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Viana MVC, Sahm A, Góes Neto A, Figueiredo HCP, Wattam AR, Azevedo V. Rapidly evolving changes and gene loss associated with host switching in Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207304. [PMID: 30419061 PMCID: PMC6231662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenomics and genome scale positive selection analyses were performed on 29 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis genomes that were isolated from different hosts, including representatives of the Ovis and Equi biovars. A total of 27 genes were identified as undergoing adaptive changes. An analysis of the clades within this species and these biovars, the genes specific to each branch, and the genes responding to selective pressure show clear differences, indicating that adaptation and specialization is occurring in different clades. These changes are often correlated with the isolation host but could indicate responses to some undetermined factor in the respective niches. The fact that some of these more-rapidly evolving genes have homology to known virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and drug targets shows that this type of analysis could be used to identify novel targets, and that these could be used as a way to control this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Sahm
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Aristóteles Góes Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Henrique Cesar Pereira Figueiredo
- AQUACEN, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alice Rebecca Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium ulcerans share one distinctive feature: they are all putative carriers of the diphtheria toxin (DT), encoded by a β-corynephage integrated into the genome. Due to its medical relevance, C. diphtheriae may be the most highly investigated species of the genus Corynebacterium. Nevertheless, systemic infections caused by C. ulcerans are increasingly being reported indicating that this species is an emerging pathogen today. C. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis and C. ulcerans are able to colonize different types of epithelial cells in a strain-specific manner, independent of the presence of the tox gene. However, the molecular mechanisms contributing to host colonization are barely understood. This review gives a comprehensive update of recent data concerning the adhesion properties of toxigenic corynebacteria, demonstrating that adhesion is a multi-factorial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ott
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Professur für Mikrobiologie, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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High efficiency application of a mate-paired library from next-generation sequencing to postlight sequencing: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as a case study for microbial de novo genome assembly. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Soares SC, Silva A, Trost E, Blom J, Ramos R, Carneiro A, Ali A, Santos AR, Pinto AC, Diniz C, Barbosa EGV, Dorella FA, Aburjaile F, Rocha FS, Nascimento KKF, Guimarães LC, Almeida S, Hassan SS, Bakhtiar SM, Pereira UP, Abreu VAC, Schneider MPC, Miyoshi A, Tauch A, Azevedo V. The pan-genome of the animal pathogen Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis reveals differences in genome plasticity between the biovar ovis and equi strains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53818. [PMID: 23342011 PMCID: PMC3544762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the causative agent of several infectious and contagious chronic diseases, including caseous lymphadenitis, ulcerative lymphangitis, mastitis, and edematous skin disease, in a broad spectrum of hosts. In addition, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections pose a rising worldwide economic problem in ruminants. The complete genome sequences of 15 C. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from different hosts and countries were comparatively analyzed using a pan-genomic strategy. Phylogenomic, pan-genomic, core genomic, and singleton analyses revealed close relationships among pathogenic corynebacteria, the clonal-like behavior of C. pseudotuberculosis and slow increases in the sizes of pan-genomes. According to extrapolations based on the pan-genomes, core genomes and singletons, the C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis shows a more clonal-like behavior than the C. pseudotuberculosis biovar equi. Most of the variable genes of the biovar ovis strains were acquired in a block through horizontal gene transfer and are highly conserved, whereas the biovar equi strains contain great variability, both intra- and inter-biovar, in the 16 detected pathogenicity islands (PAIs). With respect to the gene content of the PAIs, the most interesting finding is the high similarity of the pilus genes in the biovar ovis strains compared with the great variability of these genes in the biovar equi strains. Concluding, the polymerization of complete pilus structures in biovar ovis could be responsible for a remarkable ability of these strains to spread throughout host tissues and penetrate cells to live intracellularly, in contrast with the biovar equi, which rarely attacks visceral organs. Intracellularly, the biovar ovis strains are expected to have less contact with other organisms than the biovar equi strains, thereby explaining the significant clonal-like behavior of the biovar ovis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siomar C. Soares
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- CLIB Graduate Cluster Industrial Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Artur Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eva Trost
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- CLIB Graduate Cluster Industrial Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Rommel Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Adriana Carneiro
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson R. Santos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anne C. Pinto
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Diniz
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eudes G. V. Barbosa
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A. Dorella
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aburjaile
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia S. Rocha
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina K. F. Nascimento
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís C. Guimarães
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- CLIB Graduate Cluster Industrial Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Sintia Almeida
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Syed S. Hassan
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Syeda M. Bakhtiar
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ulisses P. Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Vinicius A. C. Abreu
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tauch
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Dias AADSDO, Santos LS, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Silva Junior FC, Napoleão F, Nagao PE, Villas-Bôas MHS, Hirata Junior R, Guaraldi ALM. Corynebacterium ulcerans diphtheria: an emerging zoonosis in Brazil and worldwide. Rev Saude Publica 2012; 45:1176-91. [PMID: 22124745 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011000600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The article is a literature review on the emergence of human infections caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in many countries including Brazil. Articles in Medline/PubMed and SciELO databases published between 1926 and 2011 were reviewed, as well as articles and reports of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is presented a fast, cost-effective and easy to perform screening test for the presumptive diagnosis of C. ulcerans and C. diphtheriae infections in most Brazilian public and private laboratories. C. ulcerans spread in many countries and recent isolation of this pathogen in Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, is a warning to clinicians, veterinarians, and microbiologists on the occurrence of zoonotic diphtheria and C. ulcerans dissemination in urban and rural areas of Brazil and/or Latin America.
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Dias AASO, Silva FC, Santos LS, Ribeiro-Carvalho MM, Sabbadini PS, Santos CS, Filardy AA, Myioshi A, Azevedo VA, Hirata R, Villas-Bôas MHS, Mattos-Guaraldi AL. Strain-dependent arthritogenic potential of the zoonotic pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:323-31. [PMID: 21742447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade the majority of diphtheria cases in Europe had Corynebacterium ulcerans as the etiologic agent with dogs and cats as the reservoir hosts. However, little has been documented about the virulence factors of this zoonotic pathogen. To set up an in vivo experimental C. ulcerans infection model, conventional Swiss Webster mice were intravenously infected with different doses (from 1 × 10(7) to 5 × 10(9) bacteria per mouse) of C. ulcerans strains, namely 809 (from human lower respiratory tract), BR-AD22 (from asymptomatic dog nares) and CDC-KC279. Mortality rates were demonstrated by LD(50) values ranging from 1.9 × 10(8) to 1.3 × 10(9). Viable bacteria were recovered from blood, kidneys, liver, spleen and joints. For CDC-KC279 and 809 strains (2 × 10(8)mL(-1)) approximately 85% and 72% of animals with articular lesions were observed, respectively; BR-AD22-infected mice showed no signs of arthritis. CDC-KC279 and 809 strains exhibited higher arthritogenic potential when compared to the homologous toxigenic (ATCC27012) and non-toxigenic (ATCC27010) strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A high number of affected joints and arthritis index in addition to the histopathological features, including subcutaneous edema, inflammatory infiltrate, damage to bone tissue and synoviocyte hypertrophy, indicated a strain-dependent ability of C. ulcerans strains to cause severe polyarthritis. A correlation between the arthritis index and systemic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α was observed for C. ulcerans strains, with the exception of the non-arthritogenic BR-AD22 strain. In conclusion, C. ulcerans revealed a strain-dependent arthritogenic potential independent of DNAse, PLD and diphtheria toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A S O Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Vigilância Sanitária/Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
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Mohan P, Vathsala M, Jayaprakasan V. Comparative characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from goats in Kerala, India and reference strain. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria toxoid. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
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11
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Baird GJ, Fontaine MC. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and its role in ovine caseous lymphadenitis. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:179-210. [PMID: 17826790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) of sheep, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, has been a significant disease in the majority of sheep-rearing regions for over a century. Because of the chronic and often sub-clinical nature of the infection, it has proved difficult to control and prevalence is high in many parts of the world, which in turn leads to significant economic losses for farmers. This review describes the important characteristics of C. pseudotuberculosis and examines the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the infection in sheep. The review also discusses the immune response to infection and describes the methods that have been developed to control CLA, with particular emphasis on the use of vaccination and serological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Baird
- Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services, 5 Bertha Park View, Perth PH1 3FZ.
| | - M C Fontaine
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
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Oram M, Woolston JE, Jacobson AD, Holmes RK, Oram DM. Bacteriophage-based vectors for site-specific insertion of DNA in the chromosome of Corynebacteria. Gene 2006; 391:53-62. [PMID: 17275217 PMCID: PMC1913493 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Corynebacterium diphtheriae, diphtheria toxin is encoded by the tox gene of some temperate corynephages such as beta. beta-like corynephages are capable of inserting into the C. diphtheriae chromosome at two specific sites, attB1 and attB2. Transcription of the phage-encoded tox gene, and many chromosomally encoded genes, is regulated by the DtxR protein in response to Fe(2+) levels. Characterizing DtxR-dependent gene regulation is pivotal in understanding diphtheria pathogenesis and mechanisms of iron-dependent gene expression; although this has been hampered by a lack of molecular genetic tools in C. diphtheriae and related Coryneform species. To expand the systems for genetic manipulation of C. diphtheriae, we constructed plasmid vectors capable of integrating into the chromosome. These plasmids contain the beta-encoded attP site and the DIP0182 integrase gene of C. diphtheriae NCTC13129. When these vectors were delivered to the cytoplasm of non-lysogenic C. diphtheriae, they integrated into either the attB1 or attB2 sites with comparable frequency. Lysogens were also transformed with these vectors, by virtue of the second attB site. An integrated vector carrying an intact dtxR gene complemented the mutant phenotypes of a C. diphtheriae DeltadtxR strain. Additionally, strains of beta-susceptible C. ulcerans, and C. glutamicum, a species non-permissive for beta, were each transformed with these vectors. This work significantly extends the tools available for targeted transformation of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Corynebacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Oram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Joelle E. Woolston
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrew D. Jacobson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall K. Holmes
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Diana M. Oram
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore Baltimore MD 21201, USA
- *Corresponding author: Department of Biomedical Sciences. Rm 4E-04, University of Maryland Dental School, 666 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, Phone: 00 1 410 706 8705, Fax: 00 1 410 706 0865,
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Tejedor MT, Martin JL, Corbera JA, Shulz U, Gutierrez C. Pseudotuberculosis in dromedary camels in the Canary Islands. Trop Anim Health Prod 2004; 36:459-62. [PMID: 15449835 DOI: 10.1023/b:trop.0000035012.63821.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M T Tejedor
- Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Takahashi T, Mori Y, Kobayashi H, Ochi M, Kikuchi N, Hiramune T. Phylogenetic positions and assignment of swine and ovine corynebacterial isolates based on the 16S rDNA sequence. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:649-55. [PMID: 9343814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) of swine and ovine corynebacterial strains were determined. The sequences of the strains that identified as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by their biochemical characteristics were homologous with each other. The phylogenetic position of C. pseudotuberculosis strains was closet to C. ulcerans and next closet to C. diphtheriae. The nucleotide sequence of another swine isolate, SC8, was similar to that of a recently proposed species, C. seminale, and a non-validated species, "C. glucuronolyticum," with about 0.01 to 0.02 evolutionary distances. Analysis of the predicted secondary structure of the 16S rRNA molecule agreed with the close phylogenetic relationships between C. pseudotuberculosis and C. ulcerans and between C. seminale and strain SC8.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Department of Epizootiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Hou XG, Kawamura Y, Sultana F, Hirose K, Miyake M, Otsuka Y, Misawa S, Oguri T, Yamamoto H, Ezaki T. Genetic identification of members of the genus Corynebacterium at genus and species levels with 16S rDNA-targeted probes. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:453-60. [PMID: 9251056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
16S rRNA gene-targeted probes were designed for the identification of corynebacteria at the genus and species levels. The genus-specific probe hybridized all clinically important members of the genus Corynebacterium and could distinguish them from other coryneform bacteria and phylogenetically related high G+C% gram-positive bacteria, including Actinomyces, Rhodococcus, Gordona, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Brevibacterium and Mycobacterium. The species-specific probes for C. jeikeium and C. diphtheriae could differentiated these two species from other members of this genus. The probes were used to select corynebacteria among gram-positive clinical isolates which had been tentatively identified as corynebacteria by biochemical tests. We screened 59 strains with the genus-specific probe; 51 strains hybridized to the genus-specific probe, 8 did not. Of the 51 strains that hybridized to the genus-specific probe, 1 hybridized to the C. diphtheriae species probe and 13 hybridized to the C. jeikeium species probe. The 8 strains that did not hybridize to the genus probe were further characterized by analyzing cell wall diaminopimelic acid and partial 16S rRNA sequencing. The results indicated that these strains were distributed in the genera Arthrobacter and Brevibacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- X G Hou
- Department of Microbiology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Cianciotto NP, Groman NB. Extended host range of a β-related corynebacteriophage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Le Marrec C, Moreau S, Loury S, Blanco C, Trautwetter A. Genetic characterization of site-specific integration functions of phi AAU2 infecting "Arthrobacter aureus" C70. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1996-2004. [PMID: 8606175 PMCID: PMC177896 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.7.1996-2004.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
All the essential genetic determinants for site-specific integration of corynephage phi AAU2 are contained within a 1,756-bp DNA fragment, carried on the integrative plasmid p5510, and are shown to be functional in Escherichia coli. One open reading frame, ORF4, encoding a protein of 266 amino acids was shown to represent the phi AAU2 integrase. The nucleotide sequence of the phi AAU2 attachment site, attP, and the attB, attL, and attR sequences in the host "Arthrobacter aureus" C70 were determined. Identical nucleotide sequences were shown to be responsible for the integration of p5510 in the chromosomes of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium divaricatum, and B. lactofermentum, and a sequence almost identical to attB was found to be present in these three strains. In contrast to other phage site-specific recombination systems, a plasmid encompassing only int-attP failed to integrate into the host chromosome. This led to the identification of an 800-bp noncoding region, immediately upstream of int, absolutely required for site-specific integration of p5510.
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Riegel P, Ruimy R, de Briel D, Prévost G, Jehl F, Christen R, Monteil H. Taxonomy of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and related taxa, with recognition of Corynebacterium ulcerans sp. nov. nom. rev. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 126:271-6. [PMID: 7729671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of genomic DNA relatedness were determined using a S1 nuclease procedure for reference bacteria identified as biotypes of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, biovars of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and 'Corynebacterium ulcerans'. These results showed that the three species are separate taxa at the genomospecies level whereas biotypes and biovars are closely related genomically within each species. Phylogenetic analyses of small-subunit rDNA sequences revealed that 'Corynebacterium ulcerans' forms a tight cluster with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis within the robust branch that groups all Corynebacterium sequenced to date. Therefore, we propose that the species incertae sedis 'C. ulcerans' should be conclusively recognized as a distinct species within the genus Corynebacterium with strain CCUG 2708 = NCTC 7910 as type strain. This species is characterized by urease production and fermentation of glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riegel
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie de la Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis-Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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Sutherland SS, Hart RA, Buller NB. Ribotype analysis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats. Aust Vet J 1993; 70:454-6. [PMID: 7906938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Sutherland
- Department of Agriculture, Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia
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20
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Hauser D, Popoff MR, Kiredjian M, Boquet P, Bimet F. Polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of potentially toxinogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains: correlation with ADP-ribosylation activity assay. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2720-3. [PMID: 8253972 PMCID: PMC265991 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.10.2720-2723.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a polymerase chain reaction assay for the clinical diagnosis of potentially toxinogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. A 910-bp amplification product, overlapping a DNA portion encoding both fragments of the diphtheria toxin, has been found in 28 among the 36 strains tested. In addition, effective toxin production, as evidenced by the ability of bacterial culture supernatants to ADP ribosylate eukaryotic elongation factor 2, was determined. In every case, the presence of an amplification product correlated with an ADP-ribosylation activity, thus confirming the diagnosis. The polymerase chain reaction assay herein described is very rapid (2 h) compared with the Elek immunodiffusion test or the guinea pig lethality test. It can provide a convenient and reliable method for laboratories involved in the identification of toxinogenic corynebacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hauser
- Unité des Toxines Microbiennes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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de Carpentier JP, Flanagan PM, Singh IP, Timms MS, Nassar WY. Nasopharyngeal Corynebacterium ulcerans: a different diphtheria. J Laryngol Otol 1992; 106:824-6. [PMID: 1431524 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100120985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A case of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans infection is presented. The diagnosis was delayed and no anti-toxin administered. A nasopharyngeal biopsy was complicated by severe haemorrhage necessitating a post nasal pack. A brief review of the pathology and treatment of Corynebacterium ulcerans is given.
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Cianciotto N, Serwold-Davis T, Groman N, Ratti G, Rappuoli R. DNA sequence homology between attB-related sites of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and the attP side of γ-Cornephage. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Cloning and expression of the phospholipase D gene from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1990; 58:131-6. [PMID: 2403529 PMCID: PMC258420 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.1.131-136.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxic phospholipase D (PLD) is putatively involved in pathogenesis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections. We report here the cloning and expression of the PLD gene (pld) in Escherichia coli. A cosmid library of DNA from C. pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis isolate Whetten 1 was constructed and screened for PLD-producing recombinants by plating them on LB agar containing sheep erythrocytes and equi factors. One recombinant, designated pCpO1, yielded a gene product which displayed synergistic hemolytic and sphingomyelinase D activities, both of which are characteristic of PLD. Subcloning into pUC19 yielded a recombinant, pCpO50, which contained a 1.8-kilobase insert. Analysis of supernatant fluids and cell extracts of cultures of E. coli(pCpO50) revealed sphingomyelinase activity and a protein of about 31,000 Mr, neither of which were detected in E. coli(pUC19). The 31-kilodalton protein also reacted with antibodies in serum from a sheep naturally infected with C. pseudotuberculosis, serum which also contained PLD-neutralizing antibodies. When Southern blots of BamHI digests of DNA from biovar ovis and biovar equi isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis were probed with pCpO50, bands of 4.8 and 1.9 kilobases, respectively, were seen, suggesting that the genome organization of pld is different for isolates from the two biovars.
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Abstract
A total of 137 microbial species, subspecies and serovars have been isolated from the bovine mammary gland. Nucleic acid hybridization studies have restructured the classification of many mastitis pathogens. Availability of defined species descriptions has permitted greater insight into the distribution and pathogenicity of many previously unrecognized microorganisms associated with bovine mastitis. Precise epidemiological studies are needed to better delineate the role of some microorganisms in bovine mastitis and to aid development of improved control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Watts
- Mastitis Research Laboratory, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Homer 71040
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Cianciotto N, Rappuoli R, Groman N. Detection of homology to the beta bacteriophage integration site in a wide variety of Corynebacterium spp. J Bacteriol 1986; 168:103-8. [PMID: 3019994 PMCID: PMC213425 DOI: 10.1128/jb.168.1.103-108.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In toxigenic conversion of Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7, beta bacteriophage DNA integrates into either of two chromosomal attachment sites, attB1 or attB2. These attB sites share a 96-base-pair sequence with the attP sites of beta-related phages. The distribution of attB-related sites in other species of Corynebacterium was assessed by hybridization with a DNA probe containing both attB sites of the C7 strain and a second DNA probe containing the attP site of a beta-related phage. All but one of the 15 C. diphtheriae strains tested, regardless of origin or colonial type, contained at least two BamHI fragments that hybridized strongly to both of these probes under conditions of high stringency. Strains of C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis, species in which conversion to toxinogeny has also been demonstrated, also had one or two hybridizing BamHI fragments. The functionality of these sites as integration sites was demonstrated by isolating lysogens of all three species following single infection with one or more beta-related phages. As predicted, following lysogenization one of the DNA fragments that had exhibited homology with the attB1-attB2 probe was replaced by two hybridizing fragments. Other species of Corynebacterium, including pathogens and nonpathogens from animals, plant pathogens, and soil isolates also carried at least one BamHI fragment that hybridized with the attB1-attB2 and attP probes. The data indicate that sequences homologous to the beta phage integration sites in C. diphtheriae have been conserved in members of the genus Corynebacterium.
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Abstract
The DNA genomes of a number of tox-bearing, temperate corynebacteriophages isolated from strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans were compared. With one exception, these phages displayed similarities in their restriction enzyme digest profiles and extensive homology with prototypic beta converting phage. The exception, phage delta, had a unique restriction profile and exhibited homology with beta over a limited portion of its genome. DNAs of phages from each host contained cohesive ends and integrated as prophage by a mechanism analogous to that employed by coliphage lambda. It is proposed that these tox-bearing phages belong to a common family, the beta family. The role of the beta family in the movement of the tox gene between strains of C. diphtheriae and C. ulcerans is discussed.
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