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Headley CA, Gautam S, Olmo-Fontanez A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Dwivedi V, Schami A, Weintraub S, Tsao PS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Mitochondrial Transplantation promotes protective effector and memory CD4 + T cell response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and diminishes exhaustion and senescence in elderly CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577036. [PMID: 38328206 PMCID: PMC10849707 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), remains a significant health concern worldwide, especially in populations with weakened or compromised immune systems, such as the elderly. Proper adaptive immune function, particularly a CD4+ T cell response, is central to host immunity against M.tb. Chronic infections, such as M.tb, as well as aging promote T cell exhaustion and senescence, which can impair immune control and promote progression to TB disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to T cell dysfunction, both in aging and chronic infections and diseases. Mitochondrial perturbations can disrupt cellular metabolism, enhance oxidative stress, and impair T-cell signaling and effector functions. This study examined the impact of mitochondrial transplantation (mito-transfer) on CD4+ T cell differentiation and function using aged mouse models and human CD4+ T cells from elderly individuals. Our study revealed that mito-transfer in naïve CD4+ T cells promoted the generation of protective effector and memory CD4+ T cells during M.tb infection in mice. Further, mito-transfer enhanced the function of elderly human T cells by increasing their mitochondrial mass and modulating cytokine production, which in turn reduced exhaustion and senescence cell markers. Our results suggest that mito-transfer could be a novel strategy to reestablish aged CD4+ T cell function, potentially improving immune responses in the elderly and chronic TB patients, with a broader implication for other diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to T cell exhaustion and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colwyn A. Headley
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Angelica Olmo-Fontanez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Susan Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, UT health San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Internaltional Center for the Advancement of Research & Education (I•CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
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2
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Larsen SE, Erasmus JH, Reese VA, Pecor T, Archer J, Kandahar A, Hsu FC, Nicholes K, Reed SG, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. An RNA-Based Vaccine Platform for Use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010130. [PMID: 36679975 PMCID: PMC9862644 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), a bacterial pathogen that causes tuberculosis disease (TB), exerts an extensive burden on global health. The complex nature of M.tb, coupled with different TB disease stages, has made identifying immune correlates of protection challenging and subsequently slowing vaccine candidate progress. In this work, we leveraged two delivery platforms as prophylactic vaccines to assess immunity and subsequent efficacy against low-dose and ultra-low-dose aerosol challenges with M.tb H37Rv in C57BL/6 mice. Our second-generation TB vaccine candidate ID91 was produced as a fusion protein formulated with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant in a stable emulsion) or as a novel replicating-RNA (repRNA) formulated in a nanostructured lipid carrier. Protein subunit- and RNA-based vaccines preferentially elicit cellular immune responses to different ID91 epitopes. In a single prophylactic immunization screen, both platforms reduced pulmonary bacterial burden compared to the controls. Excitingly, in prime-boost strategies, the groups that received heterologous RNA-prime, protein-boost or combination immunizations demonstrated the greatest reduction in bacterial burden and a unique humoral and cellular immune response profile. These data are the first to report that repRNA platforms are a viable system for TB vaccines and should be pursued with high-priority M.tb antigens containing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jesse H. Erasmus
- HDT BioCorp, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Valerie A. Reese
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tiffany Pecor
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Childrens Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Listeria-Vectored Multiantigenic Tuberculosis Vaccine Enhances Protective Immunity against Aerosol Challenge with Virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in BCG-Immunized C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. mBio 2022; 13:e0068722. [PMID: 35642945 PMCID: PMC9239278 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00687-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects approximately one-third of the world's population, causing active tuberculosis (TB) in ~10 million people and death in ~1.5 million people annually. A potent vaccine is needed to boost the level of immunity conferred by the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine that provides moderate protection against childhood TB but variable protection against adult pulmonary TB. Previously, we developed a recombinant attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (rLm)-vectored M. tuberculosis vaccine expressing the M. tuberculosis 30-kDa major secretory protein (r30/Ag85B), recombinant attenuated L. monocytogenes ΔactA ΔinlB prfA*30 (rLm30), and showed that boosting BCG-primed mice and guinea pigs with rLm30 enhances immunoprotection against challenge with aerosolized M. tuberculosis Erdman strain. To broaden the antigen repertoire and robustness of rLm30, we constructed 16 recombinant attenuated L. monocytogenes vaccine candidates expressing 3, 4, or 5 among 15 selected M. tuberculosis antigens, verified their protein expression, genetic stability, and growth kinetics in macrophages, and evaluated them for capacity to boost protective efficacy in BCG-primed mice. We found that boosting BCG-primed C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice with recombinant attenuated L. monocytogenes multiantigenic M. tuberculosis vaccines, especially the rLm5Ag(30) vaccine expressing a fusion protein of 23.5/Mpt64, TB10.4/EsxH, ESAT6/EsxA, CFP10/EsxB, and r30, enhances BCG-induced protective immunity against M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge. In immunogenicity studies, rLm5Ag(30) strongly boosts M. tuberculosis antigen-specific CD4-positive (CD4+) and CD8+ T cell-mediated TH1-type immune responses in the spleens and lungs of BCG-primed C57BL/6 mice but does so only weakly in BCG-primed BALB/c mice. Hence, rLm5Ag(30) boosts BCG-primed immunoprotection against M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice despite major differences in the magnitude of the vaccine-induced Th1 response in these mouse strains. Given the consistency with which recombinant attenuated L. monocytogenes vaccines expressing the 5 M. tuberculosis antigens in rLm5Ag(30) are able to boost the already high level of protection conferred by BCG alone in two rigorous mouse models of pulmonary TB and the broad CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity induced by rLm5Ag(30), this vaccine holds considerable promise as a new vaccine to combat the TB pandemic, especially for the majority of the world’s population immunized with BCG in infancy.
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Akter S, Chauhan KS, Dunlap MD, Choreño-Parra JA, Lu L, Esaulova E, Zúñiga J, Artyomov MN, Kaushal D, Khader SA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection drives a type I IFN signature in lung lymphocytes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110983. [PMID: 35732116 PMCID: PMC9616001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects 25% of the world's population and causes tuberculosis (TB), which is a leading cause of death globally. A clear understanding of the dynamics of immune response at the cellular level is crucial to design better strategies to control TB. We use the single-cell RNA sequencing approach on lung lymphocytes derived from healthy and Mtb-infected mice. Our results show the enrichment of the type I IFN signature among the lymphoid cell clusters, as well as heat shock responses in natural killer (NK) cells from Mtb-infected mice lungs. We identify Ly6A as a lymphoid cell activation marker and validate its upregulation in activated lymphoid cells following infection. The cross-analysis of the type I IFN signature in human TB-infected peripheral blood samples further validates our results. These findings contribute toward understanding and characterizing the transcriptional parameters at a single-cell depth in a highly relevant and reproducible mouse model of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Akter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Kuldeep S. Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Micah D. Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City 14080, Mexico,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Lan Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joaquin Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas,” Mexico City 14080, Mexico,Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence: (D.K.), (S.A.K.) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110983
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5
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Larsen SE, Williams BD, Rais M, Coler RN, Baldwin SL. It Takes a Village: The Multifaceted Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840225. [PMID: 35359957 PMCID: PMC8960931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite co-evolving with humans for centuries and being intensely studied for decades, the immune correlates of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) have yet to be fully defined. This lapse in understanding is a major lag in the pipeline for evaluating and advancing efficacious vaccine candidates. While CD4+ T helper 1 (TH1) pro-inflammatory responses have a significant role in controlling Mtb infection, the historically narrow focus on this cell population may have eclipsed the characterization of other requisite arms of the immune system. Over the last decade, the tuberculosis (TB) research community has intentionally and intensely increased the breadth of investigation of other immune players. Here, we review mechanistic preclinical studies as well as clinical anecdotes that suggest the degree to which different cell types, such as NK cells, CD8+ T cells, γ δ T cells, and B cells, influence infection or disease prevention. Additionally, we categorically outline the observed role each major cell type plays in vaccine-induced immunity, including Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Novel vaccine candidates advancing through either the preclinical or clinical pipeline leverage different platforms (e.g., protein + adjuvant, vector-based, nucleic acid-based) to purposefully elicit complex immune responses, and we review those design rationales and results to date. The better we as a community understand the essential composition, magnitude, timing, and trafficking of immune responses against Mtb, the closer we are to reducing the severe disease burden and toll on human health inflicted by TB globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha E. Larsen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany D. Williams
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maham Rais
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Susan L. Baldwin,
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6
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Belnoue E, Vogelzang A, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Krzyzaniak MA, Darbre S, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Merkler D, Lambert PH, Kaufmann SHE, Siegrist CA, Pinschewer DD. Replication-Deficient Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Vectored Vaccine Candidate for the Induction of T Cell Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052700. [PMID: 35269842 PMCID: PMC8911050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a major burden to global health, and refined vaccines are needed. Replication-deficient lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV)-based vaccine vectors against cytomegalovirus have proven safe for human use and elicited robust T cell responses in a large proportion of vaccine recipients. Here, we developed an rLCMV vaccine expressing the Mtb antigens TB10.4 and Ag85B. In mice, rLCMV elicited high frequencies of polyfunctional Mtb-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses. CD8 but not CD4 T cells were efficiently boosted upon vector re-vaccination. High-frequency responses were also observed in neonatally vaccinated mice, and co-administration of rLCMV with Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) vaccines did not result in substantial reciprocal interference. Importantly, rLCMV immunization significantly reduced the lung Mtb burden upon aerosol challenge, resulting in improved lung ventilation. Protection was associated with increased CD8 T cell recruitment but reduced CD4 T cell infiltration upon Mtb challenge. When combining rLCMV with BCG vaccination in a heterologous prime-boost regimen, responses to the rLCMV-encoded Mtb antigens were further augmented, but protection was not significantly different from rLCMV or BCG vaccination alone. This work suggests that rLCMV may show utility for neonatal and/or adult vaccination efforts against pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Belnoue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.V.); (N.E.N.); (S.H.E.K.)
| | - Natalie E. Nieuwenhuizen
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.V.); (N.E.N.); (S.H.E.K.)
| | - Magdalena A. Krzyzaniak
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie Darbre
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.V.); (N.E.N.); (S.H.E.K.)
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; (E.B.); (S.D.); (M.K.); (I.W.); (D.M.); (P.-H.L.); (C.-A.S.)
- W.H.O. Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-61-207-32-70
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7
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Setiabudiawan TP, Reurink RK, Hill PC, Netea MG, van Crevel R, Koeken VACM. Protection against tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination: A historical perspective. MED 2022; 3:6-24. [PMID: 35590145 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed exactly 100 years ago, and it is still the only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine and the most frequently administered of all vaccines worldwide. Despite universal vaccination policies in TB-endemic settings, the burden of TB remains high. Although BCG protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease, the level of protection varies greatly between age groups and settings. In this review, we present a historical perspective and describe the evidence for BCG's ability to protect against TB as well as the factors that influence protection. We also present the immunological mechanisms through which BCG vaccination induces protection, focusing on T cell, B cell, and innate immunity. Finally, we discuss several possibilities to boost BCG's efficacy, including alternative vaccination routes, BCG revaccination, and use of recombinant BCG vaccines, and describe the knowledge gaps that exist with respect to BCG's protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todia P Setiabudiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Remi K Reurink
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Județul Dolj 200349, Romania
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany; TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany.
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8
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CD4 T cell help prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion and promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109696. [PMID: 34525366 PMCID: PMC8466141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for immunity to tuberculosis because they produce cytokines, including interferon-γ. Whether CD4 T cells act as "helper" cells to promote optimal CD8 T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. Using two independent models, we show that CD4 T cell help enhances CD8 effector functions and prevents CD8 T cell exhaustion. We demonstrate synergy between CD4 and CD8 T cells in promoting the survival of infected mice. Purified helped, but not helpless, CD8 T cells efficiently restrict intracellular bacterial growth in vitro. Thus, CD4 T cell help plays an essential role in generating protective CD8 T cell responses against M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo. We infer vaccines that elicit both CD4 and CD8 T cells are more likely to be successful than vaccines that elicit only CD4 or CD8 T cells.
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9
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Larson EC, Ellis-Connell A, Rodgers MA, Balgeman AJ, Moriarty RV, Ameel CL, Baranowski TM, Tomko JA, Causgrove CM, Maiello P, O'Connor SL, Scanga CA. Pre-existing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases Expression of T Cell Markers Associated with Activation during Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection and Impairs TNF Responses in Granulomas. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:175-188. [PMID: 34145063 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death among people living with HIV. People living with HIV are more susceptible to contracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and often have worsened TB disease. Understanding the immunologic defects caused by HIV and the consequences it has on M. tuberculosis coinfection is critical in combating this global health epidemic. We previously showed in a model of SIV and M. tuberculosis coinfection in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) that SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected MCM had rapidly progressive TB. We hypothesized that pre-existing SIV infection impairs early T cell responses to M. tuberculosis infection. We infected MCM with SIVmac239, followed by coinfection with M. tuberculosis Erdman 6 mo later. Although similar, TB progression was observed in both SIV+ and SIV-naive animals at 6 wk post-M. tuberculosis infection; longitudinal sampling of the blood (PBMC) and airways (bronchoalveolar lavage) revealed a significant reduction in circulating CD4+ T cells and an influx of CD8+ T cells in airways of SIV+ animals. At sites of M. tuberculosis infection (i.e., granulomas), SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected animals had a higher proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD-1 and TIGIT. In addition, there were fewer TNF-producing CD4+ T cells in granulomas of SIV/M. tuberculosis-coinfected animals. Taken together, we show that concurrent SIV infection alters T cell phenotypes in granulomas during the early stages of TB disease. As it is critical to establish control of M. tuberculosis replication soon postinfection, these phenotypic changes may distinguish the immune dysfunction that arises from pre-existing SIV infection, which promotes TB progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
| | - Amy Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Mark A Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alexis J Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Ryan V Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Cassaundra L Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tonilynn M Baranowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jaime A Tomko
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chelsea M Causgrove
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI; and
| | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; .,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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10
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Litvinov IS, Dolgikh DA. Analysis of the Healthy Subject Response to Prolonged Contact with Tuberculosis Patients. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2019; 488:153-155. [PMID: 31732902 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661905003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged contact of healthy subjects with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can change their blood formula and immune status, thus reflecting adaptive reactions to constant antigenic load. The peripheral blood analysis of health care workers in a tuberculosis hospital demonstrates changes in cell populations which prevent development of tuberculosis, in particular, CD4+ Т cells and CD3+ Т cells. It is shown that the number of the memory CD4+ Т cells specific to M.tuberculosis antigens which produce interferon gamma depends on the duration of work contact with tuberculosis patients. The use of health care workers' blood characteristics as a control for tuberculosis patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Litvinov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D A Dolgikh
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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11
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Litvinov IS, Dolgich DA. An Analysis of Adaptive Reactions in Healthy Subjects Who Have Persistent and Prolonged Contact with Tuberculosis Patients. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Kauffman KD, Sallin MA, Sakai S, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Weiner D, Sutphin M, Schimel D, Via L, Barry CE, Wilder-Kofie T, Moore I, Moore R, Barber DL. Defective positioning in granulomas but not lung-homing limits CD4 T-cell interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:462-473. [PMID: 28745326 PMCID: PMC5785573 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4 T cells to migrate into the lung and interact with infected macrophages. In mice, less-differentiated CXCR3+ CD4 T cells migrate into the lung and suppress growth of Mtb, whereas CX3CR1+ terminally differentiated Th1 cells accumulate in the blood vasculature and do not control pulmonary infection. Here we examine CD4 T-cell differentiation and lung homing during primary Mtb infection of rhesus macaques. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells simultaneously appeared in the airways and blood ∼21-28 days post exposure, indicating that recently primed effectors are quickly recruited into the lungs after entering circulation. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas display a tissue-parenchymal CXCR3+CX3CR1-PD-1hiCTLA-4+ phenotype. However, most granuloma CD4 T cells are found within the outer lymphocyte cuff and few localize to the myeloid cell core containing the bacilli. Using the intravascular stain approach, we find essentially all Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in granulomas have extravasated across the vascular endothelium into the parenchyma. Therefore, it is unlikely to be that lung-homing defects introduced by terminal differentiation limit the migration of CD4 T cells into granulomas following primary Mtb infection of macaques. However, intralesional positioning defects within the granuloma may pose a major barrier to T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Kauffman
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle A. Sallin
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Danielle Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Michelle Sutphin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel Schimel
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Laura Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Temeri Wilder-Kofie
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Rashida Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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13
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Steigler P, Daniels NJ, McCulloch TR, Ryder BM, Sandford SK, Kirman JR. BCG vaccination drives accumulation and effector function of innate lymphoid cells in murine lungs. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:379-389. [PMID: 29363172 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prevents disseminated childhood TB; however, it fails to protect against the more prevalent pulmonary TB. Limited understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, has hindered development of improved vaccines. Although memory CD4 T cells are considered the main mediators of protection against TB, recent studies suggest there are other key subsets that contribute to antimycobacterial immunity. To that end, innate cells may be involved in the protective response. In this study, we investigated the primary response of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) to BCG exposure. Using a murine model, we showed that ILCs increased in number in the lungs and lymph nodes in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, there was significant production of the antimycobacterial cytokine IFN-γ by ILCs. As ILCs are located at mucosal sites, it was investigated whether mucosal vaccination (intranasal) stimulated an enhanced response compared to the traditional vaccination approach (intradermal or subcutaneous). Indeed, in response to intranasal vaccination, the number of ILCs, and IFN-γ production in NK cells and ILC1s in the lungs and lymph nodes, were higher than that provoked through intradermal or subcutaneous vaccination. This work provides the first evidence that BCG vaccination activates ILCs, paving the way for future research to elucidate the protective potential of ILCs against mycobacterial infection. Additionally, the finding that lung ILCs respond rigorously to mucosal vaccination may have implications for the delivery of novel TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Steigler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Naomi J Daniels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim R McCulloch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brin M Ryder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah K Sandford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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14
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Nieuwenhuizen NE, Kulkarni PS, Shaligram U, Cotton MF, Rentsch CA, Eisele B, Grode L, Kaufmann SHE. The Recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine VPM1002: Ready for Clinical Efficacy Testing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1147. [PMID: 28974949 PMCID: PMC5610719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), protects against severe extrapulmonary forms of TB but is virtually ineffective against the most prevalent form of the disease, pulmonary TB. BCG was genetically modified at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology to improve its immunogenicity by replacing the urease C encoding gene with the listeriolysin encoding gene from Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriolysin perturbates the phagosomal membrane at acidic pH. Urease C is involved in neutralization of the phagosome harboring BCG. Its depletion allows for rapid phagosome acidification and promotes phagolysosome fusion. As a result, BCGΔureC::hly (VPM1002) promotes apoptosis and autophagy and facilitates release of mycobacterial antigens into the cytosol. In preclinical studies, VPM1002 has been far more efficacious and safer than BCG. The vaccine was licensed to Vakzine Projekt Management and later sublicensed to the Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., the largest vaccine producer in the world. The vaccine has passed phase I clinical trials in Germany and South Africa, demonstrating its safety and immunogenicity in young adults. It was also successfully tested in a phase IIa randomized clinical trial in healthy South African newborns and is currently undergoing a phase IIb study in HIV exposed and unexposed newborns. A phase II/III clinical trial will commence in India in 2017 to assess efficacy against recurrence of TB. The target indications for VPM1002 are newborn immunization to prevent TB as well as post-exposure immunization in adults to prevent TB recurrence. In addition, a Phase I trial in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients has been completed, and phase II trials are ongoing. This review describes the development of VPM1002 from the drawing board to its clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cyrill A Rentsch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Eisele
- Vakzine Projekt Management GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Abstract
In HIV-infected individuals, paradoxical reactions after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with a variety of underlying infections and have been called the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In cases of IRIS associated with tuberculosis (TB), two distinct patterns of disease are recognized: (i) the progression of subclinical TB to clinical disease after the initiation of ART, referred to as unmasking, and (ii) the progression or appearance of new clinical and/or radiographic disease in patients with previously recognized TB after the initiation of ART, the classic or "paradoxical" TB-IRIS. IRIS can potentially occur in all granulomatous diseases, not just infectious ones. All granulomatous diseases are thought to result from interplay of inflammatory cells and mediators. One of the inflammatory cells thought to be integral to the development of the granuloma is the CD4 T lymphocyte. Therefore, HIV-infected patients with noninfectious granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis may also develop IRIS reactions. Here, we describe IRIS in HIV-infected patients with TB and sarcoidosis and review the basic clinical and immunological aspects of these phenomena.
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16
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Identification of Mycobacterial RplJ/L10 and RpsA/S1 Proteins as Novel Targets for CD4 + T Cells. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01023-16. [PMID: 28115505 PMCID: PMC5364311 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01023-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a major global infectious disease problem, and a more efficacious vaccine is urgently needed for the control and prevention of disease caused by this organism. We previously reported that a genetically modified strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis called IKEPLUS is a promising TB vaccine candidate. Since protective immunity induced by IKEPLUS is dependent on antigen-specific CD4+ T cell memory, we hypothesized that the specificity of the CD4+ T cell response was a critical feature of this protection. Using in vitro assays of interferon gamma production (enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot [ELISPOT] assays) by splenocytes from IKEPLUS-immunized C57BL/6J mice, we identified an immunogenic peptide within the mycobacterial ribosomal large subunit protein RplJ, encoded by the Rv0651 gene. In a complementary approach, we generated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell hybridomas from IKEPLUS-immunized mice. Screening of these T cell hybridomas against IKEPLUS and ribosomes enriched from IKEPLUS suggested that the CD4+ T cell response in IKEPLUS-immunized mice was dominated by the recognition of multiple components of the mycobacterial ribosome. Importantly, CD4+ T cells specific for mycobacterial ribosomes accumulate to significant levels in the lungs of IKEPLUS-immunized mice following aerosol challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis, consistent with a role for these T cells in protective host immunity in TB. The identification of CD4+ T cell responses to defined ribosomal protein epitopes expands the range of antigenic targets for adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis and may help to inform the design of more effective vaccines against tuberculosis.
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17
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Loxton AG, Knaul JK, Grode L, Gutschmidt A, Meller C, Eisele B, Johnstone H, van der Spuy G, Maertzdorf J, Kaufmann SHE, Hesseling AC, Walzl G, Cotton MF. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine VPM1002 in HIV-Unexposed Newborn Infants in South Africa. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:e00439-16. [PMID: 27974398 PMCID: PMC5299117 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00439-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global threat to which infants are especially vulnerable. Effective vaccines are required to protect infants from this devastating disease. VPM1002, a novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine previously shown to be safe and immunogenic in adults, was evaluated for safety in its intended target population, namely, newborn infants in a region with high prevalence of tuberculosis. A total of 48 newborns were vaccinated intradermally with VPM1002 (n = 36) or BCG Danish strain (n = 12) in a phase II open-labeled, randomized trial with a 6-month follow-up period. Clinical and laboratory measures of safety were evaluated during this time. In addition, vaccine-induced immune responses to mycobacteria were analyzed in whole-blood stimulation and proliferation assays. The safety parameters and immunogenicity were comparable in the two groups. Both vaccines induced interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses; however, VPM1002 vaccination led to an increase of CD8+ IL-17+ T cells at the week 16 and month 6 time points. The incidence of abscess formation was lower for VPM1002 than for BCG. We conclude that VPM1002 is a safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic vaccine in newborn infants, confirming results from previous trials in adults. These results strongly support further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of this vaccination in larger studies. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01479972.).
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Andrea Gutschmidt
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Bernd Eisele
- Vakzine Projekt Management, GmbH, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Gian van der Spuy
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark F Cotton
- Fam-Cru, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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18
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Athman JJ, Sande OJ, Groft SG, Reba SM, Nagy N, Wearsch PA, Richardson ET, Rojas R, Boom WH, Shukla S, Harding CV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Membrane Vesicles Inhibit T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2028-2037. [PMID: 28122965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes multiple mechanisms to evade host immune responses, and inhibition of effector CD4+ T cell responses by M. tuberculosis may contribute to immune evasion. TCR signaling is inhibited by M. tuberculosis cell envelope lipoglycans, such as lipoarabinomannan and lipomannan, but a mechanism for lipoglycans to traffic from M. tuberculosis within infected macrophages to reach T cells is unknown. In these studies, we found that membrane vesicles produced by M. tuberculosis and released from infected macrophages inhibited the activation of CD4+ T cells, as indicated by reduced production of IL-2 and reduced T cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and Western blot demonstrated that lipoglycans from M. tuberculosis-derived bacterial vesicles (BVs) are transferred to T cells, where they inhibit T cell responses. Stimulation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of BVs induced expression of GRAIL, a marker of T cell anergy; upon restimulation, these T cells showed reduced ability to proliferate, confirming a state of T cell anergy. Furthermore, lipoarabinomannan was associated with T cells after their incubation with infected macrophages in vitro and when T cells were isolated from lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice, confirming the occurrence of lipoarabinomannan trafficking to T cells in vivo. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism for the direct regulation of CD4+ T cells by M. tuberculosis lipoglycans conveyed by BVs that are produced by M. tuberculosis and released from infected macrophages. These lipoglycans are transferred to T cells to inhibit T cell responses, providing a mechanism that may promote immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffre J Athman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Obondo J Sande
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sarah G Groft
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Scott M Reba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Nancy Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Pamela A Wearsch
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Edward T Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Roxana Rojas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Supriya Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; .,Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; and.,Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
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19
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Immunological memory is a central feature of the adaptive immune system and a prerequisite for generating effective vaccines. Understanding long-term memory responses to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
will thus provide us with valuable insights that can guide us in the search for a novel vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). For many years, triggering CD4 T cells and, in particular, those secreting interferon-γ has been the goal of most TB vaccine research, and numerous data from animals and humans support the key role of this subset in protective immunity. More recently, we have learned that the memory response required for effective control of
M. tuberculosis
is much more complex, probably involving several phenotypically different CD4 T cell subsets as well as other cell types that are yet to be defined. Herein, we describe recent insights into memory immunity to TB in the context of both animal models and the human infection. With the increasing amount of data generated from clinical testing of novel TB vaccines, we also summarize recent knowledge of vaccine-induced memory immunity.
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20
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Schaller MA, Allen RM, Kimura S, Day CL, Kunkel SL. Systemic Expression of Notch Ligand Delta-Like 4 during Mycobacterial Infection Alters the T Cell Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:527. [PMID: 27933064 PMCID: PMC5121470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) is known to fine-tune the CD4+ T cell cytokine response. DLL4 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a MyD88-dependent manner. We found that DLL4 expression was upregulated on bone marrow progenitor cells and APCs in mice infected with BCG Mycobacterium. Transfer of DLL4+ progenitor cells from infected hosts resulted in an increase DLL4+ myeloid cells in the spleen, indicating that expression of the dll4 gene is propagated throughout hematopoiesis. We also found an increase in DLL4+ monocytes from individuals who were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In latent individuals, DLL4 expression correlated with increased cytokine production from T cells in response to PPD stimulation. Finally, antibody blockade of DLL4 reduced T cell cytokine production from naïve T cells stimulated with antigen. These results demonstrate that the Notch ligand DLL4 can influence T cell cytokine production in both humans and mice, and further reveal that expression of DLL4 is upregulated on early hematopoietic progenitors in response to chronic mycobacterial infection. These data suggest that widespread DLL4 expression may occur as a result of mycobacterial infection, and that this expression may alter CD4+ T cell responses to both previously encountered and novel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Ronald M Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Soichiro Kimura
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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21
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Umemura M, Okamoto-Yoshida Y, Yahagi A, Touyama S, Nakae S, Iwakura Y, Matsuzaki G. Involvement of IL-17A-producing TCR γδ T cells in late protective immunity against pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:401-412. [PMID: 27980775 PMCID: PMC5134718 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin (IL)‐17A is a cytokine originally reported to induce neutrophil‐mediated inflammation and anti‐microbial activity. The CD4+ T cells, which produce IL‐17A, have been well characterized as Th17 cells. On the other hand, IL‐17A‐producing TCR γδ+ T cells have been reported to participate in the immune response at an early stage of infection with Listeria monocytogenes and Mycobacterium bovis in mice. However, the involvement of IL‐17A in protective immunity was not clearly demonstrated in the chronic stage of M. tuberculosis‐infected mice. Methods We analyzed role of IL‐17A in host defense against chronically infected M. tuberculosis using IL‐17A KO mice. Results We found that TCR γδ+ T cells are a primary source of IL‐17A, but that mycobacterial antigen‐specific Th17 cells were hardly detected even at the chronic stage of M. tuberculosis infection. IL‐17A‐deficient mice showed a decreased survival rate, and increased bacterial burden in the lungs after the infection when compared to the wild‐type mice. Furthermore, a histological analysis showed an impaired granuloma formation in the infected lungs of IL‐17A‐deficient mice, which was considered to be due to a decrease of IFN‐γ and TNF at the chronic stage. Conclusion Our data suggest that the IL‐17A‐producing TCR γδ+ T cells, rather than the Th17 cells, in the infected lungs are an indispensable source of protective immunity against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology GroupDepartment of Infectious DiseasesTropical Biosphere Research CenterUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan; Department of Host DefenseGraduate School of MedicineUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan
| | - Yuko Okamoto-Yoshida
- Molecular Microbiology Group Department of Infectious Diseases Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus 1 Senbaru Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Ayano Yahagi
- Molecular Microbiology Group Department of Infectious Diseases Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus 1 Senbaru Nishihara Okinawa 903-0213 Japan
| | - Seigo Touyama
- Molecular Microbiology GroupDepartment of Infectious DiseasesTropical Biosphere Research CenterUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan; Department of Host DefenseGraduate School of MedicineUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Shiroganedai Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639 Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology Center for Animal Disease Models Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences Tokyo University of Science Chiba 278-0022 Japan
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology GroupDepartment of Infectious DiseasesTropical Biosphere Research CenterUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan; Department of Host DefenseGraduate School of MedicineUniversity of the Ryukyus1 SenbaruNishiharaOkinawa903-0213Japan
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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23
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Crystal structural basis for Rv0315, an immunostimulatory antigen and inactive beta-1,3-glucanase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15073. [PMID: 26469317 PMCID: PMC4606783 DOI: 10.1038/srep15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as two billion people are latently infected with Mtb. To address Mtb drug resistance and the limitations of current vaccines, the characteristics of candidate Mtb vaccines need to be explored. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of Rv0315 at 1.70 Å resolution, a novel immunostimulatory antigen of Mtb, and demonstrate that Rv0315 is an inactive β-1,3-glucanase of the glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) family. Our study further elaborates the molecular basis for the lack of glucan recognition by Rv0315. Rv0315 has a large open groove, and this particular topology cannot bind oligosaccharide chains in solution, thus explaining the lack of detectable hydrolytic activity towards its substrate. Additionally, we identified Glu-176, a conserved catalytic residue in GH16 endo-β-1,3-glucanases, as essential for Rv0315 to induce immunological responses. These results indicate that Rv0315 likely diverged from a broad-specificity ancestral GH16 glucanase, and this inactive member of the GH16 family offers new insights into the GH16 glucanase. Together, our findings suggest that an inactive β-1,3-glucanase in Mtb drives T-helper 1 (Th1) immune responses, which may help develop more effective vaccines against Mtb infection.
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Mayer-Barber KD, Barber DL. Innate and Adaptive Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a018424. [PMID: 26187873 PMCID: PMC4665043 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires the coordinated efforts of innate and adaptive immune cells. Diverse pulmonary myeloid cell populations respond to Mtb with unique contributions to both host-protective and potentially detrimental inflammation. Although multiple cell types of the adaptive immune system respond to Mtb infection, CD4 T cells are the principal antigen-specific cells responsible for containment of Mtb infection, but they can also be major contributors to disease during Mtb infection in several different settings. Here, we will discuss the role of different myeloid populations as well as the dual nature of CD4 T cells in Mtb infection with a primary focus on data generated using in vivo cellular immunological studies in experimental animal models and in humans when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Latent tuberculosis infection: myths, models, and molecular mechanisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:343-71. [PMID: 25184558 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on clinical studies and observations, as well as experimental in vitro and animal models. Several key terms are defined, including "latency," "persistence," "dormancy," and "antibiotic tolerance." Dogmas prevalent in the field are critically examined based on available clinical and experimental data, including the long-held beliefs that infection is either latent or active, that LTBI represents a small population of nonreplicating, "dormant" bacilli, and that caseous granulomas are the haven for LTBI. The role of host factors, such as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, T regulatory cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in controlling TB infection is discussed. We also highlight microbial regulatory and metabolic pathways implicated in bacillary growth restriction and antibiotic tolerance under various physiologically relevant conditions. Finally, we pose several clinically important questions, which remain unanswered and will serve to stimulate future research on LTBI.
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El-Shafey BI, El-Bedewy MM, Ezzat SE, Attia M. Role of some T-lymphocyte subsets in assessment of treatment response in tuberculous patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Saiga H, Nieuwenhuizen N, Gengenbacher M, Koehler AB, Schuerer S, Moura-Alves P, Wagner I, Mollenkopf HJ, Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. The Recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly Vaccine Targets the AIM2 Inflammasome to Induce Autophagy and Inflammation. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1831-41. [PMID: 25505299 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly (rBCG) vaccine candidate induces improved protection against tuberculosis over parental BCG (pBCG) in preclinical studies and has successfully completed a phase 2a clinical trial. However, the mechanisms responsible for the superior vaccine efficacy of rBCG are still incompletely understood. Here, we investigated the underlying biological mechanisms elicited by the rBCG vaccine candidate relevant to its protective efficacy. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were infected with pBCG or rBCG, and inflammasome activation and autophagy were evaluated. In addition, mice were vaccinated with pBCG or rBCG, and gene expression in the draining lymph nodes was analyzed by microarray at day 1 after vaccination. RESULTS BCG-derived DNA was detected in the cytosol of rBCG-infected macrophages. rBCG infection was associated with enhanced absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation, increased activation of caspases and production of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, as well as induction of AIM2-dependent and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent autophagy. Similarly, mice vaccinated with rBCG showed early increased expression of Il-1β, Il-18, and Tmem173 (transmembrane protein 173; also known as STING). CONCLUSIONS rBCG stimulates AIM2 inflammasome activation and autophagy, suggesting that these cell-autonomous functions should be exploited for improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ina Wagner
- Core Facility Microarray, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Sakai S, Mayer-Barber KD, Barber DL. Defining features of protective CD4 T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:137-42. [PMID: 25000593 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and represent the best hope for vaccine-elicited protection. However, little is understood about the properties of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells that mediate control, and the lack of correlates of protection present a significant barrier to the rational development of new vaccination and therapeutic strategies which are sorely needed. Here we discuss the features of protective CD4 T cells including recent evidence for IFN-γ dependent and independent mechanisms of protection, poor protection by terminally differentiated cells and the importance of T cell migratory capacity for the control of Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sakai
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lee J, Kim J, Lee J, Shin SJ, Shin EC. DNA immunization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factor B elicits polyfunctional CD8(+) T cell responses. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:235-43. [PMID: 25003098 PMCID: PMC4083077 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose T cell-mediated immune responses, and particularly activation of polyfunctional T cells that simultaneously produce multiple cytokines, are necessary for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the present study, we examined if DNA immunization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resuscitation-promoting factor B (RpfB) elicits polyfunctional T cell responses in mice. Materials and Methods C57BL/6 mice were immunized intramuscularly three times, at 3-week intervals, with RpfB-expressing plasmid DNA. For comparison, protein immunization was performed with recombinant RpfB in control mice. After immunization, RpfB-specific T cell responses were assessed by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and T cell polyfunctionality was assessed from the ICS data. Results RpfB DNA immunization induced not only humoral immune responses, but also CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes were identified within RpfB by assays with overlapping peptides. RpfB DNA immunization elicited a polyfunctional CD8+ T cell response that was dominated by a functional phenotype of IFN-γ+/TNF-α+/IL-2-/CD107a+. Conclusion RpfB DNA immunization elicits polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses, suggesting that RpfB DNA immunization might induce protective immunity against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeewon Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Lewinsohn D, Sette A, Lewinsohn D. Antigens for CD4 and CD8 T cells in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018465. [PMID: 24852051 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for which an improved vaccine and immunodiagnostics are urgently needed. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells play an important role in host defense to TB. Definition of the antigens recognized by these T cells is critical for improved understanding of the immunobiology of TB and for development of vaccines and diagnostics. Herein, the antigens and epitopes recognized by classically HLA class I- and II-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in humans infected with MTB are reviewed. Immunodominant antigens and epitopes have been defined using approaches targeting particular TB proteins or classes of proteins and by genome-wide discovery approaches. Antigens and epitopes recognized by classically restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells show extensive breadth and diversity in MTB-infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
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Singh VK, Srivastava M, Dasgupta A, Singh MP, Srivastava R, Srivastava BS. Increased virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv overexpressing LipY in a murine model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 94:252-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Umemura M, Matsuzaki G. Innate and acquired immune responses to mycobacterial infections: involvement of IL-17A/IL-23 axis in protective immunity. NIHON HANSENBYO GAKKAI ZASSHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF LEPROSY : OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE JAPANESE LEPROSY ASSOCIATION 2014; 82:123-32. [PMID: 24579460 DOI: 10.5025/hansen.82.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and continues to be a serious threat to human life. Since M. tuberculosis establishes intracellular parasitism in macrophages, host innate and acquired immune systems have to detect and enhance bactericidal activity against the intracellular bacteria. Understanding of interaction between pathogenic factors of M. tuberculosis and host is also important to understand how immune system copes with the pathogen. In this review, we shortly summarize the mechanisms how innate and acquired immunity recognize M. tuberculosis or M. tuberculosis-infected cells and protects hosts from the infection. Furthermore, IL-17A/IL-23 axis, a recently focused inflammatory cytokine system, is discussed in the context of anti-mycobacterial protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Umemura
- Department of Host Defense and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Yao S, Huang D, Chen CY, Halliday L, Wang RC, Chen ZW. CD4+ T cells contain early extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) dissemination and rapid TB progression and sustain multieffector functions of CD8+ T and CD3- lymphocytes: mechanisms of CD4+ T cell immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2120-32. [PMID: 24489088 PMCID: PMC4104690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that CD4(+) T cells can act as "innate-like" cells to contain very early Mycobacterium tuberculosis dissemination and function as master helpers to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8(+) T cells and CD3(-) lymphocytes during development of adaptive immunity against primary tuberculosis (TB) has not been demonstrated. We showed that pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection of CD4-depleted macaques surprisingly led to very early extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination, whereas CD4 deficiency clearly resulted in rapid TB progression. CD4 depletion during M. tuberculosis infection revealed the ability of CD8(+) T cells to compensate and rapidly differentiate to Th17-like/Th1-like and cytotoxic-like effectors, but these effector functions were subsequently unsustainable due to CD4 deficiency. Whereas CD3(-) non-T lymphocytes in the presence of CD4(+) T cells developed predominant Th22-like and NK-like (perforin production) responses to M. tuberculosis infection, CD4 depletion abrogated these Th22-/NK-like effector functions and favored IL-17 production by CD3(-) lymphocytes. CD4-depleted macaques exhibited no or few pulmonary T effector cells constitutively producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22, and perforin at the endpoint of more severe TB, but they presented pulmonary IL-4(+) T effectors. TB granulomas in CD4-depleted macaques contained fewer IL-22(+) and perforin(+) cells despite the presence of IL-17(+) and IL-4(+) cells. These results implicate a previously unknown innate-like ability of CD4(+) T cells to contain extrapulmonary M. tuberculosis dissemination at very early stage. Data also suggest that CD4(+) T cells are required to sustain multiple effector functions of CD8(+) T cells and CD3(-) lymphocytes and to prevent rapid TB progression during M. tuberculosis infection of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | | | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
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Differentiation of antigen-specific T cells with limited functional capacity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 82:132-9. [PMID: 24126533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00480-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the generation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell immune responses during the course of infection, only 5 to 10% of exposed individuals develop active disease, while others develop a latent infection. This phenomenon suggests defective M. tuberculosis-specific immunity, which necessitates more careful characterization of M. tuberculosis-specific T cell responses. Here, we longitudinally analyzed the phenotypes and functions of M. tuberculosis-specific T cells. In contrast to the functional exhaustion of T cells observed after chronic infection, M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells differentiated into either effector (CD127(lo) CD62L(lo)) or effector memory (CD127(hi) CD62L(lo)) cells, but not central memory cells (CD127(hi) CD62L(hi)), with low programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression, even in the presence of high levels of bacteria. Additionally, M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells produced substantial levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), but not interleukin 2 (IL-2), upon in vitro restimulation. Among M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells, CD127(hi) effector memory cells displayed slower ongoing turnover but greater survival potential. In addition, these cells produced more IFN-γ and TNF-α and displayed lytic activity upon antigen stimulation. However, the effector function of M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) CD127(hi) effector memory T cells was inferior to that of canonical CD8(+) CD127(hi) memory T cells generated after acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Collectively, our data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis-specific T cells can differentiate into memory T cells during the course of M. tuberculosis infection independent of the bacterial burden but with limited functionality. These results provide a framework for further understanding the mechanisms of M. tuberculosis infection that can be used to develop more effective vaccines.
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Subbian S, Tsenova L, Yang G, O'Brien P, Parsons S, Peixoto B, Taylor L, Fallows D, Kaplan G. Chronic pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis in rabbits: a failed host immune response. Open Biol 2013; 1:110016. [PMID: 22645653 PMCID: PMC3352086 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular determinants of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 infection in a rabbit model of pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis were studied. Aerosol infection of rabbits resulted in a highly differentially expressed global transcriptome in the lungs at 2 weeks, which dropped at 4 weeks and then gradually increased. While IFNγ was progressively upregulated throughout the infection, several other genes in the IFNγ network were not. T-cell activation network genes were gradually upregulated and maximally induced at 12 weeks. Similarly, the IL4 and B-cell activation networks were progressively upregulated, many reaching high levels between 12 and 16 weeks. Delayed peak expression of genes associated with macrophage activation and Th1 type immunity was noted. Although spleen CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed maximal tuberculosis antigen-specific activation by 8 weeks, macrophage activation in lungs, lymph nodes and spleen did not peak until 12 weeks. In the lungs, infecting bacilli grew exponentially up to 4 weeks, followed by a steady-state high bacillary load to 12 weeks that moderately increased during cavitation at 16 weeks. Thus, the outcome of HN878 infection of rabbits was determined early during infection by a suboptimal activation of innate immunity and delayed T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Subbian
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) , Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells with IL-10 secreting capacity occur during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58612. [PMID: 23472214 PMCID: PMC3589362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact role of CD8+ T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been heavily debated, yet it is generally accepted that CD8+ T cells contribute to protection against Mtb. In this study, however, we show that the Mtb-susceptible CBA/J mouse strain accumulates large numbers of CD8+ T cells in the lung as infection progresses, and that these cells display a dysfunctional and immunosuppressive phenotype (PD-1+, Tim-3+, CD122+). CD8+ T cell expansions from the lungs of Mtb-infected CBA/J mice were also capable of secreting the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), although in vivo CD8+ T cell depletion did not significantly alter Mtb burden. Further analysis revealed that pulmonary CD8+ T cells from Mtb-infected CBA/J mice were clonally expanded, preferentially expressing T cell receptor (TcR) Vβ chain 8 (8.2, 8.3) or Vβ 14. Although Vβ8+ CD8+ T cells were responsible for the majority of IL-10 production, in vivo depletion of Vβ8+ did not significantly change the outcome of Mtb infection, which we hypothesize was a consequence of their dual IL-10/IFN-γ secreting profiles. Our data demonstrate that IL-10-secreting CD8+ T cells can arise during chronic Mtb infection, although the significance of this T cell population in tuberculosis pathogenesis remains unclear.
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40
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Remakus S, Sigal LJ. Memory CD8+ T Cell Protection. CROSSROADS BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY IV 2013; 785:77-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is multifactorial, involving a network of innate and adaptive immune responses. Characterization of the immune response, a clear understanding of the dynamics and interplay of different arms of the immune response are critical to allow the development of better tools for combating tuberculosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the key cells in bridging innate and adaptive immune response through their significant role in capturing, processing and presenting antigens. The outcome of interaction of M. tuberculosis with DCs is not fully understood and the available reports are contradictory were some findings reported that DCs strengthen the cellular immune response against mycobacterium infection whereas others reported M. tuberculosis impairs the function of DCs were infected DCs are poor stimulators of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells. Other studies showed that the outcome depends on M. tuberculosis strain type and type of receptor on DCs during recognition. In this review I shall highlight the recent findings in the outcome of interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute; Addis Ababa, Ethopia.
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42
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Bold TD, Ernst JD. CD4+ T cell-dependent IFN-γ production by CD8+ effector T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2530-6. [PMID: 22837486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contribute to immunity to tuberculosis, and both can produce the essential effector cytokine IFN-γ. However, the precise role and relative contribution of each cell type to in vivo IFN-γ production are incompletely understood. To identify and quantitate the cells that produce IFN-γ at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice, we used direct intracellular cytokine staining ex vivo without restimulation. We found that CD4+ and CD8+ cells were predominantly responsible for production of this cytokine in vivo, and we observed a remarkable linear correlation between the fraction of CD4+ cells and the fraction of CD8+ cells producing IFN-γ in the lungs. In the absence of CD4+ cells, a reduced fraction of CD8+ cells was actively producing IFN-γ in vivo, suggesting that CD4+ effector cells are continually required for optimal IFN-γ production by CD8+ effector cells. Accordingly, when infected mice were treated i.v. with an MHC-II-restricted M. tuberculosis epitope peptide to stimulate CD4+ cells in vivo, we observed rapid activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the lungs. Indirect activation of CD8+ cells was dependent on the presence of CD4+ cells but independent of IFN-g responsiveness of the CD8+ cells. These data provide evidence that CD4+ cell deficiency impairs IFN-γ production by CD8+ effector cells and that ongoing cross-talk between distinct effector T cell types in the lungs may contribute to a protective immune response against M. tuberculosis. Conversely, defects in these interactions may contribute to susceptibility to tuberculosis and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Bold
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Chen CC, Tsai SH, Lu CC, Hu ST, Wu TS, Huang TT, Saïd-Sadier N, Ojcius DM, Lai HC. Activation of an NLRP3 inflammasome restricts Mycobacterium kansasii infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36292. [PMID: 22558425 PMCID: PMC3340363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium kansasii has emerged as an important nontuberculous mycobacterium pathogen, whose incidence and prevalence have been increasing in the last decade. M. kansasii can cause pulmonary tuberculosis clinically and radiographically indistinguishable from that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Unlike the widely-studied M. tuberculosis, little is known about the innate immune response against M. kansasii infection. Although inflammasome activation plays an important role in host defense against bacterial infection, its role against atypical mycobacteria remains poorly understood. In this report, the role of inflammasome activity in THP-1 macrophages against M. kansasii infection was studied. Results indicated that viable, but not heat-killed, M. kansasii induced caspase-1-dependent IL-1β secretion in macrophages. The underlying mechanism was found to be through activation of an inflammasome containing the NLR (Nod-like receptor) family member NLRP3 and the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). Further, potassium efflux, lysosomal acidification, ROS production and cathepsin B release played a role in M. kansasii-induced inflammasome activation. Finally, the secreted IL-1β derived from caspase-1 activation was shown to restrict intracellular M. kansasii. These findings demonstrate a biological role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense against M. kansasii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chieh Chen
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hui Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chen Lu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shiau-Ting Hu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Teng Huang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Najwane Saïd-Sadier
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Sciences Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Cayabyab MJ, Kashino SS, Campos-Neto A. Robust immune response elicited by a novel and unique Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein using an optimized DNA/protein heterologous prime/boost protocol. Immunology 2012; 135:216-25. [PMID: 22043824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious tuberculosis (TB) vaccine will probably need to induce both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses specific to a protective Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen(s). To achieve this broad cellular immune response we tested a heterologous DNA/protein combination vaccine strategy. We used a purified recombinant protein preparation of a unique M. tuberculosis antigen (rMT1721) found in the urine of TB patients, an optimized plasmid DNA expressing this protein (DNA-MT1721), and a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist adjuvant. We found that priming mice with DNA-MT1721 and subsequently boosting with rMT1721 elicited high titres of specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies as well as high magnitude and polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell responses. However, no detectable CD8(+) T-cell response was observed using this regimen of immunization. In contrast, both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were detected after a prime/boost vaccination regimen using rMT1721 as the priming antigen and DNA-MT1721 as the boosting immunogen. These findings support the exploration of heterologous DNA/protein immunization strategies in vaccine development against TB and possibly other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Global Infectious Disease Research Center, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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45
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Mueller H, Faé KC, Magdorf K, Ganoza CA, Wahn U, Guhlich U, Feiterna-Sperling C, Kaufmann SHE. Granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells as candidate immune marker for tuberculosis during childhood and adolescence. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29367. [PMID: 22216262 PMCID: PMC3246496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulysin produced by cytolytic T cells directly contributes to immune defense against tuberculosis (TB). We investigated granulysin as a candidate immune marker for childhood and adolescent TB. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children and adolescents (1–17 years) with active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection and from uninfected controls were isolated and restimulated in a 7-day restimulation assay. Intracellular staining was then performed to analyze antigen-specific induction of activation markers and cytotoxic proteins, notably, granulysin in CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells. Results CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells co-expressing granulysin with specificity for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) were present in high frequency in TB-experienced children and adolescents. Proliferating memory T cells (CFSElowCD4+CD45RO+) were identified as main source of granulysin and these cells expressed both central and effector memory phenotype. PBMC from study participants after TB drug therapy revealed that granulysin-expressing CD4+ T cells are long-lived, and express several activation and cytotoxicity markers with a proportion of cells being interferon-gamma-positive. In addition, granulysin-expressing T cell lines showed cytolytic activity against Mtb-infected target cells. Conclusions Our data suggest granulysin expression by CD4+ memory T cells as candidate immune marker for TB infection, notably, in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kellen C. Faé
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Magdorf
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian A. Ganoza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Guhlich
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Wang M, Tang ST, Stryhn A, Justesen S, Larsen MV, Dziegiel MH, Lewinsohn DM, Buus S, Lund O, Claesson MH. Identification of MHC class II restricted T-cell-mediated reactivity against MHC class I binding Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides. Immunology 2011; 132:482-91. [PMID: 21294723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are known to play an important role in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection so identification of CTL epitopes from M. tuberculosis is of importance for the development of effective peptide-based vaccines. In the present work, bioinformatics technology was employed to predict binding motifs of 9mer peptides derived from M. tuberculosis for the 12 HLA-I supertypes. Subsequently, the predicted peptides were synthesized and assayed for binding to HLA-I molecules in a biochemically based system. The antigenicity of a total of 157 peptides with measured affinity for HLA-I molecules of K(D) ≤ 500 nM were evaluated using peripheral blood T cells from strongly purified protein derivative reactive healthy donors. Of the 157 peptides, eight peptides (5%) were found to induce T-cell responses. As judged from blocking with HLA class I and II subtype antibodies in the ELISPOT assay culture, none of the eight antigenic peptides induced HLA class I restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses. Instead all responses were blocked by pan-HLA class II and anti-HLA-DR antibodies. In addition, CD4(+) T-cell depletion before the 10 days of expansion, resulted in total loss of reactivity in the ELISPOT culture for most peptide specificities. FACS analyses with intracellular interferon-γ staining of T cells expanded in the presence of M. tuberculosis peptides confirmed that the responsive cells were indeed CD4(+). In conclusion, T-cell immunity against HLA-I binding 9mer M. tuberculosis-derived peptides might in many cases turn out to be mediated by CD4(+) T cells and restricted by HLA-II molecules. The use of 9mer peptides recognized by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells might be of importance for the development of future M. tuberculosis peptide-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Wang
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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47
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Sakai S, Kawamura I, Okazaki T, Tsuchiya K, Uchiyama R, Mitsuyama M. PD-1-PD-L1 pathway impairs Th1 immune response in the late stage of infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Int Immunol 2010; 22:915-25. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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48
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Decreased expression of T-cell costimulatory molecule CD28 on CD4 and CD8 T cells of mexican patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberc Res Treat 2010; 2010:517547. [PMID: 22567259 PMCID: PMC3335659 DOI: 10.1155/2010/517547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with tuberculosis frequently develop anergy, a state of T-cell hyporesponsiveness in which defective T-cell costimulation could be a factor. To know if the expression of T-cell costimulatory molecules was altered in tuberculosis, we analyzed the peripheral blood T-cell phenotype of 23 Mexican patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. There was severe CD4 (P < .001) and CD8 (P < .01) lymphopenia and upregulation of costimulatory molecule CD30 on CD4 and CD8 T cells (P < .05); this increase was higher in relapsing tuberculosis. The main finding was severe downregulation of the major costimulatory molecule CD28 on both CD8 and CD4 T cells (P < .001). Depletion of the CD4/CD28 subset, a hitherto undescribed finding, is relevant because CD4 T cells constitute the main arm of the cell-mediated antimycobacterial immune response.
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49
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Simmons DP, Canaday DH, Liu Y, Li Q, Huang A, Boom WH, Harding CV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and TLR2 agonists inhibit induction of type I IFN and class I MHC antigen cross processing by TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2405-15. [PMID: 20660347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) cross process exogenous Ags and present them by class I MHC (MHC-I) molecules to CD8(+) T cells specific for Ags from viruses and bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Unmethylated CpG DNA signals through TLR9 to induce type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta), which enhances MHC-I Ag cross processing, but lipoproteins that signal through TLR2 do not induce IFN-alpha/beta. In these studies we observed that M. tuberculosis, which expresses agonists of both TLR9 and TLR2, did not induce production of IFN-alpha/beta or cross processing by murine DCs. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis and TLR2 agonists inhibited induction of IFN-alpha/beta and DC cross processing by CpG DNA. Exogenous IFN-alpha/beta effectively enhanced cross processing of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing OVA, bypassing the inhibition of induction of endogenous IFN-alpha/beta. In addition, inhibition of TLR9-induced cross processing of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin expressing OVA could be circumvented by pretreating cells with CpG DNA to induce IFN-alpha/beta and MHC-I cross processing before inhibitory mycobacterial TLR2 agonists were present. Inhibition of the response to one TLR by another may affect the ultimate response to pathogens like M. tuberculosis that express agonists of multiple TLRs, including TLR2 and TLR9. This mechanism may contribute to immune evasion and explain why IFN-alpha/beta provides little contribution to host immunity to M. tuberculosis. However, downregulation of certain TLR responses may benefit the host by preventing detrimental excessive inflammation that may occur in the presence of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimon P Simmons
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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50
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Villarreal-Ramos B. Towards improved understanding of protective mechanisms induced by the BCG vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 8:1531-4. [PMID: 19863244 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
EVALUATION OF: Ryan AA, Nambiar JK, Wozniak TM et al. Antigen load governs the differential priming of CD8 T cells in response to the bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol. 182(11), 7172-7177 (2009). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of human TB, which is responsible for 26% of all preventable deaths in the developing world. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used as a vaccine against TB since 1921, with protection varying from 0 to 80%. Although the reasons for this variability are unclear, protection is thought to be mediated by Th1-type responses. CD8(+) T cells have been shown to play a role in the response to mycobacteria. However, the nature of the CD8(+) response induced by BCG requires further characterization. In the paper being evaluated, it was shown that the antigenic load is important for the induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses and subsequent protective responses. Identification of the factors affecting induction of CD8(+) responses against mycobacteria will facilitate studies to characterize their nature and provide a platform for the development of systems seeking to improve on protection conferred by BCG.
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