1
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Dominguez SR, Doan PN, Rivera-Chávez F. The intersection between host-pathogen interactions and metabolism during Vibrio cholerae infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 77:102421. [PMID: 38215547 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), the etiological agent of cholera, uses cholera toxin (CT) to cause severe diarrheal disease. Cholera is still a significant cause of mortality worldwide with about half of all cholera cases and deaths occurring in children under five. Owing to the lack of cost-effective vaccination and poor vaccine efficacy in children, there is a need for alternative preventative and therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in our knowledge of the interplay between CT-induced disease and host-pathogen metabolism have opened the door for investigating how modulation of intestinal metabolism by V. cholerae during disease impacts host intestinal immunity, the gut microbiota, and pathogen-phage interactions. In this review article, we examine recent progress in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during V. cholerae infection and discuss future work deciphering how modulation of gut metabolism during cholera intersects these processes to enable successful fecal-oral transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedelia R Dominguez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phillip N Doan
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Rivera-Chávez
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Luz IS, Takaya R, Ribeiro DG, Castro MS, Fontes W. Proteomics: Unraveling the Cross Talk Between Innate Immunity and Disease Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Treatment Options. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1443:221-242. [PMID: 38409424 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-50624-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial in diseases, and proteins play a key role in the interplay between innate immunity and pathology. This review explores how proteomics helps understanding this relationship, focusing on diagnosis and treatment. We explore the dynamic innate response and the significance of proteomic techniques in deciphering the complex network of proteins involved in prevalent diseases, including infections, cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Proteomics identifies key proteins in host-pathogen interactions, shedding light on infection mechanisms and inflammation. These discoveries hold promise for diagnostic tools, therapies, and vaccines. In cancer research, proteomics reveals innate signatures associated with tumor development, immune evasion, and therapeutic response. Additionally, proteomic analysis has unveiled autoantigens and dysregulation of the innate immune system in autoimmunity, offering opportunities for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and new therapeutic targets. Moreover, proteomic analysis has identified altered protein expression patterns in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, providing insights into potential therapeutic strategies. Proteomics of the innate immune system provides a comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms, identifies biomarkers, and enables effective interventions in various diseases. Despite still in its early stages, this approach holds great promise to revolutionize innate immunity research and significantly improve patient outcomes across a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Souza Luz
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Raquel Takaya
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Daiane Gonzaga Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Castro
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.
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3
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Wang K, Lu H, Zou M, Wang G, Zhao J, Huang X, Ren F, Hu H, Huang J, Min X. DegS protease regulates antioxidant capacity and adaptability to oxidative stress environment in Vibrio cholerae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1290508. [PMID: 38053530 PMCID: PMC10694293 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1290508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to oxidative stress is critical for survival of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic ecosystems and hosts. DegS activates the σE envelope stress response. We have previously revealed that DegS may be involved in regulating the oxidative stress response. In this study, we demonstrated that deletion of the degS gene attenuates the antioxidant capacity of V. cholerae. In addition, our results further revealed that the regulation of antioxidant capacity by DegS in V. cholerae could involve the cAMP-CRP complex, which regulates rpoS. XthA is an exonuclease that repairs oxidatively damaged cells and affects the bacterial antioxidant capacity. qRT-PCR showed that DegS, σE, cAMP, CRP, and RpoS positively regulate xthA gene transcription. XthA overexpression partially compensates for antioxidant deficiency in the degS mutant. These results suggest that DegS affects the antioxidant capacity of V.cholerae by regulating xthA expression via the cAMP-CRP-RpoS pathway. In a mouse intestinal colonization experiment, our data showed that V.cholerae degS, rpoE, and rpoS gene deletions were associated with significantly reduced resistance to oxidative stress and the ability to colonize the mouse intestine. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the regulation of antioxidant activity by V.cholerae DegS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huifang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Mei Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Guangli Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Fangyu Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huaqin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xun Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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4
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Gupta S, Jani J, Vijayasurya, Mochi J, Tabasum S, Sabarwal A, Pappachan A. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - a molecular multitasker. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23219. [PMID: 37776328 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202202024rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AaRSs) are valuable "housekeeping" enzymes that ensure the accurate transmission of genetic information in living cells, where they aminoacylated tRNA molecules with their cognate amino acid and provide substrates for protein biosynthesis. In addition to their translational or canonical function, they contribute to nontranslational/moonlighting functions, which are mediated by the presence of other domains on the proteins. This was supported by several reports which claim that AaRS has a significant role in gene transcription, apoptosis, translation, and RNA splicing regulation. Noncanonical/ nontranslational functions of AaRSs also include their roles in regulating angiogenesis, inflammation, cancer, and other major physio-pathological processes. Multiple AaRSs are also associated with a broad range of physiological and pathological processes; a few even serve as cytokines. Therefore, the multifunctional nature of AaRSs suggests their potential as viable therapeutic targets as well. Here, our discussion will encompass a range of noncanonical functions attributed to Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases (AaRSs), highlighting their links with a diverse array of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadha Gupta
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jaykumar Jani
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vijayasurya
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Mochi
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saba Tabasum
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akash Sabarwal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anju Pappachan
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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5
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Najimi N, Zahednasab H, Farahmand M, Fouladvand A, Talei GR, Bouzari B, Khanizadeh S, Karampoor S. Exploring the role of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and associations with inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A case-control study. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106300. [PMID: 37567323 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) is a critical enzyme involved in protein synthesis, responsible for charging tRNA with the essential amino acid tryptophan. Recent studies have highlighted its novel role in stimulating innate immunity against bacterial and viral infections. However, the significance of WRS in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the complex interplay between WRS, inflammatory markers, Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and clinical outcomes in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients. A case-control investigation comprised 127 COVID-19 patients, carefully classified as severe or moderate upon admission, and 112 healthy individuals as a comparative group. Blood samples were meticulously collected before treatment initiation, and WRS, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were quantified using a well-established commercial ELISA kit. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood samples, and RNA was extracted for cDNA synthesis. Semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to assess the relative expression of TLR-4. COVID-19 patients exhibited elevated levels of WRS, IL-6, CRP, and TLR-4 expression compared to healthy individuals, with the severe group displaying significantly higher levels than the moderate group. Notably, severe patients demonstrated substantial fluctuations in CRP, IL-6, and WRS levels over time, a pattern not observed in their moderate counterparts. Although no significant distinctions were observed in the dynamic alterations of WRS, IL-6, CRP, and TLR-4 expression between deceased and surviving patients, a trend emerged indicating higher IL-6_1 levels in deceased patients and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in severe patients who succumbed to the disease. This pioneering research highlights the dynamic alterations of WRS in COVID-19 patients, providing valuable insights into the correlation between WRS, inflammatory markers, and disease severity within this population. Understanding the role of WRS in SARS-CoV-2 infection may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting innate immunity to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Najimi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamid Zahednasab
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fouladvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Talei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Naidu A, Lulu S S. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Vibrio cholerae infection and oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) in humans: a systematic review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:1307-1318. [PMID: 36255170 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholera is an enteric disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a water-borne pathogen, and characterized by severe diarrhea. Vaccines have been recommended for use by the WHO in resource-limited settings. Efficacies of the currently licensed cholera vaccines are not optimal in endemic settings and low in children below the age of five, a section of the population most susceptible to the disease. Development of next generation of cholera vaccines would require a detailed understanding of the required protective immune responses. AREA COVERED In this review, we revisit clinical trials which are focused on the early transcriptional mucosal responses elicited during Vibrio cholerae infection and upon vaccination along with summarizing various components of the effector immune response against Vibrio cholerae. EXPERT OPINION The inability of currently licensed killed/inactivated vaccines to elicit key inflammatory pathways locally may explain their restricted efficacy in endemic settings. More studies are required to understand the immunogenicity of the live attenuated cholera vaccine in these regions. Various extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence anti-cholera immunity and need to be considered to develop region-specific next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshayata Naidu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sajitha Lulu S
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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8
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Nag D, Farr D, Raychaudhuri S, Withey JH. An adult zebrafish model for adherent-invasive Escherichia coli indicates protection from AIEC infection by probiotic E. coli Nissle. iScience 2022; 25:104572. [PMID: 35769878 PMCID: PMC9234234 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with major inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn disease, and ulcerative colitis. Unfavorable conditions push commensal AIEC to induce gut inflammation, sometimes progressing to inflammation-induced colon cancer. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as a useful model to study human intestinal pathogens. Here, a zebrafish model to study AIEC infection was developed. Bath inoculation with AIEC resulted in colonization and tissue disruption in the zebrafish intestine. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFNγ), and S100A-10b (akin to human calprotectin) in the zebrafish intestine was significantly induced by AIEC infection. The probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was tested as a therapeutic and prophylactic against AIEC infection and reduced AIEC colonization, tissue damage, and pro-inflammatory responses in zebrafish. Furthermore, EcN diminished the propionic-acid-augmented hyperinfection of AIEC in zebrafish. Thus, this study shows the efficacy of EcN against AIEC in an AIEC-zebrafish model. AIEC can colonize, invade, and induce inflammation in the zebrafish gut Probiotic E. coli Nissle can protect zebrafish from AIEC infection EcN is effective both prophylactically and therapeutically against AIEC-induced IBD
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Dustin Farr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Saumya Raychaudhuri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Jeffrey H. Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Corresponding author
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9
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Cho JY, Liu R, Hsiao A. Microbiota-Associated Biofilm Regulation Leads to Vibrio cholerae Resistance Against Intestinal Environmental Stress. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:861677. [PMID: 35573801 PMCID: PMC9095495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.861677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbes of the gut microbiota make important contributions to host defense against gastrointestinal pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera. As interindividual microbiota variation drives individual differences in infection susceptibility, we examined both host and V. cholerae gene expression during infection of suckling mice transplanted with different model human commensal communities, including an infection-susceptible configuration representing communities damaged by recurrent diarrhea and malnutrition in cholera endemic areas and a representative infection-resistant microbiota characteristic of healthy individuals. In comparison to colonization of animals with resistant microbiota, animals bearing susceptible microbiota challenged with V. cholerae downregulate genes associated with generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen stress, while V. cholerae in these animals upregulates biofilm-associated genes. We show that V. cholerae in susceptible microbe infection contexts are more resistant to oxidative stress and inhibitory bile metabolites generated by the action of commensal microbes and that both phenotypes are dependent on biofilm-associated genes, including vpsL. We also show that susceptible and infection-resistant microbes drive different bile acid compositions in vivo by the action of bile salt hydrolase enzymes. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of how the microbiota uses multiple mechanisms to modulate the infection-associated host environment encountered by V. cholerae, leading to commensal-dependent differences in infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ansel Hsiao,
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10
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Kanungo S, Azman AS, Ramamurthy T, Deen J, Dutta S. Cholera. Lancet 2022; 399:1429-1440. [PMID: 35397865 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholera was first described in the areas around the Bay of Bengal and spread globally, resulting in seven pandemics during the past two centuries. It is caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 bacteria. Cholera is characterised by mild to potentially fatal acute watery diarrhoeal disease. Prompt rehydration therapy is the cornerstone of management. We present an overview of cholera and its pathogenesis, natural history, bacteriology, and epidemiology, while highlighting advances over the past 10 years in molecular epidemiology, immunology, and vaccine development and deployment. Since 2014, the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, a WHO coordinated network of partners, has been working with several countries to develop national cholera control strategies. The global roadmap for cholera control focuses on stopping transmission in cholera hotspots through vaccination and improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, with the aim to reduce cholera deaths by 90% and eliminate local transmission in at least 20 countries by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kanungo
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaqueline Deen
- Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Shanta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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11
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Neutrophil-associated responses to
Vibrio cholerae
infection in a natural host model. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0046621. [DOI: 10.1128/iai.00466-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae
, the cause of human cholera, is an aquatic bacterium found in association with a variety of animals in the environment, including many teleost fish species.
V. cholerae
infection induces a pro-inflammatory response followed by a non-inflammatory convalescent phase. Neutrophils are integral to this early immune response. However, the relationship between the neutrophil-associated protein calprotectin and
V. cholerae
has not been investigated, nor have the effects of limiting transition metals on
V. cholerae
growth. Zebrafish are useful as a natural
V. cholerae
model as the entire infectious cycle can be recapitulated in the presence of an intact intestinal microbiome and mature immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish produce a significant neutrophil, IL-8, and calprotectin response following
V. cholerae
infection. Bacterial growth was completely inhibited by purified calprotectin protein or the chemical chelator TPEN, but growth was recovered by addition of transition metals zinc and manganese. Expression of downstream calprotectin targets also significantly increased in the zebrafish. These findings illuminate the role of host calprotectin in combating
V. cholerae
infection. Inhibition of
V. cholerae
growth through metal limitation may provide new approaches in the development of anti-
V. cholerae
therapeutics. This study also establishes a major role for calprotectin in combating infectious diseases in zebrafish.
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12
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Zhou Y, Pu Q, Chen J, Hao G, Gao R, Ali A, Hsiao A, Stock AM, Goulian M, Zhu J. Thiol-based functional mimicry of phosphorylation of the two-component system response regulator ArcA promotes pathogenesis in enteric pathogens. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110147. [PMID: 34936880 PMCID: PMC8728512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can rapidly respond to stresses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) using reversible redox-sensitive oxidation of cysteine thiol (-SH) groups in regulators. Here, we use proteomics to profile reversible ROS-induced thiol oxidation in Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, and identify two modified cysteines in ArcA, a regulator of global carbon oxidation that is phosphorylated and activated under low oxygen. ROS abolishes ArcA phosphorylation but induces the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond that promotes ArcA-ArcA interactions and sustains activity. ArcA cysteines are oxidized in cholera patient stools, and ArcA thiol oxidation drives in vitro ROS resistance, colonization of ROS-rich guts, and environmental survival. In other pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica, oxidation of conserved cysteines of ArcA orthologs also promotes ROS resistance, suggesting a common role for ROS-induced ArcA thiol oxidation in modulating ArcA activity, allowing for a balance of expression of stress- and pathogenesis-related genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qinqin Pu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rong Gao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Afsar Ali
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ann M Stock
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Keddy KH, Saha S, Okeke IN, Kalule JB, Qamar FN, Kariuki S. Combating Childhood Infections in LMICs: evaluating the contribution of Big Data Big data, biomarkers and proteomics: informing childhood diarrhoeal disease management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103668. [PMID: 34742129 PMCID: PMC8579132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to reduce the global burden of childhood diarrhoea, 50% of all cases globally occur in children under five years in Low–Income and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs) and knowledge gaps remain regarding the aetiological diagnosis, introduction of diarrhoeal vaccines, and the role of environmental enteric dysfunction and severe acute malnutrition. Biomarkers may assist in understanding disease processes, from diagnostics, to management of childhood diarrhoea and the sequelae to vaccine development. Proteomics has the potential to assist in the identification of new biomarkers to understand the processes in the development of childhood diarrhoea and to aid in developing new vaccines. Centralised repositories that enable mining of large data sets to better characterise risk factors, the proteome of both the patient and the different diarrhoeal pathogens, and the environment, could inform patient management and vaccine development, providing a systems biological approach to address the burden of childhood diarrhoea in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Keddy
- Tuberculosis Platform, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Rd, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, 23/2 Khilji Road, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Iruka N Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - John Bosco Kalule
- Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Uganda
| | - Farah Naz Qamar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health. Aga Khan University, Stadoum road Karachi, Pakistan 74800
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Off Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Ryan ET, Leung DT, Jensen O, Weil AA, Bhuiyan TR, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, LaRocque RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Charles RC. Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:192. [PMID: 34842841 PMCID: PMC8628923 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae infection. This review will assess what is currently known about the systemic, mucosal, memory, and innate immune responses to clinical cholera, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and correlates of protection against V. cholerae O1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Owen Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (D.T.L.); (O.J.)
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Ashraful Islam Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Regina C. LaRocque
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason B. Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (T.R.B.); (A.I.K.); (F.C.); (F.Q.)
| | - Richelle C. Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (E.T.R.); (R.C.L.); (J.B.H.); (S.B.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Abstract
A correlate of protection (CoP) is a measured adaptive immune response to vaccination or infection that is associated with protection against disease. However, the degree to which a CoP can serve as a surrogate end point for vaccine efficacy should depend on the robustness of this association. While cholera toxin is a dominant target of the human antibody response to Vibrio cholerae infection, antitoxin responses are not associated with long-term immunity, and are not effective CoPs for cholera. Instead, protection appears to be mediated by functional antibodies that target the O-polysaccharide coated V. cholerae outer membrane. Vibriocidal antibodies, which are complement-dependent bactericidal antibodies, remain the most accepted CoP for cholera and are used as surrogate end points in some vaccine studies. However, the association between vibriocidal antibody titers and immunity is not absolute, and they are unlikely to reflect a mechanistic correlate of protection against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Iyer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason B Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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16
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Lee K, Oh M, Lee KS, Cha YJ, Chang YS. Is Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase Applicable as a Diagnostic Marker for Lung Cancer in Bronchial Ultrasound-Guided Brushing Cells? Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101830. [PMID: 34679529 PMCID: PMC8534865 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MARS) and A variant of Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase interacting multifunctional protein 2 (AIMP2) with an exon 2 deletion (AIMP2-DX2) are known to be overexpressed in lung cancer. However, their role as diagnostic markers in lung cancer has not been well established. Thus, we evaluated their diagnostic performance in brushed cells obtained from nodular lung lesions suspected of lung cancer. METHODS Samples obtained by radial endobronchial ultrasound-guided brushing were processed for cytological examination with Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. Then, double IF staining with MARS and AIMP2-DX2 antibodies was measured in the cytology samples for peripheral lung nodules. The diagnostic performance was compared against biomarkers. RESULTS MARS IF staining was the only independent staining method used for the prediction of malignant cells. The area under the curve (AUC) of conventional cytology, MARS IF, and MARS IF plus cytology was 0.64, 0.68, and 0.69, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was increased in MARS IF plus conventional cytology compared with cytology alone (71% vs. 47%). CONCLUSIONS The combination of MARS staining with conventional cytology showed increases in the diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing lung nodules suspected of lung cancer on chest-computed tomography scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjong Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Mijung Oh
- Medical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Kyo-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Korea;
| | - Yoon Jin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Korea;
| | - Yoon Soo Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Gut Microbiota and Development of Vibrio cholerae-Specific Long-Term Memory B Cells in Adults after Whole-Cell Killed Oral Cholera Vaccine. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0021721. [PMID: 34228490 PMCID: PMC8370679 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00217-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that continues to be a major public health concern in populations without access to safe water. IgG- and IgA-secreting memory B cells (MBC) targeting the V. cholerae O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) correlate with protection from infection in persons exposed to V. cholerae and may be a major determinant of long-term protection against cholera. Shanchol, a widely used oral cholera vaccine (OCV), stimulates OSP MBC responses in only some people after vaccination, and the gut microbiota is a possible determinant of variable immune responses observed after OCV. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of feces from the time of vaccination, we compared the gut microbiota among adults with and without MBC responses to OCV. Gut microbial diversity measures were not associated with MBC isotype or OSP-specific responses, but individuals with a higher abundance of Clostridiales and lower abundance of Enterobacterales were more likely to develop an MBC response. We applied protein-normalized fecal supernatants of high and low MBC responders to THP-1-derived human macrophages to investigate the effect of microbial factors at the time of vaccination. Feces from individuals with higher MBC responses induced significantly different IL-1β and IL-6 levels than individuals with lower responses, indicating that the gut microbiota at the time of vaccination may "prime" the mucosal immune response to vaccine antigens. Our results suggest the gut microbiota could impact immune responses to OCVs, and further study of microbial metabolites as potential vaccine adjuvants is warranted.
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18
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Sofia MK, Dziejman M. DksA coordinates bile-mediated regulation of virulence-associated phenotypes in type three secretion system-positive Vibrio cholerae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 167. [PMID: 33332258 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to cause disease, pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae rely on intricate regulatory networks to orchestrate the transition between their native aquatic environment and the human host. For example, bacteria in a nutrient-starved environment undergo a metabolic shift called the stringent response, which is mediated by the alarmone ppGpp and an RNA-polymerase binding transcriptional factor, DksA. In O1 serogroup strains of V. cholerae, which use the toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) as primary virulence factors, DksA was reported to have additional functions as a mediator of virulence gene expression. However, little is known about the regulatory networks coordinating virulence phenotypes in pathogenic strains that use TCP/CT-independent virulence mechanisms. We therefore investigated whether functions of DksA outside of the stringent response are conserved in type three secretion system (T3SS)-positive V. cholerae. In using the T3SS-positive clinically isolated O39 serogroup strain AM-19226, we observed an increase in dksA expression in the presence of bile at 37 °C. However, DksA was not required for wild-type levels of T3SS structural gene expression, or for colonization in vivo. Rather, data indicate that DksA positively regulates the expression of master regulators in the motility hierarchy. Interestingly, the ΔdksA strain forms a less robust biofilm than the WT parent strain at both 30 and 37 °C. We also found that DksA regulates the expression of hapR, encoding a major regulator of biofilm formation and protease expression. Athough DksA does not appear to modulate T3SS virulence factor expression, its activity is integrated into existing regulatory networks governing virulence-related phenotypes. Strain variations therefore may take advantage of conserved ancestral proteins to expand regulons responding to in vivo signals and thus coordinate multiple phenotypes important for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K Sofia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michelle Dziejman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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19
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Hsiao A, Zhu J. Pathogenicity and virulence regulation of Vibrio cholerae at the interface of host-gut microbiome interactions. Virulence 2020; 11:1582-1599. [PMID: 33172314 PMCID: PMC7671094 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1845039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for the severe diarrheal pandemic disease cholera, representing a major global public health concern. This pathogen transitions from aquatic reservoirs into epidemics in human populations, and has evolved numerous mechanisms to sense this transition in order to appropriately regulate its gene expression for infection. At the intersection of pathogen and host in the gastrointestinal tract lies the community of native gut microbes, the gut microbiome. It is increasingly clear that the diversity of species and biochemical activities within the gut microbiome represents a driver of infection outcome, through their ability to manipulate the signals used by V. cholerae to regulate virulence and fitness in vivo. A better mechanistic understanding of how commensal microbial action interacts with V. cholerae pathogenesis may lead to novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for cholera. Here, we review a subset of this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Choi JS, Yoon BR, Shin JH, Lee SH, Leem AY, Park MS, Kim YS, Chung KS. Clinical value of full-length tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase for sepsis detection in critically ill patients - A retrospective clinical assessment. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:260-266. [PMID: 32497803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Related innate immune system activation and diagnostic factors of sepsis are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical value of full-length tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WRS) induced through inflammatory stimuli for the detection of sepsis and prediction of mortality in critically ill patients. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of blood samples collected prospectively from patients in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) at Yonsei University College of Medicine, from March 2015 to June 2018. The ability of WRS to detect sepsis and predict mortality were compared to those of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores. RESULTS A total of 241 study patients were enrolled, of whom 190 (78.8%) had been diagnosed with sepsis on ICU admission. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROCs) for sepsis discrimination with WRS, PCT, CRP, and IL-6 levels, and SOFA and APACHE II scores were 0.864, 0.727, 0.625, 0.651, 0.840, and 0.754, respectively. The prediction of 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis using WRS levels was possible and non-inferior to that with the SOFA score. CONCLUSIONS WRS secreted early in sepsis may be useful not only for the early detection of sepsis, but also for the prediction of mortality in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Choi
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ra Yoon
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hye Shin
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Mukhopadhyay R, Chacón KN, Jarvis JM, Talipov MR, Yukl ET. Structural insights into the mechanism of oxidative activation of heme-free H-NOX from Vibrio cholerae. Biochem J 2020; 477:1123-1136. [PMID: 32141496 PMCID: PMC7108781 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial heme nitric oxide/oxygen (H-NOX) domains are nitric oxide (NO) or oxygen sensors. This activity is mediated through binding of the ligand to a heme cofactor. However, H-NOX from Vibrio cholerae (Vc H-NOX) can be easily purified in a heme-free state that is capable of reversibly responding to oxidation, suggesting a heme-independent function as a redox sensor. This occurs by oxidation of Cys residues at a zinc-binding site conserved in a subset of H-NOX homologs. Remarkably, zinc is not lost from the protein upon oxidation, although its ligation environment is significantly altered. Using a combination of computational and experimental approaches, we have characterized localized structural changes that accompany the formation of specific disulfide bonds between Cys residues upon oxidation. Furthermore, the larger-scale structural changes accompanying oxidation appear to mimic those changes observed upon NO binding to the heme-bound form. Thus, Vc H-NOX and its homologs may act as both redox and NO sensors by completely separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A
| | - Kelly N. Chacón
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202, U.S.A
| | - Jacqueline M. Jarvis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A
| | - Marat R. Talipov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A
| | - Erik T. Yukl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A
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22
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Zhu C, Sun B, Nie A, Zhou Z. The tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13391. [PMID: 31529760 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA), often considered as a housekeeping molecule, mainly participates in protein translation by transporting amino acids to the ribosome. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has shown that tRNAs are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. The proper functioning of the immune system is the key to human health. The aim of this review is to investigate the relationships between tRNAs and the immune system. We detail the biogenesis and structure of tRNAs and summarize the pathogen tRNA-mediated infection and host responses. In addition, we address recent advances in different aspects of tRNA-associated dysregulation in immune responses and immune diseases, such as tRNA molecules, tRNA modifications, tRNA derivatives and tRNA aminoacylation. Therefore, tRNAs play an important role in immune regulation. Although our knowledge of tRNAs in the context of immunity remains, for the most part, unknown, this field deserves in-depth research to provide new ideas for the treatment of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhu
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Bao Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Central South University Changsha China
| | - Anzheng Nie
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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23
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Prasad H, Shenoy AR, Visweswariah SS. Cyclic nucleotides, gut physiology and inflammation. FEBS J 2020; 287:1970-1981. [PMID: 31889413 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Misregulation of gut function and homeostasis impinges on the overall well-being of the entire organism. Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age, and globally, 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea are reported every year. Accompanying diarrheal episodes are a number of secondary effects in gut physiology and structure, such as erosion of the mucosal barrier that lines the gut, facilitating further inflammation of the gut in response to the normal microbiome. Here, we focus on pathogenic bacteria-mediated diarrhea, emphasizing the role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in driving signaling outputs that result in the secretion of water and ions from the epithelial cells of the gut. We also speculate on how this aberrant efflux and influx of ions could modulate inflammasome signaling, and therefore cell survival and maintenance of gut architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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24
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Chakrabarty JK, Kamal AHM, Shahinuzzaman ADA, Chowdhury SM. Proteomics Network Analysis of Polarized Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2184:61-75. [PMID: 32808218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0802-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a ligand of microbial origin that can trigger cell signaling in macrophages through TLRs and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statin, a hypercholesterolemia drug, on the contrary, can reduce inflammatory cytokine production, and inflammation at large. Discovery-based quantitative proteomics is a useful method for unraveling complex protein networks and inter-protein interactions. Here, we describe protocols for studying the inflammatory proteomics network in RAW 264.7 cells (a model murine macrophage cell line) with the singular or sequential treatment of LPS and statin. We provide detailed protocols, including a quantitative proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry data, a protein network analysis by bioinformatics, and a validation of target through biochemical methods (e.g., immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, gene silencing, and real-time PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta K Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - A D A Shahinuzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Saiful M Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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25
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Amadou Amani S, Lang ML. Bacteria That Cause Enteric Diseases Stimulate Distinct Humoral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565648. [PMID: 33042146 PMCID: PMC7524877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial enteric pathogens individually and collectively represent a serious global health burden. Humoral immune responses following natural or experimentally-induced infections are broadly appreciated to contribute to pathogen clearance and prevention of disease recurrence. Herein, we have compared observations on humoral immune mechanisms following infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species, Salmonella enterica species, and Clostridioides difficile. A comparison of what is known about the humoral immune responses to these pathogens reveals considerable variance in specific features of humoral immunity including establishment of high affinity, IgG class-switched memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell compartments. This article suggests that such variance could be contributory to persistent and recurrent disease.
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26
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Roles of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in immune regulation and immune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:901. [PMID: 31780718 PMCID: PMC6883034 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) play a vital role in protein synthesis by linking amino acids to their cognate transfer RNAs (tRNAs). This typical function has been well recognized over the past few decades. However, accumulating evidence reveals that ARSs are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes apart from translation. Strikingly, certain ARSs are closely related to different types of immune responses. In this review, we address the infection and immune responses induced by pathogen ARSs, as well as the potential anti-infective compounds that target pathogen ARSs. Meanwhile, we describe the functional mechanisms of ARSs in the development of immune cells. In addition, we focus on the roles of ARSs in certain immune diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and tumor immunity. Although our knowledge of ARSs in the immunological context is still in its infancy, research in this field may provide new ideas for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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27
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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a noninvasive pathogen that colonizes the small intestine and produces cholera toxin, causing severe secretory diarrhea. Cholera results in long lasting immunity, and recent studies have improved our understanding of the antigenic repertoire of V. cholerae Interactions between the host, V. cholerae, and the intestinal microbiome are now recognized as factors which impact susceptibility to cholera and the ability to mount a successful immune response to vaccination. Here, we review recent data and corresponding models to describe immune responses to V. cholerae infection and explain how the host microbiome may impact the pathogenesis of V. cholerae In the ongoing battle against cholera, the intestinal microbiome represents a frontier for new approaches to intervention and prevention.
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Rojas EA, Corchete LA, Mateos MV, García-Sanz R, Misiewicz-Krzeminska I, Gutiérrez NC. Transcriptome analysis reveals significant differences between primary plasma cell leukemia and multiple myeloma even when sharing a similar genetic background. Blood Cancer J 2019; 9:90. [PMID: 31748515 PMCID: PMC6868169 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-019-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a highly aggressive plasma cell dyscrasia characterised by short remissions and very poor survival. Although the 17p deletion is associated with poor outcome and extramedullary disease in MM, its presence does not confer the degree of aggressiveness observed in pPCL. The comprehensive exploration of isoform expression and RNA splicing events may provide novel information about biological differences between the two diseases. Transcriptomic studies were carried out in nine newly diagnosed pPCL and ten MM samples, all of which harbored the 17p deletion. Unsupervised cluster analysis clearly distinguished pPCL from MM samples. In total 3584 genes and 20033 isoforms were found to be deregulated between pPCL and MM. There were 2727 significantly deregulated isoforms of non-differentially expressed genes. Strangely enough, significant differences were observed in the expression of spliceosomal machinery components between pPCL and MM, in respect of the gene, isoform and the alternative splicing events expression. In summary, transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in the relative abundance of isoforms between pPCL and MM, even when they both had the 17p deletion. The mRNA processing pathway including RNA splicing machinery emerged as one of the most remarkable mechanisms underlying the biological differences between the two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta A Rojas
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis A Corchete
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Victoria Mateos
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Sanz
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CB16/12/00233, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irena Misiewicz-Krzeminska
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.,National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Norma C Gutiérrez
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain. .,Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CB16/12/00233, Salamanca, Spain.
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29
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Lopez CA, Beavers WN, Weiss A, Knippel RJ, Zackular JP, Chazin W, Skaar EP. The Immune Protein Calprotectin Impacts Clostridioides difficile Metabolism through Zinc Limitation. mBio 2019; 10:e02289-19. [PMID: 31744916 PMCID: PMC6867894 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02289-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestines house a diverse microbiota that must compete for nutrients to survive, but the specific limiting nutrients that control pathogen colonization are not clearly defined. Clostridioides difficile colonization typically requires prior disruption of the microbiota, suggesting that outcompeting commensals for resources is critical to establishing C. difficile infection (CDI). The immune protein calprotectin (CP) is released into the gut lumen during CDI to chelate zinc (Zn) and other essential nutrient metals. Yet, the impact of Zn limitation on C. difficile colonization is unknown. To define C. difficile responses to Zn limitation, we performed RNA sequencing on C. difficile exposed to CP. In medium containing CP, C. difficile upregulated genes involved in metal homeostasis and amino acid metabolism. To identify CP-responsive genes important during infection, we measured the abundance of select C. difficile transcripts in a mouse CDI model relative to expression in vitro Gene transcripts involved in selenium (Se)-dependent proline fermentation increased during infection and in response to CP. Increased proline fermentation gene transcription was dependent on CP Zn binding and proline availability, yet proline fermentation was only enhanced when Se was supplemented. CP-deficient mice could not restrain C. difficile proline fermentation-dependent growth, suggesting that CP-mediated Zn sequestration along with limited Se restricts C. difficile proline fermentation. Overall, these results highlight how C. difficile colonization depends on the availability of multiple nutrients whose abundances are dynamically influenced by the host response.IMPORTANCEClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of postantibiotic nosocomial infection. Antibiotic therapy can be successful, yet up to one-third of individuals suffer from recurrent infections. Understanding the mechanisms controlling C. difficile colonization is paramount in designing novel treatments for primary and recurrent CDI. Here, we found that limiting nutrients control C. difficile metabolism during CDI and influence overall pathogen fitness. Specifically, the immune protein CP limits Zn availability and increases transcription of C. difficile genes necessary for proline fermentation. Paradoxically, this leads to reduced C. difficile proline fermentation. This reduced fermentation is due to limited availability of another nutrient required for proline fermentation, Se. Therefore, CP-mediated Zn limitation combined with low Se levels overall reduce C. difficile fitness in the intestines. These results emphasize the complexities of how nutrient availability influences C. difficile colonization and provide insight into critical metabolic processes that drive the pathogen's growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William N Beavers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reece J Knippel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter Chazin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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30
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Weil AA, Ellis CN, Debela MD, Bhuiyan TR, Rashu R, Bourque DL, Khan AI, Chowdhury F, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Harris JB. Posttranslational Regulation of IL-23 Production Distinguishes the Innate Immune Responses to Live Toxigenic versus Heat-Inactivated Vibrio cholerae. mSphere 2019; 4:e00206-19. [PMID: 31434744 PMCID: PMC6706466 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00206-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae infection provides long-lasting protective immunity, while oral, inactivated cholera vaccines (OCV) result in more-limited protection. To identify characteristics of the innate immune response that may distinguish natural V. cholerae infection from OCV, we stimulated differentiated, macrophage-like THP-1 cells with live versus heat-inactivated V. cholerae with and without endogenous or exogenous cholera holotoxin (CT). Interleukin 23A gene (IL23A) expression was higher in cells exposed to live V. cholerae than in cells exposed to inactivated organisms (mean change, 38-fold; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.0 to 42; P < 0.01). IL-23 secretion was also higher in cells exposed to live V. cholerae than in cells exposed to inactivated V. cholerae (mean change, 5.6-fold; 95% CI, 4.4 to 11; P < 0.001). This increase in IL-23 secretion was more marked than for other key innate immune cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-6) and dependent on exposure to the combination of both live V. cholerae and CT. While IL-23 secretion was reduced following stimulation with either heat-inactivated wild-type V. cholerae or a live isogenic ctxAB mutant of V. cholerae, the addition of exogenous CT restored IL-23 secretion in combination with the live isogenic ctxAB mutant V. cholerae, but not when it was paired with stimulation by heat-inactivated V. cholerae The posttranslational regulation of IL-23 under these conditions was dependent on the activity of the cysteine protease cathepsin B. In humans, IL-23 promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells to T follicular helper cells, which maintain and support long-term memory B cell generation after infection. Based on these findings, the stimulation of IL-23 production may be a determinant of protective immunity following V. cholerae infection.IMPORTANCE An episode of cholera provides better protection against reinfection than oral cholera vaccines, and the reasons for this are still under study. To better understand this, we compared the immune responses of human cells exposed to live Vibrio cholerae with those of cells exposed to heat-killed V. cholerae (similar to the contents of oral cholera vaccines). We also compared the effects of active cholera toxin and the inactive cholera toxin B subunit (which is included in some cholera vaccines). One key immune signaling molecule, IL-23, was uniquely produced in response to the combination of live bacteria and active cholera holotoxin. Stimulation with V. cholerae that did not produce the active toxin or was killed did not produce an IL-23 response. The stimulation of IL-23 production by cholera toxin-producing V. cholerae may be important in conferring long-term immunity after cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Crystal N Ellis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meti D Debela
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Taufiqur R Bhuiyan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rasheduzzaman Rashu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel L Bourque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashraful I Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahima Chowdhury
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Regina C LaRocque
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen B Calderwood
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason B Harris
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we will examine updates in cholera epidemiology, advances in our understanding of pathogenesis and protective immunity, and changes to prevention strategies. RECENT FINDINGS New modeling techniques and molecular epidemiology have led to advancements in our understanding of how Vibrio cholerae has persisted and re-emerged in new areas during the seventh pandemic. Use of next-generation sequencing has shed new light on immune responses to disease and vaccination, and the role of the gut microbiome in cholera. Increased efficacy and availability of vaccines have made long-term goals of global control of cholera more achievable. SUMMARY Advancements in our understanding of immunity and susceptibility to V. cholerae, in addition to an increased global commitment to disease prevention, have led to optimism for the future of cholera prevention.
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32
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Howell M, Dumitrescu DG, Blankenship LR, Herkert D, Hatzios SK. Functional characterization of a subtilisin-like serine protease from Vibrio cholerae. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9888-9900. [PMID: 31076508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the human diarrheal disease cholera, exports numerous enzymes that facilitate its adaptation to both intestinal and aquatic niches. These secreted enzymes can mediate nutrient acquisition, biofilm assembly, and V. cholerae interactions with its host. We recently identified a V. cholerae-secreted serine protease, IvaP, that is active in V. cholerae-infected rabbits and human choleric stool. IvaP alters the activity of several host and pathogen enzymes in the gut and, along with other secreted V. cholerae proteases, decreases binding of intelectin, an intestinal carbohydrate-binding protein, to V. cholerae in vivo IvaP bears homology to subtilisin-like enzymes, a large family of serine proteases primarily comprised of secreted endopeptidases. Following secretion, IvaP is cleaved at least three times to yield a truncated enzyme with serine hydrolase activity, yet little is known about the mechanism of extracellular maturation. Here, we show that IvaP maturation requires a series of sequential N- and C-terminal cleavage events congruent with the enzyme's mosaic protein domain structure. Using a catalytically inactive reporter protein, we determined that IvaP can be partially processed in trans, but intramolecular proteolysis is most likely required to generate the mature enzyme. Unlike many other subtilisin-like enzymes, the IvaP cleavage pattern is consistent with stepwise processing of the N-terminal propeptide, which could temporarily inhibit, and be cleaved by, the purified enzyme. Furthermore, IvaP was able to cleave purified intelectin, which inhibited intelectin binding to V. cholerae These results suggest that IvaP plays a role in modulating intelectin-V. cholerae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Howell
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Daniel G Dumitrescu
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and
| | - Lauren R Blankenship
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Darby Herkert
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
| | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and .,the Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516.,Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and
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33
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Huang W, Yu J, Jones JW, Carter CL, Pierzchalski K, Tudor G, Booth C, MacVittie TJ, Kane MA. Proteomic Evaluation of the Acute Radiation Syndrome of the Gastrointestinal Tract in a Murine Total-body Irradiation Model. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:516-528. [PMID: 30624357 PMCID: PMC6384135 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Radiation exposure to the gastrointestinal system contributes to the acute radiation syndrome in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Molecular mechanisms that lead to the gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome remain incompletely understood. Using a murine model of total-body irradiation, C57BL/6J male mice were irradiated at 8, 10, 12, and 14 Gy and assayed at day 1, 3, and 6 after exposure and compared to nonirradiated (sham) controls. Tryptic digests of gastrointestinal tissues (upper ileum) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a Waters nanoLC coupled to a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Pathway and gene ontology analysis were performed with Qiagen Ingenuity, Panther GO, and DAVID databases. A number of trends were identified in our proteomic data including pronounced protein changes as well as protein changes that were consistently up regulated or down regulated at all time points and dose levels interrogated. Time- and dose-dependent protein changes, canonical pathways affected by irradiation, and changes in proteins that serve as upstream regulators were also identified. Additionally, proteins involved in key processes including inflammation, radiation, and retinoic acid signaling were identified. The proteomic profiling conducted here represents an untargeted systems biology approach to identify acute molecular events that will be useful for a greater understanding of animal models and may be potentially useful toward the development of medical countermeasures and/or biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Huang
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jianshi Yu
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jace W. Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Claire L. Carter
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
- Correspondence: Maureen A. Kane, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Room 723, Baltimore, MD 21201, Phone: (410) 706-5097, Fax: (410) 706-0886,
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34
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Terrinoni M, Holmgren J, Lebens M, Larena M. Requirement for Cyclic AMP/Protein Kinase A-Dependent Canonical NFκB Signaling in the Adjuvant Action of Cholera Toxin and Its Non-toxic Derivative mmCT. Front Immunol 2019; 10:269. [PMID: 30838003 PMCID: PMC6389712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is widely used as an effective adjuvant in experimental immunology for inducing mucosal immune responses; yet its mechanisms of adjuvant action remain incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking NFκB, compared to wild-type (WT) mice, had a 90% reduction in their systemic and mucosal immune responses to oral immunization with a model protein antigen [Ovalbumin (OVA)] given together with CT. Further, NFκB−/− mouse dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated in vitro with CT showed reduced expression of MHCII and co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, as well as of IL-1β, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to WT DCs. Using a human monocyte cell line THP1 with an NFκB activation reporter system, we show that CT induced NFκB signaling in human monocytes, and that inhibition of the cyclic AMP—protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway abrogated the activation and nuclear translocation of NFκB. In a human monocyte-CD4+ T cell co-culture system we further show that the strong Th17 response induced by CT treatment of monocytes was abolished by blocking the classical but not the alternative NFκB signaling pathway of monocytes. Our results indicate that activation of classical (canonical) NFκB pathway signaling in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by CT is important for CT's adjuvant enhancement of Th17 responses. Similar findings were obtained using the almost completely detoxified mmCT mutant protein as adjuvant. Altogether, our results demonstrate that activation of the classical NFκB signal transduction pathway in APCs is important for the adjuvant action of both CT and mmCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Terrinoni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holmgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Larena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Jin M. Unique roles of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in immune control and its therapeutic implications. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 30613102 PMCID: PMC6321835 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WRS) is an essential enzyme as it catalyzes the ligation of tryptophan to its cognate tRNA during translation. Interestingly, mammalian WRS has evolved to acquire domains or motifs for novel functions beyond protein synthesis; WRS can also further expand its functions via alternative splicing and proteolytic cleavage. WRS is localized not only to the nucleus but also to the extracellular space, playing a key role in innate immunity, angiogenesis, and IFN-γ signaling. In addition, the expression of WRS varies significantly in different tissues and pathological states, implying that it plays unique roles in physiological homeostasis and immune defense. This review addresses the current knowledge regarding the evolution, structural features, and context-dependent functions of WRS, particularly focusing on its roles in immune regulation. Targeting tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase (WRS), an evolutionarily conserved enzyme involved in protein synthesis, could be an effective strategy for modulating the immune system. In addition to helping translate mRNA into amino acid sequences in cytoplasm, human WRS can be secreted and activate immune responses against invading pathogens. Mirim Jin at Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea, reviews recent studies on the structure, expression pattern and functions of WRS other than protein synthesis. High levels of WRS protein have been found in patients with sepsis and autoimmune diseases suggesting that inhibiting WRS could be a potential therapeutic approach for treating these conditions. Further research into WRS will shed light not only on how it regulates the immune system, but also on how it exerts other reported effects on blood vessel formation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirim Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea. .,Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
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36
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Wang H, Xing X, Wang J, Pang B, Liu M, Larios-Valencia J, Liu T, Liu G, Xie S, Hao G, Liu Z, Kan B, Zhu J. Hypermutation-induced in vivo oxidative stress resistance enhances Vibrio cholerae host adaptation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007413. [PMID: 30376582 PMCID: PMC6226196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are highly adaptable organisms, a quality that enables them to overcome changing hostile environments. For example, Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is able to colonize host small intestines and combat host-produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) during infection. To dissect the molecular mechanisms utilized by V. cholerae to overcome ROS in vivo, we performed a whole-genome transposon sequencing analysis (Tn-seq) by comparing gene requirements for colonization using adult mice with and without the treatment of the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. We found that mutants of the methyl-directed mismatch repair (MMR) system, such as MutS, displayed significant colonization advantages in untreated, ROS-rich mice, but not in NAC-treated mice. Further analyses suggest that the accumulation of both catalase-overproducing mutants and rugose colony variants in NAC- mice was the leading cause of mutS mutant enrichment caused by oxidative stress during infection. We also found that rugose variants could revert back to smooth colonies upon aerobic, in vitro culture. Additionally, the mutation rate of wildtype colonized in NAC- mice was significantly higher than that in NAC+ mice. Taken together, these findings support a paradigm in which V. cholerae employs a temporal adaptive strategy to battle ROS during infection, resulting in enriched phenotypes. Moreover, ΔmutS passage and complementation can be used to model hypermuation in diverse pathogens to identify novel stress resistance mechanisms. Cholera is a devastating diarrheal disease that is still endemic to many developing nations, with the worst outbreak in history having occurred recently in Yemen. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, transitions from aquatic reservoirs to the human gastrointestinal tract, where it expresses virulence factors to facilitate colonization of the small intestines and to combat host innate immune effectors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). We applied a genome-wide transposon screen (Tn-seq) and identified that deletion of mutS, which is part of DNA mismatch repair system, drastically increased colonization in ROS-rich mice. The deletion of mutS led to the accumulation of catalase-overproducing mutants and a high frequency rugose phenotype when exposed to ROS selective pressures in vivo. Additionally, ROS elevated mutation frequency in wildtype, both in vitro and in vivo. Our data imply that V. cholerae may modulate mutation frequency as a temporal adaptive strategy to overcome oxidative stress and to enhance infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (JH)
| | - Xiaolin Xing
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jessie Larios-Valencia
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Saijun Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (JH)
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Ma Y, Yates JR. Proteomics and pulse azidohomoalanine labeling of newly synthesized proteins: what are the potential applications? Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:545-554. [PMID: 30005169 PMCID: PMC6329588 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1500902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measuring the immediate changes in cells that arise from changing environmental conditions is crucial to understanding the underlying mechanisms involved. These changes can be measured with metabolic stable isotope fully labeled proteomes, but requires looking for changes in the midst of a large background. In addition, labeling efficiency can be an issue in primary and fully differentiated cells. Area covered: Azidohomoalanine (AHA), an analog of methionine, can be accepted by cellular translational machinery and incorporated into newly synthesized proteins (NSPs). AHA-NSPs can be coupled to biotin via CuAAC-mediated click-chemistry and enriched using avidin-based affinity purification. Thus, AHA-containing proteins or peptides can be enriched and efficiently separated from the whole proteome. In this review, we describe the development of mass spectrometry (MS) based AHA strategies and discuss their potential to measure proteins involved in immune response, secretome, gut microbiome, and proteostasis as well as their potential for clinical uses. Expert commentary: AHA strategies have been used to identify synthesis activity and to compare two biological conditions in various biological model organisms. In combination with instrument development, improved sample preparation and fractionation strategies, MS-based AHA strategies have the potential for broad application, and the methods should translate into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Ma
- a Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - John R Yates
- a Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
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38
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Proteomic-genomic adjustments and their confluence for elucidation of pathways and networks during liver fibrosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:379-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Analysis of the Human Mucosal Response to Cholera Reveals Sustained Activation of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00594-17. [PMID: 29133347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00594-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the innate immune response to Vibrio cholerae infection, we tracked gene expression in the duodenal mucosa of 11 Bangladeshi adults with cholera, using biopsy specimens obtained immediately after rehydration and 30 and 180 days later. We identified differentially expressed genes and performed an analysis to predict differentially regulated pathways and upstream regulators. During acute cholera, there was a broad increase in the expression of genes associated with innate immunity, including activation of the NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathways, which, unexpectedly, persisted even 30 days after infection. Focusing on early differences in gene expression, we identified 37 genes that were differentially expressed on days 2 and 30 across the 11 participants. These genes included the endosomal Toll-like receptor gene TLR8, which was expressed in lamina propria cells. Underscoring a potential role for endosomal TLR-mediated signaling in vivo, our pathway analysis found that interferon regulatory factor 7 and beta 1 and alpha 2 interferons were among the top upstream regulators activated during cholera. Among the innate immune effectors, we found that the gene for DUOX2, an NADPH oxidase involved in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, was upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells during cholera. Notably, the observed increases in DUOX2 and TLR8 expression were also modeled in vitro when Caco-2 or THP-1 cells, respectively, were stimulated with live V. cholerae but not with heat-killed organisms or cholera toxin alone. These previously unidentified features of the innate immune response to V. cholerae extend our understanding of the mucosal immune signaling pathways and effectors activated in vivo following cholera.
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Inflammatory Proteomic Network Analysis of Statin-treated and Lipopolysaccharide-activated Macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:164. [PMID: 29317699 PMCID: PMC5760528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant component of immune biology research is the investigation of protein encoding genes that play central roles in contributing inflammatory response. A gel-free quantitative bottom-up proteomics study was performed on immune cell macrophages after the combined treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and statin drugs using mass spectrometry and a detailed bioinformatics analyses were conducted. Systematic bioinformatics analysis was applied for discovering novel relationships among proteins and effects of statin and lipopolysaccharide in macrophage cells. Based on gene ontology, majority of protein encoding genes was involved in metabolic and cellular processes and are actively associated with binding, structural molecular, and catalytic activity. Notably, proteomic data analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), discovered the plectin and prohibitin 2 protein interactions network and inflammatory-disease based protein networks. Two up-regulated proteins, plectin and prohibitin 2, were further validated by immunoblotting. Plectin was also cross-validated by immunocytochemistry, since its expression was highly modulated by statin but inhibited during LPS-stimulation. Collectively, the significant up-regulation of plectin due to the treatment of statin, suggests that statin has a significant impact on the cytoskeletal networks of cells. Plectin might have a significant role in the intermediate filament assembly and dynamics, and possibly stabilizing and crosslinking intermediate filament networks.
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41
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Shapshak P, Somboonwit C, Cao S, Sinnott JT. Cholera host response gene networks: preliminary studies. Bioinformation 2017; 13:347-351. [PMID: 29162968 PMCID: PMC5680717 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene network analysis was performed based on published literature describing genes that are possibly interconnected with cholera
vaccine responses in vitro in cell culture and in vivo in human patient punch biopsies as well as DNA extracted from blood. These
studies produced divergent results. The differences should be replicated and studied further. Included in such studies, patient
ethnicities, states of stress, nutrition, and health, as well as the precise characteristics of the various cholera vaccines and modes of
delivery need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606 USA
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606 USA.,Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida 33602
| | - Shu Cao
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606 USA
| | - John T Sinnott
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606 USA.,Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida 33602
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42
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Yang S, Chen L, Chan DW, Li QK, Zhang H. Protein signatures of molecular pathways in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): comparison of glycoproteomics and global proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:31. [PMID: 28814946 PMCID: PMC5557576 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. More than half of NSCLC patients have clinical presentations with locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The large-scale genomic analysis of NSCLC has demonstrated that molecular alterations are substantially different between adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). However, a comprehensive analysis of proteins and glycoproteins in different subtypes of NSCLC using advanced proteomic approaches has not yet been conducted. Methods We applied mass spectrometry (MS) technology featuring proteomics and glycoproteomics to analyze six primary lung SqCCs and eleven ADCs, and we compared the expression level of proteins and glycoproteins in tumors using quantitative proteomics. Glycoproteins were analyzed by enrichment using a chemoenzymatic method, solid-phase extraction of glycopeptides, and quantified by iTRAQ-LC–MS/MS. Protein quantitation was further annotated via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results Over 6000 global proteins and 480 glycoproteins were quantitatively identified in both SqCC and ADC. ADC proteins (8337) consisted of enzymes (22.11%), kinases (5.11%), transcription factors (6.85%), transporters (6.79%), and peptidases (3.30%). SqCC proteins (6967) had a very similar distribution. The identified glycoproteins, in order of relative abundance, included membrane (42%) and extracellular matrix (>33%) glycoproteins. Oncogene-coded proteins (82) increased 1.5-fold among 1047 oncogenes identified in ADC, while 124 proteins from SqCC were up-regulated in tumor tissues among a total of 827 proteins. We identified 680 and 563 tumor suppressor genes from ADC and SqCC, respectively. Conclusion Our systematic analysis of proteins and glycoproteins demonstrates changes of protein and glycoprotein relative abundance in SqCC (TP53, U2AF1, and RXR) and in ADC (SMARCA4, NOTCH1, PTEN, and MST1). Among them, eleven glycoproteins were upregulated in both ADC and SqCC. Two glycoproteins (ELANE and IGFBP3) were only increased in SqCC, and six glycoproteins (ACAN, LAMC2, THBS1, LTBP1, PSAP and COL1A2) were increased in ADC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that several crucial pathways were activated in SqCC and ADC tumor tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9166-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Smith Bldg 4013, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Smith Bldg 4013, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Daniel W Chan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Smith Bldg 4013, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Smith Bldg 4013, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Smith Bldg 4013, 400 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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43
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Nyman TA, Lorey MB, Cypryk W, Matikainen S. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the human immune system: focus on the inflammasome, global protein secretion, and T cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:395-407. [PMID: 28406322 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1319768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in-depth information on the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses. Areas covered: Summarized are the key immunology findings obtained with MS-based proteomics in the past five years, with a focus on inflammasome activation, global protein secretion, mucosal immunology, immunopeptidome and T cells. Special focus is on extracellular vesicle-mediated protein secretion and its role in immune responses. Expert commentary: Proteomics is an essential part of modern omics-scale immunology research. To date, MS-based proteomics has been used in immunology to study protein expression levels, their subcellular localization, secretion, post-translational modifications, and interactions in immune cells upon activation by different stimuli. These studies have made major contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. New developments in proteomics offer constantly novel possibilities for exploring the immune system. Examples of these techniques include mass cytometry and different MS-based imaging approaches which can be widely used in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula A Nyman
- a Department of Immunology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Martina B Lorey
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- c Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Lodz , Poland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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OxyR2 Modulates OxyR1 Activity and Vibrio cholerae Oxidative Stress Response. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00929-16. [PMID: 28138024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00929-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have developed capacities to deal with different stresses and adapt to different environmental niches. The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, utilizes the transcriptional regulator OxyR to activate genes related to oxidative stress resistance, including peroxiredoxin PrxA, in response to hydrogen peroxide. In this study, we identified another OxyR homolog in V. cholerae, which we named OxyR2, and we renamed the previous OxyR OxyR1. We found that OxyR2 is required to activate its divergently transcribed gene ahpC, encoding an alkylhydroperoxide reductase, independently of H2O2 A conserved cysteine residue in OxyR2 is critical for this function. Mutation of either oxyR2 or ahpC rendered V. cholerae more resistant to H2O2 RNA sequencing analyses indicated that OxyR1-activated oxidative stress-resistant genes were highly expressed in oxyR2 mutants even in the absence of H2O2 Further genetic analyses suggest that OxyR2-activated AhpC modulates OxyR1 activity by maintaining low intracellular concentrations of H2O2 Furthermore, we showed that ΔoxyR2 and ΔahpC mutants were less fit when anaerobically grown bacteria were exposed to low levels of H2O2 or incubated in seawater. These results suggest that OxyR2 and AhpC play important roles in the V. cholerae oxidative stress response.
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Velly H, Britton RA, Preidis GA. Mechanisms of cross-talk between the diet, the intestinal microbiome, and the undernourished host. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:98-112. [PMID: 27918230 PMCID: PMC5390823 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1267888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition remains one of the most pressing global health challenges today, contributing to nearly half of all deaths in children under five years of age. Although insufficient dietary intake and environmental enteric dysfunction are often inciting factors, evidence now suggests that unhealthy gut microbial populations perpetuate the vicious cycle of pathophysiology that results in persistent growth impairment in children. The metagenomics era has facilitated new research identifying an altered microbiome in undernourished hosts and has provided insight into a number of mechanisms by which these alterations may affect growth. This article summarizes a range of observational studies that highlight differences in the composition and function of gut microbiota between undernourished and healthy children; discusses dietary, environmental and host factors that shape this altered microbiome; examines the consequences of these changes on host physiology; and considers opportunities for microbiome-targeting therapies to combat the global challenge of child undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Velly
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Ahn YH, Park S, Choi JJ, Park BK, Rhee KH, Kang E, Ahn S, Lee CH, Lee JS, Inn KS, Cho ML, Park SH, Park K, Park HJ, Lee JH, Park JW, Kwon NH, Shim H, Han BW, Kim P, Lee JY, Jeon Y, Huh JW, Jin M, Kim S. Secreted tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as a primary defence system against infection. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16191. [PMID: 27748732 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal truncated form of a protein synthesis enzyme, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (mini-WRS), is secreted as an angiostatic ligand. However, the secretion and function of the full-length WRS (FL-WRS) remain unknown. Here, we report that the FL-WRS, but not mini-WRS, is rapidly secreted upon pathogen infection to prime innate immunity. Blood levels of FL-WRS were increased in sepsis patients, but not in those with sterile inflammation. FL-WRS was secreted from monocytes and directly bound to macrophages via a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) complex to induce phagocytosis and chemokine production. Administration of FL-WRS into Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice reduced the levels of bacteria and improved mouse survival, whereas its titration with the specific antibody aggravated the infection. The N-terminal 154-amino-acid eukaryote-specific peptide of WRS was sufficient to recapitulate FL-WRS activity and its interaction mode with TLR4-MD2 is now suggested. Based on these results, secretion of FL-WRS appears to work as a primary defence system against infection, acting before full activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ha Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong June Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Rhee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kang
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbo Shim
- Departments of Bioinspired Science and Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirim Jin
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
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Barrett KE. Rethinking cholera pathogenesis- No longer all in the same "camp". Virulence 2016; 7:751-3. [PMID: 27413815 PMCID: PMC5029295 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1212156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. Barrett
- Department of Medicine and Ph.D Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Satitsri S, Pongkorpsakol P, Srimanote P, Chatsudthipong V, Muanprasat C. Pathophysiological mechanisms of diarrhea caused by the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant: an in vivo study in mice. Virulence 2016; 7:789-805. [PMID: 27222028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1192743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae. This study aimed to investigate the pathophysiology of diarrhea caused by the V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant (EL), a major epidemic strain causing severe diarrhea in several regions. In the ligated ileal loop model of EL-induced diarrhea in the ICR mice, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor and a calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) inhibitor similarly inhibited intestinal fluid secretion. In addition, barrier disruption and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, e.g., iNOS and COX-2 expression, were observed in the infected ileal loops. Interestingly, intestinal fluid secretion and barrier disruption were suppressed by NF-κB and COX-2 inhibitors, whereas an iNOS inhibitor suppressed barrier disruption without affecting fluid secretion. Furthermore, EP2 and EP4 PGE2 receptor antagonists ameliorated the fluid secretion in the infected ileal loops. The amount of cholera toxin (CT) produced in the ileal loops by the EL was ∼2.4-fold of the classical biotype. The CT transcription inhibitor virstatin, a toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) antibody and a CT antibody suppressed the EL-induced intestinal fluid secretion, barrier disruption and COX-2 expression. The CT at levels detected during EL infection induced mild intestinal barrier disruption without inducing inflammatory responses in mouse intestine. Collectively, this study indicates that CT-induced intestinal barrier disruption and subsequent TLR-4-NF-κB-mediated COX-2 expression are involved in the pathogenesis of EL-induced diarrhea and represent promising novel therapeutic targets of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravut Satitsri
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Pawin Pongkorpsakol
- b Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- c Graduate Studies, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Thammasat University , Rangsit , Prathumthani , Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand.,d Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand.,e Center of Excellence on Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), S&T Postgraduate Education and Research Development Office (PERDO), Ministry of Education , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand.,b Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand.,d Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Ratchathewi , Bangkok , Thailand.,e Center of Excellence on Medical Biotechnology (CEMB), S&T Postgraduate Education and Research Development Office (PERDO), Ministry of Education , Bangkok , Thailand
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O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Memory B Cell Responses in Young Children, Older Children, and Adults Infected with Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in Bangladesh. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:427-435. [PMID: 27009211 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00647-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 confers at least 3 to 10 years of protection against subsequent disease regardless of age, despite a relatively rapid fall in antibody levels in peripheral blood, suggesting that memory B cell responses may play an important role in protection. The V. cholerae O1-specific polysaccharide (OSP) component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is responsible for serogroup specificity, and it is unclear if young children are capable of developing memory B cell responses against OSP, a T cell-independent antigen, following cholera. To address this, we assessed OSP-specific memory B cell responses in young children (2 to 5 years, n = 11), older children (6 to 17 years, n = 21), and adults (18 to 55 years, n = 28) with cholera caused by V. cholerae O1 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We also assessed memory B cell responses against LPS and vibriocidal responses, and plasma antibody responses against OSP, LPS, and cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB; a T cell-dependent antigen) on days 2 and 7, as well as days 30, 90, and 180 after convalescence. In all age cohorts, vibriocidal responses and plasma OSP, LPS, and CtxB-specific responses peaked on day 7 and fell toward baseline over the follow-up period. In comparison, we were able to detect OSP memory B cell responses in all age cohorts of patients with detectable responses over baseline for 90 to 180 days. Our results suggest that OSP-specific memory B cell responses can occur following cholera, even in the youngest children, and may explain in part the age-independent induction of long-term immunity following naturally acquired disease.
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50
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Hatzios SK, Abel S, Martell J, Hubbard T, Sasabe J, Munera D, Clark L, Bachovchin DA, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Davis BM, Weerapana E, Waldor MK. Chemoproteomic profiling of host and pathogen enzymes active in cholera. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:268-274. [PMID: 26900865 PMCID: PMC4765928 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a chemoproteomic tool for detecting active enzymes in complex biological systems. We used ABPP to identify secreted bacterial and host serine hydrolases that are active in animals infected with the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Four V. cholerae proteases were consistently active in infected rabbits, and one, VC0157 (renamed IvaP), was also active in human choleric stool. Inactivation of IvaP influenced the activity of other secreted V. cholerae and rabbit enzymes in vivo, and genetic disruption of all four proteases increased the abundance of intelectin, an intestinal lectin, and its binding to V. cholerae in infected rabbits. Intelectin also bound to other enteric bacterial pathogens, suggesting that it may constitute a previously unrecognized mechanism of bacterial surveillance in the intestine that is inhibited by pathogen-secreted proteases. Our work demonstrates the power of activity-based proteomics to reveal host-pathogen enzymatic dialog in an animal model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sören Abel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø (UiT), The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Troy Hubbard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Munera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Edward T. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brigid M. Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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