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Lubinski B, Whittaker GR. Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:984. [PMID: 38932275 DOI: 10.3390/v16060984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily respiratory tropism, particularly SARS-CoV-2. We first describe the various classes of proteases present in the respiratory tract, as well as elsewhere in the body, and incorporate the targeting of these proteases as therapeutic drugs for use in humans. Host cell proteases are also linked to the systemic spread of viruses and play important roles outside of the respiratory tract; therefore, we address how proteases affect viruses across the spectrum of infections that can occur in humans, intending to understand the extrapulmonary spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Public & Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Li Y, Chen L, Huang R, Li Y, Yang C, Gui B, Li Y, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Grass carp SERPINA1 inhibits GCRV infection through degrading CF2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969517. [PMID: 36159797 PMCID: PMC9494734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SERPINA1, a member of the serine protease inhibitor family, plays a role in viral infection and inflammation by regulating the activities of serine and cysteine proteases. To date, there have been no reports on the immune function of SERPINA1 in fishes. In this study, we first cloned the serpina1 gene of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and found that it could respond rapidly to the infection of Grass carp reovirus (GCRV), and overexpression of serpina1 could enhance the antiviral response of CIK cells. A polyclonal antibody of SERPINA1 was prepared, and the protein interacting with SERPINA1 was screened by CoIP/MS in grass carp hepatopancreas tissue. It was found that SERPINA1 interacted with coagulation factor 2 (CF2) and could degrade it in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, overexpression of cf2 contributed to the infection of GCRV in CIK cells, whereas co-expression of serpina1 and cf2 in grass carp reduced the copy number of GCRV in cells. The results showed that grass carp SERPINA1 could inhibit GCRV infection by degrading CF2. This study proposes that SERPINA1 can inhibit viral infection through interaction with the coagulation factor, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism of SERPINA1’s antiviral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Huang,
| | - Yangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gómez-Carballa A, Rivero-Calle I, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez-Rial J, Rivero-Velasco C, Rodríguez-Núñez N, Barbeito-Castiñeiras G, Pérez-Freixo H, Cebey-López M, Barral-Arca R, Rodriguez-Tenreiro C, Dacosta-Urbieta A, Bello X, Pischedda S, Currás-Tuala MJ, Viz-Lasheras S, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A. A multi-tissue study of immune gene expression profiling highlights the key role of the nasal epithelium in COVID-19 severity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112890. [PMID: 35202626 PMCID: PMC8861187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) symptoms range from mild to severe illness; the cause for this differential response to infection remains unknown. Unravelling the immune mechanisms acting at different levels of the colonization process might be key to understand these differences. We carried out a multi-tissue (nasal, buccal and blood; n = 156) gene expression analysis of immune-related genes from patients affected by different COVID-19 severities, and healthy controls through the nCounter technology. Mild and asymptomatic cases showed a powerful innate antiviral response in nasal epithelium, characterized by activation of interferon (IFN) pathway and downstream cascades, successfully controlling the infection at local level. In contrast, weak macrophage/monocyte driven innate antiviral response and lack of IFN signalling activity were present in severe cases. Consequently, oral mucosa from severe patients showed signals of viral activity, cell arresting and viral dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, which ultimately could explain the exacerbated innate immune response and impaired adaptative immune responses observed at systemic level. Results from saliva transcriptome suggest that the buccal cavity might play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and dissemination in patients with worse prognosis. Co-expression network analysis adds further support to these findings, by detecting modules specifically correlated with severity involved in the abovementioned biological routes; this analysis also provides new candidate genes that might be tested as biomarkers in future studies. We also found tissue specific severity-related signatures mainly represented by genes involved in the innate immune system and cytokine/chemokine signalling. Local immune response could be key to determine the course of the systemic response and thus COVID-19 severity. Our findings provide a framework to investigate severity host gene biomarkers and pathways that might be relevant to diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Inmunología. Servicio de Análisis Clínicos. Hospital Clínico Universitario (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivero-Velasco
- Intensive Medicine Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez-Núñez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clìnico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Gema Barbeito-Castiñeiras
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hugo Pérez-Freixo
- Preventive Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Barral-Arca
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez-Tenreiro
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Dacosta-Urbieta
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Currás-Tuala
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Viz-Lasheras
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines and Infections Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
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Huijghebaert S, Vanham G, Van Winckel M, Allegaert K. Does Trypsin Oral Spray (Viruprotect ®/ColdZyme ®) Protect against COVID-19 and Common Colds or Induce Mutation? Caveats in Medical Device Regulations in the European Union. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105066. [PMID: 34064793 PMCID: PMC8150360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND nasal or oral sprays are often marketed as medical devices (MDs) in the European Union to prevent common cold (CC), with ColdZyme®/Viruprotect® (trypsin/glycerol) mouth spray claiming to prevent colds and the COVID-19 virus from infecting host cells and to shorten/reduce CC symptoms as an example. We analyzed the published (pre)-clinical evidence. METHODS preclinical: comparison of in vitro tests with validated host cell models to determine viral infectivity. Clinical: efficacy, proportion of users protected against virus (compared with non-users) and safety associated with trypsin/glycerol. RESULTS preclinical data showed that exogenous trypsin enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and syncytia formation in host models, while culture passages in trypsin presence induce spike protein mutants. The manufacturer claims >98% SARS-CoV-2 deactivation, although clinically irrelevant as based on a tryptic viral digest, inserting trypsin inactivation before host cells exposure. Efficacy and safety were not adequately addressed in clinical studies or leaflets (no COVID-19 data). Protection was obtained among 9-39% of users, comparable to or lower than placebo-treated or non-users. Several potential safety risks (tissue digestion, bronchoconstriction) were identified. CONCLUSIONS the current European MD regulations may result in insufficient exploration of (pre)clinical proof of action. Exogenous trypsin exposure even raises concerns (higher SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, mutations), whereas its clinical protective performance against respiratory viruses as published remains poor and substandard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Vanham
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Myriam Van Winckel
- Department of Paediatrics, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Wytemaweg Hospital Pharmacy, 3075 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-(16)-34342020
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Elrashdy F, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Why COVID-19 Transmission Is More Efficient and Aggressive Than Viral Transmission in Previous Coronavirus Epidemics? Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1312. [PMID: 32933047 PMCID: PMC7565143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The worldwide transmission of COVID-19 from human to human is spreading like wildfire, affecting almost every country in the world. In the past 100 years, the globe did not face a microbial pandemic similar in scale to COVID-19. Taken together, both previous outbreaks of other members of the coronavirus family (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV)) did not produce even 1% of the global harm already inflicted by COVID-19. There are also four other CoVs capable of infecting humans (HCoVs), which circulate continuously in the human population, but their phenotypes are generally mild, and these HCoVs received relatively little attention. These dramatic differences between infection with HCoVs, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 raise many questions, such as: Why is COVID-19 transmitted so quickly? Is it due to some specific features of the viral structure? Are there some specific human (host) factors? Are there some environmental factors? The aim of this review is to collect and concisely summarize the possible and logical answers to these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia
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Ji HL, Zhao R, Matalon S, Matthay MA. Elevated Plasmin(ogen) as a Common Risk Factor for COVID-19 Susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1065-1075. [PMID: 32216698 PMCID: PMC7191627 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular illness, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and kidney dysfunction have worse clinical outcomes when infected with SARS-CoV-2, for unknown reasons. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence for the existence of elevated plasmin(ogen) in COVID-19 patients with these comorbid conditions. Plasmin, and other proteases, may cleave a newly inserted furin site in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, extracellularly, which increases its infectivity and virulence. Hyperfibrinolysis associated with plasmin leads to elevated D-dimer in severe patients. The plasmin(ogen) system may prove a promising therapeutic target for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Runzhen Zhao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, Texas; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Pulmonary Injury and Repair Center, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Lê BV, Jandrot-Perrus M, Couture C, Checkmahomed L, Venable MC, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Evaluation of anticoagulant agents for the treatment of human metapneumovirus infection in mice. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1367-1380. [PMID: 30102144 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin has been demonstrated to be involved in several viral diseases including human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. We previously showed that immediate administration of thrombin inhibitor argatroban post-infection protected mice against hMPV disease. This current work aims at determining whether warfarin and heparin, two other anticoagulants inhibiting thrombin formation and activities, may also be used for treatment against hMPV in vivo. We found that immediate injections of argatroban, warfarin or heparin after virus challenge protected mice against hMPV infection, as evidenced by decreased or no mortality, less weight loss, reduced viral load and attenuated inflammation. However, delayed treatments starting 1 day post-infection with argatroban or warfarin almost did not impact the survival whereas delayed treatment with heparin induced an increased mortality during infection. Moreover, these treatments also did not reduce weight loss, viral replication and inflammation. In agreement with these results, thrombin generation was decreased upon immediate anticoagulant treatments but was unaltered upon delayed treatments. Thus, thrombin generation occurs at the onset of hMPV infection and thrombin inhibition may be only useful for the treatment of this disease when initiated in the early stage. In this case, heparin is not recommended because of its reduced efficacy on mortality in infected mice whereas argatroban and warfarin appear as safe and effective drugs for the treatment of hMPV disease. The antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of argatroban occur via thrombin-dependent pathways whereas the mechanisms by which warfarin exerts its beneficial effects against hMPV infection were not elucidated and need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Vuong Lê
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Christian Couture
- 3Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liva Checkmahomed
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- 1Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Lê VB, Riteau B, Alessi MC, Couture C, Jandrot-Perrus M, Rhéaume C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition protects mice against thrombin-dependent respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:388-403. [PMID: 29105740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. However, its role remains controversial. The goal of our study was to investigate the contribution of PAR1 to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of PAR1 during RSV and hMPV infection, in vitro using epithelial A549 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of virus infection. KEY RESULTS In vitro, the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-56110 reduced the replication of RSV and hMPV in A549 cells. In agreement with these results, RWJ-56110-treated mice were protected against RSV and hMPV infections, as indicated by less weight loss and mortality. This protective effect in mice correlated with decreased lung viral replication and inflammation. In contrast, hMPV-infected mice treated with the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 showed increased mortality, as compared to infected mice, which were left untreated. Thrombin generation was shown to occur downstream of PAR1 activation in infected mice via tissue factor exposure as part of the inflammatory response, and thrombin inhibition by argatroban reduced the pathogenicity of the infection with no additive effect to that induced by PAR1 inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that PAR1 plays a detrimental role during RSV and hMPV infections in mice via, at least, a thrombin-dependent mechanism. Thus, the use of PAR1 antagonists and thrombin inhibitors may have potential as a novel approach for the treatment of RSV and hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Ba Lê
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- UMR INSERM U1062/INRA 1260/AMU, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomy-Pathology, Laval University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Mechanisms of action of recombinant activated factor VII in the context of tissue factor concentration and distribution. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19:743-55. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang XA, Cianci CW, Yu KL, Combrink KD, Thuring JW, Zhang Y, Civiello RL, Kadow KF, Roach J, Li Z, Langley DR, Krystal M, Meanwell NA. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion inhibitors. Part 5: Optimization of benzimidazole substitution patterns towards derivatives with improved activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4592-8. [PMID: 17576060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive SAR studies and optimization of ADME properties of benzimidazol-2-one derivatives led to the identification of BMS-433771 (3) as an orally active RSV fusion inhibitor. In order to extend the structure-activity relationships for this compound series, substitution of the benzimidazole ring was examined with a view to establishing additional productive interactions between the inhibitor and functionality present in the proposed binding pocket. Amongst the compounds synthesized, the 5-aminomethyl analogue 10aa demonstrated potent antiviral activity towards wild-type RSV and retained excellent inhibitory activity towards a virus that had been developed to express resistance to BMS-433771 (3), data consistent with an additional productive interaction between the inhibitor and the fusion protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Alan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Gualano RC, Vlahos R, Anderson GP. What is the contribution of respiratory viruses and lung proteases to airway remodelling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 19:18-23. [PMID: 16286234 PMCID: PMC7172594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2005.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the lungs of asthmatics show airway wall remodelling and that asthma exacerbations are linked to respiratory infections. There is some evidence that respiratory infections in early childhood may increase the risk of developing asthma later in life. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by definition, involves structural changes to the airways. However, very little is known about what role virus infections play in the development of this remodelling. This review considers the role of matrix metalloproteases and neutrophil elastase in remodelling, and whether the induction of proteases and other mediators during respiratory virus infections may contribute to the development of airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Gualano
- Department of Pharmacology, Co-Operative Research Centre (CRC) for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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Pastey MK, Crowe JE, Graham BS. RhoA interacts with the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus and facilitates virus-induced syncytium formation. J Virol 1999; 73:7262-70. [PMID: 10438814 PMCID: PMC104251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7262-7270.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion glycoprotein (F) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which mediates membrane fusion and virus entry, was shown to bind RhoA, a small GTPase, in yeast two-hybrid interaction studies. The interaction was confirmed in vivo by mammalian two-hybrid assay and in RSV-infected HEp-2 cells by coimmunoprecipitation. Furthermore, the interaction of F with RhoA was confirmed in vitro by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biomolecular interaction analysis. Yeast two-hybrid interaction studies with various deletion mutants of F and with RhoA indicate that the key binding domains of these proteins are contained within, or overlap, amino acids 146 to 155 and 67 to 110, respectively. The biological significance of this interaction was studied in RSV-infected HEp-2 cells that were stably transfected to overexpress RhoA. There was a positive correlation between RhoA expression and RSV syncytium formation, indicating that RhoA can facilitate RSV-induced syncytium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Pastey
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Fenton JW, Ofosu FA. Thrombin-Mediated Events Implicated in Post-Thrombotic Recovery. Angiogenesis 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9188-4_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fenton JW, Ofosu FA, Brezniak DV, Hassouna HI. Understanding Thrombin and Hemostasis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(18)30201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bryson DG, Platten MF, McConnell S, McNulty MS. Ultrastructural features of lesions in bronchiolar epithelium in induced respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia of calves. Vet Pathol 1991; 28:293-9. [PMID: 1949508 DOI: 10.1177/030098589102800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes were observed in bronchioles in acute and repair stages of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia induced in eight young calves (calf Nos. 1-8) using a bovine strain of respiratory syncytial virus. Five of the calves were Friesians and three were Hereford x Friesians and all were male. Tissues from three mock-infected control calves (two Friesian, one Hereford x Friesian) were also examined. Calves were from 3 to 6 days old at the time of first inoculation, with the exception of calf No. 8, which was 2 weeks old. In the acute stage of the induced pneumonia, evidence of respiratory syncytial virus replication and release was demonstrable in both ciliated and non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells, with the virus-releasing process most obvious at 4 and 5 days after infection. Respiratory syncytial virus infection of bronchiolar epithelium was associated with various changes, including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and formation of syncytia. Necrosis of epithelial cell structures usually appeared to be preceded by their desquamation from bronchiolar walls. Respiratory syncytial virus infection resulted in considerable damage to the bronchiolar ciliary apparatus. Such damage was seen as early as 1 day post-infection and was still obvious at 10 days post-infection. Neutrophils were closely associated with respiratory syncytial virus infected epithelial cells and evidence of neutrophil fusion with infected epithelial cells was seen. These observations suggest that neutrophils may be involved in killing respiratory syncytial virus infected cells and that neutrophils might play an important role in early antiviral defense against respiratory syncytial virus at a time when antibody levels are low and other cellular defenses are not fully in play. Bronchiolar repair was evident from 6 days after infection and was well advanced at 10 and 13 days after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Bryson
- Veterinary Research Laboratories, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Mims CA. The pathogenetic basis of viral tropism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1989; 135:447-55. [PMID: 2675622 PMCID: PMC1879879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Mims
- Department of Microbiology, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Cresson DH, Beckman WC, Tidwell RR, Geratz JD, Siegal GP. In vitro inhibition of human sarcoma cells' invasive ability by bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane--a novel esteroprotease inhibitor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1986; 123:46-56. [PMID: 3008561 PMCID: PMC1888162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (BABIM) is a synthetic aromatic amidine compound which has a number of important biochemical effects, including inhibition of a family of esteroproteases (trypsin, urokinase, plasmin) previously linked to the complex process of tumor invasion. Previous work has suggested that exogenous natural protease inhibitors can block invasion of tumor cells across basement membranes (BM) in vitro. The authors studied the effect of BABIM on the human cell line HT-1080 with the use of a quantitative in vitro amnion invasion assay system. They have verified the ability of these cells to grow in nude mice and metastasize via the lymphatics or blood vessels on the basis of the route of administration of the inoculum. Cells which were able to actively cross the entire BM were trapped on filters and counted by both brightfield microscopy and by beta scintillation counting of cells whose DNA was labeled with tritiated thymidine. In agreement with either counting technique, BABIM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, significantly inhibited invasion (P less than 0.005) over the 7-day course of the experiments. Under these conditions, the inhibitor was nontoxic and did not alter the attachment of the cells to the amniotic membrane. Furthermore, a highly significant inhibition of invasion (P less than 0.001) was also demonstrated across a variation in molar concentration of BABIM of more than 2 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, cells were initially inhibited in their ability to invade in the presence of between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M BABIM. Measurement of Type IV specific collagenase in media from these cells shows a significant inhibition of activity in the presence of BABIM. These results suggest two, not necessarily exclusive, alternative interpretations: first, that inhibition of the proteolytic steps along the pathway of activation of basement membrane degrading enzymes results in inhibition of invasion; second, that arginine directed esteroproteases may work in concert with cellular collagenolytic metalloproteinases in the process of invasion by human tumor cells through native matrix barriers.
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Tidwell RR, Geratz JD, Clyde WA, Rosenthal KU, Dubovi EJ. Suppression of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats by bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 26:591-3. [PMID: 6393863 PMCID: PMC179971 DOI: 10.1128/aac.26.4.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraperitoneal administration of bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane at well-tolerated daily doses of 25 mg/kg subsequent to challenge and for 3 days thereafter effected over a 1-log reduction in the amount of virus recovered from lungs of cotton rats inoculated intratracheally with respiratory syncytial virus. When animals were immunosuppressed to prolong virus shedding, the reduction in recovered virus achieved with a 7-day dosing schedule of bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane exceeded 2 logs.
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Walker DH, Tidwell RR, Rector TM, Geratz JD. Effect of synthetic protease inhibitors of the amidine type on cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 25:582-5. [PMID: 6428311 PMCID: PMC185591 DOI: 10.1128/aac.25.5.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the importance of proteolytic activity in the pathogenesis of cell injury by Rickettsia rickettsii, a series of four aromatic amidine inhibitors of trypsin-like proteases were introduced into the plaque model. The compounds were shown to be active toward plaque reduction with their order of effectiveness parallel to their antitrypsin activity. One of the compounds, bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-methane, at a concentration of 10(-5) M demonstrated complete inhibition of plaque formation on day 6. Bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane at the same concentration reduced cell injury even when added to the system after 72 h of rickettsial infection. The reduction in morbidity in guinea pigs experimentally infected with R. rickettsii and treated with bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane as compared with morbidity in infected, untreated animals, comprised delay in the onset of fever and slightly fewer febrile animals. Because bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane had no effect on phospholipase A2, the enzyme activity associated with penetration-induced cell injury, it is likely that a trypsin-like protease also plays an essential role either in the physiology of R. rickettsii or as its pathogenic mechanism.
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