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Salamandane A, Cahango G, Muetanene BA, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Brito L. Multidrug Resistance in Enterococci Isolated from Cheese and Capable of Producing Benzalkonium Chloride-Resistant Biofilms. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1353. [PMID: 37887063 PMCID: PMC10604254 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate enterococci recovered from eight Portuguese cheeses made with raw ewe's milk, regarding antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), biofilm formation capacity, and biofilm eradication (MBEC) by BAC. Antimicrobial resistance against seven antibiotics of five groups was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The presence of the genes that encode resistance to the antibiotics penicillin (blaZ), erythromycin (ermA, ermB, and ermC), vancomycin (vanA and vanB), aminoglycoside (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia), and β-lactam (pbp5) and the genes that encode virulence factors, frsB, cylA, gelE, esp, and agg, were investigated via multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of planktonic cells to BAC was evaluated by the MIC and MBC values of the isolates, using the broth microdilution method. To assess the biofilm-forming ability and resistance of biofilms to BAC, biofilms were produced on stainless steel coupons, followed by exposure to BAC. The results showed a high resistance to the antibiotics vancomycin (87.5%), erythromycin (75%), tetracycline (50%), and penicillin (37.5%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 68.8% of the isolates. Genes encoding the virulence factors FrsB (frsB) and gelatinase E (gelE) were detected in all isolates. The esp and cylA genes were found in 56.3% and 37.5% of the isolates, respectively. All isolates exhibited a biofilm-forming ability, regardless of incubation time and temperature tested. However, after 72 h at 37 °C, E. faecium and E. faecalis biofilms showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). Although most isolates (62.5%) were susceptible to BAC (MIC ≤ 10 mg/L), biofilms of the same isolates were, generally, resistant to the higher concentration of BAC (80 mg/mL) tested. This study using Enterococcus isolates from a ready-to-eat food, such as cheese, reveals the high percentages of vancomycin resistance and multidrug resistance, associated with the presence of virulence genes, in isolates also capable of producing biofilms resistant to BAC, an important active ingredient of many disinfectants. These results emphasize the need for effective control measures to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acácio Salamandane
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.C.); (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
- Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Campus Universitário de Marrere, Nampula 4250, Mozambique
| | - Gomes Cahango
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.C.); (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
- CNIC—Centro Nacional de Investigação Científica, Avenida Ho Chi Min, Luanda 201, Angola
| | - Belo Afonso Muetanene
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Lúrio, Campus Universitário de Unango, Sanga 3300, Mozambique;
| | - Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.C.); (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
| | - Luísa Brito
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.C.); (M.M.-F.); (L.B.)
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2
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Zhang X, Liang Y, Jiang J, Lu C, Shi F, Cao Q, Zhang Y, Diao H. A High-Salt Diet Exacerbates Liver Fibrosis through Enterococcus-Dependent Macrophage Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0340322. [PMID: 36786636 PMCID: PMC10100947 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03403-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People consume more salt than the recommended levels due to poor dietary practices. The effects of long-term consumption of high-salt diets (HSD) on liver fibrosis are unclear. This study aimed to explore the impact of HSD on liver fibrosis. In this study, a carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver fibrosis mouse model was used to evaluate fibrotic changes in the livers of mice fed a normal diet (ND) and an HSD. The HSD exacerbated liver injury and fibrosis. Moreover, the protein expression levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly higher in the HSD group than in the normal group. The proportion of macrophages and activation significantly increased in the livers of HSD-fed mice. Meanwhile, the number of macrophages significantly increased in the small intestinal lamina propria of HSD-fed mice. The levels of profibrotic factors also increased in the small intestine of HSD-fed mice. Additionally, HSD increased the profibrotic chemokines and monocyte chemoattractant levels in the portal vein blood. Further characterization suggested that the HSD decreased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and CLDN1), enhancing the translocation of bacteria. Enterococcus promoted liver injury and inflammation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Enterococcus induced macrophage activation through the NF-κB pathway, thus promoting the expression of fibrosis-related genes, leading to liver fibrogenesis. Similarly, Enterococcus disrupted the gut microbiome in vivo and significantly increased the fibrotic markers, TGF-β, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in the liver. IMPORTANCE This study further confirms that Enterococcus induce liver fibrosis in mice. These results indicate that an HSD can exacerbate liver fibrosis by altering the gut microbiota composition, thus impairing intestinal barrier function. Therefore, this may serve as a new target for liver fibrosis therapy and gut microbiota management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyi Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Han T, Tang H, Lin C, Shen Y, Yan D, Tang X, Guo D. Extracellular traps and the role in thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:951670. [PMID: 36093130 PMCID: PMC9452724 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.951670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic complications pose serious health risks worldwide. A significant change in our understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis has occurred since the discovery of extracellular traps (ETs) and their prothrombotic properties. As a result of immune cells decondensing chromatin into extracellular fibers, ETs promote thrombus formation by acting as a scaffold that activates platelets and coagulates them. The involvement of ETs in thrombosis has been reported in various thrombotic conditions including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary emboli, acute myocardial infarction, aucte ischemic stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. This review summarizes the existing evidence of ETs in human and animal model thrombi. The authors described studies showing the existence of ETs in venous or arterial thrombi. In addition, we studied potential novel therapeutic opportunities related to the resolution or prevention of thrombosis by targeting ETs.
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4
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Cathelicidin LL-37 in Health and Diseases of the Oral Cavity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051086. [PMID: 35625823 PMCID: PMC9138798 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for maintaining oral cavity homeostasis are subject to the constant influence of many environmental factors, including various chemicals and microorganisms. Most of them act directly on the oral mucosa, which is the mechanical and immune barrier of the oral cavity, and such interaction might lead to the development of various oral pathologies and systemic diseases. Two important players in maintaining oral health or developing oral pathology are the oral microbiota and various immune molecules that are involved in controlling its quantitative and qualitative composition. The LL-37 peptide is an important molecule that upon release from human cathelicidin (hCAP-18) can directly perform antimicrobial action after insertion into surface structures of microorganisms and immunomodulatory function as an agonist of different cell membrane receptors. Oral LL-37 expression is an important factor in oral homeostasis that maintains the physiological microbiota but is also involved in the development of oral dysbiosis, infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections), autoimmune diseases, and oral carcinomas. This peptide has also been proposed as a marker of inflammation severity and treatment outcome.
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The Immune System Throws Its Traps: Cells and Their Extracellular Traps in Disease and Protection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081891. [PMID: 34440659 PMCID: PMC8391883 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first formal description of the microbicidal activity of extracellular traps (ETs) containing DNA occurred in neutrophils in 2004. Since then, ETs have been identified in different populations of cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Much of the knowledge has been obtained from in vitro or ex vivo studies; however, in vivo evaluations in experimental models and human biological materials have corroborated some of the results obtained. Two types of ETs have been described—suicidal and vital ETs, with or without the death of the producer cell. The studies showed that the same cell type may have more than one ETs formation mechanism and that different cells may have similar ETs formation mechanisms. ETs can act by controlling or promoting the mechanisms involved in the development and evolution of various infectious and non-infectious diseases, such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, thrombotic, and neoplastic diseases, among others. This review discusses the presence of ETs in neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and recent evidence of the presence of ETs in B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, due to recently collected information, the effect of ETs on COVID-19 is also discussed.
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6
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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7
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Significance of Mast Cell Formed Extracellular Traps in Microbial Defense. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:160-179. [PMID: 34024033 PMCID: PMC8140557 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are critically involved in microbial defense by releasing antimicrobial peptides (such as cathelicidin LL-37 and defensins) and phagocytosis of microbes. In past years, it has become evident that in addition MCs may eliminate invading pathogens by ejection of web-like structures of DNA strands embedded with proteins known together as extracellular traps (ETs). Upon stimulation of resting MCs with various microorganisms, their products (including superantigens and toxins), or synthetic chemicals, MCs become activated and enter into a multistage process that includes disintegration of the nuclear membrane, release of chromatin into the cytoplasm, adhesion of cytoplasmic granules on the emerging DNA web, and ejection of the complex into the extracellular space. This so-called ETosis is often associated with cell death of the producing MC, and the type of stimulus potentially determines the ratio of surviving vs. killed MCs. Comparison of different microorganisms with specific elimination characteristics such as S pyogenes (eliminated by MCs only through extracellular mechanisms), S aureus (removed by phagocytosis), fungi, and parasites has revealed important aspects of MC extracellular trap (MCET) biology. Molecular studies identified that the formation of MCET depends on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we summarize the present state-of-the-art on the biological relevance of MCETosis, and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. We also provide an overview over the techniques used to study the structure and function of MCETs, including electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect MCET-associated proteins such as tryptase and histones, and cell-impermeant DNA dyes for labeling of extracellular DNA. Comparing the type and biofunction of further MCET decorating proteins with ETs produced by other immune cells may help provide a better insight into MCET biology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as microbial defense.
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8
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Mast cells modulate early responses to Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin by phagocytosis and formation of extracellular traps. Cell Immunol 2021; 365:104380. [PMID: 34049012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The early interactions between the vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) and host peripheral innate immune cells like Mast cells (MCs) may pave the way for generating appropriate protective innate and adaptive immune responses. Mice on administration of BCG by intratracheal instillation showed a massive increase in MC numbers in the infected lung. In vitro co-culture of BCG and rodent Rat Basophilic Leukaemia (RBL-2H3) MCs led to significant killing of BCG. RBL-2H3 MCs were able to phagocytose BCG, take up BCG-derived antigens by macropinocytosis, generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and degranulate. Further, a few MCs died and released MC extracellular traps (MCETs) having DNA, histones and tryptase to trap BCG. This study highlights the multi-pronged effector responses of MCs on encountering BCG. These responses or their evasion may lead to success or failure of BCG vaccine to provide long term immunity to infections.
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9
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Willows S, Kulka M. Harnessing the Power of Mast Cells in unconventional Immunotherapy Strategies and Vaccine Adjuvants. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122713. [PMID: 33352850 PMCID: PMC7766453 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are long-lived, granular, myeloid-derived leukocytes that have significant protective and repair functions in tissues. Mast cells sense disruptions in the local microenvironment and are first responders to physical, chemical and biological insults. When activated, mast cells release growth factors, proteases, chemotactic proteins and cytokines thereby mobilizing and amplifying the reactions of the innate and adaptive immune system. Mast cells are therefore significant regulators of homeostatic functions and may be essential in microenvironmental changes during pathogen invasion and disease. During infection by helminths, bacteria and viruses, mast cells release antimicrobial factors to facilitate pathogen expulsion and eradication. Mast cell-derived proteases and growth factors protect tissues from insect/snake bites and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Finally, mast cells release mediators that promote wound healing in the inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling stages. Since mast cells have such a powerful repertoire of functions, targeting mast cells may be an effective new strategy for immunotherapy of disease and design of novel vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we will examine how certain strategies that specifically target and activate mast cells can be used to treat and resolve infections, augment vaccines and heal wounds. Although these strategies may be protective in certain circumstances, mast cells activation may be deleterious if not carefully controlled and any therapeutic strategy using mast cell activators must be carefully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-641-1687
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10
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Garcia-Rodriguez KM, Bahri R, Sattentau C, Roberts IS, Goenka A, Bulfone-Paus S. Human mast cells exhibit an individualized pattern of antimicrobial responses. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:198-210. [PMID: 32222064 PMCID: PMC7212193 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mast cells (MCs) are tissue‐resident immune cells implicated in antibacterial responses. These include chemokine secretion, degranulation, and the release of mast cell‐extracellular traps, which are primarily dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our study investigated whether human mast cells (hMCs) develop individual response patterns to bacteria located at different tissue sites: Escherichia coli (gut commensal), Listeria monocytogenes (foodborne intracellular pathogen), Staphylococcus aureus (skin commensal and opportunistic pathogen), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (upper respiratory tract commensal and lung pathogen). Methods After live bacteria exposure, hMCs were analyzed by a combined flow cytometry assay for degranulation, ROS production, DNA externalization, and for β‐hexosaminidase, chemokine, and prostaglandin release. Results L. monocytogenes induced hMC degranulation, IL‐8 and MCP‐1 release coupled with DNA externalization in a novel hMC ROS independent manner. In contrast, S. pneumoniae caused ROS production without DNA release and degranulation. E. coli induced low levels of hMC degranulation combined with interleukin 8 and MCP‐1 secretion and in the absence of ROS and DNA externalization. Finally, S. aureus induced hMCs prostaglandin D2 release and DNA release selectively. Our findings demonstrate a novel hMC phenomenon of DNA externalization independent of ROS production. We also showed that ROS production, degranulation, DNA externalization, and mediator secretion occur as independent immune reactions in hMCs upon bacterial encounter and that hMCs contribute to bacterial clearance. Conclusions Thus, hMCs exhibit a highly individualized pattern of immune response possibly to meet tissue requirements and regulate bacteria coexistence vs defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Garcia-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Sattentau
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian S Roberts
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anu Goenka
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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11
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Magrone T, Magrone M, Jirillo E. Mast Cells as a Double-Edged Sword in Immunity: Their Function in Health and Disease. First of Two Parts. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 20:654-669. [PMID: 31789135 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191202120301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have recently been re-interpreted in the context of the immune scenario in the sense that their pro-allergic role is no longer exclusive. In fact, MCs even in steady state conditions maintain homeostatic functions, producing mediators and intensively cross-talking with other immune cells. Here, emphasis will be placed on the array of receptors expressed by MCs and the variety of cytokines they produce. Then, the bulk of data discussed will provide readers with a wealth of information on the dual ability of MCs not only to defend but also to offend the host. This double attitude of MCs relies on many variables, such as their subsets, tissues of residency and type of stimuli ranging from microbes to allergens and food antigens. Finally, the relationship between MCs with basophils and eosinophils will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Manrico Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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12
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Varricchi G, Rossi FW, Galdiero MR, Granata F, Criscuolo G, Spadaro G, de Paulis A, Marone G. Physiological Roles of Mast Cells: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum Update 2019. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 179:247-261. [PMID: 31137021 DOI: 10.1159/000500088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells which have a widespread distribution in nearly all tissues. These cells and their mediators are canonically viewed as primary effector cells in allergic disorders. However, in the last years, mast cells have gained recognition for their involvement in several physiological and pathological conditions. They are highly heterogeneous immune cells displaying a constellation of surface receptors and producing a wide spectrum of inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators. These features enable the cells to act as sentinels in harmful situations as well as respond to metabolic and immune changes in their microenvironment. Moreover, they communicate with many immune and nonimmune cells implicated in several immunological responses. Although mast cells contribute to host responses in experimental infections, there is no satisfactory model to study how they contribute to infection outcome in humans. Mast cells modulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, but their role in tumor initiation and development is still controversial. Cardiac mast cells store and release several mediators that can exert multiple effects in the homeostatic control of different cardiometabolic functions. Although mast cells and their mediators have been simplistically associated with detrimental roles in allergic disorders, there is increasing evidence that they can also have homeostatic or protective roles in several pathophysiological processes. These findings may reflect the functional heterogeneity of different subsets of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gjada Criscuolo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Naples, Italy, .,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, .,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy, .,Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), CNR, Naples, Italy,
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13
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Mast cells as protectors of health. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 144:S4-S18. [PMID: 30468774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are well known for their effector functions in TH2-skewed allergic and also autoimmune inflammation, have become increasingly acknowledged for their role in protection of health. It is now clear that they are also key modulators of immune responses at interface organs, such as the skin or gut. MCs can prime tissues for adequate inflammatory responses and cooperate with dendritic cells in T-cell activation. They also regulate harmful immune responses in trauma and help to successfully orchestrate pregnancy. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of MCs on tissue homeostasis and elimination of toxins or venoms. MCs can enhance pathogen clearance in many bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, such as through Toll-like receptor 2-triggered degranulation, secretion of antimicrobial cathelicidins, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps. The role of MCs in tumors is more ambiguous; however, encouraging new findings show they can change the tumor microenvironment toward antitumor immunity when adequately triggered. Uterine tissue remodeling by α-chymase (mast cell protease [MCP] 5) is crucial for successful embryo implantation. MCP-4 and the tryptase MCP-6 emerge to be protective in central nervous system trauma by reducing inflammatory damage and excessive scar formation, thereby protecting axon growth. Last but not least, proteases, such as carboxypeptidase A, released by FcεRI-activated MCs detoxify an increasing number of venoms and endogenous toxins. A better understanding of the plasticity of MCs will help improve these advantageous effects and hint at ways to cut down detrimental MC actions.
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14
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Pillay S, Zishiri OT, Adeleke MA. Prevalence of virulence genes in Enterococcus species isolated from companion animals and livestock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 85:e1-e8. [PMID: 30035595 PMCID: PMC6238777 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus species have developed from being commensal bacteria to leading pathogens that cause infections in humans and animals. The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is the normal habitat of these species. Virulence factors are proteins that are produced by the bacterium which are used to enhance their pathogenicity. The objectives of this study were to isolate Enterococcus spp. from livestock and companion animals, differentiate between the different sub-species and detect the presence of important virulence genes. Rectal and saliva swabs were collected from dogs and cats, whereas only rectal swabs were collected from cattle and cloacal swabs from chickens. Presumptive Enterococcus was selected using Bile Esculin Azide (BEA) agar, and Enterococcus species were confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the tuf gene. In order to differentiate between E. faecalis and E. faecium, a multiplex PCR was used to detect the SodA gene. The genes responsible for gelatinase production (gelE) and for conjugation (ccf) were also detected using PCR. Out of 211 animal swabs, 182 (86%) were positive for the tuf gene. Overall, there were 55 isolates of E. faecalis (30%) compared to 22 isolates of E. faecium (12%). The virulence genes had a prevalence of 52% and 36% for gelE and ccf, respectively, in all animal hosts. The results demonstrated that chicken cloacal samples had the highest prevalence for E. faecalis, gelE and ccf genes compared to all the other isolates detected from other animal hosts. The results also demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association between the prevalence of virulence genes (gelE and ccf) and animal species from which Enterococcus spp. was isolated. We provided evidence that healthy livestock and companion animals can harbour pathogenic Enterococcus that can be transferred via the food chain as well as through close association such as petting and licking of humans. This study partially demonstrated that Enterococci spp. are capable of evolving from being simple commensal bacteria to becoming pathogens that cause infection in humans and animals through the acquisition of virulence factors through mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirwin Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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15
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Campillo-Navarro M, Leyva-Paredes K, Donis-Maturano L, Rodríguez-López GM, Soria-Castro R, García-Pérez BE, Puebla-Osorio N, Ullrich SE, Luna-Herrera J, Flores-Romo L, Sumano-López H, Pérez-Tapia SM, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-García I, Chacón-Salinas R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Catalase Inhibits the Formation of Mast Cell Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1161. [PMID: 29892297 PMCID: PMC5985745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs different strategies to evade and counterattack immune responses persisting for years. Mast cells are crucial during innate immune responses and help clear infections via inflammation or by direct antibacterial activity through extracellular traps (MCETs). Whether Mtb induce MCETs production is unknown. In this study, we report that viable Mtb did not induce DNA release by mast cells, but heat-killed Mtb (HK-Mtb) did. DNA released by mast cells after stimulation with HK-Mtb was complexed with histone and tryptase. MCETs induced with PMA and HK-Mtb were unable to kill live Mtb bacilli. Mast cells stimulated with HK-Mtb induced hydrogen peroxide production, whereas cells stimulated with viable Mtb did not. Moreover, MCETs induction by HK-Mtb was dependent of NADPH oxidase activity, because its blockade resulted in a diminished DNA release by mast cells. Interestingly, catalase-deficient Mtb induced a significant production of hydrogen peroxide and DNA release by mast cells, indicating that catalase produced by Mtb prevents MCETs release by degrading hydrogen peroxide. Our findings show a new strategy employed by Mtb to overcome the immune response through inhibiting MCETs formation, which could be relevant during early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Kahiry Leyva-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Gloria M Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Soria-Castro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biological Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Julieta Luna-Herrera
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Sumano-López
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México City, Mexico
| | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico.,Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, México City, Mexico
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16
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Crouzet L, Derrien M, Cherbuy C, Plancade S, Foulon M, Chalin B, van Hylckama Vlieg JET, Grompone G, Rigottier-Gois L, Serror P. Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-3689 reduces vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus persistence and promotes Bacteroidetes resilience in the gut following antibiotic challenge. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5098. [PMID: 29572473 PMCID: PMC5865147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci, in particular vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), are a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. Promoting intestinal resistance against enterococci could reduce the risk of VRE infections. We investigated the effects of two Lactobacillus strains to prevent intestinal VRE. We used an intestinal colonisation mouse model based on an antibiotic-induced microbiota dysbiosis to mimic enterococci overgrowth and VRE persistence. Each Lactobacillus spp. was administered daily to mice starting one week before antibiotic treatment until two weeks after antibiotic and VRE inoculation. Of the two strains, Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-3689 decreased significantly VRE numbers in the feces demonstrating an improvement of the reduction of VRE. Longitudinal microbiota analysis showed that supplementation with L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 was associated with a better recovery of members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Bile salt analysis and expression analysis of selected host genes revealed increased level of lithocholate and of ileal expression of camp (human LL-37) upon L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 supplementation. Although a direct effect of L. paracasei CNCM I-3689 on the VRE reduction was not ruled out, our data provide clues to possible anti-VRE mechanisms supporting an indirect anti-VRE effect through the gut microbiota. This work sustains non-antibiotic strategies against opportunistic enterococci after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen Crouzet
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Medis, INRA Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Claire Cherbuy
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandra Plancade
- Maiage, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélanie Foulon
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Benjamin Chalin
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Gianfranco Grompone
- Danone Nutricia Research, F-91120, Palaiseau, France.,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Pascale Serror
- Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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17
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Clark M, Kim J, Etesami N, Shimamoto J, Whalen RV, Martin G, Okumura CYM. Group A Streptococcus Prevents Mast Cell Degranulation to Promote Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:327. [PMID: 29535718 PMCID: PMC5835080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in the past two decades has been a rising major public health concern. Due to a large number of GAS infections occurring in the skin, mast cells (MCs), innate immune cells known to localize to the dermis, could play an important role in controlling infection. MCs can exert their antimicrobial activities either early during infection, by degranulation and release of antimicrobial proteases and the cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide LL-37, or by forming antibacterial MC extracellular traps (MCETs) in later stages of infection. We demonstrate that MCs do not directly degranulate in response to GAS, reducing their ability to control bacterial growth in early stages of infection. However, MC granule components are highly cytotoxic to GAS due to the pore-forming activity of LL-37, while MC granule proteases do not significantly affect GAS viability. We therefore confirmed the importance of MCETs by demonstrating their capacity to reduce GAS survival. The data therefore suggests that LL-37 from MC granules become embedded in MCETs, and are the primary effector molecule by which MCs control GAS infection. Our work underscores the importance of a non-traditional immune effector cell, utilizing a non-conventional mechanism, in the defense against an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clark
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kim
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neelou Etesami
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Ryan V. Whalen
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gary Martin
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Lu L, Parmar MB, Kulka M, Kwan P, Unsworth LD. Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffold That Activates Human Mast Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:6107-6117. [PMID: 29308881 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Engineering biomaterials to manipulate the immune response to elicit specific therapeutic outcomes is a burgeoning field of research. Mast cells play a distinct and central role in the innate immune response, and are characterized by their rapid release of a myriad of proinflammatory mediators in response to stimulation. These mediators are central to protective actions such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and host defense against pathogens and animal venoms. Considering that mast cells are widely distributed in tissues that interface with the external environment, and are loaded with large amounts of preformed protective compounds, they are ideal targets for novel immunotherapies. Here we report that, by using an engineered nanoscaffold, human mast cells can be contact activated in cell and primary human skin tissue culture using a specific receptor-ligand mechanism. The IgE independent PAMP-12 peptide activates human mast cells through the recently identified Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2) receptor. The PAMP-12 motif was conjugated, via a glycine spacer, with the self-assembling peptide (RADA)4 and mixed with unmodified (RADA)4 to form a nanofiber matrix; mast cell activation was influenced directly by this ratio. Moreover, conjugating the PAMP-12 motif within the matrix was shown to only activate local, tissue-resident mast cells. The result of ex vivo human skin tissue tests confirmed that the engineered nanoscaffold successfully activated skin-resident mast cells by contact. Thus, this nanoscaffold design may provide a new platform to modulate localized mast cell functions thereby facilitating their protective role in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Manoj B Parmar
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1E2, Canada
| | - Marianna Kulka
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Peter Kwan
- Wound Healing Research Group, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alberta , 2D2.28 WMC, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Larry D Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta , 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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19
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Redegeld FA, Yu Y, Kumari S, Charles N, Blank U. Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:87-113. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence; Paris France
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20
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Garcia-Rodriguez KM, Goenka A, Alonso-Rasgado MT, Hernández-Pando R, Bulfone-Paus S. The Role of Mast Cells in Tuberculosis: Orchestrating Innate Immune Crosstalk? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1290. [PMID: 29089945 PMCID: PMC5650967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes more annual deaths globally than any other infectious disease. However, progress in developing novel vaccines, diagnostics, and therapies has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). While the role of many immune cells has been extensively explored, mast cells (MCs) have been relatively ignored. MCs are tissue resident cells involved in defense against bacterial infections playing an important role mediating immune cell crosstalk. This review discusses specific interactions between MCs and Mtb, their contribution to both immunity and disease pathogenesis, and explores their role in orchestrating other immune cells against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Garcia-Rodriguez
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anu Goenka
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T. Alonso-Rasgado
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Naqvi N, Ahuja K, Selvapandiyan A, Dey R, Nakhasi H, Puri N. Role of Mast Cells in clearance of Leishmania through extracellular trap formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13240. [PMID: 29038500 PMCID: PMC5643406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast Cells (MCs) are one of the first immune cells encountered by invading pathogens. Their presence in large numbers in the superficial dermis, where Leishmania is encountered, suggests that they may play a critical role in immune responses to Leishmania. In this study the interactions of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral Leishmaniasis, and Leishmania tropica, the causative agent of cutaneous Leishmaniasis with MCs were studied. Co-culture of Leishmania with Peritoneal Mast Cells (PMCs) from BALB/c mice and Rat Basophilic Leukaemia (RBL-2H3) MCs led to significant killing of L. tropica and to a lesser extent of L. donovani. Also, while there was significant uptake of L. tropica by MCs, L. donovani was not phagocytosed. There was significant generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by MCs on co-culture with these species of Leishmania which may contribute to their clearance. Interactions of MCs with Leishmania led to generation of MC extracellular traps comprising of DNA, histones and tryptase probably to ensnare these pathogens. These results clearly establish that MCs may contribute to host defences to Leishmania in a differential manner, by actively taking up these pathogens, and also by mounting effector responses for their clearance by extracellular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Naqvi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kavita Ahuja
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Hira Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Niti Puri
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Campillo-Navarro M, Leyva-Paredes K, Donis-Maturano L, González-Jiménez M, Paredes-Vivas Y, Cerbulo-Vázquez A, Serafín-López J, García-Pérez B, Ullrich SE, Flores-Romo L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-García I, Chacón-Salinas R. Listeria monocytogenes induces mast cell extracellular traps. Immunobiology 2016; 222:432-439. [PMID: 27520114 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play an essential role in different immunological phenomena including allergy and infectious diseases. Several bacteria induce mast cell activation leading to degranulation and the production of several cytokines and chemokines. However, mast cells also have different microbicidal activities such as phagocytosis and the release of DNA with embedded granular proteins known as Mast Cell Extracellular Traps (MCETs). Although previous reports indicate that extracellular bacteria are able to induce MCETs little is known if intracellular bacteria can induce these structures. In this work, we evaluated MCETs induction by the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. We found that mast cells released DNA after stimulation with L. monocytogenes, and this DNA was complexed to histone and tryptase. Before extracellular DNA release, L. monocytogenes induced modifications to the mast cell nuclear envelope and DNA was detected outside the nucleus. L. monocytogenes stimulated mast cells to produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking NADPH oxidase diminished DNA release by mast cells. Finally, MCETs showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes that was partially blocked when β-hexosaminidase activity was inhibited. These results show that L. monocytogenes induces mast cells to produce microbicidal MCETs, suggesting a role for mast cells in containing infection beyond the induction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Kahiry Leyva-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Blanca García-Pérez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biological Sciences at Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico; Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico; Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico.
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Ali H. Roles of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 on mast cell-mediated host defense, pseudoallergic drug reactions, and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:700-710. [PMID: 27448446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are granulated tissue-resident cells of hematopoietic lineage, contribute to vascular homeostasis, innate/adaptive immunity, and wound healing. However, MCs are best known for their roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases, such as anaphylaxis, food allergy, rhinitis, itch, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. In addition to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), MCs express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are the largest group of membrane receptor proteins and the most common targets of drug therapy. Antimicrobial host defense peptides, neuropeptides, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and many US Food and Drug Administration-approved peptidergic drugs activate human MCs through a novel GPCR known as Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2; formerly known as MrgX2). Unique features of MRGPRX2 that distinguish it from other GPCRs include their presence both on the plasma membrane and intracellular sites and their selective expression in MCs. In this article we review the possible roles of MRGPRX2 on host defense, drug-induced anaphylactoid reactions, neurogenic inflammation, pain, itch, and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as urticaria and asthma. We propose that host defense peptides that kill microbes directly and activate MCs through MRGPRX2 could serve as novel GPCR targets to modulate host defense against microbial infection. Furthermore, mAbs or small-molecule inhibitors of MRGPRX2 could be developed for the treatment of MC-dependent allergic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kshitij Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
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Möllerherm H, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Branitzki-Heinemann K. Antimicrobial Activity of Mast Cells: Role and Relevance of Extracellular DNA Traps. Front Immunol 2016; 7:265. [PMID: 27486458 PMCID: PMC4947581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have been shown to release their nuclear DNA and subsequently form mast cell extracellular traps (MCETs) comparable to neutrophil extracellular traps, which are able to entrap and kill various microbes. The formation of extracellular traps is associated with the disruption of the nuclear membrane, which leads to mixing of nuclear compounds with granule components and causes the death of the cell, a process called ETosis. The question arises why do MCs release MCETs although they are very well known as multifunctional long-living sentinel cells? MCs are known to play a role during allergic reactions and certain parasitic infections. Nonetheless, they are also critical components of the early host innate immune response to bacterial and fungal pathogens: MCs contribute to the initiation of the early immune response by recruiting effector cells including neutrophils and macrophages by locally releasing inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α. Moreover, various studies demonstrate that MCs are able to eliminate microbes through intracellular as well as extracellular antimicrobial mechanisms, including MCET formation similar to that of professional phagocytes. Recent literature leads to the suggestion that MCET formation is not the result of a passive release of DNA and granule proteins during cellular disintegration, but rather an active and controlled process in response to specific stimulation, which contributes to the innate host defense. This review will discuss the different known aspects of the antimicrobial activities of MCs with a special focus on MCETs, and their role and relevance during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Möllerherm
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katja Branitzki-Heinemann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hanover , Germany
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25
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Mast cells in gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 778:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gupta K, Subramanian H, Ali H. Modulation of host defense peptide-mediated human mast cell activation by LPS. Innate Immun 2015; 22:21-30. [PMID: 26511058 DOI: 10.1177/1753425915610643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin3 (hBD3) and the cathelicidin LL-37 are host defense peptides (HDPs) that directly kill microbes and display immunomodulatory/wound-healing properties via the activation of chemokine, formylpeptide and epidermal growth factor receptors on leukocytes and epithelial cells. A C-terminal 14 amino acid hBD3 peptide with all Cys residues replaced with Ser (CHRG01) and an LL-37 peptide consisting of residues 17-29 (FK-13) display antimicrobial activity but lack immunomodulatory property. Surprisingly, we found that CHRG01 and FK-13 caused Ca(2+) mobilization and degranulation in human mast cells via a novel G protein-coupled receptor known as Mas-related gene-X2 (MrgX2). At local sites of bacterial infection, the negatively charged LPS likely interacts with cationic HDPs to inhibit their activity and thus providing a mechanism for pathogens to escape host defense mechanisms. We found that LPS caused almost complete inhibition of hBD3 and LL-37-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and mast cell degranulation. In contrast, it had no effect on CHRG01 and FK-13-induced mast cell responses. These findings suggest that HDP derivatives that kill microbes, harness mast cell's host defense and wound-healing properties via the activation of MrgX2 but are resistant to inhibition by LPS could be utilized for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans elicits a temporal response in primary human mast cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12287. [PMID: 26192381 PMCID: PMC4507480 DOI: 10.1038/srep12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressed patients are frequently afflicted with severe mycoses caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens. Besides being a commensal, colonizing predominantly skin and mucosal surfaces, Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen. Mast cells are present in tissues prone to fungal colonization being expectedly among the first immune cells to get into contact with C. albicans. However, mast cell-fungus interaction remains a neglected area of study. Here we show that human mast cells mounted specific responses towards C. albicans. Collectively, mast cell responses included the launch of initial, intermediate and late phase components determined by the secretion of granular proteins and cytokines. Initially mast cells reduced fungal viability and occasionally internalized yeasts. C. albicans could evade ingestion by intracellular growth leading to cellular death. Furthermore, secreted factors in the supernatants of infected cells recruited neutrophils, but not monocytes. Late stages were marked by the release of cytokines that are known to be anti-inflammatory suggesting a modulation of initial responses. C. albicans-infected mast cells formed extracellular DNA traps, which ensnared but did not kill the fungus. Our results suggest that mast cells serve as tissue sentinels modulating antifungal immune responses during C. albicans infection. Consequently, these findings open new doors for understanding fungal pathogenicity.
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