to Pam3CSK4, but a decrease in these cytokines in blood exposed to LPS. These findings show that platelets differentially modulate TLR2- and TLR4-mediated cytokine responses of PBMC. Through inhibition of platelet-leukocyte interaction, P2Y12 receptor antagonists may either exert a pro- or anti-inflammatory effect during infections depending on the TLR primarily involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahajeng N Tunjungputri
- Rahajeng Tunjungputri, MD, Department of Internal Medicine (463), Radboud university medical center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 24 3618822, Fax: +31 24 3566336, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lim JHJ, Ravikumar S, Wang YM, Thamboo TP, Ong L, Chen J, Goh JG, Tay SH, Chengchen L, Win MS, Leong W, Lau T, Foo R, Mirza H, Tan KSW, Sethi S, Khoo AL, Chng WJ, Osato M, Netea MG, Wang Y, Chai LYA. Bimodal Influence of Vitamin D in Host Response to Systemic Candida Infection-Vitamin D Dose Matters. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:635-44. [PMID: 25612733 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D level is linked to susceptibility to infections, but its relevance in candidemia is unknown. We aimed to investigate the in vivo sequelae of vitamin D3 supplementation in systemic Candida infection. Implicating the role of vitamin D in Candida infections, we showed that candidemic patients had significantly lower 25-OHD concentrations. Candida-infected mice treated with low-dose 1,25(OH)2D3 had reduced fungal burden and better survival relative to untreated mice. Conversely, higher 1,25(OH)2D3 doses led to poor outcomes. Mechanistically, low-dose 1,25(OH)2D3 induced proinflammatory immune responses. This was mediated through suppression of SOCS3 and induction of vitamin D receptor binding with the vitamin D-response elements in the promoter of the gene encoding interferon γ. These beneficial effects were negated with higher vitamin D3 doses. While the antiinflammatory effects of vitamin D3 are well described, we found that, conversely, lower doses conferred proinflammatory benefits in Candida infection. Our study highlights caution against extreme deviations of vitamin D levels during infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research
| | | | | | | | - Mar Soe Win
- Division of Infectious Diseases Cancer Science Institute
| | | | - Titus Lau
- Division of Nephrology, University Medicine Cluster
| | | | | | | | | | - Ai Leng Khoo
- Pharmacy and Therapeutic Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System Cancer Science Institute Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Life-threatening fungal infections have risen sharply in recent years, owing to the advances and intensity of medical care that may blunt immunity in patients. This emerging crisis has created the growing need to clarify immune defense mechanisms against fungi with the ultimate goal of therapeutic intervention. We describe recent insights in understanding the mammalian immune defenses that are deployed against pathogenic fungi. We focus on adaptive immunity to the major medically important fungi and emphasize three elements that coordinate the response: (1) dendritic cells and subsets that are mobilized against fungi in various anatomical compartments; (2) fungal molecular patterns and their corresponding receptors that signal responses and shape the differentiation of T-cell subsets and B cells; and, ultimately (3) the effector and regulatory mechanisms that eliminate these invaders while constraining collateral damage to vital tissue. These insights create a foundation for the development of new, immune-based strategies for prevention or enhanced clearance of systemic fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Verma
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - George Deepe
- Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Bruce Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792 Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rivera A. Protective immune responses to fungal infections. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Immunity and Inflammation; Rutgers; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; New Jersey Medical School; Newark NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sanclemente G, Moreno A, Navasa M, Lozano F, Cervera C. Genetic variants of innate immune receptors and infections after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11116-11130. [PMID: 25170199 PMCID: PMC4145753 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is the leading cause of complication after liver transplantation, causing morbidity and mortality in the first months after surgery. Allograft rejection is mediated through adaptive immunological responses, and thus immunosuppressive therapy is necessary after transplantation. In this setting, the presence of genetic variants of innate immunity receptors may increase the risk of post-transplant infection, in comparison with patients carrying wild-type alleles. Numerous studies have investigated the role of genetic variants of innate immune receptors and the risk of complication after liver transplantation, but their results are discordant. Toll-like receptors and mannose-binding lectin are arguably the most important studied molecules; however, many other receptors could increase the risk of infection after transplantation. In this article, we review the published studies analyzing the impact of genetic variants in the innate immune system on the development of infectious complications after liver transplantation.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sulphonylurea usage in melioidosis is associated with severe disease and suppressed immune response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2795. [PMID: 24762472 PMCID: PMC3998927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a problem in the developing tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia where the the Gram negative saprophytic bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is endemic with the risk of fulminant septicaemia. While diabetes mellitus is a well-established risk factor for melioidiosis, little is known if specific hypoglycemic agents may differentially influence the susceptibility and clinical course of infection with B. pseudomallei (Bp). Methodology/Principal Findings In this cohort study, patients with pre-existing diabetes and melioidosis were retrospectively studied. Outcome measures: mortality, length of stay and development of complications (namely hypotension, intubation, renal failure and septicaemia) were studied in relation to prior diabetic treatment regimen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from diabetic patients and healthy PBMC primed with metformin, glyburide and insulin were stimulated with purified Bp antigens in vitro. Immune response and specific immune pathway mediators were studied to relate to the clinical findings mechanistically. Of 74 subjects, 44 (57.9%) had sulphonylurea-containing diabetic regimens. Patient receiving sulphonylureas had more severe septic complications (47.7% versus 16.7% p = 0.006), in particular, hypotension requiring intropes (p = 0.005). There was also a trend towards increased mortality in sulphonylurea-users (15.9% versus 3.3% p = 0.08). In-vitro, glyburide suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. An effect of the drug was the induction of IL-1R-associated kinase-M at the level of mRNA transcription. Conclusion/Significance Sulphonylurea treatment results in suppression of host inflammatory response and may put patients at higher risk for adverse outcomes in melioidosis. Melioidosis is a problem in the developing tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia where the Gram negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei can cause life-threatening infection. Diabetes mellitus is a recognised risk factor for melioidiosis; however little is known if commonly used anti-diabetic drugs may affect the clinical course of the disease. In this study, we found that patients who were receiving sulphonylureas for diabetic treatment had more severe septic complications requiring intensive care as well as increased risk of deaths. This may be attributable to the capacity of sulphonylureas in modulating the host immune response. We highlight caution in the prescription of this class of drug, which is popular due to its low cost and easy availability, especially in melioidosis-endemic tropical regions.
Collapse
|