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Strnad M, Koizumi N, Nakamura S, Vancová M, Rego ROM. It's not all about flagella - sticky invasion by pathogenic spirochetes. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:378-385. [PMID: 38523038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic spirochetes cause a range of serious human diseases such as Lyme disease (LD), syphilis, leptospirosis, relapsing fever (RF), and periodontal disease. Motility is a critical virulence factor for spirochetes. From the mechanical perspective of the infection, it has been widely believed that flagella are the sole key players governing the migration and dissemination of these pathogens in the host. Here, we highlight the important contribution of spirochetal surface-exposed adhesive molecules and their dynamic interactions with host molecules in the process of infection, specifically in spirochetal swimming and crawling migration. We believe that these recent findings overturn the prevailing view depicting the spirochetal body to be just an inert elastic bag, which does not affect spirochetal cell locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Strnad
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-05 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Marie Vancová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O M Rego
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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2
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Kamarajan P, Timm JC, Goetting-Minesky MP, Malone ET, Ganther S, Radaic A, Tafolla C, Fenno JC, Kapila YL. Purification of Native Dentilisin Complex from Treponema denticola by Preparative Continuous Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Functional Analysis by Gelatin Zymography. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4970. [PMID: 38618176 PMCID: PMC11006804 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is characterized by the destruction of the hard and soft tissues comprising the periodontium. This destruction translates to a degradation of the extracellular matrices (ECM), mediated by bacterial proteases, host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and other proteases released by host tissues and immune cells. Bacterial pathogens interact with host tissue, triggering adverse cellular functions, including a heightened immune response, tissue destruction, and tissue migration. The oral spirochete Treponema denticola is highly associated with periodontal disease. Dentilisin, a T. denticola outer membrane protein complex, contributes to the chronic activation of pro-MMP-2 in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and triggers increased expression levels of activators and effectors of active MMP-2 in PDL cells. Despite these advances, no mechanism for dentilisin-induced MMP-2 activation or PDL cytopathic behaviors leading to disease is known. Here, we describe a method for purification of large amounts of the dentilisin protease complex from T. denticola and demonstrate its ability to activate MMP-2, a key regulator of periodontal tissue homeostasis. The T. denticola dentilisin and MMP-2 activation model presented here may provide new insights into the dentilisin protein and identify potential therapeutic targets for further research. Key features • This protocol builds upon a method described by Cunningham et al. [1] for selective release of Treponema outer membrane proteins. • We adapted the protocol for the purification of biologically active, detergent-stable outer membrane protein complexes from large batch cultures of T. denticola. • The protocol involves large-scale preparative electrophoresis using a Model 491 Prep Cell. • We then use gelatin zymography to demonstrate the activity of the purified dentilisin complex by its ability to activate matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John C. Timm
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin T. Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao SK. Treponema denticola Has the Potential to Cause Neurodegeneration in the Midbrain via the Periodontal Route of Infection-Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6049. [PMID: 37297653 PMCID: PMC10252855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common example of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD are the abnormal deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. It is recognized that AD starts in the frontal cerebral cortex, and then it progresses to the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, and the rest of the brain. However, some studies on animals suggest that AD could also progress in the reverse order starting from the midbrain and then spreading to the frontal cortex. Spirochetes are neurotrophic: From a peripheral route of infection, they can reach the brain via the midbrain. Their direct and indirect effect via the interaction of their virulence factors and the microglia potentially leads to the host peripheral nerve, the midbrain (especially the locus coeruleus), and cortical damage. On this basis, this review aims to discuss the hypothesis of the ability of Treponema denticola to damage the peripheral axons in the periodontal ligament, to evade the complemental pathway and microglial immune response, to determine the cytoskeletal impairment and therefore causing the axonal transport disruption, an altered mitochondrial migration and the consequent neuronal apoptosis. Further insights about the central neurodegeneration mechanism and Treponema denticola's resistance to the immune response when aggregated in biofilm and its quorum sensing are suggested as a pathogenetic model for the advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Pisani
- Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Valerio Pisani
- IRCCS, “Santa Lucia” Foundation, Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASLRM1, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Geriatric Department, Advanced Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Via Emilio Morosini, 30, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Harding
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Simarjit Kaur Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Yokogawa T, Nagano K, Fujita M, Miyakawa H, Iijima M. Characterization of a Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 mutant strain with mutation accumulation, including a lack of phage-derived genes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270198. [PMID: 35749516 PMCID: PMC9231711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trepoenema denticola, a spirochetal bacterium, is associated with periodontal diseases. The type strain of the bacterium, ATCC 35405, is commonly used in a basic research. Here, we report that our stock strain derived from ATCC 35405 had a mutation on the chromosome and expressed differential characteristics from the original strain. Genome sequencing analysis revealed the lack of a phage-derived region, and over 200 mutations in the mutant strain. The mutant grew to a higher density in broth culture as compared with the origin. In addition, the mutant formed a colony on the surface of the agar medium, whereas the origin could not. On contrary, the mutant showed decreased motility and adhesion to gingival epithelial cells. There were no differences in the bacterial cell length and a chymotrypsin-like protease activity between the two strains. RNA and genome sequencing analysis could not identify the genes that introduced the phenotypic differences between the strains. This mutant is potentially useful for examining the genetic background responsible for the physiological and pathogenic characteristics of T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaharu Yokogawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mari Fujita
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iijima
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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5
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Kokubu E, Kikuchi Y, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Nakamura S, Ishihara K. Crawling motility of Treponema denticola modulated by outer sheath protein. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:551-558. [PMID: 34499368 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a helically shaped motile microorganism, is a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis. Major surface protein (Msp) and dentilisin are virulence factors of T. denticola that are located on the outer sheath. The motility of T. denticola is deeply involved in colonization on and invasion into the host tissue. The outer sheath is located at the interface between the environment and T. denticola, and its components may also contribute to its motility via interaction with the materials outside the cells. The study aimed to clarify whether Msp or dentilisin contributes to the motility of T. denticola on solid surfaces, termed crawling, by investigating their effects using Msp-deficient and dentilisin-deficient T. denticola strains. Motility was analyzed by measuring the colony size in agar plates and velocity was analyzed using dark-field microscopy. The colony area of the mutant strains was smaller than that of the wild-type strain. The crawling velocity of the mutant strains was lower than that of the wild-type strain, with the lowest velocity observed in the dentilisin-deficient strain. Additionally, the ratio of the crawling distance by one revolution to the protoplasmic cylinder pitch (an indicator of the crawling efficiency) in the dentilisin mutant was significantly lower than that in the wild type strain and the Msp mutant. Together, these results indicate that dentilisin facilitates the crawling-dependent surface spreading of T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitoyo Kokubu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Goetting-Minesky MP, Godovikova V, Fenno JC. Approaches to Understanding Mechanisms of Dentilisin Protease Complex Expression in Treponema denticola. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668287. [PMID: 34084756 PMCID: PMC8167434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral spirochete Treponema denticola is a keystone periodontal pathogen that, in association with members of a complex polymicrobial oral biofilm, contributes to tissue damage and alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease. Virulence-associated behaviors attributed to T. denticola include disruption of the host cell extracellular matrix, tissue penetration and disruption of host cell membranes accompanied by dysregulation of host immunoregulatory factors. T. denticola dentilisin is associated with several of these behaviors. Dentilisin is an outer membrane-associated complex of acylated subtilisin-family PrtP protease and two other lipoproteins, PrcB and PrcA, that are unique to oral spirochetes. Dentilisin is encoded in a single operon consisting of prcB-prcA-prtP. We employ multiple approaches to study mechanisms of dentilisin assembly and PrtP protease activity. To determine the role of each protein in the protease complex, we have made targeted mutations throughout the protease locus, including polar and nonpolar mutations in each gene (prcB, prcA, prtP) and deletions of specific PrtP domains, including single base mutagenesis of key PrtP residues. These will facilitate distinguishing between host cell responses to dentilisin protease activity and its acyl groups. The boundaries of the divergent promoter region and the relationship between dentilisin and the adjacent iron transport operon are being resolved by incremental deletions in the sequence immediately 5’ to the protease locus. Comparison of the predicted three-dimensional structure of PrtP to that of other subtilisin-like proteases shows a unique PrtP C-terminal domain of approximately 250 residues. A survey of global gene expression in the presence or absence of protease gene expression reveals potential links between dentilisin and iron uptake and homeostasis in T. denticola. Understanding the mechanisms of dentilisin transport, assembly and activity of this unique protease complex may lead to more effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatments for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
Treponema denticola is a potent periodontal pathogen that forms a red complex with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. It has many virulence factors, yet there are only a few reports detailing these factors. Among them, dentilisin is a well-documented surface protease. Dentilisin is reported to be involved in nutrient uptake, bacterial coaggregation, complement activation, evasion of the host immune system, inhibition of the hemostasis system, and cell invasion as a result of its action, in addition to its original proteolysis function. Therefore, characterization of dentilisin, and clarifying the relationship between T. denticola and the onset of periodontal disease will be important to better understanding this disease. In this chapter, we explain the methods for analysis of dentilisin activity and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kikuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
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Qiao S, Wu D, Wang M, Qian S, Zhu Y, Shi J, Wei Y, Lai H. Oral microbial profile variation during canine ligature-induced peri-implantitis development. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:293. [PMID: 32993514 PMCID: PMC7526148 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental implants have become well-established in oral rehabilitation for fully or partially edentulous patients. However, peri-implantitis often leads to the failure of dental implants. The aim of this study was to understand the core microbiome associated with peri-implantitis and evaluate potential peri-implantitis pathogens based on canine peri-implantitis model. Results In this study, three beagle dogs were used to build peri-implantitis models with ligature-induced strategy. The peri-implant sulcular fluids were collected at four different phases based on disease severity during the peri-implantitis development. Microbial compositions during peri-implantitis development were monitored and evaluated. The microbes were presented with operational taxonomic unit (OTU) classified at 97% identity of the high-throughput 16S rRNA gene fragments. Microbial diversity and richness varied during peri-implantitis. At the phylum-level, Firmicutes decreased and Bacteroides increased during peri-implantitis development. At the genus-level, Peptostreptococcus decreased and Porphyromonas increased, suggesting peri-implantitis pathogens might be assigned to these two genera. Further species-level and co-occurrence network analyses identified several potential keystone species during peri-implantitis development, and some OTUs were potential peri-implantitis pathogens. Conclusion In summary, canine peri-implantitis models help to identify several potential keystone peri-implantitis associated species. The canine model can give insight into human peri-implantitis associated microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichong Qiao
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Dongle Wu
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Shujiao Qian
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Junyu Shi
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Hongchang Lai
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
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Oral spirochetes: Pathogenic mechanisms in periodontal disease. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104193. [PMID: 32304795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease resulting from infection of biofilm forming bacteria. Several bacterial factors regulate inflammatory response and cause to tissue damage and loss of connection between gingival and tooth. Since bacterial virulence factors and also host immune responses have role, understanding of periodontal disease is complex, in overall we can say that in this disease epithelium is deleted by bacteria. Oral spirochetes are related to periodontitis, among them, Treponema denticola, have been associated with periodontal diseases such as early-onset periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and acute pericoronitis. This review will analyse mechanisms of pathogenesis of spirochetes in periodontitis. Microorganisms cause destruction of gingival tissue by two mechanisms. In one, damage results from the direct action of bacterial enzymes and cytotoxic products of bacterial metabolism. In the other, only bacterial components have role, and tissue destruction is the inevitable side effect of a subverted and exaggerated host inflammatory response to plaque antigens.
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Cleaver LM, Moazzez R, Carpenter GH. Mixed aerobic-anaerobic incubation conditions induce proteolytic activity from in vitro salivary biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1643206. [PMID: 31489124 PMCID: PMC6711154 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral biofilms have not been studied using both metabolome and protein profiling concurrently. Bacteria produce proteases that lead to degradation of functional salivary proteins. The novel protocol described here allows for complete characterisation of in vitro oral biofilms, including proteolytic, metabolic, and microbiome analysis. Biofilms were grown on hydroxyapatite discs from whole mouth saliva, using sterilised saliva as a growth-medium, in different growth environments. Salivary protein degradation was assessed from spent saliva growth-medium using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and metabolic activity by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Discs were assessed for depth and coverage of biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and biofilms were collected at the end of the experiment for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. There was a significant difference in biofilm viability, salivary protein degradation, and metabolites identified between biofilms grown aerobically and biofilms exposed to an anaerobic environment. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed the predominant genus in the 7-day aerobic biofilms was Streptococcus, in aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic 7-day biofilms Porphyromonas, and in aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic 13-day biofilms Fusobacterium. This data suggests new growth requirements and capabilities for analysing salivary biofilms in vitro, which can be used to benefit future research into oral bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Cleaver
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Moazzez
- Centre for Oral, Clinical and Translational Science, King's College London Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King's College London Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, UK
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Kylmä AK, Jouhi L, Listyarifah D, Mohamed H, Mäkitie A, Remes SM, Haglund C, Atula T, Nieminen MT, Sorsa T, Hagström J. Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease as associated with HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:89-95. [PMID: 29930251 PMCID: PMC6035174 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An opportunistic oral pathogen, Treponema denticola (Td), has been linked to orodigestive carcinogenesis, but its role in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has remained open. We evaluated the presence of Td chymotrypsin-like protease (Td-CTLP) in a series of 201 unselected consecutive OPSCC patients, and the relation of the Td-CTLP to human papillomavirus (HPV) status, to expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 5, 7, and 9, and to clinical parameters and patient outcome. METHODS Clinicopathological data came from hospital registries. The expression of cell surface-bound Td-CTLP was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Immunoexpression of TLRs 5, 7, and 9, and HPV status we studied earlier in this patient series. RESULTS We detected Td-CTLP in 81% of the OPSCC, and especially in HPV-negative tumours (48% of all OPSCCs). Among the HPV-positive tumours (52% of all OPSCCs), low Td-CTLP expression associated with low TLR 5 and high TLR 7 expression. Among those HPV-negative, higher TLR 5 and lower TLR 7 expression associated with high Td-CTLP expression. Strong Td-CTLP expression associated with poor disease-specific survival, but no similar association among HPV-positive and HPV-negative subgroups emerged. CONCLUSIONS Td-CTLP was highly expressed in OPSCC and was associated with the HPV status of tumour tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaisa Kylmä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUSLAB and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lauri Jouhi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dyah Listyarifah
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Denta Sekip Utara no 1, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hesham Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUSLAB and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satu Maria Remes
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUSLAB and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 20, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Atula
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 263, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko T Nieminen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 41, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, HUSLAB and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 21, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Tegels B, Oliver L, Miller D, Marconi R. Plasminogen binding and degradation byTreponema denticola:Identification of the plasminogen binding interface on the FhbB protein. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:249-256. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.K. Tegels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center; Richmond VA USA
| | - L.D. Oliver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center; Richmond VA USA
| | - D.P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center; Richmond VA USA
| | - R.T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center; Richmond VA USA
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13
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Ateia IM, Sutthiboonyapan P, Kamarajan P, Jin T, Godovikova V, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola increases MMP-2 expression and activation in the periodontium via reversible DNA and histone modifications. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29205773 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and bacterial proteases mediate destruction of extracellular matrices and supporting alveolar bone in periodontitis. The Treponema denticola dentilisin protease induces MMP-2 expression and activation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and dentilisin-mediated activation of pro-MMP-2 is required for cellular fibronectin degradation. Here, we report that T. denticola regulates MMP-2 expression through epigenetic modifications in the periodontium. PDL cells were treated with epigenetic enzyme inhibitors before or after T. denticola challenge. Fibronectin fragmentation, MMP-2 expression, and activation were assessed by immunoblot, zymography, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Chromatin modification enzyme expression in T. denticola-challenged PDL cells and periodontal tissues were evaluated using gene arrays. Several classes of epigenetic enzymes showed significant alterations in transcription in diseased tissue and T. denticola-challenged PDL cells. T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation were significantly reduced in PDL cells treated with inhibitors of aurora kinases and histone deacetylases. In contrast, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors had little effect, and inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, and demethylases exacerbated T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation. Chronic epigenetic changes in periodontal tissues mediated by T. denticola or other oral microbes may contribute to the limited success of conventional treatment of chronic periodontitis and may be amenable to therapeutic reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Ateia
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Mansoura Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Pimchanok Sutthiboonyapan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taocong Jin
- Office of Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase may contribute to orodigestive carcinogenesis through immunomodulation. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:428-434. [PMID: 29149107 PMCID: PMC5808028 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Periodontal pathogens have been linked to oral and gastrointestinal (orodigestive) carcinogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. Treponema denticola (Td) is associated with severe periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease leading to tooth loss. The anaerobic spirochete Td is an invasive bacteria due to its major virulence factor chymotrypsin-like proteinase. Here we aimed to investigate the presence of Td chymotrypsin-like proteinase (Td-CTLP) in major orodigestive tumours and to elucidate potential mechanisms for Td to contribute to carcinogenesis. Methods: The presence of Td-CTLP within orodigestive tumour tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry. Oral, tonsillar, and oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, alongside gastric, pancreatic, and colon adenocarcinomas were stained with a Td-CTLP-specific antibody. Gingival tissue from periodontitis patients served as positive controls. SDS–PAGE and immunoblot were used to analyse the immumodulatory activity of Td-CTLP in vitro. Results: Td-CTLP was present in majority of orodigestive tumour samples. Td-CTLP was found to convert pro MMP-8 and -9 into their active forms. In addition, Td-CTLP was able to degrade the proteinase inhibitors TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and α-1-antichymotrypsin, as well as complement C1q. Conclusions: Because of its presence within tumours and regulatory activity on proteins critical for the regulation of tumour microenvironment and inflammation, the Td-CTLP may contribute to orodigestive carcinogenesis.
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15
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The major outer sheath protein forms distinct conformers and multimeric complexes in the outer membrane and periplasm of Treponema denticola. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13260. [PMID: 29038532 PMCID: PMC5643300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The major outer sheath protein (MOSP) is a prominent constituent of the cell envelope of Treponema denticola (TDE) and one of its principal virulence determinants. Bioinformatics predicts that MOSP consists of N- and C-terminal domains, MOSPN and MOSPC. Biophysical analysis of constructs refolded in vitro demonstrated that MOSPC, previously shown to possess porin activity, forms amphiphilic trimers, while MOSPN forms an extended hydrophilic monomer. In TDE and E. coli expressing MOSP with a PelB signal sequence (PelB-MOSP), MOSPC is OM-embedded and surface-exposed, while MOSPN resides in the periplasm. Immunofluorescence assay, surface proteolysis, and novel cell fractionation schemes revealed that MOSP in TDE exists as outer membrane (OM) and periplasmic trimeric conformers; PelB-MOSP, in contrast, formed only OM-MOSP trimers. Although both conformers form hetero-oligomeric complexes in TDE, only OM-MOSP associates with dentilisin. Mass spectrometry (MS) indicated that OM-MOSP interacts with proteins in addition to dentilisin, most notably, oligopeptide-binding proteins (OBPs) and the β-barrel of BamA. MS also identified candidate partners for periplasmic MOSP, including TDE1658, a spirochete-specific SurA/PrsA ortholog. Collectively, our data suggest that MOSP destined for the TDE OM follows the canonical BAM pathway, while formation of a stable periplasmic conformer involves an export-related, folding pathway not present in E. coli.
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16
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Listyarifah D, Al-Samadi A, Salem A, Syaify A, Salo T, Tervahartiala T, Grenier D, Nordström DC, Sorsa T, Ainola M. Infection and apoptosis associated with inflammation in periodontitis: An immunohistologic study. Oral Dis 2017; 23:1144-1154. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Listyarifah
- Department of Medicine, Clinicum; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Universitas Gadjah Mada; Sleman Indonesia
| | - A Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A Salem
- Department of Medicine, Clinicum; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A Syaify
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Universitas Gadjah Mada; Sleman Indonesia
| | - T Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine; Institute of Dentistry; Oulu University Central Hospital; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - T Tervahartiala
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - D Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group; Faculty of Dentistry; Université Laval; Quebec QC Canada
| | - DC Nordström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - T Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Division of Periodontology; Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - M Ainola
- Department of Medicine, Clinicum; University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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17
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Gene Regulation, Two Component Regulatory Systems, and Adaptive Responses in Treponema Denticola. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 415:39-62. [PMID: 29026924 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome consists of a remarkably diverse group of 500-700 bacterial species. The microbial etiology of periodontal disease is similarly complex. Of the ~400 bacterial species identified in subgingival plaque, at least 50 belong to the genus Treponema. As periodontal disease develops and progresses, T. denticola transitions from a low to high abundance species in the subgingival crevice. Changes in the overall composition of the bacterial population trigger significant changes in the local physical, immunological and physiochemical conditions. For T. denticola to thrive in periodontal pockets, it must be nimble and adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current understanding of the molecular basis of these essential adaptive responses, with a focus on the role of two component regulatory systems with global regulatory potential.
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18
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Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Yoshida Y, Yoshimura F. Comparative analysis of motility and other properties of Treponema denticola strains. Microb Pathog 2016; 102:82-88. [PMID: 27914958 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The periodontitis-associated pathogen Treponema denticola is a spirochetal bacterium that swims by rotating its cell body like a corkscrew using periplasmic flagella. We compared physiologic and pathogenic properties, including motility, in four strains of T. denticola. Phase-contrast microscopy showed differential motility between the strains; ATCC 35404 showed the highest motility, followed by ATCC 33521, and the remaining two strains (ATCC 35405 and ATCC 33520) showed the lowest motility. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the low motility strains exhibited extracellular flagellar protrusions resulting from elongated flagella. Treponemal flagellar filaments are composed of three flagellins of FlaB1, FlaB2 and FlaB3. FlaB1 expression was comparable between the strains, whereas FlaB2 expression was lowest in ATCC 35404. FlaB3 expression varied among strains, with ATCC 35405, ATCC 33520, ATCC 33521, and ATCC 35404 showing the highest to lowest expression levels, respectively. Additionally, the low motility strains showed faster electrophoretic mobility of FlaB3, suggesting that posttranslational modifications of these proteins may have varied, because the amino acid sequences of FlaB3 were identical between the strains. These results suggest that inappropriate expression of FlaB2 and FlaB3 caused the unusual elongation of flagella that resulted in decreased motility. Furthermore, the low motility strains grew to higher bacterial density, and showed greater chymotrypsin-like protease activity, and more bacterial cells associated with gingival epithelial cells in comparison with the high motility strains. There may be a relationship between motility and these properties, but the genetic factors underlying this association remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nagano
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
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19
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Milne TJ, Coates DE, Leichter JW, Soo L, Williams SM, Seymour GJ, Cullinan MP. Periodontopathogen levels following the use of an Er:YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Aust Dent J 2016; 61:35-44. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- TJ Milne
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - DE Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - JW Leichter
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - L Soo
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - SM Williams
- Preventive and Social Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - GJ Seymour
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - MP Cullinan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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20
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Clegg SR, Bell J, Ainsworth S, Blowey RW, Bell NJ, Carter SD, Evans NJ. Isolation of digital dermatitis treponemes from cattle hock skin lesions. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:106-12e29. [PMID: 26792149 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine hock lesions present a serious welfare and production issue on dairy farms worldwide. Current theories suggest that trauma is an important factor in the formation of hock lesions, although infection may also play a role in increasing their severity and duration. HYPOTHESIS Digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in dairy cows are strongly associated with specific treponeme bacteria which are opportunistic invaders of other skin regions. Hock lesions were tested to ascertain if they too contained treponemes. ANIMALS Swab and tissue samples were taken from hock lesions from two farms in South West England. METHODS Hock lesions were classified into two categories: open lesions, which were often bleeding and ulcerated, or were encrusted; and closed lesions, which were classified as hair loss with no skin breakage. PCR assays and bacterial isolation were used to detect treponemes in hock lesions. RESULTS All three phylogroups of digital dermatitis treponemes were detectable and isolated from open hock lesions only, with closed lesions showing no evidence of treponeme infection, either by PCR or bacterial culture. When analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the cultured treponeme DNA showed complete homology or was very similar to that found in foot lesions. Additionally, skin swabs from near the open hock wounds were also positive by PCR assay and isolation for the DD treponemes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Identification of the contribution of these infectious agents will allow for more optimal treatments to be developed that reduce the prevalence and healing times of both hock and DD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Clegg
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Stuart Ainsworth
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Roger W Blowey
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.,Wood Veterinary Group, 125 Bristol Road, Quedgeley, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL2 4NB, UK
| | - Nick J Bell
- Farm Animal Health and Production Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
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21
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Vieira ML, Nascimento ALTO. Interaction of spirochetes with the host fibrinolytic system and potential roles in pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:573-87. [PMID: 25914944 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. recurrentis, Treponema denticola and Leptospira spp. are the etiologic agents of Lyme disease, relapsing fever, periodontitis and leptospirosis, respectively. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disorder and the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Tick-borne relapsing fever is persistent in endemic areas worldwide, representing a significant burden in some African regions. Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory disorder that often leads to tooth loss, is caused by several potential pathogens found in the oral cavity including T. denticola. Leptospirosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis, and the predominant human disease in tropical, undeveloped regions. What these diseases have in common is that they are a significant burden to healthcare costs in the absence of prophylactic measures. This review addresses the interaction of these spirochetes with the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen (Plg) binding to the surface of bacteria and the generation of plasmin (Pla) on their surface. The consequences on host-pathogen interactions when the spirochetes are endowed with this proteolytic activity are discussed on the basis of the results reported in the literature. Spirochetes equipped with Pla activity have been shown to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in addition to digesting fibrin, facilitating bacterial invasion and dissemination. Pla generation triggers the induction of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in a cascade of events that enhances the proteolytic capacity of the spirochetes. These activities in concert with the interference exerted by the Plg/Pla on the complement system - helping the bacteria to evade the immune system - should illuminate our understanding of the mechanisms involved in host infection.
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22
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Marttila E, Järvensivu A, Sorsa T, Grenier D, Richardson M, Kari K, Tervahartiala T, Rautemaa R. Intracellular localization of Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase in chronic periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:24349. [PMID: 25006362 PMCID: PMC4083148 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an important periodontal pathogen capable of tissue invasion. Its chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP) can degrade a number of basement membrane components in vitro, thus suggesting a contribution to tissue invasion by the spirochete. The aim of this study was to analyze the localization of CTLP in chronic periodontitis tissues ex vivo. A polyclonal antibody specific to T. denticola cell-bound CTLP was used to detect the spirochetes in the gingival tissues of patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (n=25) by immunohistochemistry and periodic acid-Schiff staining (PAS). The presence of T. denticola in the periodontal tissue samples was analyzed by PCR. Periodontal tissue samples of 12 of the 25 patients were found to be positive for T. denticola by PCR. Moreover, CTLP could be detected in the periodontal tissues of all these patients by immunohistochemistry. In the epithelium, the CTLP was mostly intracellular. Typically, the positive staining could be seen throughout the whole depth of the epithelium. When detected extracellularly, CTLP was localized mainly as granular deposits. The connective tissue stained diffusely positive in four cases. The positive staining co-localized with the PAS stain in nine cases. T. denticola and its CTLP could be detected in diseased human periodontium both intra- and extracellularly. The granular staining pattern was suggestive of the presence of T. denticola bacteria, whereas the more diffused staining pattern was indicative of the recent presence of the bacterium and shedding of the cell-bound proteinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Marttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Järvensivu
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ; Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Faculte de Medecine Dentaire, Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kirsti Kari
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Riina Rautemaa
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, NIHR Translational Research Facility, Translational Research Facility, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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23
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Miller DP, McDowell JV, Bell JK, Goetting-Minesky MP, Fenno JC, Marconi RT. Analysis of the complement sensitivity of oral treponemes and the potential influence of FH binding, FH cleavage and dentilisin activity on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 29:194-207. [PMID: 24815960 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a periopathogen, evades complement-mediated killing by binding the negative complement regulatory protein factor H (FH) to its surface via the FhbB protein. Paradoxically, bound FH is cleaved by T. denticola's dentilisin protease, a process hypothesized to trigger localized dysregulation of complement activation in periodontal pockets. The ability of other oral treponemes to evade complement-mediated killing and bind and cleave FH has not been assessed. In this report, we demonstrate that representative isolates of Treponema socranskii, Treponema medium, Treponema pectinovorum and Treponema maltophilum are also serum resistant, whereas Treponema vincentii and Treponema amylovorum are serum sensitive. Although T. denticola's ability to evade complement-mediated killing is strictly dependent on FH binding, other serum-resistant treponemal species lack FhbB and do not bind FH, indicating an FH-independent mechanism of complement evasion. To assess the influence of FhbB sequence variation on FH binding and cleavage by T. denticola, fhbB sequences were determined for 30 isolates. Three distinct phyletic types were identified. All T. denticola strains bound FH and were serum resistant, but differences in binding kinetics, dentilisin activity and FH cleavage ability were observed. Based on these analyses, we hypothesize that the composition of the T. denticola population is a determining factor that influences the progression and severity of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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24
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Miller DP, McDowell JV, Rhodes DV, Allard A, Caimano M, Bell J, Marconi RT. Sequence divergence in the Treponema denticola FhbB protein and its impact on factor H binding. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013; 28:316-30. [PMID: 23601078 PMCID: PMC3785937 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an anaerobic spirochete whose abundance in the subgingival crevice correlates with the development and severity of periodontal disease. The ability of T. denticola to survive and thrive in the hostile environment of the periodontal pocket is due, at least in part, to its ability to bind factor H (FH), a negative regulator of the alternative complement pathway. The FH binding protein of T. denticola has been identified as FhbB and its atomic structure has been determined. The interaction of FH with T. denticola is unique in that FH bound to the cell surface is cleaved by the T. denticola protease, dentilisin. It has been postulated that FH cleavage by T. denticola leads to immune dysregulation in periodontal pockets. In this study, we conduct a comparative assessment of the sequence, properties, structure and ligand binding kinetics of the FhbB proteins of strains 33521 and 35405. The biological outcome of the interaction of these strains with FH could differ significantly as 33521 lacks dentilisin activity. The data presented here offer insight into our understanding of the interactions of T. denticola with the host and its potential to influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - John V. McDowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - DeLacy V. Rhodes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Anna Allard
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Melissa Caimano
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Jessica Bell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
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25
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Goetting-Minesky MP, Godovikova V, Li JJ, Seshadrinathan S, Timm JC, Kamodia SS, Fenno JC. Conservation and revised annotation of the Treponema denticola prcB-prcA-prtP locus encoding the dentilisin (CTLP) protease complex. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 28:181-91. [PMID: 23253337 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interstrain differences in antigenic surface proteins may reflect immunological pressure or differences in receptor specificity of the antigen. Treponema denticola exhibits considerable interstrain variability in its major surface protein (Msp), but no studies have addressed this issue in dentilisin (CTLP), a surface protease complex that has a significant role in T. denticola-host interactions in periodontal disease. Furthermore, the genome annotation of the prcB-prcA-prtP operon encoding dentilisin contains apparent errors and lacks a deduced PrtP amino acid sequence. To address these issues we analysed the protease operon from diverse T. denticola strains, as well as clones of the ATCC 35405 Type strain from which the genome sequence and original GenBank prtP sequence were derived. 6xHis-tagging of the PrtP C-terminus in ATCC 35405 demonstrated absence of the 'authentic frameshift' in PrtP reported in the genome databases. We propose that T. denticola genome annotations be updated to reflect this new information. PrcB and the PrtP N-terminal region that includes the catalytic domain were highly conserved in common laboratory strains and clinical isolates of T. denticola. Dentilisin proteolytic activity varied considerably between strains. Antibodies against PrcB, PrcA and PrtP from the type strain recognized these proteins in most T. denticola strains. PrtP varied up to 20% over the C-terminal 270 residues between strains. The PrtP C-terminal eight-residues (DWFYVEYP) was present in all strains, with two strains containing an additional Y-residue preceding the stop codon. Such conserved PrtP domains may be required for interactions with PrcA and PrcB, or for substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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Toh EC, Dashper SG, Huq NL, Attard TJ, Cross KJ, Stanton DP, Reynolds EC. Inhibition of proteolytic activity of periodontal pathogens by casein-derived peptides. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Miller DP, Bell JK, McDowell JV, Conrad DH, Burgner JW, Héroux A, Marconi RT. Structure of factor H-binding protein B (FhbB) of the periopathogen, Treponema denticola: insights into progression of periodontal disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:12715-22. [PMID: 22371503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the most common disease of microbial etiology in humans. Periopathogen survival is dependent upon evasion of complement-mediated destruction. Treponema denticola, an important contributor to periodontitis, evades killing by the alternative complement cascade by binding factor H (FH) to its surface. Bound FH is rapidly cleaved by the T. denticola protease, dentilisin. In this report, the structure of the T. denticola FH-binding protein, FhbB, was solved to 1.7 Å resolution. FhbB possesses a unique fold that imparts high thermostability. The kinetics of the FH/FhbB interaction were assessed using surface plasmon resonance. A K(D) value in the micromolar range (low affinity) was demonstrated, and rapid off kinetics were observed. Site-directed mutagenesis and sucrose octasulfate competition assays collectively indicate that the negatively charged face of FhbB binds within FH complement control protein module 7. This study provides significant new insight into the molecular basis of FH/FhbB interaction and advances our understanding of the role that T. denticola plays in the development and progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Abstract
Oral Treponema species, most notably T. denticola, are implicated in the destructive effects of human periodontal disease. Progress in the molecular analysis of interactions between T. denticola and host proteins is reviewed here, with particular emphasis on the characterization of surface-expressed and secreted proteins of T. denticola involved in interactions with host cells, extracellular matrix components, and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Cogoni V, Morgan-Smith A, Fenno JC, Jenkinson HF, Dymock D. Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP) integrates spirochaetes within oral microbial communities. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:759-770. [PMID: 22313692 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.055939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is found ubiquitously in the human oral cavity and is mainly associated with bacterial communities implicated in the establishment and development of periodontal disease. The ability to become integrated within biofilm communities is crucial to the growth and survival of oral bacteria, and involves inter-bacterial coaggregation, metabolic cooperation, and synergy against host defences. In this article we show that the chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP), found within a high-molecular-mass complex on the cell surface, mediates adherence of T. denticola to other potential periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Parvimonas micra. Proteolytic activity per se did not appear to be required for the interactions, and expression of the major outer-sheath protein (Msp) was not necessary, except for binding Parv. micra. Biofilms of densely packed cells and matrix, up to 40 µm in depth, were formed between T. denticola and P. gingivalis on salivary pellicle, with T. denticola cells enriched in the upper layers. Expression of CTLP, but not Msp, was critical for dual-species biofilm formation with P. gingivalis. T. denticola did not form dual-species biofilms with any of the other three periodontal bacterial species under various conditions. Synergy between T. denticola and P. gingivalis was also shown by increased inhibition of blood clotting, which was CTLP-dependent. The results demonstrate the critical role of CTLP in interactions of T. denticola with other oral micro-organisms, leading to synergy in microbial community development and host tissue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cogoni
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alex Morgan-Smith
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - David Dymock
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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The antibacterial activity of LL-37 against Treponema denticola is dentilisin protease independent and facilitated by the major outer sheath protein virulence factor. Infect Immun 2011; 80:1107-14. [PMID: 22184422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05903-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are innate immune effectors that possess both bactericidal activities and immunomodulatory functions. Deficiency in the human host defense peptide LL-37 has previously been correlated with severe periodontal disease. Treponema denticola is an oral anaerobic spirochete closely associated with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The T. denticola major surface protein (MSP), involved in adhesion and cytotoxicity, and the dentilisin serine protease are key virulence factors of this organism. In this study, we examined the interactions between LL-37 and T. denticola. The three T. denticola strains tested were susceptible to LL-37. Dentilisin was found to inactivate LL-37 by cleaving it at the Lys, Phe, Gln, and Val residues. However, dentilisin deletion did not increase the susceptibility of T. denticola to LL-37. Furthermore, dentilisin activity was found to be inhibited by human saliva. In contrast, a deficiency of the T. denticola MSP increased resistance to LL-37. The MSP-deficient mutant bound less fluorescently labeled LL-37 than the wild-type strain. MSP demonstrated specific, dose-dependent LL-37 binding. In conclusion, though capable of LL-37 inactivation, dentilisin does not protect T. denticola from LL-37. Rather, the rapid, MSP-mediated binding of LL-37 to the treponemal outer sheath precedes cleavage by dentilisin. Moreover, in vivo, saliva inhibits dentilisin, thus preventing LL-37 restriction and ensuring its bactericidal and immunoregulatory activities.
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Leitner DF, Connor JR. Functional roles of transferrin in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:393-402. [PMID: 22138408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrin is synthesized in the brain by choroid plexus and oligodendrocytes, but only that in the choroid plexus is secreted. Transferrin is a major iron delivery protein to the brain, but the amount transcytosed across the brain microvasculature is minimal. Transferrin is the major source of iron delivery to neurons. It may deliver iron to immature oligodendrocytes but this trophic effect declines over time while iron requirements for maintaining myelination continue. Finally, transferrin may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases through its ability to mobilize iron. SCOPE OF REVIEW The role of transferrin in maintaining brain iron homeostasis and the mechanism by which it enters the brain and delivers iron will be discussed. Its relevance to neurological disorders will also be addressed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Transferrin is the major iron delivery protein for neurons and the microvasculature, but has a limited role for glial cells. The main source of transferrin in the brain is likely from the choroid plexus although the concentration of transferrin at any given time in the brain includes that synthesized in oligodendrocytes. Little is known about brain iron egress or the role of transferrin in this process. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Neuron survival requires iron, which is predominantly delivered by transferrin. The concentration of transferrin in the cerebrospinal fluid is reflective of brain iron availability and can function as a biomarker in disease. Accumulation of iron in the brain contributes to neurodegenerative processes, thus an understanding of the role that transferrin plays in regulating brain iron homeostasis is essential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F Leitner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University, M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Composition and localization of Treponema denticola outer membrane complexes. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4868-75. [PMID: 21986628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05701-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Treponema denticola outer membrane lipoprotein-protease complex (dentilisin) contributes to periodontal disease by degrading extracellular matrix components and disrupting intercellular host signaling pathways. We recently demonstrated that prcB, located upstream of and cotranscribed with prcA and prtP, encodes a 22-kDa lipoprotein that interacts with PrtP and is required for its activity. Here we further characterize products of the protease locus and their roles in expression, formation, and localization of outer membrane complexes. PrcB migrates in native gels as part of a >400-kDa complex that includes PrtP and PrcA, as well as the major outer sheath protein Msp. PrcB is detectable as a minor constituent of the purified active protease complex, which was previously reported to consist of only PrtP and auxiliary polypeptides PrcA1 and PrcA2. Though it lacks the canonical ribosome binding site present upstream of both prcA and prtP, PrcB is present at levels similar to those of PrtP in whole-cell extracts. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated cell surface exposure of the mature forms of PrtP, PrcA1, PrcB, and Msp. The 16-kDa N-terminal acylated fragment of PrtP (predicted to be released during activation of PrtP) was present in cell extracts but was detected neither in the purified active protease complex nor on the cell surface. PrcA2, detectable on the surface of Msp-deficient cells but not that of wild-type cells, coimmunoprecipitated with Msp. Our results indicate that PrcB is a component of the outer membrane lipoprotein protease complex and that Msp and PrcA2 interaction may mediate formation of a very-high-molecular-weight outer membrane complex.
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Visser M, Ellen R. New insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:502-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim M, Jun HK, Choi BK, Cha JH, Yoo YJ. Td92, an outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, induces osteoclastogenesis via prostaglandin E(2)-mediated RANKL/osteoprotegerin regulation. J Periodontal Res 2011; 45:772-9. [PMID: 20682013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that causes significant alveolar bone loss. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells. Osteoblasts regulate osteoclast differentiation by expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Td92 is a surface-exposed outer membrane protein of Treponema denticola, a periodontopathogen. Although it has been demonstrated that Td92 acts as a stimulator of various proinflammatory mediators, the role of Td92 in alveolar bone resorption remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Td92 in bone resorption. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mouse bone marrow cells were co-cultured with calvariae-derived osteoblasts in the presence or absence of Td92. Osteoclast formation was assessed by TRAP staining. Expressions of RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) in osteoblasts were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS Td92 induced osteoclast formation in the co-cultures. In the osteoblasts, RANKL and PGE(2) expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG expression was down-regulated by Td92. The addition of OPG inhibited Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors NS398 and indomethacin were also shown to inhibit Td92-induced osteoclast formation. The effects of Td92 on the expressions of RANKL, OPG and PGE(2) in osteoblasts were blocked by NS398 or indomethacin. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Td92 promotes osteoclast formation through the regulation of RANKL and OPG production via a PGE(2) -dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 Project, Oral Science Research Center, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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35
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Miao D, Fenno JC, Timm JC, Joo NE, Kapila YL. The Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease dentilisin induces matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent fibronectin fragmentation in periodontal ligament cells. Infect Immun 2011; 79:806-11. [PMID: 21115719 PMCID: PMC3028863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a bacterially mediated chronic inflammatory disease that results in destruction of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone that surround and support the dentition. While their precise roles are not well understood, periodontal pathogens, including Treponema denticola, are believed to initiate the destructive inflammatory responses and dysregulation of tissue homeostasis that characterize the disease. These responses are believed to result from both proinflammatory effects of acylated bacterial membrane components (lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins) and degradative effects of secreted bacterial proteases. Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes both in tissue homeostasis and tissue destruction. MMP expression is modulated in part by specific proteolytic fragments of fibronectin (FN), which are associated with periodontal disease. FN is a predominant extracellular matrix component in the periodontium. We examined the ability of Treponema denticola and its acylated outer membrane PrtP protease complex to induce both activation of MMP-2 and generation of FN fragments in human PDL cell culture supernatants. T. denticola parent and isogenic mutant strains, as well as MMP-2 small interfering RNA and specific inhibitors of MMP-2 and PrtP activity, were used to examine protein expression, gelatinolytic activity, and FN fragmentation in culture supernatants. T. denticola and its purified protease induced both MMP-2 activation and FN fragmentation. Here, we demonstrate that PrtP proteolytic activity induces the activation of MMP-2 and that active MMP-2 is required for FN fragmentation. These results suggest a specific mechanism by which the T. denticola protease may disrupt homeostatic processes required for the maintenance of periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - John C. Timm
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Nam Eok Joo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
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Bifunctional role of the Treponema pallidum extracellular matrix binding adhesin Tp0751. Infect Immun 2010; 79:1386-98. [PMID: 21149586 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01083-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is a highly invasive pathogenic spirochete capable of attaching to host cells, invading the tissue barrier, and undergoing rapid widespread dissemination via the circulatory system. The T. pallidum adhesin Tp0751 was previously shown to bind laminin, the most abundant component of the basement membrane, suggesting a role for this adhesin in host tissue colonization and bacterial dissemination. We hypothesized that similar to that of other invasive pathogens, the interaction of T. pallidum with host coagulation proteins, such as fibrinogen, may also be crucial for dissemination via the circulatory system. To test this prediction, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology to demonstrate specific binding of soluble recombinant Tp0751 to human fibrinogen. Click-chemistry-based palmitoylation profiling of heterologously expressed Tp0751 confirmed the presence of a lipid attachment site within this adhesin. Analysis of the Tp0751 primary sequence revealed the presence of a C-terminal putative HEXXH metalloprotease motif, and in vitro degradation assays confirmed that recombinant Tp0751 purified from both insect and Escherichia coli expression systems degrades human fibrinogen and laminin. The proteolytic activity of Tp0751 was abolished by the presence of the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline. Further, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry showed that Tp0751 binds zinc and calcium. Collectively, these results indicate that Tp0751 is a zinc-dependent, membrane-associated protease that exhibits metalloprotease-like characteristics. However, site-directed mutagenesis of the HEXXH motif to HQXXH did not abolish the proteolytic activity of Tp0751, indicating that further mutagenesis studies are required to elucidate the critical active site residues associated with this protein. This study represents the first published description of a T. pallidum protease capable of degrading host components and thus provides novel insight into the mechanism of T. pallidum dissemination.
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McDowell JV, Frederick J, Miller DP, Goetting-Minesky MP, Goodman H, Fenno JC, Marconi RT. Identification of the primary mechanism of complement evasion by the periodontal pathogen, Treponema denticola. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 26:140-9. [PMID: 21375704 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, binds the complement regulatory protein Factor H (FH). Factor H binding protein B (FhbB) is the sole FH binding protein produced by T. denticola. The interaction of FhbB with FH is unique in that FH is bound to the cell and then cleaved by the T. denticola protease, dentilisin. A ∼ 50-kDa product generated by dentilisin cleavage is retained at the cell surface. Until this study, a direct role for the FhbB-FH interaction in complement evasion and serum sensitivity had not been demonstrated. Here we assess the serum resistance of T. denticola strain 35405 (Td35405wt) and isogenic mutants deficient in dentilisin (Td35405-CCE) and FhbB production (Td35405ΔfhbB), respectively. Both dentilisin and FhbB have been postulated to be key virulence factors that mediate complement evasion. Consistent with conditions in the subgingival crevice, an environment with a significant concentration of complement, Td35405wt was resistant to serum concentrations as high as 25%. Deletion of fhbB (Td35405ΔfhbB), which resulted in the complete loss of FH binding ability, but not inactivation of dentilisin activity (Td35405-CCE), rendered T. denticola highly sensitive to 25% human serum with 80% of the cells being disrupted after 4 h of incubation. Heat treatment of the serum to inactivate complement confirmed that killing was mediated by complement. These results indicate that the FH-FhbB interaction is required for serum resistance whereas dentilisin is not. This report provides new insight into the novel complement evasion mechanisms of T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V McDowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Dashper SG, Seers CA, Tan KH, Reynolds EC. Virulence factors of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. J Dent Res 2010; 90:691-703. [PMID: 20940357 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510385242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that treponemes are involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including chronic periodontitis as well as other forms of periodontal disease. There are interesting parallels with other chronic diseases caused by treponemes that may indicate similar virulence characteristics. Chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, and recent animal studies indicate that co-infection of Treponema denticola with other periodontal pathogens can enhance alveolar bone resorption. The bacterium has a suite of molecular determinants that could enable it to cause tissue damage and subvert the host immune response. In addition to this, it has several non-classic virulence determinants that enable it to interact with other pathogenic bacteria and the host in ways that are likely to promote disease progression. Recent advances, especially in molecular-based methodologies, have greatly improved our knowledge of this bacterium and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dashper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health, Melbourne Dental School and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Bernardini C, Gaibani P, Zannoni A, Vocale C, Bacci ML, Piana G, Forni M, Sambri V. Treponema denticola alters cell vitality and induces HO-1 and Hsp70 expression in porcine aortic endothelial cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:509-16. [PMID: 20091146 PMCID: PMC3006620 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an oral spirochete that is associated with periodontal disease and detected occasionally in extraoral lesions associated with systemic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases. The effect of specific bacterial products from oral treponemes on endothelium is poorly investigated. This study analyzed the ability of components of the outer membrane of T. denticola (OMT) to induce apoptosis and heat shock proteins (HO-1 and Hsp70) in porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs), compared with results obtained with classical pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Cellular apoptosis was detected when pAECs were treated with either OMT or LPS, suggesting that OMT can damage endothelium integrity by reducing endothelial cell vitality. Stimulation with OMT, similarly to LPS response, increased HO-1 and Hsp-70 protein expression in a time-dependent manner, correlating with a rise in HO-1 and Hsp-70 mRNA. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that T. denticola alters endothelial cell function. Moreover, our in vitro experiments represent a preliminary investigation to further in vivo study using a pig model to elucidate how T. denticola leaves the initial endodontic site and participates in the development of several systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production (DIMORFIPA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Brezski RJ, Jordan RE. Cleavage of IgGs by proteases associated with invasive diseases: an evasion tactic against host immunity? MAbs 2010; 2:212-20. [PMID: 20400859 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective functioning of immunoglobulins and IgG mAbs in removing pathological cells requires that the antigen binding regions and the Fc (effector) domain act in concert. The hinge region that connects these domains itself presents motifs that engage Fc receptors on immune effector cells to achieve cell lysis. In addition, sequences in the lower hinge/CH2 and further down the CH2 region are involved in C1q binding and complement-mediated cell killing. Proteolytic enzymes of little relevance to human physiology were successfully used for decades to generate fragments of IgGs for reagent and therapeutic use. It was subsequently noted that tumor-related and microbial proteases also cleaved human IgG specifically in the hinge region. We have shown previously that the "nick" of just one of the lower hinge heavy chains of IgG unexpectedly prevented many effector functions without impacting antigen binding. Of interest, related single-cleaved IgG breakdown products were detected in breast carcinoma extracts. This suggested a pathway by which tumors might avoid host immune surveillance under a cloak of proteolytically-generated, dysfunctional antibodies that block competent IgG binding. The host immune system cannot be blind to this pathway since there exists a widespread, low-titer incidence of anti-hinge (cleavage-site) antibodies in the healthy population. The prevalence of anti-hinge reactivity may reflect an ongoing immune recognition of normal IgG catabolism. Tumor growth and bacterial infections potentially generate hostile proteolytic environments that may pose harsh challenges to host immunity. Recent findings involving physiologically-relevant proteases suggest that the potential loss of key effector functions of host IgGs may result from subtle and limited proteolytic cleavage of IgGs and that such events may facilitate the incursion of invasive cells in local proteolytic settings.
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Treponema denticola PrcB is required for expression and activity of the PrcA-PrtP (dentilisin) complex. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:3337-44. [PMID: 20435733 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00274-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Treponema denticola surface protease complex, consisting of PrtP protease (dentilisin) and two auxiliary polypeptides (PrcA1 and PrcA2), is believed to contribute to periodontal disease by degrading extracellular matrix components and disrupting host intercellular signaling. Previously, we showed that transcription of the protease operon initiates upstream of TDE0760 (herein designated prcB), the open reading frame immediately 5' of prcA-prtP. The prcB gene is conserved in T. denticola strains. PrcB localizes to the detergent phase of Triton X-114 cell surface extracts and migrates as a 22-kDa polypeptide, in contrast to the predicted 17-kDa cytoplasmic protein encoded in the annotated T. denticola genome. Consistent with this observation, the PrcB N terminus is unavailable for Edman sequencing, suggesting that it is acylated. Nonpolar deletion of prcB in T. denticola showed that PrcB is required for production of PrtP protease activity, including native PrtP cleavage of PrcA to PrcA1 and PrcA2. A 6xHis-tagged PrcB protein coimmunoprecipitates with native PrtP, using either anti-PrtP or anti-His-tag antibodies, and recombinant PrtP copurifies with PrcB-6xHis in nickel affinity chromatography. Taken together, these data are consistent with identification of PrcB as a PrtP-binding lipoprotein that likely stabilizes the PrtP polypeptide during localization to the outer membrane.
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Gaibani P, Caroli F, Nucci C, Sambri V. Major surface protein complex of Treponema denticola induces the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 by primary human peripheral blood monocytes. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:361-6. [PMID: 20337896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Treponema denticola is a micro-organism that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Major surface protein complex (MSPc), which is expressed on the envelope of this treponeme, plays a key role in the interaction between T. denticola and gingival cells. The peptidoglycan extracted from T. denticola induces the production of a large variety of inflammatory mediators by macrophage-like cells, suggesting that individual components of T. denticola cells induce the inflammatory response during periodontal disease. This study was designed to demonstrate that MSPc of T. denticola stimulates release of proinflammatory mediators in primary human monocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human monocytes were separated from the blood of healthy donors and incubated for up to 24 h with varying concentrations of MSPc. The production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was measured at different time points with commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS T. denticola MSPc induced the synthesis of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and MMP-9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similar patterns of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 release were observed when cells were stimulated with 100 and 1000 ng/mL of MSPc. The production of MMP-9 was significant only when cells were treated with 1000 ng/mL of MSPc. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T. denticola MSPc, at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/mL to 1.0 microg/mL, activates a proinflammatory response in primary human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaibani
- Department of Haematology and Oncology L. and A. Seragnoli, Section of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Treponema denticola suppresses expression of human {beta}-defensin-3 in gingival epithelial cells through inhibition of the toll-like receptor 2 axis. Infect Immun 2009; 78:672-9. [PMID: 19995893 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00808-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that Treponema denticola, one of the periodontal pathogens, suppresses the expression of human beta-defensins (HBDs) in human gingival epithelial cells. To identify the mechanisms involved in this suppression, immortalized and normal human gingival epithelial cells were infected with live or heat-killed T. denticola for 24 h, and then the expression of HBDs was examined by real-time RT-PCR. Live T. denticola suppressed the expression of HBD-3 substantially and also suppressed the expression of HBD-1 and HBD-2. However, heat-killed bacteria did not produce a suppressive effect but instead slightly upregulated the levels of HBD-2 and HBD-3. In contrast to live T. denticola, which reduced the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB within an hour of infection, heat-killed bacteria did not show any inhibitory effect on the MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Knockdown of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) via RNA interference abolished the suppressive effect of T. denticola on the expression of HBD-3. Heat-killed T. denticola but not live bacteria could activate TLR2 in CHO/CD14/TLR2 reporter cells, suggesting that T. denticola contains a heat-labile inhibitor(s) of TLR2 in addition to ligands recognized by TLR2. Indeed, live T. denticola was able to inhibit TLR2 activation by Pam(3)CSK. In conclusion, T. denticola suppressed the expression of HBD-3 by inhibiting the TLR2 axis in gingival epithelial cells. These results may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of periodontitis caused by T. denticola.
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Byrne SJ, Dashper SG, Darby IB, Adams GG, Hoffmann B, Reynolds EC. Progression of chronic periodontitis can be predicted by the levels ofPorphyromonas gingivalisandTreponema denticolain subgingival plaque. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:469-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Analysis of a unique interaction between the complement regulatory protein factor H and the periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1417-25. [PMID: 19204088 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01544-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola, a spirochete associated with periodontitis, is abundant at the leading edge of subgingival plaque, where it interacts with gingival epithelia. T. denticola produces a number of virulence factors, including dentilisin, a protease which is cytopathic to host cells, and FhbB, a unique T. denticola lipoprotein that binds complement regulatory proteins. Earlier analyses suggested that FhbB specifically bound to factor H (FH)-like protein 1 (FHL-1). However, by using dentilisin-deficient mutants of T. denticola, we found that T. denticola preferentially binds FH and not FHL-1, and that FH is then cleaved by dentilisin to yield an FH subfragment of approximately 50 kDa. FH bound to dentilisin-deficient mutants but was not cleaved and retained its ability to serve as a cofactor for factor I in the cleavage of C3b. To assess the molecular basis of the interaction of FhbB with FH, mutational analyses were conducted. Replacement of specific residues in widely separated domains of FhbB and disruption of a central alpha helix with coiled-coil formation probability attenuated or eliminated FH binding. The data presented here are the first to demonstrate the retention at the cell surface of a proteolytic cleavage product of FH. The precise role of this FH fragment in the host-pathogen interaction remains to be determined.
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Immune response and alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of Treponema denticola infection. Infect Immun 2008; 77:694-8. [PMID: 19015247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01004-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola is considered to be an agent strongly associated with periodontal disease. The lack of an animal infection model has hampered the understanding of T. denticola pathogenesis and the host's immune response to infection. In this study, we have established an oral infection model in mice, demonstrating that infection by oral inoculation is feasible. The presence of T. denticola in the oral cavities of the animals was confirmed by PCR. Mice given T. denticola developed a specific immune response to the bacterium. The antibodies generated from the infection were mainly of the immunoglobulin G1 subclass, indicating a Th2-tilted response. The antibodies recognized 11 T. denticola proteins, of which a 62-kDa and a 53-kDa protein were deemed immunodominant. The two proteins were identified, respectively, as dentilisin and the major outer sheath protein by mass spectrometry. Splenocytes cultured from the infected mice no longer produced interleukin-10 and produced markedly reduced levels of gamma interferon relative to those produced by naïve splenocytes upon stimulation with T. denticola. Mandibles of infected mice showed significantly greater bone resorption (P < 0.01) than those of mock-infected controls.
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Capone R, Wang HT, Ning Y, Sweier DG, Lopatin DE, Fenno JC. Human serum antibodies recognize Treponema denticola Msp and PrtP protease complex proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:165-9. [PMID: 18279185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Treponema denticola outer membrane proteins are postulated to have key roles in microbe-host interactions in periodontitis. Because there are no reports of in vivo expression of these putative virulence factors, we examined several T. denticola strains to determine whether sera from human subjects recognized specific T. denticola outer membrane proteins. METHODS Soluble extracts were prepared from exponential phase cultures of T. denticola strains representing three serotypes, from defined T. denticola mutants defective in Msp (major surface protein) or PrtP lipoprotein protease complex (CTLP; dentilisin), and Escherichia coli strains expressing distinctly different T. denticola Msp. Extracts were subjected to Western immunoassays using archived human serum samples. RESULTS Human serum antibodies (immunoglobulin G class) recognized multiple protein bands in T. denticola strains. In the parent strain ATCC 35405, these included bands at 72-, 53-, 40-, and 30-kDa. Bands corresponding to Msp and the PrtP protease complex proteins were absent in isogenic msp and protease complex mutants, respectively. Individual human sera showed specificity for one or more Msp types. CONCLUSIONS This is the first definitive report of human serum antibody responses to specific T. denticola antigens. T. denticola Msp and the proteins comprising the PrtP lipoprotein protease complex are expressed in vivo and are immunogenic in humans. Human antibody recognition of Msp exhibits strain specificity and is consistent with strain serotyping. These results demonstrate the utility of T. denticola isogenic mutants in characterizing host immune responses to periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Capone
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Potentiel pathogénique de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola et Tannerella forsythia, le complexe bactérien rouge associé à la parodontite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 55:154-62. [PMID: 17049750 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis are mixed bacterial infections leading to destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, including periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Among over 500 bacterial species living in the oral cavity, a bacterial complex named "red complex" and made of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia has been strongly related to advanced periodontal lesions. While periodontopathogenic bacteria are the primary etiologic factor of periodontitis, tissue destruction essentially results from the host immune response to the bacterial challenge. Members of the red complex are Gram negative anaerobic bacteria expressing numerous virulence factors allowing bacteria to colonize the subgingival sites, to disturb the host defense system, to invade and destroy periodontal tissue as well as to promote the immunodestructive host response. This article reviews current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria of the red complex leading to tissue and alveolar bone destruction observed during periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bodet
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, faculté de médecine dentaire, université Laval, G1K 7P4 Québec, Québec, Canada
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Grenier D, Bouclin R. Contribution of proteases and plasmin-acquired activity in migration of Peptostreptococcus micros through a reconstituted basement membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 21:319-25. [PMID: 16922932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Peptostreptococcus micros is a gram-positive bacterium that has been associated with chronic periodontitis and endodontic infections. The aims of this study were to investigate the production of proteases and the acquisition of plasmin activity by rough and smooth morphotypes of P. micros. The contribution of these properties in the migration of bacteria through a reconstituted basement membrane was also evaluated. METHODS Protease activities were determined using chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates as well as by zymography. Plasminogen binding activity was studied using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The role of proteases and plasmin-acquired activity in tissue penetration was investigated using Matrigel. RESULTS The rough morphotype strains of P. micros, but not the smooth morphotype strains, were found to possess chymotrypsin-like and gelatinase activities, both of which were inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor. By zymography, three gelatinase bands (165, 129, and 115 kDa) were identified. Both morphotypes of P. micros can bind human plasminogen on their cell surface. Once bound to P. micros, plasminogen activators of bacterial (streptokinase) and human (urokinase) origins were found to activate plasminogen into plasmin. Our results also showed that plasmin activity can be acquired by P. micros following co-incubation with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in culture. When non-coated cells were used, the rough morphotype strain (HG1262), which possesses chymotrypsin-like and gelatinase activities, showed a better capacity to penetrate a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) than the smooth morphotype strain (HG1251). Penetration of the Matrigel by P. micros HG1262 was inhibited by the presence of a serine protease inhibitor. In addition, cells of P. micros with plasmin activity showed a significantly greater tissue penetration capacity. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that endogenous proteolytic activities of P. micros as well as plasmin-acquired activity, may facilitate dissemination of bacterial cells to surrounding periodontal tissues and blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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