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Pirković A, Jovanović Krivokuća M, Vilotić A, Nacka-Aleksić M, Bojić-Trbojević Ž, Dekanski D. Oleuropein Stimulates Migration of Human Trophoblast Cells and Expression of Invasion-Associated Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:500. [PMID: 38203672 PMCID: PMC10779171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy establishment requires highly synchronized cross talk between the invasive trophoblast cells and the receptive maternal endometrium. Any disturbances in this tightly regulated process may lead to pregnancy complications. Local factors such as nutrients, hormones, cytokines and reactive oxygen species modulate the invasion of extravillous trophoblasts through critical signaling cascades. Epidemiological studies strongly indicate that a Mediterranean diet can significantly impact molecular pathways during placentation. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine whether oleuropein (OLE), one of the main compounds of the Mediterranean diet, may influence trophoblast cell adhesion and migration, as well as the expression of invasion-associated molecular markers and inflammatory pathways fostering these processes. HTR-8/SVneo cells were incubated with OLE at selected concentrations of 10 and 100 µM for 24 h. Results showed that OLE did not affect trophoblast cell viability, proliferation and adhesion after 24 h in in vitro treatment. The mRNA expression of integrin subunits α1, α5 and β1, as well as matrix-degrading enzymes MMP-2 and -9, was significantly increased after treatment with 10 µM OLE. Furthermore, OLE at a concentration of 10 µM significantly increased the protein expression of integrin subunits α1 and β1. Also, OLE inhibited the activation of JNK and reduced the protein expression of COX-2. Finally, a lower concentration of OLE 10 µM significantly stimulated migration of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrate the effects of OLE on the function of trophoblast cells by promoting cell migration and stimulating the expression of invasion markers. As suggested from results, these effects may be mediated via inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dragana Dekanski
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, Department for Biology of Reproduction, University of Belgrade, Banatska 31b, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (M.J.K.); (A.V.); (M.N.-A.); (Ž.B.-T.)
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2
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Yu X, Teng Q, Bao K, Chudhary M, Qi H, Zhou W, Che H, Liu J, Ren X, Kong L. Thioredoxin 1 overexpression attenuated diabetes-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in Müller cells via apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:421-433. [PMID: 36780445 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the common and serious chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), the related mechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has not been fully understood. Müller cell reactive gliosis is one of the early pathophysiological features of DR. Therefore, exploring the manner to reduce diabetes-induced Müller cell damage is essential to delay DR. Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1), one of the ubiquitous redox enzymes, plays a vital role in redox homeostasis via protein-protein interactions, including apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). Previous studies have shown that upregulation of Trx by some drugs can attenuate endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in DR, but the related mechanism was unclear. In this study, we used DM mouse and high glucose (HG)-cultured human Müller cells as models to clarify the effect of Trx1 on ERS and the underlying mechanism. The data showed that the diabetes-induced Müller cell damage was increased significantly. Moreover, the expression of ERS and reactive gliosis was also upregulated in diabetes in vivo and in vitro. However, it was reversed after Trx1 overexpression. Besides, ERS-related protein expression, reactive gliosis, and apoptosis were decreased after transfection with ASK1 small-interfering RNA in stable Trx1 overexpression Müller cells after HG treatment. Taken together, Trx1 could protect Müller cells from diabetes-induced damage, and the underlying mechanism was related to inhibited ERS via ASK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiufeng Teng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Kaimin Bao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Maryam Chudhary
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongxin Che
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, Life Science Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Overview of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Inflammatory Processes in Toxoplasma gondii Infected Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020253. [PMID: 36839525 PMCID: PMC9966443 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite. During the parasitic invasion, T. gondii creates a parasitophorous vacuole, which enables the modulation of cell functions, allowing its replication and host infection. It has effective strategies to escape the immune response and reach privileged immune sites and remain inactive in a controlled environment in tissue cysts. This current review presents the factors that affect host cells and the parasite, as well as changes in the immune system during host cell infection. The secretory organelles of T. gondii (dense granules, micronemes, and rhoptries) are responsible for these processes. They are involved with proteins secreted by micronemes and rhoptries (MIC, AMA, and RONs) that mediate the recognition and entry into host cells. Effector proteins (ROP and GRA) that modify the STAT signal or GTPases in immune cells determine their toxicity. Interference byhost autonomous cells during parasitic infection, gene expression, and production of microbicidal molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), result in the regulation of cell death. The high level of complexity in host cell mechanisms prevents cell death in its various pathways. Many of these abilities play an important role in escaping host immune responses, particularly by manipulating the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and inflammation. Here we present recent works that define the mechanisms by which T. gondii interacts with these processes in infected host cells.
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4
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El-kady AM, Al-Megrin WAI, Abdel-Rahman IAM, Sayed E, Alshehri EA, Wakid MH, Baakdah FM, Mohamed K, Elshazly H, Alobaid HM, Qahl SH, Elshabrawy HA, Younis SS. Ginger Is a Potential Therapeutic for Chronic Toxoplasmosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070798. [PMID: 35890042 PMCID: PMC9315699 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an opportunistic parasite that causes serious diseases in humans, particularly immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women. To date, there are limited numbers of therapeutics for chronic toxoplasmosis which necessitate the discovery of effective and safe therapeutics. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antitoxoplasmosis potential of ginger extract in mice with experimentally induced chronic toxoplasmosis. Results: Treatment with ginger extract significantly reduced cysts count in the brains of T. gondii-infected mice with a marked alleviation of edema and inflammation, and a reversal of neuronal injury. Moreover, ginger extract treatment reduced inflammation in liver and lungs and protected hepatocytes from infection-induced degeneration. Consistently, apoptosis was significantly mitigated in the brains of ginger extract-treated mice compared to infected untreated animals or spiramycin-treated animals. Methods: Four groups of Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. The first group was not infected, whereas 3 groups were infected with Me49 T. gondii strains. One infected group remained untreated (infected untreated), whereas the other two infected groups were treated with either ginger extract (250 mg/kg) or spiramycin (positive control; 100 mg/kg), respectively. The therapeutic potential of ginger extract was evaluated by calculation of the parasite burden in infected animals, and examination of the infected tissues for reduced pathologic changes. Conclusions: Our results showed for the first time that ginger extract exhibited marked therapeutic effects in mice with chronic T. gondii infection which indicates that it can be used as a safe and effective treatment for chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M. El-kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- Correspondence: Correspondence: (A.M.E.-k.); (H.A.E.)
| | - Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Iman A. M. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Eman Sayed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt;
| | - Eman Abdullah Alshehri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.A.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Majed H. Wakid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.W.); (F.M.B.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadi M. Baakdah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.W.); (F.M.B.)
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalil Mohamed
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 21961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hayam Elshazly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences -Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim 52571, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Hussah M. Alobaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.A.); (H.M.A.)
| | - Safa H. Qahl
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
- Correspondence: Correspondence: (A.M.E.-k.); (H.A.E.)
| | - Salwa S. Younis
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt;
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Jiang L, Liu B, Hou S, Su T, Fan Q, Alyafeai E, Tang Y, Wu M, Liu X, Li J, Hu Y, Li W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Wu J. Discovery and evaluation of chalcone derivatives as novel potential anti-Toxoplasma gondii agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Ashour H, Gamal SM, Sadek NB, Rashed LA, Hussein RE, Kamar SS, Ateyya H, Mehesen MN, ShamsEldeen AM. Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Uterine Receptivity in a Rat Model of Vitamin D Deficiency: A Possible Role of HOXA-10/FKBP52 Axis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744548. [PMID: 34899377 PMCID: PMC8655728 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronized uterine receptivity with the time of implantation is crucial for pregnancy continuity. Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been linked to the failure of implantation. Therefore, we tested the link between the Homeobox transcription factor-10/immunophilin FK506-binding protein 52 (HOXA-10/FKBP52) axis and the uterine receptivity in VD-deficient rats. The effect of VD supplementation at different doses was also investigated. Forty-eight pregnant rats were divided into six groups (eight/group); normal control rats fed with standard chow (control), control rats supplemented with VD (equivalent dose of 400 IU/day) (control-D400). VD-deficient group (DEF) and the three VD deficiency groups with VD supplementation were equivalent to 400, 4,000, and 10,000 IU/day (DEF-D400, DEF-D4000, and DEF-D10000, respectively). The expression levels of HOXA-10/FKBP52, progesterone level, and histological evaluation of decidualization using osteopontin (OSN) and progesterone receptor (PGR) were estimated. An assessment of the uterine contractility was conducted for all rats. This study showed the downregulation of HOXA-10/FKBP52 together with increased amplitude and frequency of the uterine contractility in the DEF group compared to control. VD dose-dependent supplementation restored progesterone/receptor competency, upregulated the expressional response of HOXA-10 and its downstream FKBP52, and improved uterine receptivity and endometrial decidualization at the time of implantation that was documented by increased area% of OSN and the number of implantation beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Ashour
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara Mahmoud Gamal
- Department of Physiology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Bakr Sadek
- Department of Physiology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania Elsayed Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samaa Samir Kamar
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Kasralainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hayam Ateyya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Nagi Mehesen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Tetrahydropalmatine Alleviates Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Lipid Peroxidation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Inflammasome Activation by Inhibiting the TLR4-NF- κB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6614985. [PMID: 34760017 PMCID: PMC8575622 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is a lipid metabolism disorder that can induce a series of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, and stroke, which seriously threaten human health. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is a component of the plant Rhizoma corydalis and has been shown to exert hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in HLP. However, whether THP regulates lipid peroxidation in hyperlipidemia, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammasome activation and even the underlying protective mechanism against HLP remain unclear. An animal model of HLP was established by feeding a high-fat diet to golden hamsters. Our results showed that THP reduced the body weight and adipose index; decreased the serum content of ALT, AST, TC, TG, and LDL-C; decreased the free fatty acid hepatic lipid content (liver index, TC, TG, and free fatty acid); inhibited oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; extenuated hepatic steatosis; and inhibited ER stress and inflammasome activation in high-fat diet-fed golden hamsters. In addition, for the first time, the potential mechanism by which THP protects against HLP through the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway was demonstrated. In conclusion, these data indicate that THP attenuates HLP through a variety of effects, including antioxidative stress, anti-ER stress, and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, THP also inhibited the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in golden hamsters.
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8
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Zhang RH, Jin R, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Jin CM. Evaluation of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity of Hederagenin in vitro and in vivo. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 59:297-301. [PMID: 34218602 PMCID: PMC8255499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is widespread worldwide, not only posing a serious threat to human food safety and animal husbandry, but also endangering human health. The selectivity index was employed to measure anti-T. gondii activity. Hederagenin (HE) exhibited potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity. For this reason, HE was selected for in vivo experiments. HE showed 64.8%±13.1% inhibition for peritoneal tachyzoites in mice, higher than spiramycin 56.8%±6.0%. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, illustrated that HE was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo. This compound was also effective in relieving T. gondii-induced liver damage. Collectively, it was demonstrated that HE had potential as an anti-T. gondii agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Runhao Jin
- School of nursing Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chun-Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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Taherimoghaddam M, Bahmanzadeh M, Maghsood AH, Fallah M, Tapak L, Foroughi-Parvar F. Toxoplasma gondii induced sperm DNA damage on the experimentally infected rats. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:351-358. [PMID: 34295033 PMCID: PMC8254694 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, as an obligate protozoan parasite, can infect a wide variety of animals as well as human. As some studies have shown, toxoplasmosis decreases the fertility potency in different hosts, so there is a necessity for studies to determine the effects of T. gondii on reproductive system. Therefore, this project was aimed to investigate the effect of toxoplasmosis on the male reproductive system and sperm DNA integrity. In this experimental study, 80 Wistar male rats were divided into two groups as follows: infected group (inoculated by T.gondii tachyzoites) and control group [injected by Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)]. Afterward, data were collected in every 10 days interval. The detailed description of the sperm parameters were recorded, and then, chromatin integrity of the epididymal sperm was analyzed using Aniline blue (AB), Acridine orange (AO), Chromomycin A3 (CMA3), and Toluidine blue (TB) staining. Sperm parameters (motility, viability, count, and normal sperm) significantly decreased in the infected rats. Sperm stained by AO staining showed a higher percentage in the infected rats compared to the control group on day 70 (P = 0.03). The mean percentages of AB stained sperm on days 30 (P = 0.01) and 50 (P = 0.02) were higher than the healthy group. Also, the significant rising of the stained sperm was observed in the infected group on day 20 (P = 0.01). Sperm stained with TB in the infected group has significantly increased on days 30 to 60 [day 30 (P = 0.001), 40 (P < 0.001), 50 (P = 0.014), and 60 (P = 0.001)]. T. gondii infection leads to the diminished fertility parameters as well as the damaged DNA sperm. The parasite could temporarily interfere with the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monir Taherimoghaddam
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 65157838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Maryam Bahmanzadeh
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Maghsood
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 65157838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fallah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 65157838736, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leili Tapak
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 65157838736, Hamadan, Iran
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Guo Z, Gao WS, Wang YF, Gao F, Wang W, Ding WY. MiR-502 Suppresses TNF- α-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis by Targeting TARF2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5558369. [PMID: 33869626 PMCID: PMC8035021 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5558369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common cause of low back pain. This study is aimed at investigating the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating human nucleus pulposus (NP) cell injury induced by tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in IVDD. In this study, we induced NP cells with 20 ng/mL TNF-α in vitro, which promoted the obvious apoptosis of NP cells and the activation of nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB. In contrast, using the specific NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 to treat cells greatly impaired the activation of NF-κB and increased the sensitivity of NP cells to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Moreover, both TNF-α and BAY 11-7082 treatments were associated with marked miRNA dysregulation, with miR-502 being upregulated by TNF-α treatment and downregulated by BAY 11-7082 treatment, respectively. And the overexpression of miR-502 enhanced NF-κB activation and suppressed apoptosis of human NP cells induced by TNF-α, whereas the opposite was observed following miR-502 inhibition. Last, through bioinformatic analyses and luciferase reporter gene experiments, we identified TRAF2, an important activator of NF-κB, as a miR-502 target gene. Similarly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of the TRAF2 expression also suppressed TNF-α-induced apoptosis and enhanced NF-κB activation. Our findings provide evidence indicating that miR-502 is a key regulator of apoptosis of human NP cells induced by TNF-α by targeting TRAF2 and activating NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Guo
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Wen-Shan Gao
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Yun-Fei Wang
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Ding
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
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Saki J, Sabaghan M, Arjmand R, Teimoori A, Rashno M, Saki G, Shojaee S. Spermatogonia apoptosis induction as a possible mechanism of Toxoplasma gondii-induced male infertility. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1164-1171. [PMID: 32963738 PMCID: PMC7491504 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.43535.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as an intracellular protozoan is widely prevalent in humans and animals. Infection generally occurs through consuming food contaminated with oocysts and tissue cysts from undercooked meat. The parasite is carried in sexual fluids like semen but there is little information about the effect of T. gondii on the male reproductive system. In this study, we examined the effect of T. gondii tachyzoites on apoptosis induction in type B spermatogonia (GC-1) cells. Materials and Methods: Fresh tachyzoites taken of infected BALB/c mice, GC-1 spg cells were infected with increasing concentrations of tachyzoites of T. gondii, then apoptotic cells were identified and quantified by flow cytometry. The genes associated with apoptosis were evaluated by RT2 Profiler PCR Array. Results: PCR array analysis of 84 apoptosis-related genes demonstrated that 12 genes were up-regulated at least 4-fold and that one gene was down-regulated at least 2-fold in the T. gondii infection group compared with levels in the control group. The number of genes whose expression had increased during the period of infection with T. gondii was significantly higher than those whose expressions had decreased (18 versus 1) and Tnfrsf11b had the highest rate of gene expression. Conclusion: T. gondii induce in vitro apoptosis of GC-1 spg cells. This effect shows a trend of concentration-dependent increase so that with an increase in the ratio of parasite burden to spermatogonial cells, in addition to an increase in the number of genes whose expression has changed, the fold of these changes has increased as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasem Saki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Sabaghan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Arjmand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghasem Saki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shojaee
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Su AL, Loch-Caruso R. Comparison of rat fetal sex determination using placental gDNA and mRNA via qRT-PCR. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND METHODS 2020; 3:107. [PMID: 33196062 PMCID: PMC7665159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A growing need exists to consider fetal sex as a biological variable and accurately assess sex-specific effects. Among the multiple methods used to determine fetal sex, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of Sry (sex-determining region Y) with genomic DNA (gDNA) is commonly used in addition to use of methodologies such as transcriptomics and detection of Barr body. However, Sry messenger RNA (mRNA), a product of Sry gDNA, has not been previously assessed for sex determination. Using placental samples from timed-pregnant Wistar rats at gestational day (GD) 16, this study assessed the compatibility of Sry detection using gDNA versus mRNA to determine fetal sex. Samples used in this current study come from a larger study that investigated trichloroethylene (TCE) reproductive toxicity and potential modulation by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). In 90 out of 91 samples, the sex classification determined by gDNA matched the sex classification determined by mRNA analyzing Sry (Sry/B2m) values. For both gDNA and mRNA, statistically significant differences in Sry/B2m values between males and females were observed with samples considered in totality and when samples were separated by treatment groups (all comparisons were p<0.01 or below, and all but two comparisons were p<0.001 or below). Finally, the validity of using Sry Cq values to determine fetal sex and the B2m reference gene were also discussed. Together, this study suggests that determination of fetal sex in Wistar rats can be accomplished using Sry measurements in gDNA or mRNA with highly compatible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Su
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA
- Current address: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Rita Loch-Caruso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029 USA
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Xu L, Yu Y, Sang R, Ge B, Wang M, Zhou H, Zhang X. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide protects against adverse pregnancy caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection through regulating Th17/Treg balance via TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:832-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Toxoplasma gondii Modulates the Host Cell Responses: An Overview of Apoptosis Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6152489. [PMID: 31080827 PMCID: PMC6475534 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii has a major implication in public health. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect all nucleated cells belonging to a wide range of host species. One of the particularities of this parasite is its invasion and persistence in host cells of immunocompetent people. This infection is usually asymptomatic. In immunocompromised patients, the infection is severe and symptomatic. The mechanisms by which T. gondii persists are poorly studied in humans. In mouse models, many aspects of the interaction between the parasite and the host cells are being studied. Apoptosis is one of these mechanisms that could be modulated by Toxoplasma to persist in host cells. Indeed, Toxoplasma has often been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis and viability mechanisms in both human and murine infection models. Several of these studies centered on the regulation of apoptosis pathways have revealed interference of this parasite with host cell immunity, cell signalling, and invasion mechanisms. This review provides an overview of recent studies concerning the effect of Toxoplasma on different apoptotic pathways in infected host cells.
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Huang W, Ding H, Chen LY, Ni L, Ruan YF, Zou XX, Ye M, Zou SQ. Protective Effect of the Total Triterpenes of Euscaphis konishii Hayata Pericarp on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Plus Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:1806021. [PMID: 31080480 PMCID: PMC6475556 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1806021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury has been recognized as a primary cause of hepatic morbidity and mortality. Euscaphis konishii Hayata, also called Euscaphis fukienensis Hsu, is usually used as a detumescent and analgesic agent to improve liver function in South China, but its mechanism of action and chemical composition are unclear. OBJECTIVE The main aim of the study was to investigate the constituent and potential hepatoprotective mechanism of the total triterpenes of E. konishii pericarp (TTEP). METHODS The constituent of TTEP was analyzed by a series of silica gel column to get single compounds and then identified by NMR and MS. In vitro assays were conducted to test the free radical scavenging activity of TTEP. The BCG/LPS-induced immunological livery injury mice model was established to clarify the hepatoprotective effect of TTEP in vivo. RESULTS 8 pentacyclic triterpene acids were separated and identified by NMR and MS. TTEP treatment (50, 100, and 200 mg/Kg) improved the immune function of the BCG/LPS-infected mice, dose-dependently alleviated the BCG/LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and ameliorated the hepatocyte apoptosis in the liver tissue. CONCLUSION The pericarp of E. konishii may be further considered as a potent natural food for liver disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu-yao Chen
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lin Ni
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-fang Ruan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xiao-xing Zou
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Min Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Shuang-quan Zou
- Engineering Research Institute of Conservation, Utilization of Natural Bioresources, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Dong M, Xiao XZ, Su ZG, Yu ZH, Qian CG, Liu JH, Zhao JC, Shen QD. Light-Induced ROS Generation and 2-DG-Activated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Antitumor Nanosystems: An Effective Combination Therapy by Regulating the Tumor Microenvironment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900212. [PMID: 30941900 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal cancer therapeutic nanoplatform is reported. It demonstrates a promising approach to synergistically regulating the tumor microenvironment. The combination of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by irradiation of photosensitizer and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) has a profound effect on necrotic or apoptotic cell death. Especially, targeting metabolic pathway by 2-DG is a promising strategy to promote the effect of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. The nanoplatform can readily release its cargoes inside cancer cells and combines the advantages of ROS-sensitive releasing chemotherapeutic drugs, upregulating apoptosis pathways under ER stress, light-induced generation of cytotoxic ROS, achieving tumor accumulation, and in vivo fluorescence imaging capability. This work highlights the importance of considering multiple intracellular stresses as design parameters for nanoscale functional materials in cell biology, immune response, as well as medical treatments of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan-Zhong Xiao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Gui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Hang Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Gen Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jia-Hao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qun-Dong Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Anvari D, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Aghayan SA, Gholami S, Pagheh AS, Hosseini SA, Saberi R, Chegeni TN, Hosseininejad Z, Daryani A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:30-42. [PMID: 30708042 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is a great public health concern in cancer patients, which can induce serious pathological effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the worldwide seroprevalence rate of T. gondii infection among cancer patients. A search was conducted on five electronic databases that reported data on T. gondii seroprevalence in cancer patients. The searching process resulted in the inclusion of 57 studies. The results showed that T. gondii had the pooled prevalence of 30.8% in cancer patients using a random-effect model (95% CI: 26.3-35.6). Cancer patients had a higher overall prevalence of T. gondii infection, compared to those without cancer. Furthermore, the odds ratio of toxoplasmosis in cancer patients was 3.1 times, compared to that of controls (95% CI: 2.5-3.8, P < 0.0001). Toxoplasmosis had a higher prevalence in females (40%) than in males (33%). Furthermore, the age group of upper 40 years had the highest prevalence infection rate (30%). In addition, a significant association was also observed between toxoplasmosis infection and year (P < 0.001), type of cancer (P < 0.001), country (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.006) and diagnostic method (P < 0.001) in cancer patients. Considering the high prevalence of T. gondii infection in cancer patients and its serious outcomes, the researchers are suggested to carry out further studies to prevent and control toxoplasmosis among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Anvari
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Saberi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Tooran Nayeri Chegeni
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseininejad
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation and Preimplantation Embryo Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020409. [PMID: 30669355 PMCID: PMC6359168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and early embryos derived from in vitro production are highly susceptible to a variety of cellular stresses. During oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development, functional proteins must be folded properly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to maintain oocyte and embryo development. However, some adverse factors negatively impact ER functions and protein synthesis, resulting in the activation of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways. ER stress and UPR signaling have been identified in mammalian oocytes and embryos produced in vitro, suggesting that modulation of ER stress and UPR signaling play very important roles in oocyte maturation and the development of preimplantation embryos. In this review, we briefly describe the current state of knowledge regarding ER stress, UPR signaling pathways, and their roles and mechanisms in mammalian (excluding human) oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development.
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Li J, Zhao Y, Zhou N, Li L, Li K. Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Diabetes Mellitus by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:7869318. [PMID: 31886285 PMCID: PMC6914963 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7869318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) combined with myocardial ischemia, how to reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in DM patients has become a major problem faced by clinicians. We investigated the therapeutic effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in DM rats and its effect on endoplasmic reticulum stress. METHODS SD rats with SPF grade were randomly divided into 6 groups: non-DM rats were divided into the sham operation group (NDM-S group), ischemia-reperfusion group (NDM-IR group), and dexmedetomidine group (NDM-DEX group); DM rats were divided into the diabetic sham operation group (DM-S group), diabetes-reperfusion group (DM-IR group), and diabetes-dexmedetomidine (DM-DEX) group, with 10 rats in each group. Then the effects of DEX on the changes of CK-MB and cTnT levels were examined. The effects of myocardial pathological damage and myocardial infarct size were detected. The apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was detected. The apoptosis of heart tissue cells was also tested through the expressions of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins. The expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins GRP78, CHOP, ERO1α, ERO1β, and PDI was examined. The hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury cell model was established, the effects of DEX, DEX+ ERS agonist on cell apoptosis was also detected. RESULTS The myocardial damage of DM-IR was more severe than that of NDM-IR rats. DEX could reduce the expression of CK-MB and cTnT, reduce pathological damage, and reduce scar formation and improve fibrosis. DEX can reduce the expression of GRP78, CHOP, ERO1α, ERO1β, and PDI proteins in vivo and in vitro. And the effect of DEX on cell apoptosis could be blocked by ERS agonist. CONCLUSION DEX attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in DM rats and H/R injury cell, which is associated with the reduction of ERS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Creatine Kinase, MB Form/blood
- Dexmedetomidine/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Fibrosis
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/complications
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Protein Disulfide-Isomerases/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factor CHOP/metabolism
- Troponin T/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun Jilin 130021, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Longyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126, Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
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Wang W, Guo Z, Yang S, Wang H, Ding W. Upregulation of miR-199 attenuates TNF-α-induced Human nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis by downregulating MAP3K5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:917-924. [PMID: 30309653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-199 has been reported to play a potential role in the apoptosis of Human nucleus pulposus cells. However, the effect of miR-199 in regulating Human nucleus pulposus cell injury induced by TNF-α has not been previously illustrated. This study searched to probe the effect and the molecular mechanism of miR-199 on Human nucleus pulposus cell injury induced by TNF-α. Using the TNF-α model of Human nucleus pulposus cell in vitro, we found that miR-199 was extremely decreased in Human nucleus pulposus cells after TNF-α treatment. Knockdown the expression of miR-199 by recombinant adeno-associated viral vector infection markedly promoted the apoptosis of Human nucleus pulposus cells induced by TNF-α treatment, whereas miR-199 overexpression significantly decreased Human nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis. Both Dual-luciferase reporter and western blot assay proved that MAP3K5 was a direct target gene of miR-199, and miR-199 inhibited the expression of MAP3K5 via binding to its 3'-UTR. Furthermore, we proved that overexpression of miR-199 could inhibit the expression of MAP3K5 at the transcription and translation levels, whereas the inhibition of miR-199 could upregulate the expression of MAP3K5. Moreover, MAP3K5 was highly expressed in TNF-α treated Human nucleus pulposus cells and the apoptosis rate induced by TNF-α was associated with the increase in MAP3K5 expression. Importantly, knockdown the expression of MAP3K5 apparently abrogated the inhibitory effect of miR-199 mimics on TNF-α induced Human nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis. In conclusion, these results indicate that upregulation of miR-199 could inhibit Human nucleus pulposus cells injury through downregulation of MAP3K5 expression, providing an important molecular target mechanism for Human nucleus pulposus cells injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao Guo
- Orthopedics Department, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Sidong Yang
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenyuan Ding
- Orthopedics Department, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Effects of Aloe vera and Eucalyptus methanolic extracts on experimental toxoplasmosis in vitro and in vivo. Exp Parasitol 2018; 192:6-11. [PMID: 30031121 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which is most commonly treated by pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. However, this treatment presents several adverse side effects; Thus, new drugs with lower toxicities are urgently needed. In this study the anti-T. gondii activity of A. vera and Eucalyptus extracts were evaluated in vitro using a MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and in vivo by measuring the survival rates of mice infected with 2 × 103 tachyzoites of RH strain of T. gondii and then injected intraperitoneally by different concentrations of extracts for 4 days. Biochemical parameters such as Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay were also evaluated. As results, in the in vitro assay, the IC50 values were 13.2, 24.7, 2.63 μg/ml, and the selectivity indexes were 3.3, 2.4, 3.03 for the A. vera, Eucalyptus and pyrimethamine, respectively. The mice treated with Eucalyptus showed a better survival rate than others (P < 0.05). The increased weight of liver and spleen, due to infection, was reduced by treatments. In FRAP assay Eucalyptus showed a better antioxidant activity than the other extracts. MDA levels in both liver and spleen were reduced by treatment. The results show that A. Vera and Eucalyptus possess anti-T. gondii activities in vitro and in vivo, in addition, Eucalyptus shows antioxidant activity with a higher survival rate. Therefore, Eucalyptus may be a useful candidate for treating Toxoplasma infection. Moreover, further studies are required to investigate the fractionations of this plant against T. gondii.
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Yang H, Li W, Wang L, He X, Sun H, Zhang J. The Proteins from Sika deer antler as potential modulators on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1982-1986. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1356839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihai Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Changchun Science-Technology University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Mikaeiloo H, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sharifi Z, Hassan ZM. Apoptotic activity and anti-Toxoplasma effects of artemether on the tachyzoites and experimental infected Vero and J774 cell lines by Toxoplasma gondii. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:179-85. [PMID: 27127321 PMCID: PMC4825436 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.178838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drugs used for toxoplasmosis have limited efficacy and also severe side effects. A new drug with good efficacy and limited side effects is need of the hour. We studied the effects of artemether on Toxoplasma gondii in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Artemether (methyl-ether-qinghaosu) was tested for tachyzoites, J774, and Vero cell lines infected by T. gondii. For evaluating the effect of drugs on Vero cells infected with T. gondii, we designed two separate experiments; in the first experiment, the Vero cells were infected with tachyzoites and then treated with artemether; while in the second one, the tachyzoites were exposed to artemether and then Vero cells were infected with treated tachyzoites. For evaluating the apoptotic effect of artemether on tachyzoites and infected J774 macrophages cell line with T. gondii, we used flow cytometry method. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) was evaluated by intracellular replication of tachyzoites in Vero cells. RESULTS IC50 for infected Vero cells with tachyzoites was determined as 49.13 μg/ml. In pretreated tachyzoites with artemether before entering into Vero cells, IC50 was calculated as 13.15 μg/ml. In both experiments, artemether showed a higher inhibitory effect than sulfadiazine (positive control). Artemether even at the highest concentrations only showed low cytotoxicity on Vero and J774 cell lines. Apoptosis in tachyzoites rise with an increasing concentration of artemether. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that artemether is effective to control the tachyzoites of T. gondii in vitro and maybe a good alternative drug for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Mikaeiloo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Rottlerin-mediated inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii growth in BeWo trophoblast-like cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1279. [PMID: 28455500 PMCID: PMC5430667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a crucial and physiological process for cell survival from yeast to mammals, including protozoan parasites. Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite, typically exploits autophagic machinery of host cell; however host cell upregulates autophagy to combat the infection. Herein we tested the efficacy of Rottlerin, a natural polyphenol with autophagic promoting properties, against Toxoplasma infection on the chorioncarcinoma-derived cell line BeWo. We found that Rottlerin, at sub-toxic doses, induced morphological and biochemical alterations associated with autophagy and decreased Toxoplasma growth in infected cells. Although autophagy was synergically promoted by Toxoplasma infection in combination with Rottlerin treatment, the use of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine revealed that Rottlerin anti-parasitic effect was largely autophagy-independent and likely mediated by the converging inhibitory effect of Rottlerin and Toxoplasma in host protein translation, mediated by mTOR inhibition and eIF2α phosphorylation. Both events, which on one hand could explain the additive effect on autophagy induction, on the other hand led to inhibition of protein synthesis, thereby depriving Toxoplasma of metabolically essential components for multiplication. We suggest that modulation of the competition between pathogen requirement and host cell defense might be an attractive, novel therapeutic approach against Toxoplasma infection and encourage the development of Rottlerin-based new therapeutic formulations.
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Zhang YH, He M, Wang Y, Liao AH. Modulators of the Balance between M1 and M2 Macrophages during Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:120. [PMID: 28232836 PMCID: PMC5299000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a subset of mononuclear phagocytes of the innate immune system with high plasticity and heterogeneity. At the maternal–fetal interface, macrophages are present in all stages of pregnancy and involved in a variety of activities, including regulation of immune cell activities, decidualization, placental cell invasion, angiogenesis, parturition, and postpartum uterine involution. The activation state and function of uterine–placental macrophages are largely dependent on the local tissue microenvironment. However, disruption of the uterine microenvironment can have profound effects on macrophage activity and subsequently impact pregnancy outcome. Thus, appropriately and timely regulated macrophage polarization has been considered a key determinant of successful pregnancy. Targeting macrophage polarization might be an efficient strategy for maintaining maternal–fetal immune homeostasis and a normal pregnancy. Here, we will review the latest findings regarding the modulators regulating macrophage polarization in healthy pregnancies and pregnancy complications, which might provide a basis for macrophage-centered therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , P.R. China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province , Wuhan , P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province , Wuhan , P.R. China
| | - Ai-Hua Liao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , P.R. China
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Zhang J, Feng Z, Wang C, Zhou H, Liu W, Kanchana K, Dai X, Zou P, Gu J, Cai L, Liang G. Curcumin derivative WZ35 efficiently suppresses colon cancer progression through inducing ROS production and ER stress-dependent apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:275-288. [PMID: 28337376 PMCID: PMC5336501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is characterized by its fast progression and poor prognosis, and novel agents of treating colon cancer are urgently needed. WZ35, a synthetic curcumin derivative, has been reported to exhibit promising antitumor activity. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo activities of WZ35 and explored the underlying mechanisms in colon cancer cell lines. WZ35 treatment significantly decreased the cell viability associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in colon cancer cell lines. We also show that WZ35 is highly effective in inhibiting tumor growth in a CT26 xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, WZ35 treatment significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CT26 cells. Abrogation of ROS production by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) co-treatment almost totally reversed the WZ35-induced cell apoptosis and ER stress activation. Inhibition of p-PERK by GSK2606414 can significantly reverse WZ35-induced cell apoptosis in CT26 cells. Taken together, the curcumin derivative WZ35 exhibited anti-tumor effects in colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, via a ROS-ER stress-mediated mechanism. These findings indicate that activating ROS generation could be an important strategy for the treatment of colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Zhiguo Feng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Karvannan Kanchana
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xuanxuan Dai
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of The University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Kosair Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of The University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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Ge G, Yan Y, Cai H. Ginsenoside Rh2 Inhibited Proliferation by Inducing ROS Mediated ER Stress Dependent Apoptosis in Lung Cancer Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2117-2124. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Yan Yan
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Xue D, Deng G, Li M, Liu X, Wang Y. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae induces sheep airway epithelial cell apoptosis through an ERK signalling-mediated mitochondria pathway. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:222. [PMID: 27663303 PMCID: PMC5035462 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a species of Mycoplasma bacteria that specifically infects sheep and goat, causing ovine infectious pleuropneumonia. However, the mechanism underlying the pathogen-host interaction between M. ovipneumoniae and airway epithelial cells is unknown. Methods A primary air-liquid interface (ALI) epithelial culture model generated from the bronchial epithelial cells of Ningxia Tan sheep (ovis aries) was employed to explore the potential mechanism of M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis by characterizing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) and anti-oxidative enzymes, as well as the mitochondrial membrane potentials, cytochrome C release, and activities of ERK and caspase signalling pathways. Results Increased ROS production and MDA concentration with mitochondrial membrane dysfunction and apoptotic cell death but decreased expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione synthetase (GSS), total superoxide dismutaes (T-SOD) and Mn-SOD were observed in sheep airway epithelial cells infected with M. ovipneumoniae. Mechanistically, the M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial integrity reflected mechanisms by which pathogen-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling sequentially led to mitochondrial damage and release of Cyt-C into the cytoplasm, which in turn triggered the activation of caspase signalling cascade, resulting in the apoptosis of host cells. Conclusions These results suggest that M. ovipneumoniae-induced ROS and MAPK signalling-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathways might play key roles in the pathogenesis of M. ovipneumoniae infection in sheep lungs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0842-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Di Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.
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29
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Gu LL, Zhang XY, Xing WM, Xu JD, Lu H. Andrographolide-induced apoptosis in human renal tubular epithelial cells: Roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory response. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:257-264. [PMID: 27344125 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide sodium bisulfate as a kind of soluble derivative of andrographolide (AD), is obviously known to be nephrotoxicity, but AD has not been reported clearly. Our study aimed to investigate the induction of apoptosis in human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells by AD and its possible mechanism. Our results demonstrated that AD (0-250μmol/L) inhibited Hk-2 cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, accompanied by decreased of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased of malondialdehvde (MDA) content. Simultaneously, AD regulated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78/Bip) protein, elevated the expressions of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Caspase-4, indicating activation of ER stress signaling, and induced the alterative expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) proteins. It provided evidence that ER stress and inflammation would be significant mechanisms responsible for AD-induced apoptosis in addition to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Gu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 31003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Min Xing
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.
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30
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Byndloss MX, Keestra-Gounder AM, Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM. NOD1 and NOD2: New Functions Linking Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation. DNA Cell Biol 2016; 35:311-3. [PMID: 27341284 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viruses have long been known to subvert the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for their replication, recent work has shown that this strategy is also used by bacterial pathogens and parasites to promote their intracellular growth. The ensuing disruption of cellular processes triggers a condition known as ER stress, which activates the host cell's unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. Recent work has linked the UPR, in particular the arm of this response that depends on the ER-resident sensor IRE1, to innate immunity and inflammation. Surprisingly, two intracellular innate immune receptors, NOD1 and NOD2, previously shown to sense bacterial peptidoglycan, were found to transduce ER stress signals to elicit inflammation. Given the known roles of both ER stress and NOD2 in chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and type 2 diabetes, this new link has important implications for understanding the basis for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California , Davis, Davis, California
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31
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The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications. mBio 2016. [PMID: 27273827 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00809‐16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inaccurate data in scientific papers can result from honest error or intentional falsification. This study attempted to determine the percentage of published papers that contain inappropriate image duplication, a specific type of inaccurate data. The images from a total of 20,621 papers published in 40 scientific journals from 1995 to 2014 were visually screened. Overall, 3.8% of published papers contained problematic figures, with at least half exhibiting features suggestive of deliberate manipulation. The prevalence of papers with problematic images has risen markedly during the past decade. Additional papers written by authors of papers with problematic images had an increased likelihood of containing problematic images as well. As this analysis focused only on one type of data, it is likely that the actual prevalence of inaccurate data in the published literature is higher. The marked variation in the frequency of problematic images among journals suggests that journal practices, such as prepublication image screening, influence the quality of the scientific literature.
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Abstract
Inaccurate data in scientific papers can result from honest error or intentional falsification. This study attempted to determine the percentage of published papers that contain inappropriate image duplication, a specific type of inaccurate data. The images from a total of 20,621 papers published in 40 scientific journals from 1995 to 2014 were visually screened. Overall, 3.8% of published papers contained problematic figures, with at least half exhibiting features suggestive of deliberate manipulation. The prevalence of papers with problematic images has risen markedly during the past decade. Additional papers written by authors of papers with problematic images had an increased likelihood of containing problematic images as well. As this analysis focused only on one type of data, it is likely that the actual prevalence of inaccurate data in the published literature is higher. The marked variation in the frequency of problematic images among journals suggests that journal practices, such as prepublication image screening, influence the quality of the scientific literature.
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Zhou CX, Elsheikha HM, Zhou DH, Liu Q, Zhu XQ, Suo X. Dual Identification and Analysis of Differentially Expressed Transcripts of Porcine PK-15 Cells and Toxoplasma gondii during in vitro Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:721. [PMID: 27242740 PMCID: PMC4865485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is responsible for causing toxoplasmosis, one of the most prevalent zoonotic parasitoses worldwide. The mechanisms that mediate T. gondii infection of pigs (the most common source of human infection) and renal tissues are still unknown. To identify the critical alterations that take place in the transcriptome of both porcine kidney (PK-15) cells and T. gondii following infection, infected cell samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 h post infection and RNA-Seq data were acquired using Illumina Deep Sequencing. Differential Expression of Genes (DEGs) analysis was performed to study the concomitant gene-specific temporal patterns of induction of mRNA expression of PK-15 cells and T. gondii. High sequence coverage enabled us to thoroughly characterize T. gondii transcriptome and identify the activated molecular pathways in host cells. More than 6G clean bases/sample, including >40 million clean reads were obtained. These were aligned to the reference genome of T. gondii and wild boar (Sus scrofa). DEGs involved in metabolic activities of T. gondii showed time-dependent down-regulation. However, DEGs involved in immune or disease related pathways of PK-15 cells peaked at 6 h PI, and were highly enriched as evidenced by KEGG analysis. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that TGME49_120110 (PCNA), TGME49_049180 (DHFR-TS), TGME49_055320, and TGME49_002300 (ITPase) are the four hub genes with most interactions with T. gondii at the onset of infection. These results reveal altered profiles of gene expressed by PK-15 cells and T. gondii during infection and provide the groundwork for future virulence studies to uncover the mechanisms of T. gondii interaction with porcine renal tissue by functional analysis of these DEGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xue Zhou
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Loughborough, UK
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lanzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Liu XJ, Li ZH, Li L, Zheng BF, Feng WY, Cheng FC, Chen LJ, Fu TL. Baicalin protects against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating excessive activation of inositol requiring protein 1α. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1960-1967. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i13.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect of baicalin against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IIRI) and the role of inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) in this process.
METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8): a sham group in which rats underwent laparotomy, an IIRI group in which rats were subjected to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and reperfusion for 6 h, and a baicalin pretreatment group in which rats were given intraperitoneal injection of baicalin (100 mg/kg) about 30 min before IIRI induction. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in intestinal tissues and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) in plasma were detected by ELISA. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. The expression of IRE1α and phosphorylated IRE1α (p-IRE1α) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of GRP78 protein in intestinal tissues.
RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the expression of p-IRE1α (41.88 ± 3.43 vs 19.55 ± 2.16), IRE1α (51.3 ± 4.16 vs 9.97 ± 1.34), the level of TNF-α (139.70 ng/L ± 19.72 ng/L vs 16.41 ng/L ± 1.75 ng/L), cell apoptosis index (40.77% ± 4.70% vs 3.66% ± 0.83%) and IFABP (2.25 ng/mL ± 0.27 ng/mL vs 0.63 ng/mL ± 0.07 ng/mL) were significantly increased in the IIRI group (P < 0.01 for all). Compared with the IIRI group, the expression level of GRP78 (0.60 ± 0.03 vs 0.42 ± 0.02, P < 0.01) was up-regulated, however, the expression of p-IRE1α (26.71 ± 2.43 vs 41.88 ± 3.43) and IRE1α (36.87 ± 2.07 vs 51.39 ± 4.16), the level of TNF-α (93.38 ng/L ± 16.79 ng/L vs 139.70 ng/L ± 19.72 ng/L), cell apoptosis index (29.50% ± 7.66% vs 40.77% ± 4.70%) and IFABP (1.50 ng/mL ± 0.29 ng/mL vs 2.25 ng/mL ± 0.27 ng/mL) were deceased in the baicalin pretreatment group (P < 0.01 for all).
CONCLUSION: Baicalin reduces intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by up-regulating GRP78, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuating IRE1α excessive activation.
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Antiparasitic effects of oxymatrine and matrine against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo. Exp Parasitol 2016; 165:95-102. [PMID: 26993085 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an important pathogen which can causes serious public health problems. Since the current therapeutic drugs for toxoplasmosis present serious host toxicity, research on effective and new substances of relatively low toxicity is urgently needed. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-parasitic effect of oxymatrine (OM) and matrine (ME) against T. gondii in vitro and in vivo. In our study, the anti-T. gondii activities of ME and OM were evaluated in vitro using cell counting kit-8 assay, morphological observation and trypan blue exclusion assay. In vivo, mice were sacrificed four days post-infection and ascites were drawn out to determine the extent of tachyzoite proliferation. Viscera indexes and liver biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), were examined to evaluate the toxicity of compounds to mice. As a result, OM and ME showed anti-T. gondii activity but low selectivity toxicity to HeLa cells. Both compounds also significantly decreased the number of tachyzoites in peritoneal cavity and recovered the levels of ALT, AST, GSH and MDA in liver. Moreover, the mice treated with OM or ME achieved better results in viscera index and survival rate than that of spiramycin. These results suggest that OM and ME are likely the sources of new drugs for toxoplasmosis, and further studies will be necessary to compare the efficacy of drug combination, as well as identify its action of mechanism.
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Fernández AG, Ferrero MC, Hielpos MS, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. Proinflammatory Response of Human Trophoblastic Cells to Brucella abortus Infection and upon Interactions with Infected Phagocytes. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:48. [PMID: 26792938 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.131706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts are targets of infection by Brucella spp. but their role in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications of brucellosis is unknown. Here we show that Brucella abortus invades and replicates in the human trophoblastic cell line Swan-71 and that the intracellular survival of the bacterium depends on a functional virB operon. The infection elicited significant increments of interleukin 8 (IL8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and IL6 secretion, but levels of IL1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) did not vary significantly. Such proinflammatory response was not modified by the absence of the Brucella TIR domain-containing proteins BtpA and BtpB. The stimulation of Swan-71 cells with conditioned medium (CM) from B. abortus-infected human monocytes (THP-1 cells) or macrophages induced a significant increase of IL8, MCP-1 and IL6 as compared to stimulation with CM from non-infected cells. Similar results were obtained when stimulation was performed with CM from infected neutrophils. Neutralization studies showed that IL1beta and/or TNF-alpha mediated the stimulating effects of CM from infected phagocytes. Reciprocally, stimulation of monocytes and neutrophils with CM from Brucella-infected trophoblasts increased IL8 and/or IL6 secretion. These results suggest that human trophoblasts may provide a local inflammatory environment during B. abortus infections either through a direct response to the pathogen or through interactions with monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils, potentially contributing to the pregnancy complications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Fernández
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Ferrero
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Soledad Hielpos
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Fossati
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo C Baldi
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis 38-kDa antigen induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis via toll-like receptor 2/4. Apoptosis 2015; 20:358-70. [PMID: 25544271 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses play critical roles in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. To investigate the regulatory role of the ER stress response in 38-kDa antigen-induced apoptosis, we examined the relationship between the ER stress response and apoptosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen (38-kDa Ag). The expression of ER molecular chaperones, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein (Bip) and phosphorylated alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, was induced in BMDMs stimulated with the 38-kDa Ag. Interestingly, 38-kDa Ag-stimulation induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-12, -9 and -3. However, 38-kDa Ag-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in TLR2- and TLR4-deficient macrophages. Because toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades, we evaluated the effect of MAPK activation on ER stress. The 38-kDa Ag activated Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 phosphorylation. MAPK signaling induced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-6. The 38-kDa Ag-induced MCP-1 was especially associated with the induction of MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP), which increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ER stress. To investigate the role of MCPIP in ROS-induced ER stress by 38-kDa Ag stimulation, we transfected MCPIP siRNA into RAW264.7 cells before 38-kDa Ag stimulation, and measured the generation of ROS and expression of ER molecular chaperones. ROS production and CHOP expression were decreased by the silencing of MCPIP induction. Our results demonstrate that the expression of MCPIP by 38-kDa Ag stimulation is increased through a TLR-MAPK-dependent signaling pathway, and leads to ER stress-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, MCPIP is important for host defense mechanisms in mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Toxoplasma gondii GRA7-Induced TRAF6 Activation Contributes to Host Protective Immunity. Infect Immun 2015; 84:339-50. [PMID: 26553469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00734-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii has unique dense granule antigens (GRAs) that are crucial for host infection. Emerging evidence suggests that GRA7 of T. gondii is a promising serodiagnostic marker and an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate; however, little is known about the intracellular regulatory mechanisms involved in the GRA7-induced host responses. Here we show that GRA7-induced MyD88 signaling through the activation of TRAF6 and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required for the induction of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory responses by macrophages. GRA7 stimulation resulted in the rapid activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and an early burst of ROS in macrophages in a MyD88-dependent manner. GRA7 induced a physical association between GRA7 and TRAF6 via MyD88. Remarkably, the C terminus of GRA7 (GRA7-V) was sufficient for interaction with and ubiquitination of the RING domain of TRAF6, which is capable of inflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly, the generation of ROS and TRAF6 activation are mutually dependent on GRA7/MyD88-mediated signaling in macrophages. Furthermore, mice immunized with GRA7-V showed markedly increased Th1 immune responses and protective efficacy against T. gondii infection. Collectively, these results provide novel insight into the crucial role of GRA7-TRAF6 signaling in innate immune responses.
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Dincel GC, Atmaca HT. Increased expressions of ADAMTS-13 and apoptosis contribute to neuropathology duringToxoplasma gondiiencephalitis in mice. Neuropathology 2015; 36:211-26. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- Gumushane University; Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational High School; Gumushane Turkey
| | - Hasan Tarik Atmaca
- Kirikkale University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology; Kirikkale Turkey
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Dorotíková S, Kožíšková J, Malček M, Jomová K, Herich P, Plevová K, Briestenská K, Chalupková A, Mistríková J, Milata V, Dvoranová D, Bučinský L. Copper(II) complexes with new fluoroquinolones: Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and theoretical study, DNA damage, cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 150:160-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khan A, Manna K, Das DK, Kesh SB, Sinha M, Das U, Biswas S, Sengupta A, Sikder K, Datta S, Ghosh M, Chakrabarty A, Banerji A, Dey S. Gossypetin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice liver—a molecular approach. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1173-86. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1053878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Yang Y, Lin X, Huang H, Feng D, Ba Y, Cheng X, Cui L. Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in Sertoli cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 30:81-89. [PMID: 25872712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride exposure is known to contribute to reproductive system dysfunction, ultimately leading to pathological damage and apoptosis in cells. Although both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses have been implicated in fluorosis, the signaling pathways and their roles in sodium fluoride (NaF)-induced apoptosis of Sertoli cells have been sparsely described. In this study, oxidative damage, ER stress, and apoptosis were analyzed after Sertoli cells were treated with varying doses of NaF for 24hr. Moreover, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP knockdown were used to clarify the precise interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS), ER stress and their roles in NaF-induced apoptosis in Sertoli cells. The present study indicated that NaF significantly decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in Sertoli cells. In addition, NaF exposure facilitated the accumulation of ROS and increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in Sertoli cells. Treatment with NAC caused remarkable recovery from these NaF-induced responses. Meanwhile, excessive NaF triggered ER stress as evidenced by up-regulated glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), without affecting total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). NAC effectively blocked the activation of ER stress, suggesting that NaF-induced ROS is an early event that triggers ER stress. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the ROS-mediated ER stress pathway is the crucial mechanistic event involved in NaF-induced apoptosis of Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xinwei Lin
- Department of Nephrology, 152 Hospital of PLA, Pingdingshan 467000, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Demin Feng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liuxin Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Seroprevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in cancer patients in Anhui Province, Eastern China. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:162. [PMID: 25889184 PMCID: PMC4379604 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have indicated the predominance of Toxoplasma gondii genotype Chinese 1 in animals in China. However, little is known of the genetic features of the parasite in humans. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies based on which the genetic character of the parasite was identified in cancer patients in China. Methods A total of 1014 serum samples with malignant neoplasms were collected from six tertiary-care hospitals (HAUCM, APH, HAMU, XAH, FHH and HBMC) from January, 2012 to August, 2013. Antibodies against T. gondii were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood samples were subsequently used for PCR assay to detect T. gondii DNA (gra6). The DNA positive samples were subjected to genotyping using a multiplex multilocus nested PCR-RFLP at 10 loci, including sag1, sag2, sag3, btub, gra6, l358, c22-8, c29-2, pk1 and apico. Samples from the patients were anonymous and only data with regard to age and gender was available at sample collection. Results Overall, 8.38% (85/1014) of the examined patients showed positive antibodies against T. gondii. Among them, 61 (6.02%) were seropositive only for IgG, 16 (1.58%) were only for IgM, and 8 (0.79%) were found to be positive for both IgG and IgM. The seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma ranged from 5.8% to 11.0%, without regional difference (χ2 = 4.764, P = 0.445). No significant differences of the positive rates of T. gondii infection were noted in genders (male, 8.96%; female, 7.45%) (χ2 = 0.707, P = 0.400) and in ages (χ2 = 1.172, P = 0.947). Of 1014 DNA samples, 36 (3.55%) were positive for T. gondii by nested PCR at gra6 locus and nine gave rise to complete genotyping results. All samples with achieved PCR-RFLP genotyping showed a common genetic character of type Chinese 1 (ToxoDB#9). Conclusion Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in immunosuppressed individuals is rarely reported in China and we presented a positive rate of 8.38% in cancer patients. Toxoplasma genomic DNA genotyping demonstrated a common genetic character of Chinese 1, indicating a possible pathogenic origin of animals in human infection.
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Stress signaling in mammalian oocytes and embryos: a basis for intervention and improvement of outcomes. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:159-167. [PMID: 25743689 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes and early stage embryos are highly sensitive to variation in diverse exogenous factors such as temperature, osmolarity, oxygen, nutrient restriction, pH, shear stress, toxins, amino acid availability, and lipids. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many such factors negatively affect the endoplasmic reticulum, protein synthesis and protein processing, initiating ER stress and unfolded protein responses. As a result, ER stress signaling serves as a common mediator of cellular responses to diverse stressors. In oocytes and embryos, this leads to developmental arrest and epigenetic changes. Recent studies have revealed that preventing ER stress or inhibiting ER stress signaling can preserve or even enhance oocyte and embryo developmental potential. This review examines ER stress signaling, how it arises, how it affects oocytes and embryos, and how its occurrence can be managed or prevented.
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Kong L, Zhang Q, Chao J, Wen H, Zhang Y, Chen H, Pappoe F, Zhang A, Xu X, Cai Y, Li M, Luo Q, Zhang L, Shen J. Polarization of macrophages induced by Toxoplasma gondii and its impact on abnormal pregnancy in rats. Acta Trop 2015; 143:1-7. [PMID: 25496968 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is the leading cause of fetal intrauterine growth retardation among the five kinds of pathogens termed as TORCH, including Toxoplasma, Rubella virus, Cytomegalo virus, herpes virus and others during pregnancy. Pathogens infect the fetus through the placenta. T. gondii infection may result in congenital toxoplasmosis, miscarriage, stillbirth, and preemie, and increase pregnancy complications. Adaptive immune response induced by T. gondii infection stimulates T cells and macrophages to produce high levels of cytokines. Physiologically, the microenvironment of pregnancy was Th2-dominant. Here we set up a pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat model, and reported the polarization of macrophages induced by genotype Chinese 1 strain (Wh6) of Toxoplasma, and its adverse impact on pregnancy. The results showed that Wh6 infection pre- or in-gestation both led to abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Peritoneal macrophages in pre-gestation infection were polarized toward classically activated macrophages (M1), while in-gestation infection drove macrophages to polarize toward M2 activation. The Th2-dominant immune response in pregnant rat somewhat inhibits the excessive bias of the macrophages toward M1, and partially, toward M2. Infection of pre- and in-gestation may alter the physiological immune microenvironment in pregnant rats, giving rise to abnormal pregnancy outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginase/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Female
- Macrophage Activation/physiology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology
- Male
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/parasitology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology
- Pregnancy Outcome
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Th1 Cells/parasitology
- Toxoplasma/pathogenicity
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Kong
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Jing Chao
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical Iniversity, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Huiqin Wen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - He Chen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Faustina Pappoe
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- The Central Laboratory of Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Xiucai Xu
- The Central Laboratory of Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Yihong Cai
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Qingli Luo
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical Iniversity, Hefei 230022, PR China.
| | - Jilong Shen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in mammalian oocytes and embryos: life in balance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 316:227-65. [PMID: 25805126 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and embryos are exquisitely sensitive to a wide range of insults related to physical stress, chemical exposure, and exposures to adverse maternal nutrition or health status. Although cells manifest specific responses to various stressors, many of these stressors intersect at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where disruptions in protein folding and production of reactive oxygen species initiate downstream signaling events. These signals modulate mRNA translation and gene transcription, leading to recovery, activation of autophagy, or with severe and prolonged stress, apoptosis. ER stress signaling has recently come to the fore as a major contributor to embryo demise. Accordingly, agents that modulate or inhibit ER stress signaling have yielded beneficial effects on embryo survival and long-term developmental potential. We review here the mechanisms of ER stress signaling, their connections to mammalian oocytes and embryos, and the promising indications that interventions in this pathway may provide new opportunities for improving mammalian reproduction and health.
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Bacteria, the endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response: friends or foes? Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 13:71-82. [PMID: 25534809 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cytoprotective response that is aimed at restoring cellular homeostasis following physiological stress exerted on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which also invokes innate immune signalling in response to invading microorganisms. Although it has been known for some time that the UPR is modulated by various viruses, recent evidence indicates that it also has multiple roles during bacterial infections. In this Review, we describe how bacteria interact with the ER, including how bacteria induce the UPR, how subversion of the UPR promotes bacterial proliferation and how the UPR contributes to innate immune responses against invading bacteria.
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Zhang YH, Chen H, Chen Y, Wang L, Cai YH, Li M, Wen HQ, Du J, An R, Luo QL, Wang XL, Lun ZR, Xu YH, Shen JL. Activated microglia contribute to neuronal apoptosis in Toxoplasmic encephalitis. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:372. [PMID: 25128410 PMCID: PMC4143554 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A plethora of evidence shows that activated microglia play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS). Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) frequently occurs in HIV/AIDS patients. However, knowledge remains limited on the contributions of activated microglia to the pathogenesis of TE. METHODS A murine model of reactivated encephalitis was generated in a latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii induced by cyclophosphamide. The neuronal apoptosis in the CNS and the profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS Microglial cells were found to be activated in the cortex and hippocampus in the brain tissues of mice. The in vivo expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were up-regulated in TE mice, and accordingly, the neuronal apoptosis was significantly increased. The results were positively correlated with those of the in vitro experiments. Additionally,apoptosis of the mouse neuroblastoma type Neuro2a (N2a) remarkably increased when the N2a was co-cultured in transwell with microglial cells and Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that minocycline (a microglia inhibitor) treatment notably reduced microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Activated microglia contribute to neuronal apoptosis in TE and inhibition of microglia activation might represent a novel therapeutic strategy of TE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan-hong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses and Pathogen Biology Anhui, and Department of Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Chen HY, Ren XY, Wang WH, Zhang YX, Chen SF, Zhang B, Wang LX. Upregulated ROS production induced by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 on XBP1 gene expression and cell apoptosis in Tca-8113 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:709-13. [PMID: 25092240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Tca-8113 cells to proteasome inhibitor carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG-132) causing apoptosis is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP1) is an important regulator of a subset of genes active during ER stress, which is related to cell survival and is required for tumor growth. The present study is to evaluate the effect of MG-132 on ROS production, XBP1 gene expression, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), ASK1 and c-jun protein expression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line Tca-8113 cells. ROS production was measured by reactive oxygen species assay. X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) mRNA was analyzed by real-time-PCR, TRAF2, ASK1 and c-jun protein were investigated by western blot and immunocytochemistry respectively. The result indicated that ROS production, TRAF2, ASK1 and c-jun were elevated in MG-132 treated cells. Giving ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) largely prevented the effects of MG-132. Furthermore, treating with MG-132 lead to decreased XBP1 mRNA expression but could not completely block the expression of XBP1. Taken together, these findings provide the evidence that MG-132 induced ER stress lead to Tca-8113 cells apoptosis through ROS generation and TRAF2-ASK1-JNK signal pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-ying Chen
- Oral Maxillofacial Head-Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and central laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Xiao-yan Ren
- Oral Maxillofacial Head-Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and central laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Wei-hua Wang
- Oral Maxillofacial Head-Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and central laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Ying-xin Zhang
- Oral Maxillofacial Head-Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and central laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Shuang-feng Chen
- Oral Maxillofacial Head-Neck Key Laboratory of Medical Biology, and central laboratory of Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Le-xin Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
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Yu YR, Deng MJ, Lu WW, Zhang JS, Jia MZ, Huang J, Qi YF. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis is activated in intestines of mice with Trichinella spiralis infection. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145:1-6. [PMID: 24996067 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth infection, including Trichinella spiralis, initiates a series of intestinal structural, cellular and physiological changes. Intestinal invasion is an important stage of trichinellosis because it determines the development and subsequent course of the disease and its consequences. Apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a key role in infectious diseases, but the effect of T. spiralis infection on inducing apoptosis in the small intestine has been neglected. We investigated apoptosis and changes in ERS-associated apoptosis molecules in the intestine of mice with T. spiralis infection. TUNEL staining and detection of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3 revealed that apoptosis occurred in the mouse intestine at days 3 and 7 post-infection. The ER chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) was upregulated at days 3 and 7 post-infection. The ERS-associated apoptosis molecules C/EBP homologous protein, cleaved caspase 12 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase were upregulated at days 3 and 7, days 3, 7 and 10 and days 7 and 10 post-infection, respectively. Thus, apoptosis occurred in the intestine of mice with T. spiralis infection, and the ERS-mediated apoptosis pathway was activated by infection with this small intestine dwelling nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ming-Jun Deng
- Technical Center of Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Qingdao 266002, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mo-Zhi Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong-Fen Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Laboratory of Bioactive Molecule, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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