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Kühn J, Finger F, Bertuzzo E, Borgeaud S, Gatto M, Rinaldo A, Blokesch M. Glucose- but not rice-based oral rehydration therapy enhances the production of virulence determinants in the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3347. [PMID: 25474211 PMCID: PMC4256474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major attempts to prevent cholera transmission, millions of people worldwide still must address this devastating disease. Cholera research has so far mainly focused on the causative agent, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, or on disease treatment, but rarely were results from both fields interconnected. Indeed, the treatment of this severe diarrheal disease is mostly accomplished by oral rehydration therapy (ORT), whereby water and electrolytes are replenished. Commonly distributed oral rehydration salts also contain glucose. Here, we analyzed the effects of glucose and alternative carbon sources on the production of virulence determinants in the causative agent of cholera, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae during in vitro experimentation. We demonstrate that virulence gene expression and the production of cholera toxin are enhanced in the presence of glucose or similarly transported sugars in a ToxR-, TcpP- and ToxT-dependent manner. The virulence genes were significantly less expressed if alternative non-PTS carbon sources, including rice-based starch, were utilized. Notably, even though glucose-based ORT is commonly used, field studies indicated that rice-based ORT performs better. We therefore used a spatially explicit epidemiological model to demonstrate that the better performing rice-based ORT could have a significant impact on epidemic progression based on the recent outbreak of cholera in Haiti. Our results strongly support a change of carbon source for the treatment of cholera, especially in epidemic settings. Cholera research has so far mainly focused on the causative agent, the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, or on disease treatment, but rarely were results from both fields interconnected. Indeed, the treatment of this severe diarrheal disease is mostly accomplished by oral rehydration therapy (ORT). ORT aims at rehydrating patients through the provision of water and oral rehydration salts; the latter being composed of electrolytes as well as glucose as a carbon source. Although glucose-based ORS is commonly used to treat diarrheal diseases and is recommended by the WHO, field studies on cholera indicated that rice-based ORT performs better than glucose-based ORT. Here, we investigated the impact that glucose, starch, or other carbon sources exert on V. cholerae. We demonstrated that glucose leads to an increased expression of the major virulence genes in the pathogen and, accordingly, to an enhanced production of cholera toxin during in vitro experimentation. Because the cholera toxin is primarily responsible for the severe symptoms that are associated with the disease, our study highlights the negative effects of glucose-based ORT. Next, we used a spatially explicit epidemiological model to demonstrate that the better performing rice-based ORS could have a significant impact on epidemic progression based on the recent outbreak of cholera in Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kühn
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Finger
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Bertuzzo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Borgeaud
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione & Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, Environmental Engineering Institute, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Dipartimento ICEA, Universitá di Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (AR); (MB)
| | - Melanie Blokesch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (AR); (MB)
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Hamad MA, Di Lorenzo F, Molinaro A, Valvano MA. Aminoarabinose is essential for lipopolysaccharide export and intrinsic antimicrobial peptide resistance inBurkholderia cenocepacia†. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:962-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hankins JV, Madsen JA, Giles DK, Childers BM, Klose KE, Brodbelt JS, Trent MS. Elucidation of a novel Vibrio cholerae lipid A secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase and its role in innate immune recognition. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1313-29. [PMID: 21752109 PMCID: PMC3178793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Similar to most Gram-negative bacteria, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Vibrio cholerae is comprised of lipopolysaccharide. Previous reports have proposed that V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 synthesize structurally different lipid A domains, which anchor lipopolysaccharide within the outer membrane. In the current study, intact lipid A species of V. cholerae O1 and O139 were analysed by mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that V. cholerae serogroups associated with human disease synthesize a similar asymmetrical hexa-acylated lipid A species, bearing a myristate (C14:0) and 3-hydroxylaurate (3-OH C12:0) at the 2'- and 3'-positions respectively. A previous report from our laboratory characterized the V. cholerae LpxL homologue Vc0213, which transfers a C14:0 to the 2'-position of the glucosamine disaccharide. Our current findings identify V. cholerae Vc0212 as a novel lipid A secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase, termed LpxN, responsible for transferring the 3-hydroxylaurate (3-OH C12:0) to the V. cholerae lipid A domain. Importantly, the presence of a 3-hydroxyl group on the 3'-linked secondary acyl chain was found to promote antimicrobial peptide resistance in V. cholerae; however, this functional group was not required for activation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica V Hankins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Chatterjee SN, Chaudhuri K. Lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae. I. Physical and chemical characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2003; 1639:65-79. [PMID: 14559113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative organism of the disease cholera. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of V. cholerae plays an important role in eliciting the antibacterial immune response of the host and in classifying the vibrios into some 200 or more serogroups. This review presents an account of our up-to-date knowledge of the physical and chemical characteristics of the three constituents, lipid-A, core-polysaccharide (core-PS) and O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS), of the LPS of V. cholerae of different serogroups including the disease-causing ones, O1 and O139. The structure and occurrence of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) on V. cholerae O139 have been discussed as a relevant topic. Similarity and dissimilarity between the structures of LPS of different serogroups, and particularly between O22 and O139, have been analysed with a view to learning their role in the causation of the epidemic form of the disease by avoiding the host defence mechanism and in the evolution of the newer pathogenic strains in future. An idea of the emerging trends of research involving the use of immunogens prepared from synthetic oligosaccharides that mimic terminal epitopes of the O-PS of V. cholerae O1 in the development of a conjugate anti cholera vaccine is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Chatterjee
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Sector-1, Calcutta-700 064, India.
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Boutonnier A, Villeneuve S, Nato F, Dassy B, Fournier JM. Preparation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, in a murine model, of a conjugate vaccine composed of the polysaccharide moiety of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 bound to tetanus toxoid. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3488-93. [PMID: 11292781 PMCID: PMC98317 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3488-3493.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic and pandemic potential of Vibrio cholerae O139 is such that a vaccine against this newly emerged serogroup of V. cholerae is required. A conjugate made of the polysaccharide moiety (O-specific polysaccharide plus core) of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of V. cholerae O139 (pmLPS) was prepared by derivatization of the pmLPS with adipic acid dihydrazide and coupling to tetanus toxoid (TT) by carbodiimide-mediated condensation. The immunologic properties of the conjugate were tested using BALB/c mice injected subcutaneously three times at 2 weeks interval and then a fourth time 4 weeks later. Mice were bled 7 days after each injection and then once each month for the following 6 months. LPS and TT antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using immunoplates coated with either O139 LPS or TT. Both pmLPS and pmLPS-TT conjugate elicited low levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM), peaking 5 weeks after the first immunization. The conjugate elicited high levels of IgG antibodies, peaking 3 months after the first immunization and declining slowly during the following 5 months. TT alone, or as a component of conjugate, induced mostly IgG antibodies. Antibodies elicited by the conjugate recognized both capsular polysaccharide and LPS from V. cholerae O139 and were vibriocidal. They were also protective in the neonatal mouse model of cholera infection. The conjugation of the O139 pmLPS, therefore, enhanced its immunogenicity and conferred T-dependent properties to this polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutonnier
- Unité du Choléra et des Vibrions, Centre National de Référence des Vibrions et du Choléra, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Nesper J, Lauriano CM, Klose KE, Kapfhammer D, Kraiss A, Reidl J. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El tor galU and galE mutants: influence on lipopolysaccharide structure, colonization, and biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2001; 69:435-45. [PMID: 11119535 PMCID: PMC97901 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.1.435-445.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Accepted: 10/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we described the isolation of spontaneous bacteriophage K139-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor mutants. In this study, we identified phage-resistant isolates with intact O antigen but altered core oligosaccharide which were also affected in galactose catabolism; this strains have mutations in the galU gene. We inactivated another gal gene, galE, and the mutant was also found to be defective in the catabolism of exogenous galactose but synthesized an apparently normal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both gal mutants as well as a rough LPS (R-LPS) mutant were investigated for the ability to colonize the mouse small intestine. The galU and R-LPS mutants, but not the galE mutant, were defective in colonization, a phenotype also associated with O-antigen-negative mutants. By investigating several parameters in vitro, we could show that galU and R-LPS mutants were more sensitive to short-chain organic acids, cationic antimicrobial peptides, the complement system, and bile salts as well as other hydrophobic agents, indicating that their outer membrane no longer provides an effective barrier function. O-antigen-negative strains were found to be sensitive to complement and cationic peptides, but they displayed significant resistance to bile salts and short-chain organic acids. Furthermore, we found that galU and galE are essential for the formation of a biofilm in a spontaneous phage-resistant rugose variant, suggesting that the synthesis of UDP-galactose via UDP-glucose is necessary for biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide. In addition, we provide evidence that the production of exopolysaccharide limits the access of phage K139 to its receptor, the O antigen. In conclusion, our results indicate involvement of galU in V. cholerae virulence, correlated with the observed change in LPS structure, and a role for galU and galE in environmental survival of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nesper
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Dumontier S, Escuyer V, Abachin E, Fournier JM, Berche P. Chromosomal rearrangement in Vibrio cholerae O139. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-2452(96)85764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Ito T, Higuchi T, Hirobe M, Hiramatsu K, Yokota T. Identification of a novel sugar, 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-methylmannose in the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa. Carbohydr Res 1994; 256:113-28. [PMID: 8194067 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel sugar in the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa has been identified. The sugar was liberated from the lipopolysaccharide when hydrolyzed in 10 M HCl at 90 degrees C for 15 min. The sugar was purified and identified as 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-methylmannose (2-O-methylperosamine). Since it was found only in the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa, it seems that the sugar is one of the specific constituents determining Ogawa serotype specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Karibian D, Deprun C, Szabo L, Le Beyec Y, Caroff M. 252Cf-plasma desorption mass spectrometry applied to the analysis of endotoxin Lipid A preparations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Ito T, Ohshita Y, Hiramatsu K, Yokota T. Identification and nucleotide sequence determination of the gene responsible for Ogawa serotype specificity of V. cholerae 01. FEBS Lett 1991; 286:159-62. [PMID: 1713857 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding a protein of 27 kDa, which is specifically expressed in Vibrio cholerae of serotype Ogawa, was identified and its nucleotide sequence determined. The plasmid carrying this gene was found to convert serotype specificity from Inaba to Ogawa when introduced into the Escherichia coli DH5(pVCI112) cell which harbors a cloned 20-kilobase genomic DNA fragment of V. cholerae NIH35A3 and expresses the 01 antigen of Inaba serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Ito T, Ohshita Y, Nakamoto T, Hiramatsu K, Yokota T. Identification of the genomic region determining serotype specificity of Vibrio cholerae 01. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 175:679-84. [PMID: 2018510 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91619-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A 2.1-kb genomic region responsible for Ogawa serotype specificity of Vibrio cholerae 01 was identified by cosmid cloning and recombinant plasmid experiments. The plasmid carrying this region derived from Ogawa type Vibrio cholerae NIH 41 coded for a specific protein of 27 kD, and was found to convert serotype specificity from Inaba to Ogawa when co-introduced into the Escherichia coli cells harboring a cloned 20-kilobase genomic DNA fragment of Inaba type Vibrio cholerae 35A3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ito
- Department of Bacteriolog, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tacket CO, Forrest B, Morona R, Attridge SR, LaBrooy J, Tall BD, Reymann M, Rowley D, Levine MM. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against cholera challenge in humans of a typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine derived from Salmonella typhi Ty21a. Infect Immun 1990; 58:1620-7. [PMID: 1692807 PMCID: PMC258689 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.6.1620-1627.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A live oral vaccine consisting of attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a expressing Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen was constructed and tested in volunteers for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Fourteen adults ingested three doses of 10(10) viable organisms with buffer. One month later, 8 vaccinees and 13 unimmunized controls were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic V. cholerae O1 E1 T or Inaba organisms. No significant adverse reactions to vaccination were observed. All volunteers had significant rises in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to S. typhi LPS. Only 2 (14%) of 14 had significant rises in serum IgA or IgG antibody to Inaba LPS, and 5 (36%) of 14 had fourfold rises in vibriocidal antibody. In the challenge study, diarrhea occurred in 13 of 13 controls and 6 of 8 vaccinees (vaccine efficacy, 25%; P = 0.13). The vaccine significantly reduced the severity of the clinical illness (P less than 0.05) and caused decreased excretion of challenge vibrios (P less than 0.05). Although the typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine did not provide significant protection overall against experimental cholera, this study demonstrates the importance of antibody to V. cholerae O antigen in ameliorating clinical illness and illustrates the use of an S. typhi carrier vaccine strain expressing a foreign antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Tacket
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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Pal R, Ghose AC. Identification of plasmid-encoded mannose-resistant hemagglutinin and HEp-2 and HeLa cell adherence factors of two diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains belonging to an enteropathogenic serogroup. Infect Immun 1990; 58:1106-13. [PMID: 1969390 PMCID: PMC258589 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.4.1106-1113.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Escherichia coli strains (B/M 369 and C-35) belonging to enteropathogenic serogroup O86 were isolated from patients with infantile diarrhea and studied with respect to their cellular adherence properties. Both strains exhibited adherence (Ad+) to HEp-2 and HeLa cell monolayers in vitro and expressed mannose-resistant hemagglutinating (MRHA+) activity towards human, chicken, and sheep (but not mouse, rabbit, or guinea pig) erythrocytes. Cellular adherence properties of both strains could be substantially reduced by pronase treatment and by heat treatment (100 degrees C for 5 min) of bacteria. Electron microscopic examination failed to reveal fimbria- or pilus-like structures on the bacterial cell surface. Conjugation experiments conducted with these strains suggested that both MRHA and HEp-2 and HeLa cell adherence factors were encoded by the same plasmid, with a size of 55 to 57 megadaltons (MDa). Further biochemical studies indicated that the cellular adherence factors were associated with cell surface structures of bacteria that were proteinaceous in nature. An antiserum, rendered specific for the 57-MDa plasmid (pRP201) products of B/M 369 by adsorption, reacted with both MRHA+ Ad+ strains, B/M 369 and C-35, but not with their 57- or 55-MDa plasmidless MRHA- Ad- transconjugants or with other MRHA- Ad- E. coli strains. Immunological studies showed that the absorbed antiserum recognized two proteins with subunit molecular sizes of 18 and 14.5 kDa that were present on the cell surfaces of both strains. Furthermore, the absorbed antiserum at subagglutinating dilutions did inhibit, although only partially, the MRHA and HEp-2 and HeLa cell adherence activities of both E. coli strains. All these results would indicate that some of the E. coli strains belonging to enteropathogenic serogroups express their adherence potential through factors that were hitherto unrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pal
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta
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Pace J, Chai TJ. Comparison of Vibrio parahaemolyticus grown in estuarine water and rich medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1877-87. [PMID: 2782869 PMCID: PMC202973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.8.1877-1887.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell envelope composition and selected physiological traits of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were studied in regard to the Kanagawa phenomenon and growth conditions. Cell envelopes were prepared from cells cultured in Proteose Peptone-beef extract (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) medium or filtered estuarine water. Protein, phospholipid, and lipopolysaccharide contents varied with culture conditions. The phospholipids present in the cell envelopes were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin. Phosphatidylethanolamine decreased and phosphatidylglycerol increased in cells grown in estuarine water. Profiles of proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated numerous protein species, with four to six predominant proteins ranging from 26,000 to 120,000 in molecular weight. The profile of V. parahaemolyticus cell envelope proteins was unique and might be useful in the identification of the organism. Alkaline phosphatase activity was slightly higher in Kanagawa-negative strains and was higher in cells grown in estuarine water than in cells grown in rich laboratory medium. The DNA levels in estuarine water-grown cells increased, while RNA levels and cell volume decreased. Bacteriophage sensitivity typing demonstrated a close intraspecies relationship. Results indicated that Kanagawa-positive and -negative strains were closely related, but they could be grouped separately and may have undergone starvation-related physiological changes when cultured in estuarine water.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pace
- Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Cambridge 21613
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Kabir S. Antigenic analysis of Vibrio cholerate O1 by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1989; 270:361-72. [PMID: 2929189 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(89)80004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antigens from Vibrio cholerae O1 were analyzed by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) using sera from immunized rabbits. Thirty different anode-migrating antigens were detected in sonicated antigen preparations of V. cholerae. These antigens were numbered in order to establish a reference precipitation pattern. Antigen no. 30 was identified as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen, because it reacted with (i) periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent and (ii) the affinity-purified anti-LPS antibodies. Treatment with proteinase K demonstrated that most of the precipitation lines were due to proteins, a part of which were localised at the cell surface. The major outer membrane protein was found to be closely associated with the precipitation line due to the LPS (antigen no. 30). The antigenicity and immunogenicity of V. cholerae cells killed by different methods (merthiolate, heat, phenol, formalin) were examined. As determined by CIE, killing with merthiolate preserved most of the major components of V. cholerae. Heat, phenol and formalin altered the antigenic mosaic of V. cholerae. These results suggested that CIE can be used to analyze several aspects of V. cholerae antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ghosh S, Campbell AM. Unusual cross-reactions among monoclonal antibodies to bacterial antigens: idiotypic and competitive binding analysis. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 1:3-8. [PMID: 3272825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we have described unusual cross-reactions among monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to bacteria and in particular to the Inaba and Ogawa serotypes of Vibrio cholerae. In this study, the extent to which the binding sites of both antibodies and antigens overlap has been investigated by competitive binding and idiotypic analysis. The competitive binding data indicate that the cross-reactive binding of the Inaba Mabs to the Ogawa vibrios can be abolished by incubation with higher affinity Ogawa Mabs. However, rabbit antiserum raised against the Inaba series does not react with the Ogawa series, indicating that anti-Inaba Mabs do not share idiotypic determinants with anti-Ogawa Mabs. The results therefore suggest that the two sets of antibodies recognise different determinants which are closely related in spatial terms, and which consequently do not permit simultaneous binding of the two types of monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, U.K
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18
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Ghosh S, Campbell AM. Assay dependent specificities of monoclonal antibodies to bacterial antigens. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 65:443-9. [PMID: 3539429 PMCID: PMC1542292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Six rat monoclonal antibodies, all of the IgG2b class, were generated from rats immunized with the 35A3 (Inaba) and NIH-41 (Ogawa) strain of Vibrio cholerae and selected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on the whole organisms. When the fine specificity was dissected by several different immunological assays, the antibodies could be divided into three groups, each with a different specificity profile. Two antibodies were totally specific to the Ogawa serotype on all assays, three had a preference for Inaba but could be shown to display assay dependent cross reactions of variable intensity with Ogawa. The sixth showed total specificity for Ogawa on some assay systems, apparent total specificity for Inaba on others, and variable reaction with both serotypes on yet other assay systems. The data emphasize that it is possible to produce antibodies which do not conform to the conventional serological classification of antigens and that specificity is highly dependent on method of assessment.
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Ghosh S, Campbell AM. Electrophoretic resolution of microheterogeneity in Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide. Biosci Rep 1985; 5:761-4. [PMID: 2417638 DOI: 10.1007/bf01119874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae has been analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under normal conditions of electrophoresis which resolve Escherichia coli LPS, V. cholerae LPS shows two diffuse and unresolved bands. However, on long gels at low concentration it can be resolved into two major band types. There are at least 10 slow moving, discrete bands of regular periodicity and three fast moving bands. Comparison with LPS from E. coli indicates that the heterogeneity occurs over a much smaller range of molecular weight in V. cholerae LPS, with the entire spectrum of discrete bands being contained within the space of four E. coli repeating units.
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Levine MM, Kaper JB, Black RE, Clements ML. New knowledge on pathogenesis of bacterial enteric infections as applied to vaccine development. Microbiol Rev 1983; 47:510-50. [PMID: 6363898 PMCID: PMC281589 DOI: 10.1128/mr.47.4.510-550.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
A number of isolates of Vibrio cholerae were examined with respect to their (i) surface hydrophobicity as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, (ii) capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes, and (iii) ability to bind to an ion-exchange matrix. V. cholerae isolates, cultured under a variety of growth conditions, were conspicuously hydrophobic. The hydrophobicity was accentuated when these strains were (i) cultivated in a chemically defined synthetic medium, (ii) harvested at the exponential phase of growth, and (iii) cultured at a lower temperature. Rough strains were more hydrophobic than smooth strains. Of the various surface components examined, the outer membrane proteins were conspicuously hydrophobic. The cell-bound hemagglutinating activity of V. cholerae strains was increased when these strains were cultured in synthetic medium and harvested at the stationary phase of growth. This property was unaffected by the growth temperature. Only D-mannose, at a high concentration, inhibited hemagglutination of 80% of the isolates examined. L-Fucose did not inhibit the hemagglutinating activity. V. cholerae strains adhered strongly to the anion-exchange matrix DEAE-cellulose. The surface charge density was accentuated when these strains were grown in synthetic medium. These results suggest that the V. cholerae surface contains both specific (hemagglutinating) and nonspecific (hydrophobic and ionic) factors which may influence its eventual adherence to the host cell surface.
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