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Baz AA, Hao H, Lan S, Li Z, Liu S, Jin X, Chen S, Chu Y. Emerging insights into macrophage extracellular traps in bacterial infections. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23767. [PMID: 38924166 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400739r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages possess a diverse range of well-defined capabilities and roles as phagocytes, encompassing the regulation of inflammation, facilitation of wound healing, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and serving as a crucial element in the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. The emergence of extracellular traps is a novel strategy of defense that has been observed in several types of innate immune cells. In response to infection, macrophages are stimulated and produce macrophage extracellular traps (METs), which take the form of net-like structures, filled with strands of DNA and adorned with histones and other cellular proteins. METs not only capture and eliminate microorganisms but also play a role in the development of certain diseases such as inflammation and autoimmune disorders. The primary objective of this study is to examine the latest advancements in METs for tackling bacterial infections. We also delve into the current knowledge and tactics utilized by bacteria to elude or endure the effects of METs. Through this investigation, we hope to shed light on the intricate interactions between bacteria and the host's immune system, particularly in the context of microbicidal effector mechanisms of METs. The continued exploration of METs and their impact on host defense against various pathogens opens up new avenues for understanding and potentially manipulating the immune system's response to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
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Cerdeira CD, Brigagão MRPL. Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors. Immunol Invest 2024:1-62. [PMID: 38913937 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2367682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An event of increasing interest during host-pathogen interactions is the polarization of patrolling/naive monocytes (MOs) into macrophage subsets (MФs). Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating this event are under investigation. METHODS This review focuses on the mechanisms of induction/development and profile of MФs polarized toward classically proinflammatory (M1) or alternatively anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It highlights nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface receptors (pattern recognition receptors/PPRs), microenvironmental mediators, and immune signaling. MФs polarize into phenotypes: M1 MФs, activated by IFN-γ, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide) and membrane-bound PPRs ligands (TLRs/CLRs ligands); or M2 MФs, induced by interleukins (ILs-4, -10 and -13), antigen-antibody complexes, and helminth PAMPs. Polarization toward M1 and M2 profiles evolve in a pathogen-specific manner, with or without canonicity, and can vary widely. Ultimately, this can result in varying degrees of host protection or more severe disease outcome. On the one hand, the host is driving effective MФs polarization (M1 or M2); but on the other hand, microorganisms may skew the polarization through virulence factors to increase pathogenicity. Cellular/genomic reprogramming also ensures plasticity of M1/M2 phenotypes. Because modulation of polarization can occur at multiple points, new insights and emerging perspectives may have clinical implications during the inflammation-to-resolution transition; translated into practical applications as for therapeutic/vaccine design target to boost microbicidal response (M1, e.g. triggering oxidative burst) with specifics PAMPs/IFN-γ or promote tissue repair (M2, increasing arginase activity) via immunotherapy.
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Wei Z, Jin Q, Liu W, Liu T, He K, Jin Z, Chen M, Jiang Y, Qian Y, Hong H, Zhang D, Liu Q, Yang Z, Li Q. Gliotoxin elicits immunotoxicity in the early innate immune system of ducks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103717. [PMID: 38643746 PMCID: PMC11039318 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) belongs to the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) family, which is considered a crucial virulence determinant among the secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. The metabolites are commonly found in food and feed, contributing to the invasion and immune escape of Aspergillus fumigatus, thereby posing a significant threat to the health of livestock, poultry, and humans. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs), a novel form of innate immune defense, have been documented in the chicken's innate immune systems for capturing and eliminating invading microbes. However, the effects and mechanisms of GT on the production of duck HETs in vitro remain unknown. In this study, we first confirmed the presence of HETs in duck innate immune systems and further investigated the molecular mechanism underlying GT-induced HETs release. Our results demonstrate that GT can trigger typical release of HETs in duck. The structures of GT-induced HETs structures were characterized by DNA decoration, citrullinated histones 3, and elastase. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase, glycolysis, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathway were found to regulate GT-induced HETs. In summary, our findings reveal that gliotoxin activates HETs release in the early innate immune system of duck while providing new insights into the immunotoxicity of GT towards ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Qinqin Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Kaifeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Zha Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Meiyi Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Qian
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hongrong Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qianyong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, PR China
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Bashar SJ, Holmes CL, Shelef MA. Macrophage extracellular traps require peptidylarginine deiminase 2 and 4 and are a source of citrullinated antigens bound by rheumatoid arthritis autoantibodies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1167362. [PMID: 38476240 PMCID: PMC10927735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1167362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, but the sources of citrullinated antigens as well as which peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are required for their production remain incompletely defined. Here, we investigated if macrophage extracellular traps (METs) could be a source of citrullinated proteins bound by APCAs, and if their formation requires PAD2 or PAD4. Methods Thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages from wild-type, PAD2-/-, and PAD4-/- mice or human peripheral blood-derived M1 macrophages were activated with a variety of stimulants, then fixed and stained with DAPI and either anti-citrullinated histone H4 (citH4) antibody or sera from ACPA+ or ACPA- rheumatoid arthritis subjects. METs were visualized by immunofluorescence, confirmed to be extracellular using DNase, and quantified. Results We found that ionomycin and monosodium urate crystals reliably induced murine citH4+ METs, which were reduced in the absence of PAD2 and lost in the absence of PAD4. Also, IgG from ACPA+, but not ACPA-, rheumatoid arthritis sera bound to murine METs, and in the absence of PAD2 or PAD4, ACPA-bound METs were lost. Finally, ionomycin induced human METs that are citH4+ and ACPA-bound. Discussion Thus, METs may contribute to the pool of citrullinated antigens bound by ACPAs in a PAD2- and PAD4-dependent manner, providing new insights into the targets of immune tolerance loss in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Caitlyn L. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miriam A. Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, United States
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Jiao Z, Jiang J, Meng Y, Wu G, Tang J, Chen T, Fu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Gao H, Man C, Chen Q, Du L, Wang F, Chen S. Immune Cells in the Spleen of Mice Mediate the Inflammatory Response Induced by Mannheimia haemolytica A2 Serotype. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:317. [PMID: 38275777 PMCID: PMC10812571 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse infection model was established using a M. haemolytica strain isolated from goats. Histopathological observations were conducted on various organs of the mice, and bacterial load determination and RNA-seq analysis were specifically performed on the spleens of the mice. (3) Results: The findings of this study suggest that chemokines, potentially present in the spleen of mice following a M. haemolytica challenge, may induce the migration of leukocytes to the spleen and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory factors through a negative feedback regulation mechanism. Additionally, an interesting observation was made regarding the potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells congregating in the spleen to differentiate into immune cells, which could potentially collaborate with leukocytes in their efforts to counteract M. haemolytica invasion. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the immune regulation mechanism induced by M. haemolytica in the mouse spleen, providing valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions and offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, control, and treatment of mannheimiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengyang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.J.); (J.J.); (Y.M.); (G.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.G.); (C.M.); (Q.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Si Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.J.); (J.J.); (Y.M.); (G.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.G.); (C.M.); (Q.C.); (L.D.)
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Drab D, Santocki M, Opydo M, Kolaczkowska E. Impact of endogenous and exogenous nitrogen species on macrophage extracellular trap (MET) formation by bone marrow-derived macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:361-377. [PMID: 37789240 PMCID: PMC10638184 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage extracellular traps (METs) represent a novel defense mechanism in the antimicrobial arsenal of macrophages. However, mechanisms of MET formation are still poorly understood and this is at least partially due to the lack of reliable and reproducible models. Thus, we aimed at establishing a protocol of MET induction by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) obtained from cryopreserved and then thawed bone marrow (BM) mouse cells. We report that BMDMs obtained in this way were morphologically (F4/80+) and functionally (expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and NO production) differentiated and responded to various stimuli of bacterial (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), fungal (zymosan) and chemical (PMA) origin. Importantly, BMDMs were successfully casting METs composed of extracellular DNA (extDNA) serving as their backbone to which proteins such as H2A.X histones and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were attached. In rendered 3D structure of METs, extDNA and protein components were embedded in each other. Since studies had shown the involvement of oxygen species in MET release, we aimed at studying if reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as NO are also involved in MET formation. By application of NOS inhibitor - L-NAME or nitric oxide donor (SNAP), we studied the involvement of endogenous and exogenous RNS in traps release. We demonstrated that L-NAME halted MET formation upon stimulation with LPS while SNAP alone induced it. The latter phenomenon was further enhanced in the presence of LPS. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that BMDMs obtained from cryopreserved BM cells are capable of forming METs in an RNS-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Drab
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Santocki
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Opydo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Luo D, Zhang J, Yin H, Li S, Xu S, Li S. Cannabidiol alleviates perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced macrophage extracellular trap mediate inflammation and fibrosis in mice liver. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115374. [PMID: 37591127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of persistent organic pollutant, perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) has received extensive attention worldwide. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive natural cannabinoid extract that has been proved to have antioxidation, regulation of inflammation and other functions. However, the effects of PFOS on liver injury and whether CBD can alleviate PFOS-induced liver injury are still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we used CBD (10 mg/kg) and/or PFOS (5 mg/kg) to intraperitoneally inject mice for 30 days. We found that PFOS exposure led to inflammatory infiltration in the liver of mice, increased the formation of macrophage extracellular trap (MET), and promoted fibrosis. In vitro, we established a coculture system of RAW264.7, AML12 and LX-2 cells, and treated them with CBD (10 μM) and/or PFOS (200 μM). The results showed that PFOS could also induce the expression of MET, inflammation and fibrosis marker genes in vitro. Coiled-coil domain containing protein 25 (CCD25), as a MET-DNA sensor, was used to investigate its ability to regulate inflammation and fibrosis, we knocked down CCDC25 and its downstream proteins (integrin-linked kinase, ILK) by siRNA technology, and used QNZ to inhibit NF-κB pathway. The results showed that the knockdown of CCDC25 and ILK and the inhibition of NF-κB pathway could inhibit MET-induced inflammation and fibrosis marker gene expression. In summary, we found that PFOS-induced MET can promote inflammation and fibrosis through the CCDC25-ILK-NF-κB signaling axis, while the treatment of CBD showed a protective effect, and it is proved by Macromolecular docking that this protective effect is achieved by combining CBD with peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) to alleviate the release of MET. Therefore, regulating the formation of MET and the CCDC25-ILK-NF-κB signaling axis is an innovative treatment option that can effectively reduce hepatotoxicity. Our study reveals the mechanism of PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity and provides promising insights into the protective role of CBD in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Lu C, Wu Z, Gao H, Li H, Deng R, Luo N, Fan S, Li X, He D, Zhao H. Sperm induce macrophage extracellular trap formation via phagocytosis-dependent mechanism. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:319-329. [PMID: 37402702 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a public health concern worldwide. Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility and is characterized by decreased motility. Sperm motility ensures that sperm migrate to complete fertilization. Macrophages are an essential component of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract. Macrophage extracellular traps are induced by various microorganisms to capture and mediate the clearance of microorganisms. The relationship between sperm and macrophage extracellular traps is unclear. The human monocyte leukemia (THP-1) cells differentiated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) are widely used as surrogate of human macrophages. This study investigated sperm-induced macrophage extracellular trap formation and clarified some of the mechanisms affecting macrophage extracellular trap production. Sperm-induced macrophage extracellular traps were visualized and components of macrophage extracellular traps were identified by immunofluorescence analyses and scanning electron microscopy. By inhibiting macrophage extracellular trap production and macrophage phagocytosis, the relationship between macrophage phagocytosis and macrophage extracellular trap production was analyzed. Sperm could trigger PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages to produce extracellular traps. Sperm-triggered macrophage extracellular traps are dependent on phagocytosis and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Sperm from asthenozoospermia donors are more likely to be phagocytosed by macrophages than sperm from healthy donors, which induce more macrophage extracellular trap release. These data confirm the phenomenon and partial mechanism of sperm-induced macrophage extracellular trap formation in vitro. These may partly provide evidence to explain the mechanisms of clearing abnormally morphological or hypomotile sperm in the female reproductive tract and the rationale for the decreased probability of successful fertilization in asthenozoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncheng Lu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Renbin Deng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Shipeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Danpeng He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming, China
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Teng Y, Chen Y, Tang X, Wang S, Yin K. PAD2: A potential target for tumor therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188931. [PMID: 37315720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptide arginine deiminase 2(PAD2) catalyzes the conversion of arginine residues on target proteins to citrulline residues in the presence of calcium ions. This particular posttranslational modification is called citrullination. PAD2 can regulate the transcriptional activity of genes through histone citrullination and nonhistone citrullination. In this review, we summarize the evidence from recent decades and systematically illustrate the role of PAD2-mediated citrullination in tumor pathology and the regulation of tumor-associated immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and T cells. Several PAD2-specific inhibitors are also presented to discuss the feasibility of anti-PAD2 therapy to treat tumors and the urgent problems to be solved. Finally, we review some recent developments in the development of PAD2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Teng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Liu Y, Dai D, Abbasi M, Mereuta OM, Gamb SI, Kadirvel R, Kallmes DF, Brinjikji W. An in vitro model for Extracellular DNA Traps (ETs)-rich Human Thrombus Analogs. J Neurointerv Surg 2023; 15:589-593. [PMID: 35483911 PMCID: PMC11094997 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2022-018790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) have important implications in both thrombosis and thrombolysis. Thus, developing benchtop thrombus analogs that recapitulate clinical ETs is potentially of great value for preclinical development and testing of thrombolytic agents and thrombectomy devices. In this study, we aimed to develop ETs-rich thrombus analogs for preclinical testing. METHODS Red blood cell (RBC)-rich, fibrin-rich, and platelet-rich thrombus analogs were created using human whole blood, platelet-poor plasma, and platelet-rich plasma obtained from the blood bank following institutional approval. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (9.9×106 cells/mL) isolated from human whole blood and lipopolysaccharide (1 µg/mL) were added to induce ETs. Histochemical, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to identify thrombus components and ETs. Scanning electronic microscopy was used to investigate the ultrastructure of the thrombus analogs. The thrombus compositions, morphologic features of ETs and citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit) expression were compared with those of thrombi retrieved from patients by thrombectomy. RESULTS ETs-rich thrombus analogs were more compacted th-an the ETs-poor thrombus analogs. ETs were identified in both ETs-rich thrombus analogs and patient thrombi showing morphologic features including nuclear lobulation, nuclear swelling, diffused chromatin within cytoplasm, DNA/chromatin extending intracellularly and extracellularly, and extracellular chromatin patches and bundles. In the ETs-poor thrombus analogs, ETs were not observed and H3Cit expression was absent to minimal. The compositions and H3Cit expression in the ETs-rich thrombus analogs fell in the range of patient thrombi. CONCLUSIONS ETs-rich thrombus analogs can be consistently created in vitro and may benefit the preclinical development and testing of new thrombolytic agents and thrombectomy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daying Dai
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mehdi Abbasi
- Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Scott I Gamb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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11
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García-Giménez JL, García-López E, Mena-Mollá S, Beltrán-García J, Osca-Verdegal R, Nacher-Sendra E, Aguado-Velasco C, Casabó-Vallés G, Romá-Mateo C, Rodriguez-Gimillo M, Antúnez O, Ferreres J, Pallardó FV, Carbonell N. Validation of circulating histone detection by mass spectrometry for early diagnosis, prognosis, and management of critically ill septic patients. J Transl Med 2023; 21:344. [PMID: 37221624 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As leading contributors to worldwide morbidity and mortality, sepsis and septic shock are considered a major global health concern. Proactive biomarker identification in patients with sepsis suspicion at any time remains a daunting challenge for hospitals. Despite great progress in the understanding of clinical and molecular aspects of sepsis, its definition, diagnosis, and treatment remain challenging, highlighting a need for new biomarkers with potential to improve critically ill patient management. In this study we validate a quantitative mass spectrometry method to measure circulating histone levels in plasma samples for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis and septic shock patients. METHODS We used the mass spectrometry technique of multiple reaction monitoring to quantify circulating histones H2B and H3 in plasma from a monocenter cohort of critically ill patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and evaluated its performance for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis and septic shock (SS). RESULTS Our results highlight the potential of our test for early diagnosis of sepsis and SS. H2B levels above 121.40 ng/mL (IQR 446.70) were indicative of SS. The value of blood circulating histones to identify a subset of SS patients in a more severe stage with associated organ failure was also tested, revealing circulating levels of histones H2B above 435.61 ng/ml (IQR 2407.10) and H3 above 300.61 ng/ml (IQR 912.77) in septic shock patients with organ failure requiring invasive organ support therapies. Importantly, we found levels of H2B and H3 above 400.44 ng/mL (IQR 1335.54) and 258.25 (IQR 470.44), respectively in those patients who debut with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Finally, a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) demonstrated the prognostic value of circulating histone H3 to predict fatal outcomes and found for histone H3 an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.720 (CI 0.546-0.895) p < 0.016 on a positive test cut-off point at 486.84 ng/mL, showing a sensitivity of 66.7% and specificity of 73.9%. CONCLUSIONS Circulating histones analyzed by MS can be used to diagnose SS and identify patients at high risk of suffering DIC and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain.
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eva García-López
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena-Mollá
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Nacher-Sendra
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Germán Casabó-Vallés
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Rodriguez-Gimillo
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Oreto Antúnez
- Proteomics Unit, SCSIE-University of Valencia, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Research Network On Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nieves Carbonell
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Cui Y, Xiao Q, Yuan Y, Zhuang Y, Hao W, Jiang J, Meng Q, Wei X. 1,4-Naphthoquinone-Coated Black Carbon, a Kind of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter, Affects Macrophage Fate: New Insights into Crosstalk between Necroptosis and Macrophage Extracellular Traps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6095-6107. [PMID: 37018376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Naphthoquinone-coated BC (1,4 NQ-BC) is an important component of PM2.5 and a representative secondary particle. However, there is no research on the crosstalk mechanism between necroptosis and macrophage extracellular traps (METs) after 1,4 NQ-BC exposure. In this study, we treated RAW264.7 cells with 50, 100, and 200 mg/L 1,4 NQ-BC for 24 h, with 10 μM necrostatin-1 for 24 h, and with 2.5 μM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 3 h. Our experiment revealed that under normal physiological conditions, when macrophages receive external stimuli (such as pathogens; in this experiment, PMA), they will form METs and capture and kill pathogens, thus exerting innate immune function. However, exposure to 1,4 NQ-BC can cause necroptosis in macrophages, accompanied by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic calcium ions, as well as the expression disorder of inflammatory factors and chemokines, prevent the formation of METs, lead to loss of the function of capturing and killing pathogens, and weaken the innate immune function. Notably, inhibition of necroptosis restored the formation of METs, indicating that necroptosis inhibited the formation of METs. Our study was the first to explore the crosstalk mechanism between necroptosis and METs. This experiment will enrich the mechanism of macrophage injury caused by 1,4 NQ-BC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yuese Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Zhuang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xuetao Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
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14
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Jensen M, Thorsen NW, Hallberg LAE, Hägglund P, Hawkins CL. New insight into the composition of extracellular traps released by macrophages exposed to different types of inducers. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 202:97-109. [PMID: 36990299 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release plays a key role in many chronic disease settings, including atherosclerosis. They are critical to innate immune defence, but also contribute to disease by promoting thrombosis and inflammation. Macrophages are known to release extracellular traps or "METs", but their composition and role in pathological processes are less well defined. In this study, we examined MET release from human THP-1 macrophages exposed to model inflammatory and pathogenic stimuli, including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and nigericin. In each case, there was release of DNA from the macrophages, as visualized by fluorescence microscopy with the cell impermeable DNA binding dye SYTOX green, consistent with MET formation. Proteomic analysis on METs released from macrophages exposed to TNFα and nigericin reveals that they are composed of linker and core histones, together with a range of cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins. These include proteins involved in DNA binding, stress responses, cytoskeletal organisation, metabolism, inflammation, anti-microbial activity, and calcium binding. Quinone oxidoreductase in particular, was highly abundant in all METs but has not been reported previously in NETs. Moreover, there was an absence of proteases in METs in contrast to NETs. Some of the MET histones, contained post-translational modifications, including acetylation and methylation of Lys but not citrullination of Arg. These data provide new insight into the potential implications of MET formation in vivo and their contributions to immune defence and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Nicoline W Thorsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Line A E Hallberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.
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15
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Michel-Flutot P, Bourcier CH, Emam L, Gasser A, Glatigny S, Vinit S, Mansart A. Extracellular traps formation following cervical spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:692-704. [PMID: 36537022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries involve a primary injury that can lead to permanent loss of function and a secondary injury associated with pathologic and inflammatory processes. Extracellular traps are extracellular structures expressed by immune cells that are primarily composed of chromatin, granular enzymes and histones. Extracellular traps are known to induce tissue damage when overexpressed and could be associated in the occurrence of secondary damage. In the present study, we used flow cytometry to demonstrate that at 1 day following a C2 spinal cord lateral hemisection in male Swiss mice, resident microglia form vital microglia extracellular traps, and infiltrating neutrophils form vital neutrophil extracellular traps. We also used immunolabelling to show that microglia near the lesion area are most likely to form these microglia extracellular traps. As expected, infiltrating neutrophils are located at the site of injury, though only some of them engage in post-injury extracellular trap formation. We also observed the formation of microglia and neutrophil extracellular traps in our sham animal models of durotomy, but formation was less frequent than following the C2 hemisection. Our results demonstrate for the first time that microglia form extracellular traps in the spinal cord following injury and durotomy. It remains however to determine the exact mechanisms and kinetics of neutrophil and microglia extracellular traps formation following spinal cord injury. This information would allow to better mitigate this inflammatory process that may contribute to secondary injury and to effectively target extracellular traps to improve functional outcomes following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille H Bourcier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1179, END-ICAP, Versailles, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Laila Emam
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Adeline Gasser
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
| | - Stéphane Vinit
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1179, END-ICAP, Versailles, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation (2I), France
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16
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Zhang JG, Chen W, Zhou CK, Ma K, Liu ZZ, Gao Y, Lin XQ, Yang YJ. IFI204 protects host defense against Staphylococcus aureus-induced pneumonia by promoting extracellular traps formation. Exp Cell Res 2023; 422:113415. [PMID: 36379277 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-inducible protein 204 (IFI204) is an intracellular DNA receptor that can recognize DNA viruses and intracellular bacteria. Extracellular traps (ETs) have been recognized as an indispensable antimicrobial barrier that play an indispensable role in bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. However, how ETs form and the mechanisms by which IFI204 function in Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia are still unclear. Moreover, by in vitro experiments, we proved that IFI204 deficiency decreases the formation of ETs induced by Staphylococcus aureus in a NOX-independent manner. More importantly, Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) treatment significantly inhibited the formation of ETs. IFI204 contributed to ETs formation by promoting citrullination of histone H3 and the expression of PAD4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4). Altogether, these findings highlight the potential importance of IFI204 for host defense against S. aureus USA300-TCH1516 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Gang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Cheng-Kai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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17
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Fang Q, Stehr AM, Naschberger E, Knopf J, Herrmann M, Stürzl M. No NETs no TIME: Crosstalk between neutrophil extracellular traps and the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1075260. [PMID: 36618417 PMCID: PMC9816414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) controls tumorigenesis. Neutrophils are important components of TIME and control tumor progression and therapy resistance. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) ejected by activated neutrophils are net-like structures composed of decondensed extracellular chromatin filaments decorated with a plethora of granules as well as cytoplasmic proteins. Many of these harbour post translational modifications. Cancer cells reportedly trigger NET formation, and conversely, NETs alter the TIME and promote tumor cell proliferation and migration. The specific interactions between NETs and TIME and the respective effects on tumor progression are still elusive. In certain tumors, a CD4+ T helper (Th) 2 cell-associated TIME induces NETs and exerts immunosuppressive functions via programmed death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, both associated with poorer prognosis. In other cases, NETs induce the proliferation of Th1 cells, associated with an improved prognosis in cancer. In addition, NETs can drive macrophage polarization and often rely on macrophages to promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In turn, macrophages can swiftly clear NETs in an immunologically silent manner. The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the mutual interaction between NETs and TIME and its impact on tumor growth and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Margarethe Stehr
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Naschberger
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (EMN), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Translational Research Center, Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (EMN), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,*Correspondence: Michael Stürzl,
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18
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Tembhre MK, Sriwastva MK, Hote MP, Srivastava S, Solanki P, Imran S, Lakshmy R, Sharma A, Jaiswal K, Upadhyay AD. Interleukin-33 Induces Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation and Macrophage Necroptosis via Enhancing Oxidative Stress and Secretion of Proatherogenic Factors in Advanced Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122343. [PMID: 36552551 PMCID: PMC9774908 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) acts as an 'alarmin', and its role has been demonstrated in driving immune regulation and inflammation in many human diseases. However, the precise mechanism of action of IL-33 in regulating neutrophil and macrophage functioning is not defined in advanced atherosclerosis (aAT) patients. Further, the role of IL-33 in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in aAT and its consequent effect on macrophage function is not known. In the present study, we recruited n = 52 aAT patients and n = 52 control subjects. The neutrophils were isolated from both groups via ficoll/percoll-based density gradient centrifugation. The effect of IL-33 on the NET formation ability of the neutrophils was determined in both groups. Monocytes, isolated via a positive selection method, were used to differentiate them into macrophages from each of the study subjects and were challenged by IL-33-primed NETs, followed by the measurement of oxidative stress by calorimetric assay and the expression of the proinflammatory molecules by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Transcript and protein expression was determined by qPCR and immunofluorescence/ELISA, respectively. The increased expression of IL-33R (ST-2) was observed in the neutrophils, along with an increased serum concentration of IL-33 in aAT compared to the controls. IL-33 exacerbates NET formation via specifically upregulating CD16 expression in aAT. IL-33-primed NETs/neutrophils increased the cellular oxidative stress levels in the macrophages, leading to enhanced macrophage necroptosis and the release of atherogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in aAT compared to the controls. These findings suggested a pathogenic effect of the IL-33/ST-2 pathway in aAT patients by exacerbating NET formation and macrophage necroptosis, thereby facilitating the release of inflammatory factors and the release of MMPs that may be critical for the destabilization/rupture of atherosclerotic plaques in aAT. Targeting the IL-33/ST-2-NETs axis may be a promising therapeutic target for preventing plaque instability/rupture and its adverse complications in aAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Tembhre
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-880-050-2994
| | | | - Milind Padmakar Hote
- Department of Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgery, C. T. Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Priyanka Solanki
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shafaque Imran
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Lakshmy
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Kailash Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
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19
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Huang J, Hong W, Wan M, Zheng L. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic target of NETosis in diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e162. [PMID: 36000086 PMCID: PMC9390875 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that neutrophils can protect the host against pathogens in multiple ways, including the formation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are web‐like structures composed of fibers, DNA, histones, and various neutrophil granule proteins. NETs can capture and kill pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The process of NET formation is called NETosis. According to whether they depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), NETosis can be divided into two categories: “suicidal” NETosis and “vital” NETosis. However, NET components, including neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cell‐free DNA, cause a proinflammatory response and potentially severe diseases. Compelling evidence indicates a link between NETs and the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, including sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, small‐vessel vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, COVID‐19, and others. Therefore, targeting the process and products of NETosis is critical for treating diseases linked with NETosis. Researchers have discovered that several NET inhibitors, such as toll‐like receptor inhibitors and reactive oxygen species scavengers, can prevent uncontrolled NET development. This review summarizes the mechanism of NETosis, the receptors associated with NETosis, the pathology of NETosis‐induced diseases, and NETosis‐targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Huang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Meihua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation School of Life Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou China
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20
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Michiba A, Shiogama K, Tsukamoto T, Hirayama M, Yamada S, Abe M. Morphologic Analysis of M2 Macrophage in Glioblastoma: Involvement of Macrophage Extracellular Traps (METs). Acta Histochem Cytochem 2022; 55:111-118. [PMID: 36060293 PMCID: PMC9427541 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.22-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Michiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fujita Health University Medical Science
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masaya Hirayama
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fujita Health University Medical Science
| | - Seiji Yamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masato Abe
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fujita Health University Medical Science
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21
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Han T, Tang H, Lin C, Shen Y, Yan D, Tang X, Guo D. Extracellular traps and the role in thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:951670. [PMID: 36093130 PMCID: PMC9452724 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.951670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic complications pose serious health risks worldwide. A significant change in our understanding of the pathophysiology of thrombosis has occurred since the discovery of extracellular traps (ETs) and their prothrombotic properties. As a result of immune cells decondensing chromatin into extracellular fibers, ETs promote thrombus formation by acting as a scaffold that activates platelets and coagulates them. The involvement of ETs in thrombosis has been reported in various thrombotic conditions including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary emboli, acute myocardial infarction, aucte ischemic stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. This review summarizes the existing evidence of ETs in human and animal model thrombi. The authors described studies showing the existence of ETs in venous or arterial thrombi. In addition, we studied potential novel therapeutic opportunities related to the resolution or prevention of thrombosis by targeting ETs.
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22
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Nofi CP, Wang P, Aziz M. Chromatin-Associated Molecular Patterns (CAMPs) in sepsis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:700. [PMID: 35961978 PMCID: PMC9372964 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several molecular patterns have been identified that recognize pattern recognition receptors. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are commonly used terminologies to classify molecules originating from pathogen and endogenous molecules, respectively, to heighten the immune response in sepsis. Herein, we focus on a subgroup of endogenous molecules that may be detected as foreign and similarly trigger immune signaling pathways. These chromatin-associated molecules, i.e., chromatin containing nuclear DNA and histones, extracellular RNA, mitochondrial DNA, telomeric repeat-containing RNA, DNA- or RNA-binding proteins, and extracellular traps, may be newly classified as chromatin-associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Herein, we review the release of CAMPs from cells, their mechanism of action and downstream immune signaling pathways, and targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate inflammation and tissue injury in inflammation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Nofi
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,Elmezi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY USA
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23
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Oliva A, Meroño C, Traba J. Mitochondrial function and dysfunction in innate immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Mamtimin M, Pinarci A, Han C, Braun A, Anders HJ, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Extracellular DNA Traps: Origin, Function and Implications for Anti-Cancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:869706. [PMID: 35574410 PMCID: PMC9092261 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA may serve as marker in liquid biopsies to determine individual diagnosis and prognosis in cancer patients. Cell death or active release from various cell types, including immune cells can result in the release of DNA into the extracellular milieu. Neutrophils are important components of the innate immune system, controlling pathogens through phagocytosis and/or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs also promote tumor progression and metastasis, by modulating angiogenesis, anti-tumor immunity, blood clotting and inflammation and providing a supportive niche for metastasizing cancer cells. Besides neutrophils, other immune cells such as eosinophils, dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, basophils and lymphocytes can also form extracellular traps (ETs) during cancer progression, indicating possible multiple origins of extracellular DNA in cancer. In this review, we summarize the pathomechanisms of ET formation generated by different cell types, and analyze these processes in the context of cancer. We also critically discuss potential ET-inhibiting agents, which may open new therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medina Mamtimin
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Akif Pinarci
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Chao Han
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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25
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Fingerhut L, Yücel L, Strutzberg-Minder K, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Ohnesorge B, de Buhr N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Analysis Identify a Detrimental Impact of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps on Eye Structures in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830871. [PMID: 35251020 PMCID: PMC8896353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common ocular disease of horses and described as a model for human autoimmune uveitis. This immune-mediated, inflammatory condition progressively destroys the eye, ultimately leading to blindness. Genetic and autoimmune factors, next to infections with Leptospira, are discussed as key factors in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, a release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils is involved. NETs are composed of decondensed chromatin and proteins that can immobilize invading pathogens. However, if NETs accumulate, they can contribute to detrimental autoimmune processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of NETs in ERU patients. Therefore, we quantified several NET-markers (cell-free DNA, nucleosomes, citrullinated histone H3, histone-myeloperoxidase complexes, interleukin-17, equine cathelicidin 1 and DNase I activity) and NET-autoantibodies in sera and vitreous body fluids (VBF) of ERU-diseased horses and correlated the data with the disease status (signalment, ERU scores and Leptospira infection status). NET markers were detected to varying degrees in VBF of diseased horses, and partially correlated to disease severity and the presence of Leptospira spp. Cell-free DNA and nucleosomes as NET markers correlate with ERU severity in total and VBF scores, despite the presence of active DNases. Additionally, a significant correlation between fundus affection in the eye and NET autoantibodies was detectable. Therefore, we further investigated the influence of VBF samples from equine patients and isolated NETs on the blood-retina barrier in a cell culture model. VBF of diseased horses significantly induced cytotoxicity in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, partially digested NETs also resulted in cytotoxic effects. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main component of the leptospiral surface, both undigested and completely digested NETs were cytotoxic. Correlations between the ERU-scores and Leptospira were also calculated. Detection of leptospiral DNA, and antibody titers of the serovar Grippotyphosa correlated with disease severity. In addition, a correlation between Leptospira and several NET markers was observed in VBF. Altogether, our findings suggest a positive correlation between NET markers with disease severity and involvement of Leptospira in the VBF of ERU-diseased horses, as well as a cytotoxic effect of NETs in eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leyla Yücel
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Pasman R, Krom BP, Zaat SAJ, Brul S. The Role of the Oral Immune System in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis-Facilitated Invasion and Dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:851786. [PMID: 35464779 PMCID: PMC9021398 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.851786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus account for most invasive fungal and bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs), respectively. However, the initial point of invasion responsible for S. aureus BSIs is often unclear. Recently, C. albicans has been proposed to mediate S. aureus invasion of immunocompromised hosts during co-colonization of oral mucosal surfaces. The status of the oral immune system crucially contributes to this process in two distinct ways: firstly, by allowing invasive C. albicans growth during dysfunction of extra-epithelial immunity, and secondly following invasion by some remaining function of intra-epithelial immunity. Immunocompromised individuals at risk of developing invasive oral C. albicans infections could, therefore, also be at risk of contracting concordant S. aureus BSIs. Considering the crucial contribution of both oral immune function and dysfunction, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of intra and extra-epithelial oral immunity and discuss predominant immune deficiencies expected to facilitate C. albicans induced S. aureus BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Stanley Brul
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27
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Huang SUS, O’Sullivan KM. The Expanding Role of Extracellular Traps in Inflammation and Autoimmunity: The New Players in Casting Dark Webs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073793. [PMID: 35409152 PMCID: PMC8998317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first description of a new form of neutrophil cell death distinct from that of apoptosis or necrosis was discovered in 2004 and coined neutrophil extracellular traps "(NETs)" or "NETosis". Different stimuli for NET formation, and pathways that drive neutrophils to commit to NETosis have been elucidated in the years that followed. Critical enzymes required for NET formation have been discovered and targeted therapeutically. NET formation is no longer restricted to neutrophils but has been discovered in other innate cells: macrophages/monocytes, mast Cells, basophils, dendritic cells, and eosinophils. Furthermore, extracellular DNA can also be extruded from both B and T cells. It has become clear that although this mechanism is thought to enhance host defense by ensnaring bacteria within large webs of DNA to increase bactericidal killing capacity, it is also injurious to innocent bystander tissue. Proteases and enzymes released from extracellular traps (ETs), injure epithelial and endothelial cells perpetuating inflammation. In the context of autoimmunity, ETs release over 70 well-known autoantigens. ETs are associated with pathology in multiple diseases: lung diseases, vasculitis, autoimmune kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and psoriasis. Defining these pathways that drive ET release will provide insight into mechanisms of pathological insult and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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28
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Liu ZZ, Chen W, Zhou CK, Ma K, Gao Y, Yang YJ. Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Promotes Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Extracellular Traps Formation via the ROS-ERK Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836880. [PMID: 35399524 PMCID: PMC8984202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a cytosolic DNA sensor or directly recognizes bacterial cyclic dinucleotides, which is required for the detection of microbial infection. Extracellular traps (ETs) are known to be part of the antimicrobial defense system. However, the implication of STING in ETs formation during microbial infection remains unknown. Here, we showed that STING contributed to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced ETs formation through the ROS-ERK signaling. STING deficiency exhibited decreased cell-free DNA (cfDNA) level, reduced expression of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and diminished DNA colocalization with CitH3 and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Interestingly, NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted ETs formation, accompanied by increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in S. aureus-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Corresponding to less ROS production, decreased ERK1/2 activation was shown in STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Importantly, inhibiting the ROS-ERK signal reduced the ETs formation and the differences disappeared between WT and STING-/- BMDMs after S. aureus infection. Moreover, STING-/- BMDMs exhibited significantly increased levels of extracellular bacteria compared to WT BMDMs regardless of phagocytosis. In addition, such differences disappeared after DNase I treatment. DNase I treatment also facilitated pathogen colonization without affecting the inflammatory cells infiltration and pro-inflammatory factors secretion following pulmonary S. aureus infection. Furthermore, STING-/- mice presented decreased levels of cfDNA and CitH3, along with increased bacterial colonization compared to WT mice. Altogether, these findings highlighted that STING promoted ETs formation via the ROS-ERK signal for host defense against S. aureus infection.
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29
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Role of macrophage extracellular traps in innate immunity and inflammatory disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:21-32. [PMID: 35191493 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an integral role in initiating innate immune defences and regulating inflammation. They are also involved in maintaining homeostasis and the resolution of inflammation, by promoting tissue repair and wound healing. There is evidence that like neutrophils, macrophages can release extracellular traps following exposure to a range of pathogenic and pro-inflammatory stimuli. Extracellular traps are released by a specialised cell death pathway termed 'ETosis', and consist of a backbone of DNA and histones decorated with a range of other proteins. The composition of extracellular trap proteins can be influenced by both the cell type and the local environment in which the traps are released. In many cases, these proteins have an antimicrobial role and assist with pathogen killing. Therefore, the release of extracellular traps serves as a means to both immobilise and destroy invading pathogens. In addition to their protective role, extracellular traps are also implicated in disease pathology. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is causally linked to the development of wide range of human diseases. However, whether macrophage extracellular traps (METs) play a similar role in disease pathology is less well established. Moreover, macrophages are also involved in the clearance of extracellular traps, which could assist in the resolution of tissue damage associated with the presence of extracellular traps. In this review, we will provide an overview of the pathways responsible for macrophage extracellular trap release, and discuss the role of these structures in innate immunity and disease pathology and possible therapeutic strategies.
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30
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Schultz BM, Acevedo OA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Role of Extracellular Trap Release During Bacterial and Viral Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:798853. [PMID: 35154050 PMCID: PMC8825568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.798853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play an essential role during the clearance of pathogens that can release chromatin structures coated by several cytoplasmatic and granular antibacterial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These supra-molecular structures are produced to kill or immobilize several types of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The contribution of the NET release process (or NETosis) to acute inflammation or the prevention of pathogen spreading depends on the specific microorganism involved in triggering this response. Furthermore, studies highlight the role of innate cells different from neutrophils in triggering the release of extracellular traps during bacterial infection. This review summarizes the contribution of NETs during bacterial and viral infections, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in their formation and the relationship with different components of such pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Orlando A Acevedo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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ISHIKAWA S, MIYAZAWA M, ZIBIKI Y, KAMIKAKIMOTO R, HOBO S. Flow cytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid immune dynamics in calves. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:548-557. [PMID: 35153256 PMCID: PMC9096045 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the immune dynamics in the respiratory mucosa of calves is necessary for a
good management of bovine respiratory disease. Immune dynamics in the respiratory mucosa
in humans and experimental animals has been assessed by flow cytometric analysis of
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); however, few reports have addressed this subject in
calves. The aim of this study was to establish a universal method to analyze
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by flow cytometry and to obtain basic knowledge of
bovine respiratory mucosal immune dynamics. We investigated the immune cell populations in
BALF and evaluated the surface antigen expression of alveolar macrophages in calves using
flow cytometer. To further analyze the surface antigen variation observed in alveolar
macrophages in detail, stimulation assays were performed in vitro. BALF
cells were separated into three distinct populations based on their light scatter plot,
which were considered to be macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. In most
individuals, most of the BALF immune cells were alveolar macrophages, but an increased
proportion of lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed in some individuals. Analysis of
each surface antigen expression in alveolar macrophages showed that CD21 and MHC class II
expression changed in response to changes in the leukocyte population. Moreover, when
alveolar macrophages were stimulated with interferon-γ in vitro, the
expression of CD21 was drastically reduced and MHC class II was increased, suggesting that
functional changes in alveolar macrophages themselves are involved in the immune
dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo ISHIKAWA
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | | | | | - Seiji HOBO
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
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Lee Y, Reilly B, Tan C, Wang P, Aziz M. Extracellular CIRP Induces Macrophage Extracellular Trap Formation Via Gasdermin D Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780210. [PMID: 35003095 PMCID: PMC8732379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern promoting inflammation and tissue injury. During bacterial or viral infection, macrophages release DNA decorated with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins known as macrophage extracellular traps (METs). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a pore-forming protein that has been involved in extracellular trap formation in neutrophils. We hypothesized that eCIRP induces MET formation by activating GSDMD. Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells were differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and treated with recombinant murine (rm) CIRP. The MET formation was detected by three methods: time-lapse fluorescence microscopy (video imaging), colorimetry, and ELISA. Cleaved forms of GSDMD, and caspase-1 were detected by Western blotting. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP increased MET formation as revealed by SYTOX Orange Staining assay in a time- and dose-dependent manner. METs formed by rmCIRP stimulation were further confirmed by extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone H3, and myeloperoxidase. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rmCIRP significantly increased the cleaved forms of caspase-1 and GSDMD compared to PBS-treated cells. Treatment of macrophages with caspase-1, and GSDMD inhibitors z-VAD-fmk, and disulfiram, separately, significantly decreased rmCIRP-induced MET formation. We also confirmed rmCIRP-induced MET formation using primary cells murine peritoneal macrophages. These data clearly show that eCIRP serves as a novel inducer of MET formation through the activation of GSDMD and caspase-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchan Lee
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Bridgette Reilly
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Chuyi Tan
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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KIECKA ANETA, MACURA BARBARA, SZCZEPANIK MARIAN. Can Lactobacillus spp. Be a Factor Reducing the Risk of Miscarriage? Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:431-446. [PMID: 35003275 PMCID: PMC8702604 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy loss is a common obstetric problem. Significant causes of miscarriage include genetic and epigenetic disorders of the embryo, immunological and endocrine factors, uterine malformations, improper embryo selection, and lifestyle. Perhaps a hitherto underappreciated cause of miscarriage may be an abnormal microbiota composition of the female reproductive system. Lactobacillus spp. is the most common bacteria within the reproductive tract. However, the protective role of Lactobacilli in the vagina has been well described in the literature, while it is still unknown what function Lactobacilli may have in the uterus. Moreover, new research shows that Lactobacillus spp. can have a role in miscarriage. However, both molecular and immunological mechanisms of host-Lactobacillus spp. interactions are not fully understood. Understanding these relationships will help address the importance and extent of the protective role of Lactobacillus spp. in miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANETA KIECKA
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - BARBARA MACURA
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Cracow, Poland
| | - MARIAN SZCZEPANIK
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Cracow, Poland
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Helms MN, Liou TG. Spotlighting "Neutrophil Elastase Triggers the Release of Macrophage Extracellular Traps": A New Catch in CF? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:5-7. [PMID: 34748716 PMCID: PMC8803358 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0423ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- My N Helms
- University of Utah School of Medicine, 12348, Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Theodore G Liou
- University of Utah School of Medicine, 12348, Internal Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States;
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35
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Wu Z, Li P, Tian Y, Ouyang W, Ho JWY, Alam HB, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Host Immunity: Current Insights and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761946. [PMID: 34804050 PMCID: PMC8599989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze post-translational modifications of proteins by converting arginine residues into citrullines. Among the five members of the PAD family, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most frequently studied because of their abundant expression in immune cells. An increasing number of studies have identified PAD2 as an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The successes of preclinical research targeting PAD2 highlights the therapeutic potential of PAD2 inhibition, particularly in sepsis and autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PAD2 mediates host immunity remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the role of PAD2 in different types of cell death signaling pathways and the related immune disorders contrasted with functions of PAD4, providing novel therapeutic strategies for PAD2-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Patrick Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, New York University (NYU) Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenlu Ouyang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya 2 Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jessie Wai-Yan Ho
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Yongqing Li,
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Liu W, Wu D, Li S, Xu J, Li P, Jiang A, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Jiang L, Gao X, Yang Z, Wei Z. Glycolysis and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Participate in T-2 Toxin-Stimulated Chicken Heterophil Extracellular Traps. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12862-12869. [PMID: 34694797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin (T-2) is a kind of trichothecene toxin produced from Fusarium fungi, which is an environmental pollutant that endangers poultry and human health. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are not only a form of chicken immune defense against pathogen infection but also involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of several diseases. However, the immunotoxicity of T-2 on HET formation in vitro has not yet been reported. In this study, heterophils were exposed to T-2 at doses of 20, 40, and 80 ng/mL for 90 min. Observation of the structure of HETs by immunofluorescence staining and the mechanism of HET formation was analyzed by inhibitors and PicoGreen. These results showed that T-2-triggered HET formation consisted of DNA, elastase, and citH3. Furthermore, T-2 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the formation of T-2-triggered HETs was also decreased by the inhibitors of glycolysis, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathways, suggesting that T-2-induced HETs are associated with glycolysis, ROS production, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways, and NADPH oxidase. Taken together, this study elucidates the mechanism of T-2-triggered HET formation, and it may provide new insight into understanding the immunotoxicity of T-2 to early innate immunity in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Di Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuangqiu Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jingnan Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liqiang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinxin Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
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Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, Probiotics That Induce the Formation of Macrophage Extracellular Traps. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102027. [PMID: 34683348 PMCID: PMC8540962 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are considered living microorganisms that help preserve the health of the host who uses them. Bacillus are a genus of Gram-positive bacteria used as probiotics for animal and human consumption. They are currently distributed in various commercial forms. Two of the species used as probiotics are B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. Macrophages are central cells in the immune response, being fundamental in the elimination of microbial pathogens, for which they use various mechanisms, including the formation of extracellular traps (METs). There have been very few studies carried out on the participation of macrophages in response to the interaction of probiotics of the genus Bacillus with the host. In this work, we used macrophages from the J774A mouse cell line.1, and we found that they are susceptible to infection by the two Bacillus species. However, both species were eliminated as the infection progressed. Using confocal microscopy, we identified the formation of METs from the first hours of infection, which were characterized by the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrullinated histone (Hit3Cit). Quantitative data on extracellular DNA release were also obtained; release was observed starting in the first hour of infection. The induction of METs by B. licheniformis caused a significant decrease in the colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus. The induction of METS by bacteria of the Bacillus genus is a mechanism that participates in controlling the probiotic and potentially pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus. The induction of METs to control pathogens may be a novel mechanism that could explain the beneficial effects of probiotics of the genus Bacillus.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW RTX toxin action often defines the outcome of bacterial infections. Here, we discuss the progress in understanding the impacts of RTX toxin activities on host immunity. RECENT FINDINGS Bordetella pertussis CyaA activity paralyzes sentinel phagocytic cells by elevating cellular cAMP levels and blocks differentiation of infiltrating monocytes into bactericidal macrophages, promoting also de-differentiation of resident alveolar macrophages into monocyte-like cells. Vibrio cholerae multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxins (MARTX), through Rho inactivating and α/β-hydrolase (ABH) domain action blocks mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in epithelial cells and dampens the inflammatory responses of intestinal epithelia by blocking immune cell recruitment. The action of actin crosslinking effector domain and Ras/Rap1-specific endopeptidase (RRSP) domains of MARTX compromises the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LtxA action triggers neutrophil elastase release into periodontal tissue, compromising the epithelial barrier and promoting bacterial spreads into deeper tissue. SUMMARY Action of RTX toxins enables bacterial pathogens to cope with the fierce host immune defenses. RTX toxins often block phagocytosis and bactericidal reactive oxygen species and NO production. Some RTX toxins can reprogram the macrophages to less bactericidal cell types. Autophagy is hijacked for example by the activity of the V. cholerae ABH effector domain of the MARTX protein. Subversion of immune functions by RTX toxins thus promotes bacterial survival and proliferation in the host.
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A Review of the Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) from Cow, Sheep and Goat Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158046. [PMID: 34360812 PMCID: PMC8347029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the importance of understanding NETosis in cows, sheep, and goats in light of the importance to their health, welfare and use as animal models. Neutrophils are essential to innate immunity, pathogen infection, and inflammatory diseases. The relevance of NETosis as a conserved innate immune response mechanism and the translational implications for public health are presented. Increased understanding of NETosis in ruminants will contribute to the prediction of pathologies and design of strategic interventions targeting NETs. This will help to control pathogens such as coronaviruses and inflammatory diseases such as mastitis that impact all mammals, including humans. Definition of unique attributes of NETosis in ruminants, in comparison to what has been observed in humans, has significant translational implications for one health and global food security, and thus warrants further study.
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40
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Xie L, Ma Y, Opsomer G, Pascottini OB, Guan Y, Dong Q. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cattle health and disease. Res Vet Sci 2021; 139:4-10. [PMID: 34217982 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils largely contribute to the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens. They kill pathogens basically by the following mechanisms: phagocytosis and proteolytic degradation, the release of enzymes with bactericidal activities, and the production of fibers to entrap pathogens, also known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs capture pathogens as a mechanism of immune protection and have been studied in-depth in various fields of human medicine. However, research about NETs in cattle is relatively scarce. The present article reviews the generation mechanisms, structural composition, signal pathways, advantages (and disadvantages) of NETs, and summarizes the latest findings of NETs in cattle health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yixiong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yandong Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qiang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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41
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Wu S, Yang J, Sun G, Hu J, Zhang Q, Cai J, Yuan D, Li H, Hei Z, Yao W. Macrophage extracellular traps aggravate iron overload-related liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3783-3796. [PMID: 33959955 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Macrophages regulate iron homeostasis in the liver and play important role in hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study investigates the role of macrophages in iron overload-related hepatocyte damage during liver I/R. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Liver biopsies from patients undergoing partial hepatectomy with or without hepatic portal occlusion were recruited and markers of hepatocyte cell death and macrophage extracellular traps (METs) were detected. A murine hepatic I/R model was also established in high-iron diet-fed mice. Ferrostatin-1 and deferoxamine were administered to investigate the role of ferroptosis in hepatic I/R injury. The macrophage inhibitor liposome-encapsulated clodronate was used to investigate the interaction between macrophages and ferroptosis. AML12 hepatocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages were co-cultured in vitro. An inhibitor of macrophage extracellular traps was used to evaluate the role and mechanism of these traps and ferroptosis in hepatic I/R injury. KEY RESULTS Hepatocyte macrophage extracellular trap formation and ferroptosis were greater in patients who underwent hepatectomy with hepatic portal occlusion and in mice subjected to hepatic I/R. Macrophage extracellular traps increased when macrophages were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation and when they were co-cultured with hepatocytes. Ferroptosis increased and post-hypoxic hepatocyte survival decreased, which were reversed by inhibition of macrophage extracellular traps. Ferroptosis inhibition attenuated post-ischaemic liver damage. Moreover, iron overload induced hepatic ferroptosis and exacerbated post-ischaemic liver damage, which were reversed by the iron chelator. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Macrophage extracellular traps are in volved in regulating ferroptosis highlighting the therapeutic potential of macrophage extracellular traps and ferroptosis inhibition in reducing liver I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haobo Li
- Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Song N, Wang W, Wang Y, Guan Y, Xu S, Guo MY. Hydrogen sulfide of air induces macrophage extracellular traps to aggravate inflammatory injury via the regulation of miR-15b-5p on MAPK and insulin signals in trachea of chickens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145407. [PMID: 33548704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an environmental contaminant to cause the airway damage. The release of macrophage extracellular traps (METs) is the mechanism of immune protection to harmful stimulation via microRNAs, but excessive METs cause the injury. However, few studies have attempted to interpret the mechanism of an organism injury due to H2S via METs in chickens. Here, we investigated the transcriptome profiles, pathological morphologic changes and METs release from chicken trachea after H2S exposure. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that 10 differentially expressed genes were related to the METs release, the MAPK and insulin signaling pathways. Morphological and immunofluorescence analysis showed that H2S caused airway injury and MET release. H2S activated the targeting effect of miRNA-15b-5p on activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). Western blotting and real time quantitative PCR results showed that H2S down-regulated the levels of dual specificity protein phosophatase1 (DUSP1) but up-regulated p38 MAP Kinase (p38) in the MAPK signal pathway. And the expression of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and protein kinase ζ subtypes (PKCζ) in the insulin signal pathway were increased after H2S exposure. These promoted the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and degradation histone 4 (H4) to induce the release of METs. Taken together, miR-15b-5p targeted ATF2 to mediate METs release, which triggered trachea inflammatory injury via MAPK and insulin signals after H2S exposure. These results will provide new insights into the toxicological mechanisms of H2S and environmental ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yalin Guan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meng-Yao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Harbin 150030, China.
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43
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Funnicelli MIG, Alecrim JVC, Souza PG, Carvalho FCA, Belo MAA, Pizauro JM. Microglia extracellular traps in Oreochromis niloticus infected with Weissella cibaria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:148-153. [PMID: 33838222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of extracellular traps (ETs) is important in the cellular response against bacteria. Thus, in the present study, we describe for the first time the capacity of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) microglia in the formation of ETs in Weissella cibaria in vitro infection. Thus, we evaluated the ultrastructure of the microglia culture and observed the formation of ETs 6 h after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and during the course of infection. Our results shed light on the mechanism of formation of ETs in the microglia of teleost fish and the ability of W. cibaria to infect these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas F Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne C Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICS/FAPESP), 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelli I G Funnicelli
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V C Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Pedro G Souza
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Fabíola C A Carvalho
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), 69310-000, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Marco A A Belo
- Laboratory of Animal Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Brazil, 13690-000, Descalvado, Brazil; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Unesp, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João M Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Significance of Mast Cell Formed Extracellular Traps in Microbial Defense. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:160-179. [PMID: 34024033 PMCID: PMC8140557 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08861-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are critically involved in microbial defense by releasing antimicrobial peptides (such as cathelicidin LL-37 and defensins) and phagocytosis of microbes. In past years, it has become evident that in addition MCs may eliminate invading pathogens by ejection of web-like structures of DNA strands embedded with proteins known together as extracellular traps (ETs). Upon stimulation of resting MCs with various microorganisms, their products (including superantigens and toxins), or synthetic chemicals, MCs become activated and enter into a multistage process that includes disintegration of the nuclear membrane, release of chromatin into the cytoplasm, adhesion of cytoplasmic granules on the emerging DNA web, and ejection of the complex into the extracellular space. This so-called ETosis is often associated with cell death of the producing MC, and the type of stimulus potentially determines the ratio of surviving vs. killed MCs. Comparison of different microorganisms with specific elimination characteristics such as S pyogenes (eliminated by MCs only through extracellular mechanisms), S aureus (removed by phagocytosis), fungi, and parasites has revealed important aspects of MC extracellular trap (MCET) biology. Molecular studies identified that the formation of MCET depends on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we summarize the present state-of-the-art on the biological relevance of MCETosis, and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. We also provide an overview over the techniques used to study the structure and function of MCETs, including electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect MCET-associated proteins such as tryptase and histones, and cell-impermeant DNA dyes for labeling of extracellular DNA. Comparing the type and biofunction of further MCET decorating proteins with ETs produced by other immune cells may help provide a better insight into MCET biology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as microbial defense.
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Abstract
Odors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the 'behavioral immune system'.
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46
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Mónaco A, Canales-Huerta N, Jara-Wilde J, Härtel S, Chabalgoity JA, Moreno M, Scavone P. Salmonella Typhimurium Triggers Extracellular Traps Release in Murine Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:639768. [PMID: 33981627 PMCID: PMC8107695 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.639768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella comprises two species and more than 2500 serovars with marked differences in host specificity, and is responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from localized gastroenteritis to severe life-threatening invasive disease. The initiation of the host inflammatory response, triggered by many Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) that Salmonella possesses, recruits innate immune cells in order to restrain the infection at the local site. Neutrophils are known for killing bacteria through oxidative burst, amid other mechanisms. Amongst those mechanisms for controlling bacteria, the release of Extracellular Traps (ETs) represents a newly described pathway of programmed cell death known as ETosis. Particularly, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) were first described in 2004 and since then, a number of reports have demonstrated their role as a novel defense mechanism against different pathogens. This released net-like material is composed of cellular DNA decorated with histones and cellular proteins. These structures have shown ability to trap, neutralize and kill different kinds of microorganisms, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungi and parasites. Salmonella was one of the first microorganisms that were reported to be killed by NETs and several studies have confirmed the observation and deepened into its variants. Nevertheless, much less is known about their counterparts in other immune cells, e.g. Macrophage Extracellular Traps (METs) and Salmonella-induced MET release has never been reported so far. In this work, we observed the production of METs induced by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and recorded their effect on bacteria, showing for the first time that macrophages can also release extracellular DNA traps upon encounter with Salmonella Typhimurium. Additionally we show that METs effectively immobilize and reduce Salmonella survival in a few minutes, suggesting METs as a novel immune-mediated defense mechanism against Salmonella infection. Of note, this phenomenon was confirmed in primary macrophages, since MET release was also observed in bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with Salmonella. The evidence of this peculiar mechanism provides new incipient insights into macrophages´ role against Salmonella infection and can help to design new strategies for the clinical control of this transcendental pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mónaco
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicole Canales-Huerta
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge Jara-Wilde
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes Científicas SCIAN-Lab, Integrative Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de Informática Médica y Telemedicina CIMT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,National Center for Health Information Systems CENS, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jose Alejandro Chabalgoity
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Moreno
- Departamento de Desarrollo Biotecnológico, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paola Scavone
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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47
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Korai M, Purcell J, Kamio Y, Mitsui K, Furukawa H, Yokosuka K, Miyamoto T, Sato H, Sato H, Eguchi S, Ai J, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture. Hypertension 2021; 77:2084-2093. [PMID: 33813846 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Korai
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - James Purcell
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yoshinobu Kamio
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kazuha Mitsui
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hajime Furukawa
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kimihiko Yokosuka
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (S.E.)
| | - Jinglu Ai
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Department of Neurosurgery (M.T.L.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center (M.K., J.P., Y.K., K.M., H.F., K.Y., T.M., Hitomi Sato, Hiroki Sato, J.A., M.T.L., T.H.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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Li Y, Wan D, Luo X, Song T, Wang Y, Yu Q, Jiang L, Liao R, Zhao W, Su B. Circulating Histones in Sepsis: Potential Outcome Predictors and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650184. [PMID: 33868288 PMCID: PMC8044749 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Circulating histones (CHs), a group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules mainly derived from neutrophil extracellular traps, play a crucial role in sepsis by mediating inflammation response, organ injury and death through Toll-like receptors or inflammasome pathways. Herein, we first elucidate the molecular mechanisms of histone-induced inflammation amplification, endothelium injury and cascade coagulation activation, and discuss the close correlation between elevated level of CHs and disease severity as well as mortality in patients with sepsis. Furthermore, current state-of-the-art on anti-histone therapy with antibodies, histone-binding proteins (namely recombinant thrombomodulin and activated protein C), and heparin is summarized to propose promising approaches for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Li
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingyuan Wan
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyao Luo
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Song
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yu
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luojia Jiang
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoxi Liao
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baihai Su
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine of West China Hospital, Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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49
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Ladero-Auñon I, Molina E, Holder A, Kolakowski J, Harris H, Urkitza A, Anguita J, Werling D, Elguezabal N. Bovine Neutrophils Release Extracellular Traps and Cooperate With Macrophages in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis clearance In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645304. [PMID: 33815401 PMCID: PMC8010319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the underlying pathogen causing bovine paratuberculosis (PTB), an enteric granulomatous disease that mainly affects ruminants and for which an effective treatment is needed. Macrophages are the primary target cells for Map, which survives and replicates intracellularly by inhibiting phagosome maturation. Neutrophils are present at disease sites during the early stages of the infection, but seem to be absent in the late stage, in contrast to healthy tissue. Although neutrophil activity has been reported to be impaired following Map infection, their role in PTB pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Neutrophils are capable of releasing extracellular traps consisting of extruded DNA and proteins that immobilize and kill microorganisms, but this mechanism has not been evaluated against Map. Our main objective was to study the interaction of neutrophils with macrophages during an in vitro mycobacterial infection. For this purpose, neutrophils and macrophages from the same animal were cultured alone or together in the presence of Map or Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Extracellular trap release, mycobacteria killing as well as IL-1β and IL-8 release were assessed. Neutrophils released extracellular traps against mycobacteria when cultured alone and in the presence of macrophages without direct cell contact, but resulted inhibited in direct contact. Macrophages were extremely efficient at killing BCG, but ineffective at killing Map. In contrast, neutrophils showed similar killing rates for both mycobacteria. Co-cultures infected with Map showed the expected killing effect of combining both cell types, whereas co-cultures infected with BCG showed a potentiated killing effect beyond the expected one, indicating a potential synergistic cooperation. In both cases, IL-1β and IL-8 levels were lower in co-cultures, suggestive of a reduced inflammatory reaction. These data indicate that cooperation of both cell types can be beneficial in terms of decreasing the inflammatory reaction while the effective elimination of Map can be compromised. These results suggest that neutrophils are effective at Map killing and can exert protective mechanisms against Map that seem to fail during PTB disease after the arrival of macrophages at the infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia Ladero-Auñon
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Food Quality and Safety Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Angela Holder
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Kolakowski
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Harris
- Food Quality and Safety Department, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Cooperativas (CIC) bioGUNE-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development-Basque Research and Technology Allianca (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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50
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Ramos-Martínez E, Hernández-González L, Ramos-Martínez I, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, López-Cortés GI, Pérez-Campos E, Mayoral Andrade G, Hernández-Huerta MT, José MV. Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621311. [PMID: 33717121 PMCID: PMC7943724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- School of Sciences, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Campos
- Biochemistry and Immunology Unit, National Technological of Mexico/ITOaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Mayoral Andrade
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO, Faculty of Medicine, Benito Juárez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Marco V. José
- Theoretical Biology Group, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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