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Ling XD, Lv J, Chen FJ, Qin XT, Wu MS, Bai F, Luo HQ. Expression characteristics and in vitro antibacterial properties of C-type lysozyme in crucian carp infected with Aeromonas salmonicida. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24044. [PMID: 38230230 PMCID: PMC10789626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is an ancient fish pathogen. Lysozymes are important molecules in the innate immune system that fight bacterial infections. The expression characteristics of C-type lysozyme in crucian carp infected with A. salmonicida and its antibacterial effect against A. salmonicida had not been investigated. Thus, we used bioinformatics to analyze the gene and protein characteristics of C-type lysozymes in crucian carp. Changes in C-type lysozyme expression before and after crucian carp infection with A. salmonicida were detected, and the in vitro antibacterial effect of recombinant carp C-type lysozyme on A. salmonicida was validated. The results showed that the coding DNA sequence region of the lysozyme gene sequence was 438 bp long, encoding 145 amino acids and containing two conserved catalytic sites: Glu53 and Asp69. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that crucian carp C-type lysozymes clustered with Cyprinus carpio lysozyme C. After crucian carp were infected with A. salmonicida, the gene and protein expression of C-type lysozymes in the liver, spleen, kidney, and hindgut were significantly upregulated, with the liver showing the highest upregulation that was 15 times higher than that in the uninfected group. In addition, recombinant C-type lysozyme exhibited significant antibacterial activity against A. salmonicida, with an average inhibition zone radius of 0.92 cm when using 40 μg recombinant lysozyme. In conclusion, this study reveals the important role of C-type lysozymes in the innate immune response of crucian carp and provides a theoretical basis for preventing crucian carp infection with A. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-dong Ling
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Fu-ju Chen
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiao-tong Qin
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Mei-si Wu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Feng Bai
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Hui-qiong Luo
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Song Q, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Liu T, Li J, Li P, Han F. Lysozymes in Fish. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15039-15051. [PMID: 34890178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the deterioration of the aquaculture ecological environment has led to a high incidence of fish diseases. Lysozymes, important antimicrobial enzymes, play an important role in the innate immune system of fish. The studies of fish lysozymes benefit the control of fish infections caused by pathogens. In this review, we reviewed recent progress in fish lysozymes, including their classification, structural characteristics, biological functions and mechanisms, tissue distributions, and properties of their recombinant proteins, which will help us to systematically understand the fish lysozymes and facilitate their applications in the fields of food and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Xiao
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Sichuan Tengli Agri-Tech Company, Limited, Deyang, Sichuan 618200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, People's Republic of China
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Sun X, Hong H, Jia S, Liu Y, Luo Y. Effects of phytic acid and lysozyme on microbial composition and quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4 °C. Food Microbiol 2020; 86:103313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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John AA, Naresh KC, Ranganath V, Subramaniam MR, Patil AS, Jumani PN. Relationship between the nutritional status and antimicrobial protein levels with the periodontal condition in untreated head and neck cancer patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3325-3333. [PMID: 31742163 PMCID: PMC6857423 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_658_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic periodontitis might be associated with oral premalignant lesions, tongue cancers, and other oral neoplasms, which is a foremost public health problem throughout the world. The nutritional status of the patient with cancer becomes very important for tolerating the treatment course as most of the newly diagnosed patients with head and neck cancer are malnourished before treatment begins. Antimicrobial proteins are also essential contributors to maintaining the balance between health and disease in this complex environment. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine whether an association exists between the measures of nutritional status and the levels of antimicrobial proteins with the periodontal condition in newly diagnosed, untreated head and neck cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients newly diagnosed with head and neck carcinoma were included. Saliva and plasma samples were collected, together with clinical periodontal recordings. Nutritional status parameters consisted of body mass index, serum albumin, hemoglobin, and total lymphocyte count. Cystatin C and lysozyme were the antimicrobial proteins. Results: A logistic regression model showed that periodontal parameters were inversely related to their nutritional status; however, antimicrobial protein levels showed to be directly related to periodontal condition. Conclusion: This study suggests an association between periodontal disease, nutritional status parameters, and antimicrobial protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumar C Naresh
- Department of Periodontology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - V Ranganath
- Department of Periodontology, AECS Maaruti Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - M Rao Subramaniam
- Department of Periodontology, P.M. Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
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Wen S, Mao TX, Yao DM, Li T, Wang FH. Yeast Surface Display of Antheraea pernyi Lysozyme Revealed α-Helical Antibacterial Peptides in Its N-Terminal Domain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9138-9146. [PMID: 30074396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated a novel lysozyme ApLyz from the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi, for its active expression with N- or C-terminus fused to the yeast cell surface, and the antimicrobial activities of the corresponding expressed lysozymes were evaluated. The bactericidal activity of C-terminal fusion of ApLyz surpassed that of the N-terminal fusion, which revealed the implication of an N-terminal stretch of ApLyz in the bactericidal function based on the structural mobility of this region. Two N-terminal peptides of ApLyz (residues 1-15 and 1-32), which primarily consist of amphiphilic α-helices, exerted similar bactericidal efficacy and had a strong preference for the Gram-negative strains. Further investigation revealed that the N-terminal peptides are membrane-targeting peptides causing cell permeabilization and also possess nonmembrane disturbing bactericidal mechanism. Overall, in addition to the key findings of novel bactericidal peptides from silkmoth lysozyme, this work laid the foundation for future improvement of ApLyz by protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wen
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Tong-Xin Mao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Dong-Mei Yao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Tian Li
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Feng-Huan Wang
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, School of Food and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
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Villa TG, Feijoo-Siota L, Rama JLR, Ageitos JM. Antivirals against animal viruses. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 133:97-116. [PMID: 27697545 PMCID: PMC7092833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antivirals are compounds used since the 1960s that can interfere with viral development. Some of these antivirals can be isolated from a variety of sources, such as animals, plants, bacteria or fungi, while others must be obtained by chemical synthesis, either designed or random. Antivirals display a variety of mechanisms of action, and while some of them enhance the animal immune system, others block a specific enzyme or a particular step in the viral replication cycle. As viruses are mandatory intracellular parasites that use the host's cellular machinery to survive and multiply, it is essential that antivirals do not harm the host. In addition, viruses are continually developing new antiviral resistant strains, due to their high mutation rate, which makes it mandatory to continually search for, or develop, new antiviral compounds. This review describes natural and synthetic antivirals in chronological order, with an emphasis on natural compounds, even when their mechanisms of action are not completely understood, that could serve as the basis for future development of novel and/or complementary antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - L Feijoo-Siota
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - J L R Rama
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - J M Ageitos
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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Chen F, Cai C, Chen X, Chen C. "Click on the bidirectional switch": the aptasensor for simultaneous detection of lysozyme and ATP with high sensitivity and high selectivity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18814. [PMID: 26742854 PMCID: PMC4705532 DOI: 10.1038/srep18814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bifunctional and simple aptasensor was designed to one-spot simultaneously detect two analytes, lysozyme and ATP. The aptasensor was obtained by the electronic interaction between methyl violet (MV) and dsDNA. The dsDNA was obtained by hybridization of ATP aptamer and lysozyme aptamer. And we used the resonance light scattering (RLS) technique to detect the concentration of lysozyme and ATP. During the procedure of detection, the aptasensor works like a bidirectional switch, the corresponding side of the dsDNA will open when the target (lysozyme or ATP) "click" the aptamer, which results in corresponding RLS signal change. By the combination of the RLS technique, it is found that the changed RLS intensity was proportional to the concentration of lysozyme and ATP. The mixtures of ATP and lysozyme also met two binary function relations. The results indicated that the aptasensor could achieve simultaneous detection of ATP and lysozyme, the detection limits of ATP and lysozyme could reach 10(-11) M and 10(-12) M, respectively. The aptasensor shows potential application for small molecule and protein detection by RLS, it could extend the application of RLS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Changqun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
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Hajishengallis G, Russell MW. Innate Humoral Defense Factors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149745 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although innate immunity came into the research spotlight in the late 1990s when its instructive role in the adaptive immune response was recognized, innate humoral defense factors have a much older history. The exocrine secretions of the body contain a plethora of distinct soluble factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidases, proline-rich proteins, histatins, etc.) that protect the body from mucosal microbial pathogens. More recent studies have established that the humoral arm of innate immunity contains a heterogeneous group of pattern-recognition molecules (e.g., pentraxins, collectins, and ficolins), which perform diverse host-defense functions, such as agglutination and neutralization, opsonization, control of inflammation, and complement activation and regulation. These pattern-recognition molecules, which act as functional predecessors of antibodies (“ante-antibodies”), and the classic soluble innate defense factors form an integrated system with complementary specificity, action, and tissue distribution, and they are the subject of this chapter.
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A role for the class A penicillin-binding protein PonA2 in the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis under conditions of nonreplication. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:3043-54. [PMID: 20400545 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00025-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are large, bifunctional proteins that are responsible for glycan chain assembly and peptide cross-linking of bacterial peptidoglycan. Bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium have been reported to have only two class A PBPs, PonA1 and PonA2, that are encoded in their genomes. We report here that the genomes of Mycobacterium smegmatis and other soil mycobacteria contain an additional gene encoding a third class A penicillin-binding protein, PonA3, which is a paralog of PonA2. Both the PonA2 and PonA3 proteins contain a penicillin-binding protein and serine/threonine protein kinase-associated (PASTA) domain that we propose may be involved in sensing the cell cycle and a C-terminal proline-rich region (PRR) that may have a role in protein-protein or protein-carbohydrate interactions. We show here that an M. smegmatis Delta ponA2 mutant has an unusual antibiotic susceptibility profile, exhibits a spherical morphology and an altered cell surface in stationary phase, and is defective for stationary-phase survival and recovery from anaerobic culture. In contrast, a Delta ponA3 mutant has no discernible phenotype under laboratory conditions. We demonstrate that PonA2 and PonA3 can bind penicillin and that PonA3 can partially substitute for PonA2 when ponA3 is expressed from a constitutive promoter on a multicopy plasmid. Our studies suggest that PonA2 is involved in adaptation to periods of nonreplication in response to starvation or anaerobiosis and that PonA3 may have a similar role. However, the regulation of PonA3 is likely different, suggesting that its importance could be related to stresses encountered in the environmental niches occupied by M. smegmatis and other soil-dwelling mycobacteria.
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Abstract
Enzymatic methods provide a convenient alternative for overcoming technical disadvantages of mechanical disruption. Protocols for protein extraction from bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using lytic enzymes are presented in this chapter. Adaptation of the yeast protocol to a microtiter plate format makes this protocol amenable for proteomic applications and high-throughput screening of libraries expressing genetic variants in yeast. This methodology can also be applied to bacteria.
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Salazar O, Asenjo JA. Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:985-94. [PMID: 17464453 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall lytic enzymes are valuable tools for the biotechnologist, with many applications in medicine, the food industry, and agriculture, and for recovering of intracellular products from yeast or bacteria. The diversity of potential applications has conducted to the development of lytic enzyme systems with specific characteristics, suitable for satisfying the requirements of each particular application. Since the first time the lytic enzyme of excellence, lysozyme, was discovered, many investigations have contributed to the understanding of the action mechanisms and other basic aspects of these interesting enzymes. Today, recombinant production and protein engineering have improved and expanded the area of potential applications. In this review, some of the recent advances in specific enzyme systems for bacteria and yeast cells rupture and other applications are examined. Emphasis is focused in biotechnological aspects of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Salazar
- Centre for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile.
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Nakimbugwe D, Masschalck B, Anim G, Michiels CW. Inactivation of gram-negative bacteria in milk and banana juice by hen egg white and lambda lysozyme under high hydrostatic pressure. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 112:19-25. [PMID: 16843561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and bacteriophage lambda lysozyme (LaL) in combination with high pressure (HP) treatment on the inactivation of four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella typhimurium), was studied in skim milk (pH 6.8; a(w) 0.997) and in banana juice (pH 3.8; a(w) 0.971). In the absence of lysozymes, S. flexneri was more sensitive to HP in milk than in banana juice, while the opposite was observed for the other three bacteria. In combination with HP treatment, LaL was more effective than HEWL on all bacteria in both milk and banana juice. Depending on the bacteria, inactivation levels in banana juice were increased from 0.4-2.7 log units by HP treatment alone to 3.6-6.5 log units in the presence of 224 U/ml LaL. Bacterial inactivation in milk was also enhanced by LaL but only by 0.5-2.1 log units. Under the experimental conditions used, LaL was more effective in banana juice than in milk, while the effectiveness of HEWL under the same conditions was not significantly affected by the food matrix. This effect could be ascribed to the low pH of the banana juice since LaL was also more effective on E. coli in buffer at pH 3.8 than at pH 6.8. Since neither LaL nor HEWL are enzymatically active at pH 3.8, we analysed bacterial lysis after HP treatment in the presence of these enzymes, and found that inactivation proceeds through a non-lytic mechanism at pH 3.8 and a lytic mechanism at pH 6.8. Based on these results, LaL may offer interesting perspectives for use as an extra hurdle in high pressure food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Nakimbugwe
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Hung CR. Effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in diabetic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5853-8. [PMID: 16270397 PMCID: PMC4479688 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i37.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the protective effect of lysozyme chloride on betel quid chewing (BQC) aggravated gastric oxidative stress and hemorrhagic ulcer in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM).
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were challenged intravenously with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) to induce DM. Rats were fed with regular pellet food or BQC-containing diets. After 90 d, rats were deprived of food for 24 h. Rat stomachs were irrigated for 3 h with normal saline or simulated gastric juice. Rats were killed and gastric specimens were harvested.
RESULTS: An enhancement of various gastric ulcerogenic parameters, including acid back-diffusion, mucosal lipid peroxide generation, as well as decreased glutathione levels and mucus content, were observed in DM rats. After feeding DM rats with BQC, an exacerbation of these ulcero-genic parameters was achieved. Gastric juice caused a further aggravation of these ulcerogenic parameters. Daily intragastric lysozyme chloride dose-dependently inhibited exacerbation of various ulcerogenic parameters in those BQC-fed DM rats.
CONCLUSION: (1) Gastric juice could aggravate both DM and BQC-fed DM rat hemorrhagic ulcer; (2) BQC exacerbated gastric hemorrhagic ulcer in DM rats via enhancing oxidative stress and reducing defensive factors; (3) lysozyme chloride effectively protected BQC aggravated gastric damage in DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Road Hung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China.
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15
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Hung CR, Wang PS. Role of acid back-diffusion, glutathione, oxyradical, and histamine in antral hemorrhagic ulcer in rats: the protective effect of lysozyme chloride and antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 140:142-51. [PMID: 12271271 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2002.126412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of gastric antral hemorrhage and ulceration is unclear. This paper first proposes that antral hemorrhagic ulcers produced in rats are associated with attenuation of defensive parameters (such as mucosal glutathione levels and histamine release, as well as aggravation of aggressive factors) including gastric acid back-diffusion and oxyradical generation. The protective effects of lysozyme chloride and antioxidants on this ulcer model were also evaluated. After being deprived of food for 24 hours followed by refeeding for 1 hour, rats were injected with 1.0 mol HCl/L intragastrically under potent analgesia of diethylether-anesthesia to induce antral ulcer. Control rats received a normal saline solution only. Rats were then given free access to water and food for 4 days. Before the experiment began, rats were again deprived of food for 24 hours. Following anesthetization, their stomachs were irrigated for 3 hours with either normal saline or a physiological acid solution containing 100 mmol HCl/L and 54 mmol NaCl/L. Aggravation of various aggressive and defensive parameters in antral mucosa was observed in refed rats that had received 1.0 mol HCl/L. A high relationship of mucosal glutathione level (r = -0.8754, P <.05) or lipid peroxides generation (r = 0.8198) to antral ulceration was obtained in those ulcerated rats. Intragastric lysozyme chloride (50-200 mg/kg) injected three times daily produced a dose-dependent attenuation of various gastric parameters in the acid-irrigated stomachs of antral ulcer rats. Intraperitoneal injections of various antioxidants, including exogenous glutathione, allopurinol, or dimethylsulfoxide also attenuated antral ulcer. In conclusion, the imbalance of aggressive factors, such as acid back-diffusion and oxyradicals-as well as defensive factors including glutathione and histamine-is important in modulating antral hemorrhagic ulcers that can be ameliorated by lysozyme chloride or antioxidants in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Road Hung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Pang G, Clancy R, Cong M, Ortega M, Zhigang R, Reeves G. Influenza virus inhibits lysozyme secretion by sputum neutrophils in subjects with chronic bronchial sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:718-22. [PMID: 10712313 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9812047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are central to the control of infection within the bronchial mucosa. To determine whether the link between bacterial and viral infection in the respiratory tract can be partly explained by acute reduction of neutrophil function, we examined the influence of influenza virus on lysozyme secretion by sputum neutrophils obtained from patients with bronchiectasis. Sputum neutrophils infected with influenza A virus had a significantly reduced capacity to secrete lysozyme but not myeloperoxidase. Influenza virus A strains were more effective in inhibiting lysozyme secretion than were influenza B virus strains. Reduction of bactericidal activity was similarly reduced by different strains of influenza A virus, but an influenza virus B strain had no effect. Our results show that downregulation of sputum neutrophil function characterized by lysozyme secretion and bactericidal activity could contribute to reduction in the capacity to control bacterial colonization in the respiratory tract following influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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SAMARANAYAKE YH, SAMARANAYAKE LP, WU PC, SO M. The antifungal effect of lactoferrin and lysozyme onCandida kruseiandCandida albicans. APMIS 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Taylor DC, Cripps AW, Clancy RL. A possible role for lysozyme in determining acute exacerbation in chronic bronchitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:406-16. [PMID: 7586699 PMCID: PMC1553411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of non-serotypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) by whole saliva from patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) was investigated. Significant differences were observed between salivary aggregating activity of a control and COLD population (P < 0.001). Saliva from patients less prone to acute exacerbations had a greater capacity to aggregate bacteria compared with saliva from patients with a predilection to infection. The mechanism of saliva-mediated aggregation of NTHI was investigated and shown to be related to lysozyme content. Lysozyme activity in saliva was measured by the turbidimetric technique and results showed that patients with chronic bronchitis had increased levels of salivary lysozyme, with a subpopulation within the non-infection-prone group having greater amounts. A significant difference was observed in salivary lysozyme between controls and non-infection-prone (P < 0.005) and infection-prone (P < 0.05) patients, respectively: the non-infection-prone patients having significantly (P < 0.005) more than the infection-prone patients. There was significant correlation (r = 0.742, P < 0.001) between salivary aggregation of NTHI and lysozyme activity. Chromatographically purified human lysozyme had a similar aggregation profile to that of saliva. There was no difference in serum and saliva lactoferrin concentrations between groups, but there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum lysozyme concentration in the non-infection-prone group. This study suggests that the level of salivary lysozyme derived from macrophages may play an important role in determining resistance or susceptibility to acute bronchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Taylor
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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Scannapieco FA. Saliva-bacterium interactions in oral microbial ecology. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1994; 5:203-48. [PMID: 7703323 DOI: 10.1177/10454411940050030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is thought to have a significant impact on the colonization of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Salivary components may participate in this process by one of four general mechanisms: binding to microorganisms to facilitate their clearance from the oral cavity, serving as receptors in oral pellicles for microbial adhesion to host surfaces, inhibiting microbial growth or mediating microbial killing, and serving as microbial nutritional substrates. This article reviews information pertinent to the molecular interaction of salivary components with bacteria (primarily the oral streptococci and Actinomyces) and explores the implications of these interactions for oral bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling bacterial colonization of the oral cavity may suggest methods to prevent not only dental plaque formation but also serious medical infections that may follow microbial colonization of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
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Samaranayake YH, MacFarlane TW, Aitchison TC, Samaranayake LP. The in vitro lysozyme susceptibility of Candida albicans cultured in carbohydrate-supplemented media. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 8:177-81. [PMID: 8233572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1993.tb00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro lysozyme susceptibility of three oral isolates of Candida albicans cultured in carbohydrate-supplemented media was studied. Lysozyme was shown to have a dose- and time-dependent killing effect on C. albicans isolates. Fungicidal activity persisted to varying degrees when yeast isolates were cultured in a variety of carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, sucrose, maltose, xylitol and lactose) before exposure to 20 micrograms/ml lysozyme. Sucrose and galactose grown yeasts exhibited increased resistance to lysozyme compared with (in decreasing order) those grown in glucose, maltose, xylitol or lactose. Further, the C. albicans isolates tested demonstrated strain variations in their susceptibility to lysozyme. These results suggest that dietary carbohydrate may play a role in modulating the yeast cell populations in the oral cavity by altering the fungal susceptibility to salivary lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Samaranayake
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, United Kingdom
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Landesberg R. Update on the Immunology of Infections. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s1042-3699(20)30495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effect of lysozyme on glucose fermentation, cytoplasmic pH, and intracellular potassium concentrations in Streptococcus mutans 10449. Infect Immun 1991; 59:638-44. [PMID: 1987080 PMCID: PMC257805 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.2.638-644.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous findings have suggested that the cationic nature of lysozyme is a major factor in its bactericidal activity. Since a number of cationic proteins or peptides have been reported to cause membrane damage in bacteria, we investigated the effect of lysozyme on glucose fermentation and intracellular pH and K+ in Streptococcus mutans under conditions in which lysis does not occur. Results showed that lysozyme and poly-D-lysine (PDL) cause inhibition of glucose fermentation at pH 5.5 in a dose-dependent manner. Human placental lysozyme and hen egg-white lysozyme exhibited similar inhibitory potency on glucose fermentation. Both lysozyme and PDL caused a marked acidification of the cytoplasm of S. mutans. However, when cytoplasmic pH was examined as a function of fermentation rate, the relationship was similar regardless of the presence or absence of lysozyme or PDL. Therefore, acidification of the cytoplasm appeared to not depend specifically on lysozyme or PDL. In contrast, the same relationship between the profound loss of intracellular K+, when fermenting cells were exposed to either lysozyme or PDL, and the fermentation rate was not exhibited in the controls. These results indicate that lysozyme and PDL specifically affected the ability of the cells to maintain intracellular K+. We concluded that lysozyme and PDL indeed perturb membrane function, perhaps in a selective manner. Furthermore, the similarity in action of lysozyme and the cationic homopolypeptide PDL supports the notion that the cationic property of lysozyme indeed plays a significant role in its antibacterial activity.
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Tobgi RS, Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW. In vitro susceptibility of Candida species to lysozyme. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 3:35-9. [PMID: 3268748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1988.tb00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to hydroxyapatite coated with lysozyme and lysozyme-supplemented saliva. Infect Immun 1986; 51:750-9. [PMID: 2419251 PMCID: PMC260961 DOI: 10.1128/iai.51.3.750-759.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The adherence of [3H]thymidine-labeled Streptococcus sanguis strains to bare hydroxyapatite and to hydroxyapatite coated with a range of concentrations of lysozyme, poly-L-lysine, poly-L-glutamic acid, whole saliva supernatant, and combinations of some of the above was studied. Adherence of several strains of S. sanguis to bare hydroxyapatite and saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was compared. Saliva present as a pellicle on the hydroxyapatite inhibited adherence of some strains (903, M-5, 73X11) and stimulated that of others (S35, B-4, 66X49). Strains 903 and S35 were chosen for further study. Adherence of both strains was stimulated up to fivefold by the presence of adsorbed lysozyme or poly-L-lysine on the hydroxyapatite, whereas poly-L-glutamic acid inhibited adherence (80 to 95%). Adherence of strain S35 to hydroxyapatite coated with combinations of saliva and (i) lysozyme, (ii) poly-L-lysine, or (iii) poly-L-glutamic acid was unaffected compared with adherence to hydroxyapatite coated with saliva alone. In contrast, adherence of strain 903 to hydroxyapatite coated with combinations of saliva and either lysozyme or poly-L-lysine was inhibited up to ca. 90% compared with hydroxyapatite coated with saliva alone. Strain 903 was also unaffected by combinations of poly-L-glutamic acid and saliva on the hydroxyapatite. Adherent cells of both strains were completely (greater than 90%) eluted with high-ionic-strength buffer from either bare hydroxyapatite or hydroxyapatite coated with lysozyme alone. Adherent cells of strain S35 were only poorly eluted (25%) from hydroxyapatite coated with either saliva alone or saliva and lysozyme. Strain 903 elution from hydroxyapatite coated with either saliva alone or saliva and lysozyme was essentially complete. These observations were taken to indicate that the two test strains adhered to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite by different mechanisms. Protein-coated hydroxyapatite was shown not to be saturated under the conditions described here. Examination by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the variously supplemented salivary pellicles formed on the hydroxyapatite demonstrated that major changes in salivary protein composition did not occur when lysozyme, poly-L-lysine, or poly-L-glutamic acid was used to supplement saliva. Lysozyme-dependent aggregation of strain 903 was shown not to occur under the conditions of our experiments. We suggest that the basis for stimulation of adherence to hydroxyapatite coated only with lysozyme is an increase in the cationic surface area available for electrostatic adherence of the microorganisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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