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Signal sequence contributes to the immunogenicity of Pasteurella multocida lipoprotein E. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102200. [PMID: 36423524 PMCID: PMC9681653 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Pasterurella multocida lipoprotein E (PlpE) has been shown to protect against fowl cholera. This study aimed to determine if the signal sequence may contribute to the antigenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant PlpE. A small antigenic domain of PlpE (termed truncated PlpE, tPlpE) was constructed with (SP-tPlpE) or without (tPlpE) the signal sequence and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the HEK-Bule hTLR2 Cells were used to evaluate the activation of NF-kB in the test associated with the stimulation of the SP-tPlpE and tPlpE proteins. When chickens were immunized, compared to the tPlpE vaccine group, the SP-tPlpE group showed higher antibody levels and enhanced CD4+ T cell response. In a challenge test, the SP-tPlpE group showed a survival rate of 87.5% (n = 8), compared to 25% for the tPlpE group. It is confirmed that the inclusion of the native signal sequence enhanced protective efficacy against fowl cholera and may act as a vaccine adjuvant. The short SP-tPlpE construct is amenable to further vaccine engineering and has potential to be developed as a fowl cholera vaccine.
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O'Bier NS, Hatke AL, Camire AC, Marconi RT. Human and Veterinary Vaccines for Lyme Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:191-222. [PMID: 33289681 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is an emerging zoonotic infection that is increasing in incidence in North America, Europe, and Asia. With the development of safe and efficacious vaccines, LD can potentially be prevented. Vaccination offers a cost-effective and safe approach for decreasing the risk of infection. While LD vaccines have been widely used in veterinary medicine, they are not available as a preventive tool for humans. Central to the development of effective vaccines is an understanding of the enzootic cycle of LD, differential gene expression of Borrelia burgdorferi in response to environmental variables, and the genetic and antigenic diversity of the unique bacteria that cause this debilitating disease. Here we review these areas as they pertain to past and present efforts to develop human, veterinary, and reservoir targeting LD vaccines. In addition, we offer a brief overview of additional preventative measures that should employed in conjunction with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S O'Bier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Amanda L Hatke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrew C Camire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Abstract
Spirochetes form a separate phylum of bacteria with two membranes but otherwise unusual morphologies and envelope structures. Distinctive common features of Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema include the sequestration of flagella to the periplasm and thin peptidoglycan cell walls that are more closely associated with the inner membrane. Outer membrane compositions differ significantly between the genera. Leptospira most closely track Gram-negative bacteria due to the incorporation of lipopolysaccharides. Treponema and Borrelia outer membranes lack lipopolysaccharide, with treponemes expressing only a few outer membrane proteins and Borrelia displaying a dizzying diversity of abundant surface lipoproteins instead. Phylogenetic and experimental evidence indicates that spirochetes have adapted various modules of bacterial export and secretion pathways to build and maintain their envelopes. Export and insertion pathways in the inner membrane appear conserved, while spirochetal experimentation with various envelope architectures over time has led to variations in secretion pathways in the periplasm and outer membrane. Classical type I to III secretion systems have been identified, with demonstrated roles in drug efflux and export of flagellar proteins only. Unique activities of periplasmic proteases, including a C-terminal protease, are involved in maturation of some periplasmic proteins. Proper lipoprotein sorting within the periplasm appears to be dependent on functional Lol pathways that lack the outer membrane lipoprotein insertase LolB. The abundance of surface lipoproteins in Borrelia and detailed protein sorting studies suggest a lipoprotein secretion pathway that either extends Lol through the outer membrane or bypasses it altogether. Proteins can be released from cells in outer membrane vesicles or, rarely, as soluble proteins.
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Federizon J, Frye A, Huang WC, Hart TM, He X, Beltran C, Marcinkiewicz AL, Mainprize IL, Wills MKB, Lin YP, Lovell JF. Immunogenicity of the Lyme disease antigen OspA, particleized by cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid liposomes. Vaccine 2019; 38:942-950. [PMID: 31727504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Outer surface protein A (OspA) is a Borrelia lipoprotein and an established Lyme disease vaccine target. Admixing non-lipidated, recombinant B. burgdorferi OspA with liposomes containing cobalt porphyrin-phospholipid (CoPoP) resulted in rapid, particulate surface display of the conformationally intact antigen. Particleization was serum-stable and led to enhanced antigen uptake in murine macrophages in vitro. Mouse immunization using CoPoP liposomes that also contained a synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A (PHAD) elicited a Th1-biased OspA antibody response with higher IgG production compared to other vaccine adjuvants. Antibodies were reactive with intact B. burgdorferi spirochetes and Borrelia lysates, and induced complement-mediated borreliacidal activity in vitro. One year after initial immunization, mice maintained high levels of circulating borreliacidal antibodies capable of blocking B. burgdorferi transmission from infected ticks to human blood in a feeding chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Federizon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Amber Frye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Thomas M Hart
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Xuedan He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Christopher Beltran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ashley L Marcinkiewicz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Iain L Mainprize
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Melanie K B Wills
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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5
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Federizon J, Lin YP, Lovell JF. Antigen Engineering Approaches for Lyme Disease Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1259-1272. [PMID: 30987418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing rates of Lyme disease necessitate preventive measures such as immunization to mitigate the risk of contracting the disease. At present, there is no human Lyme disease vaccine available on the market. Since the withdrawal of the first and only licensed Lyme disease vaccine based on lipidated recombinant OspA, vaccine and antigen research has aimed to overcome its risks and shortcomings. Replacement of the putative cross-reactive T-cell epitope in OspA via mutation or chimerism addresses the potential risk of autoimmunity. Multivalent approaches in Lyme disease vaccines have been pursued to address sequence heterogeneity of Lyme borreliae antigens and to induce a repertoire of functional antibodies necessary for efficient heterologous protection. This Review summarizes recent antigen engineering strategies that have paved the way for the development of next generation vaccines against Lyme disease, some of which have reached clinical testing. Bioconjugation methods that incorporate antigens to self-assembling nanoparticles for immune response potentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Federizon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany , New York 12208 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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6
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Grosenbaugh DA, De Luca K, Durand PY, Feilmeier B, DeWitt K, Sigoillot-Claude C, Sajous ML, Day MJ, David F. Characterization of recombinant OspA in two different Borrelia vaccines with respect to immunological response and its relationship to functional parameters. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:312. [PMID: 30326885 PMCID: PMC6191903 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevention of Lyme disease in dogs in North America depends on effective vaccination against infection by the tick vector-born spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Most vaccines effectively prevent spirochete transmission to dogs during tick feeding based on immunization with the outer-surface lipoprotein A (OspA) of B. burgdorferi. More recently, vaccines containing additional OspC protein moieties have been introduced. These are designed to enhance protection by forming a second line of defense within the vertebrate host, where OspC expression replaces OspA as the dominant surface antigen. However, supportive data for demonstration of OspC mediated protection is still lacking. Since OspA immunogenicity is of paramount importance to protection against spirochete transmission; this study was designed to compare the immunogenicity of two commercially available vaccines against the Borrelia burgdorferi OspA. We further characterized OspA antigen fractions of these vaccines with respect to their biochemical and biophysical properties. Results Two groups of beagle dogs (n = 9) were administered either: (1) a nonadjuvanted/monovalent, recombinant OspA vaccine (Recombitek® Lyme) or (2) an adjuvanted, recombinant OspA /OspC chimeric fusion vaccine (Vanguard® crLyme). The onset of the anti-OspA antibody response elicited by the nonadjuvanted/monovalent OspA vaccine was significantly earlier than that for the bivalent OspA /OspC vaccine and serum borreliacidal activity was significantly greater at all post-vaccination time points. As expected, only dogs inoculated with the bivalent OspA/OspC vaccine mounted a humoral anti-OspC response. However, only three out of nine dogs in that group had a positive response. Comparison of the OspA vaccine structures revealed that the OspA in the nonadjuvanted/monovalent vaccine was primarily in the lipidated form, eluting (SEC-HPLC) at a high molecular weight, suggestive of micelle formation. Conversely, the OspA moiety of the OspA/OspC vaccine was found to be nonlipidated and eluted as the monomeric protein. Conclusions We hypothesize that these structural differences may account for the superior immunogenicity of the nonadjuvanted monovalent recombinant OspA vaccine in dogs over the adjuvanted OspA fraction of the OspA/OspC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Day
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Abstract
Lipoproteins are lipid-modified proteins that dominate the spirochetal proteome. While found in all bacteria, spirochetal lipoproteins have unique features and play critical roles in spirochete biology. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted to determining how the lipoproteome is generated. Essential features of the structural elements of lipoproteins are now understood with greater clarity, enabling greater confidence in identification of lipoproteins from genomic sequences. The journey from the ribosome to the outer membrane, and in some cases, to the cellular surface has been defined, including secretion, lipidation, sorting, and export across the outer membrane. Given their abundance and importance, it is not surprising that spirochetes have developed a number of strategies for regulating the spatiotemporal expression of lipoproteins. In some cases, lipoprotein expression is tied to various environmental cues, while in other cases, it is linked to growth rate. This regulation enables spirochetes to express certain lipoproteins at high levels in one phase of the spirochete lifecycle, while dramatically downregulating the same lipoproteins in other phases. The mammalian host has developed specialized mechanisms for recognizing lipoproteins and triggering an immune response. Evasion of that immune response is essential for spirochete persistence. For this reason, spirochetes have developed mechanisms for altering lipoproteins. Lipoproteins recognized by antibodies formed during infection are key serodiagnostic antigens. In addition, lipoprotein vaccines have been developed for generating an immune response to control or prevent a spirochete infection. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of lipoproteins in interactions of spirochetes with their hosts.
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Krzyzak L, Seitz C, Urbat A, Hutzler S, Ostalecki C, Gläsner J, Hiergeist A, Gessner A, Winkler TH, Steinkasserer A, Nitschke L. CD83 Modulates B Cell Activation and Germinal Center Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3581-94. [PMID: 26983787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
CD83 is a maturation marker for dendritic cells. In the B cell lineage, CD83 is expressed especially on activated B cells and on light zone B cells during the germinal center (GC) reaction. The function of CD83 during GC responses is unclear. CD83(-/-) mice have a strong reduction of CD4(+) T cells, which makes it difficult to analyze a functional role of CD83 on B cells during GC responses. Therefore, in the present study we generated a B cell-specific CD83 conditional knockout (CD83 B-cKO) model. CD83 B-cKO B cells show defective upregulation of MHC class II and CD86 expression and impaired proliferation after different stimuli. Analyses of GC responses after immunization with various Ags revealed a characteristic shift in dark zone and light zone B cell numbers, with an increase of B cells in the dark zone of CD83 B-cKO mice. This effect was not accompanied by alterations in the level of IgG immune responses or by major differences in affinity maturation. However, an enhanced IgE response was observed in CD83 B-cKO mice. Additionally, we observed a strong competitive disadvantage of CD83-cKO B cells in GC responses in mixed bone marrow chimeras. Furthermore, infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi revealed a defect in bacterial clearance of CD83 B-cKO mice with a shift toward a Th2 response, indicated by a strong increase in IgE titers. Taken together, our results show that CD83 is important for B cell activation and modulates GC composition and IgE Ab responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Krzyzak
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Seitz
- Department of Immune Modulation, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Urbat
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutzler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Gläsner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
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Krupka M, Masek J, Barkocziova L, Turanek Knotigova P, Kulich P, Plockova J, Lukac R, Bartheldyova E, Koudelka S, Chaloupkova R, Sebela M, Zyka D, Droz L, Effenberg R, Ledvina M, Miller AD, Turanek J, Raska M. The Position of His-Tag in Recombinant OspC and Application of Various Adjuvants Affects the Intensity and Quality of Specific Antibody Response after Immunization of Experimental Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148497. [PMID: 26848589 PMCID: PMC4744052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi-caused infection, if not recognized and appropriately treated by antibiotics, may lead to chronic complications, thus stressing the need for protective vaccine development. The immune protection is mediated by phagocytic cells and by Borrelia-specific complement-activating antibodies, associated with the Th1 immune response. Surface antigen OspC is involved in Borrelia spreading through the host body. Previously we reported that recombinant histidine tagged (His-tag) OspC (rOspC) could be attached onto liposome surfaces by metallochelation. Here we report that levels of OspC-specific antibodies vary substantially depending upon whether rOspC possesses an N' or C' terminal His-tag. This is the case in mice immunized: (a) with rOspC proteoliposomes containing adjuvants MPLA or non-pyrogenic MDP analogue MT06; (b) with free rOspC and Montanide PET GEL A; (c) with free rOspC and alum; or (d) with adjuvant-free rOspC. Stronger responses are noted with all N'-terminal His-tag rOspC formulations. OspC-specific Th1-type antibodies predominate post-immunization with rOspC proteoliposomes formulated with MPLA or MT06 adjuvants. Further analyses confirmed that the structural features of soluble N' and C' terminal His-tag rOspC and respective rOspC proteoliposomes are similar including their thermal stabilities at physiological temperatures. On the other hand, a change in the position of the rOspC His-tag from N' to C' terminal appears to affect substantially the immunogenicity of rOspC arguably due to steric hindrance of OspC epitopes by the C' terminal His-tag itself and not due to differences in overall conformations induced by changes in the His-tag position in rOspC variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krupka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Masek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Barkocziova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Plockova
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Lukac
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Bartheldyova
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Koudelka
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Sebela
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Roman Effenberg
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ledvina
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, United Kingdom, and GlobalAcorn Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Turanek
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (MR); (JT)
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Immunotherapy, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (MR); (JT)
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Leng CH, Liu SJ, Chen HW, Chong P. Recombinant bacterial lipoproteins as vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1623-32. [PMID: 26420467 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant bacterial lipoproteins (RLP) with built-in immuno-stimulating properties for novel subunit vaccine development are reviewed. This platform technology offers the following advantages: easily converts antigens into highly immunogenic RLP using a fusion sequence containing lipobox; the lipid moiety of RLP is recognized as the danger signals in the immune system through the Toll-like receptor 2, so both innate and adaptive immune responses can be induced by RLP; serves as an efficient and cost-effective bioprocess for producing RLP in Escherichia coli and the feasibility and safety of this core platform technology has been successfully demonstrated in animal model studies including meningococcal group B subunit vaccine, dengue subunit vaccine, novel subunit vaccine against Clostridium difficile-associated diseases and HPV-based immunotherapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Leng
- a Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- a Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- a Vaccine R&D Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
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11
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Ducken DR, Brown WC, Alperin DC, Brayton KA, Reif KE, Turse JE, Palmer GH, Noh SM. Subdominant Outer Membrane Antigens in Anaplasma marginale: Conservation, Antigenicity, and Protective Capacity Using Recombinant Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129309. [PMID: 26079491 PMCID: PMC4469585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of cattle with a worldwide distribution. Currently a safe and efficacious vaccine is unavailable. Outer membrane protein (OMP) extracts or a defined surface protein complex reproducibly induce protective immunity. However, there are several knowledge gaps limiting progress in vaccine development. First, are these OMPs conserved among the diversity of A. marginale strains circulating in endemic regions? Second, are the most highly conserved outer membrane proteins in the immunogens recognized by immunized and protected animals? Lastly, can this subset of OMPs recognized by antibody from protected vaccinates and conserved among strains recapitulate the protection of outer membrane vaccines? To address the first goal, genes encoding OMPs AM202, AM368, AM854, AM936, AM1041, and AM1096, major subdominant components of the outer membrane, were cloned and sequenced from geographically diverse strains and isolates. AM202, AM936, AM854, and AM1096 share 99.9 to 100% amino acid identity. AM1041 has 97.1 to 100% and AM368 has 98.3 to 99.9% amino acid identity. While all four of the most highly conserved OMPs were recognized by IgG from animals immunized with outer membranes, linked surface protein complexes, or unlinked surface protein complexes and shown to be protected from challenge, the highest titers and consistent recognition among vaccinates were to AM854 and AM936. Consequently, animals were immunized with recombinant AM854 and AM936 and challenged. Recombinant vaccinates and purified outer membrane vaccinates had similar IgG and IgG2 responses to both proteins. However, the recombinant vaccinates developed higher bacteremia after challenge as compared to adjuvant-only controls and outer membrane vaccinates. These results provide the first evidence that vaccination with specific antigens may exacerbate disease. Progressing from the protective capacity of outer membrane formulations to recombinant vaccines requires testing of additional antigens, optimization of the vaccine formulation and a better understanding of the protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre R. Ducken
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendy C. Brown
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Debra C. Alperin
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Brayton
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Reif
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Turse
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Guy H. Palmer
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Noh
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Recombinant Lipoproteins as Novel Vaccines with Intrinsic Adjuvant. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:55-74. [PMID: 26067816 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A core platform technology for high production of recombinant lipoproteins with built-in immunostimulator for novel subunit vaccine development has been established. This platform technology has the following advantages: (1) easily convert antigen into lipidated recombinant protein using a fusion sequence containing lipobox and express high level (50-150mg/L) in Escherichia coli; (2) a robust high-yield up- and downstream bioprocess for lipoprotein production is successfully developed to devoid endotoxin contamination; (3) the lipid moiety of recombinant lipoproteins, which is identical to that of bacterial lipoproteins is recognized as danger signals by the immune system (Toll-like receptor 2 agonist), so both innate and adaptive immune responses can be induced by lipoproteins; and (4) successfully demonstrate the feasibility and safety of this core platform technology in meningococcal group B subunit vaccine, dengue subunit vaccine, novel subunit vaccine against Clostridium difficile-associated diseases, and HPV-based immunotherapeutic vaccines in animal model studies.
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Comstedt P, Hanner M, Schüler W, Meinke A, Lundberg U. Design and development of a novel vaccine for protection against Lyme borreliosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113294. [PMID: 25409015 PMCID: PMC4237411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no Lyme borreliosis vaccine available for humans, although it has been shown that the disease can be prevented by immunization with an OspA-based vaccine (LYMErix). Outer surface protein A (OspA) is one of the dominant antigens expressed by the spirochetes when present in a tick. The Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe express different OspA serotypes on their surface, B. burgdorferi (serotype 1), B. afzelii (serotype 2), B. garinii (serotypes, 3, 5 and 6) and B. bavariensis (serotype 4), while only B. burgdorferi is present in the US. In order to target all these pathogenic Borrelia species, we have designed a multivalent OspA-based vaccine. The vaccine includes three proteins, each containing the C-terminal half of two OspA serotypes linked to form a heterodimer. In order to stabilize the C-terminal fragment and thus preserve important structural epitopes at physiological temperature, disulfide bonds were introduced. The immunogenicity was increased by introduction of a lipidation signal which ensures the addition of an N-terminal lipid moiety. Three immunizations with 3.0 µg adjuvanted vaccine protected mice from a challenge with spirochetes expressing either OspA serotype 1, 2 or 5. Mice were protected against both challenge with infected ticks and in vitro grown spirochetes. Immunological analyses (ELISA, surface binding and growth inhibition) indicated that the vaccine can provide protection against the majority of Borrelia species pathogenic for humans. This article presents the approach which allows for the generation of a hexavalent vaccine that can potentially protect against a broad range of globally distributed Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis.
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Kelesidis T. The Cross-Talk between Spirochetal Lipoproteins and Immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:310. [PMID: 25071771 PMCID: PMC4075078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirochetal diseases such as syphilis, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis are major threats to public health. However, the immunopathogenesis of these diseases has not been fully elucidated. Spirochetes interact with the host through various structural components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), surface lipoproteins, and glycolipids. Although spirochetal antigens such as LPS and glycolipids may contribute to the inflammatory response during spirochetal infections, spirochetes such as Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lack LPS. Lipoproteins are most abundant proteins that are expressed in all spirochetes and often determine how spirochetes interact with their environment. Lipoproteins are pro-inflammatory, may regulate responses from both innate and adaptive immunity and enable the spirochetes to adhere to the host or the tick midgut or to evade the immune system. However, most of the spirochetal lipoproteins have unknown function. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of spirochetal lipoproteins are reviewed and are grouped into two main categories: effects related to immune evasion and effects related to immune activation. Understanding lipoprotein-induced immunomodulation will aid in elucidating innate immunopathogenesis processes and subsequent adaptive mechanisms potentially relevant to spirochetal disease vaccine development and to inflammatory events associated with spirochetal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Groshong AM, Blevins JS. Insights into the biology of Borrelia burgdorferi gained through the application of molecular genetics. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 86:41-143. [PMID: 24377854 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800262-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the vector-borne bacterium that causes Lyme disease, was first identified in 1982. It is known that much of the pathology associated with Lyme borreliosis is due to the spirochete's ability to infect, colonize, disseminate, and survive within the vertebrate host. Early studies aimed at defining the biological contributions of individual genes during infection and transmission were hindered by the lack of adequate tools and techniques for molecular genetic analysis of the spirochete. The development of genetic manipulation techniques, paired with elucidation and annotation of the B. burgdorferi genome sequence, has led to major advancements in our understanding of the virulence factors and the molecular events associated with Lyme disease. Since the dawn of this genetic era of Lyme research, genes required for vector or host adaptation have garnered significant attention and highlighted the central role that these components play in the enzootic cycle of this pathogen. This chapter covers the progress made in the Borrelia field since the application of mutagenesis techniques and how they have allowed researchers to begin ascribing roles to individual genes. Understanding the complex process of adaptation and survival as the spirochete cycles between the tick vector and vertebrate host will lead to the development of more effective diagnostic tools as well as identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets. In this chapter, the Borrelia genes are presented in the context of their general biological roles in global gene regulation, motility, cell processes, immune evasion, and colonization/dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Groshong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jon S Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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Evaluation of the Borrelia burgdorferi BBA64 protein as a protective immunogen in mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:526-33. [PMID: 24501342 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00824-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Borrelia burgdorferi bba64 gene product is a surface-localized lipoprotein synthesized within mammalian and tick hosts and is involved in vector transmission of disease. These properties suggest that BBA64 may be a vaccine candidate against Lyme borreliosis. In this study, protective immunity against B. burgdorferi challenge was assessed in mice immunized with the BBA64 protein. Mice developed a high-titer antibody response following immunization with soluble recombinant BBA64 but were not protected when challenged by needle inoculation of culture-grown spirochetes. Likewise, mice passively immunized with an anti-BBA64 monoclonal antibody were not protected against needle-inoculated organisms. BBA64-immunized mice were subjected to B. burgdorferi challenge by the natural route of a tick bite, but these trials did not demonstrate significant protective immunity in either outbred or inbred strains of mice. Lipidated recombinant BBA64 produced in Escherichia coli was assessed for possible improved elicitation of a protective immune response. Although inoculation with this antigen produced a high-titer antibody response, the lipidated BBA64 also was unsuccessful in protecting mice from B. burgdorferi challenge by tick bites. Anti-BBA64 antibodies raised in rats eradicated the organisms, as evidenced by in vitro borreliacidal assays, thus demonstrating the potential for BBA64 to be effective as a protective immunogen. However, passive immunization with the same monospecific rat anti-BBA64 polyclonal serum failed to provide protection against tick bite-administered challenge. These results reveal the challenges faced in not only identifying B. burgdorferi proteins with potential protective capability but also in producing recombinant antigens conducive to preventive therapies against Lyme borreliosis.
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17
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Cullen PA, Cameron CE. Progress towards an effective syphilis vaccine: the past, present and future. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 5:67-80. [PMID: 16451109 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Syphilis is a disease caused by infection with the spirochetal pathogen Treponema pallidum subspp. pallidum. Despite intensive efforts, the unusual biology of T. pallidum has hindered progress towards the development of a vaccine to prevent infection. This review describes previous endeavors to develop a syphilis vaccine, outlines the key issues in the field and proposes new directions in the design of a T. pallidum vaccine. Following a brief overview of the disease symptoms, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, a case is put forward for the benefit of pursuing a syphilis vaccine. Relevant material concerning immunity to T. pallidum infection is summarized and evaluated, and pilot experiments describing the use of whole-cell bacterin vaccines and similar preparations are included. A detailed section concerning subunit vaccines is provided, incorporating discussions pertaining to relevant antigen selection, the identification of putative T. pallidum surface-exposed outer membrane proteins, factors hindering previous attempts to vaccinate with recombinant outer membrane proteins, problems and pitfalls of syphilis outer membrane protein-based vaccines, anti-attachment vaccines and the potential use of nonprotein subunit preparations as vaccinogens. Subsequently, critical aspects concerning vaccine antigen preparation and delivery are noted, including protein conformation, synergy, post-translational modifications, live attenuated organisms as vaccine vectors, prime-boost methodologies, adjuvant selection and immunization routes. Finally, animal models are discussed with particular reference to immunoprotection studies. A more thorough understanding of immunity to syphilis, a comprehensive assessment of the immunoprotective capacity of the putative surface-accessible antigens of T. pallidum and utilization of the latest advances in vaccine science should set the scene for future development of a syphilis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cullen
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
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18
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Oral immunization with Escherichia coli expressing a lipidated form of LigA protects hamsters against challenge with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Infect Immun 2013; 82:893-902. [PMID: 24478102 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01533-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonosis transmitted by reservoir host animals that harbor leptospires in their renal tubules and shed the bacteria in their urine. Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni transmitted from Rattus norvegicus to humans is the most prevalent cause of urban leptospirosis. We examined L. interrogans LigA, domains 7 to 13 (LigA7-13), as an oral vaccine delivered by Escherichia coli as a lipidated, membrane-associated protein. The efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated in a susceptible hamster model in terms of the humoral immune response and survival from leptospiral challenge. Four weeks of oral administration of live E. coli expressing LigA7-13 improved survival from intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intradermal (i.d.) challenge by L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 in Golden Syrian hamsters. Immunization with E. coli expressing LigA7-13 resulted in a systemic antibody response, and a significant LigA7-13 IgG level after the first 2 weeks of immunization was completely predictive of survival 28 days after challenge. As in previous LigA vaccine studies, all immunized hamsters that survived infection had renal leptospiral colonization and histopathological changes. In summary, an oral LigA-based vaccine improved survival from leptospiral challenge by either the i.p. or i.d. route.
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Ranoa DRE, Kelley SL, Tapping RI. Human lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and CD14 independently deliver triacylated lipoproteins to Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and TLR2 and enhance formation of the ternary signaling complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9729-9741. [PMID: 23430250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are the most potent microbial agonists for the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) subfamily, and this pattern recognition event induces cellular activation, leading to host immune responses. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins coordinately bind TLR1 and TLR2, resulting in a stable ternary complex that drives intracellular signaling. The sensitivity of TLR-expressing cells to lipoproteins is greatly enhanced by two lipid-binding serum proteins known as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14); however, the physical mechanism that underlies this increased sensitivity is not known. To address this, we measured the ability of LBP and sCD14 to drive ternary complex formation between soluble extracellular domains of TLR1 and TLR2 and a synthetic triacylated lipopeptide agonist. Importantly, addition of substoichiometric amounts of either LBP or sCD14 significantly enhanced formation of a TLR1·TLR2 lipopeptide ternary complex as measured by size exclusion chromatography. However, neither LBP nor sCD14 was physically associated with the final ternary complex. Similar results were obtained using outer surface protein A (OspA), a naturally occurring triacylated lipoprotein agonist from Borrelia burgdorferi. Activation studies revealed that either LBP or sCD14 sensitized TLR-expressing cells to nanogram levels of either the synthetic lipopeptide or OspA lipoprotein agonist. Together, our results show that either LBP or sCD14 can drive ternary complex formation and TLR activation by acting as mobile carriers of triacylated lipopeptides or lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rose E Ranoa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stacy L Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Richard I Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801.
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20
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Lyme disease vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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21
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Murray GL, Lo M, Bulach DM, Srikram A, Seemann T, Quinsey NS, Sermswan RW, Allen A, Adler B. Evaluation of 238 antigens of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo for protection against kidney colonisation. Vaccine 2012. [PMID: 23176980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans worldwide. Leptospiral infection in cattle can cause reproductive failure and reduced weight gain, and importantly, infection represents a significant disease risk for farmers. Current bacterin vaccines offer protection that is short-lived and restricted at best to related serovars. The development of protective vaccines that stimulate immunity across multiple leptospiral serovars would therefore be advantageous. This study used a reverse vaccinology approach to evaluate a set of Leptospira borgpetersenii proteins in the hamster infection model. The L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain L550 genome sequence was analysed and genes encoding 262 predicted outer membrane or secreted proteins were selected. From this list, 238 proteins or protein fragments were successfully expressed and purified; 28 proteins (12%) were soluble, while the remaining 210 proteins (88%) were insoluble and purified under denaturing conditions. Proteins were mixed into 48 pools of up to five each and tested for protection against infection as assessed by renal colonisation in the hamster model of infection. None of the pools of antigens protected the hamsters against infection, despite a detectable antibody response being mounted against the majority of proteins (71%). This study is the first large scale evaluation of individual leptospiral proteins for ability to induce a protective immune response in the hamster infection model. It thus constitutes an important reference of protein immunogenicity and non-protective antigens that should be consulted before embarking on any future subunit vaccine experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Murray
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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22
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23
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Wells J. Mucosal vaccination and therapy with genetically modified lactic acid bacteria. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 2:423-45. [PMID: 22129390 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have proved to be effective mucosal delivery vehicles that overcome the problem of delivering functional proteins to the mucosal tissues. By the intranasal route, both live and killed LAB vaccine strains have been shown to elicit mucosal and systemic immune responses that afford protection against infectious challenges. To be effective via oral administration, frequent dosing over several weeks is required but new targeting and adjuvant strategies have clearly demonstrated the potential to increase the immunogenicity and protective immunity of LAB vaccines. Oral administration of Lactococcus lactis has been shown to induce antigen-specific oral tolerance (OT) to secreted recombinant antigens. LAB delivery is more efficient at inducing OT than the purified antigen, thus avoiding the need for purification of large quantities of antigen. This approach holds promise for new therapeutic interventions in allergies and antigen-induced autoimmune diseases. Several clinical and research reports demonstrate considerable progress in the application of genetically modified L. lactis for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). New medical targets are on the horizon, and the approval by several health authorities and biosafety committees of a containment system for a genetically modified L. lactis that secretes Il-10 should pave the way for new LAB delivery applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Wells
- Host-Microbe-Interactomics, University of Wageningen, Animal Sciences Department, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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ELISA-based measurement of antibody responses and PCR-based detection profiles can distinguish between active infection and early clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:138069. [PMID: 22110528 PMCID: PMC3205739 DOI: 10.1155/2012/138069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochetal bacterium that causes Lyme disease. These studies address whether current research methods using either ELISA to detect seroconversion to B. burgdorferi antigens or PCR quantification of bacterial DNA within tissues can accurately distinguish between a productive infection versus a B. burgdorferi exposure that is rapidly cleared by the innate responses. Mice receiving even minimal doses of live B. burgdorferi produced significantly more B. burgdorferi-specific IgM and IgG than groups receiving large inocula of heat-killed bacteria. Additionally, sera from mice injected with varied doses of killed B. burgdorferi recognized unique borrelial antigens compared to mice infected with live B. burgdorferi. Intradermal injection of killed B. burgdorferi resulted in rapid DNA clearance from skin, whereas DNA was consistently detected in skin inoculated with viable B. burgdorferi. These data indicate that both ELISA-based serological analyses and PCR-based methods of assessing B. burgdorferi infection clearly distinguish between an established infection with live bacteria and exposure to large numbers of bacteria that are promptly cleared by the innate responses.
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Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with many different functions. Due to this broad-ranging functionality, these proteins have a considerable significance in many phenomena, from cellular physiology through cell division and virulence. Here we give a general overview of lipoprotein biogenesis and highlight examples of the roles of lipoproteins in bacterial disease caused by a selection of medically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lipoproteins have been shown to play key roles in adhesion to host cells, modulation of inflammatory processes, and translocation of virulence factors into host cells. As such, a number of lipoproteins have been shown to be potential vaccines. This review provides a summary of some of the reported roles of lipoproteins and of how this knowledge has been exploited in some cases for the generation of novel countermeasures to bacterial diseases.
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del Rio B, Seegers JFML, Gomes-Solecki M. Immune response to Lactobacillus plantarum expressing Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is modulated by the lipid modification of the antigen. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11199. [PMID: 20585451 PMCID: PMC2887847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in the use of lactic acid bacteria as mucosal delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, microbicides and therapeutics. We investigated the mechanism by which a mucosal vaccine based in recombinant lactic acid bacteria breaks the immunological tolerance of the gut in order to elicit a protective immune response. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analyzed how the lipid modification of OspA affects the localization of the antigen in our delivery vehicle using a number of biochemistry techniques. Furthermore, we examined how OspA-expressing L. plantarum breaks the oral tolerance of the gut by stimulating human intestinal epithelial cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte derived dendritic cells and measuring cytokine production. We show that the leader peptide of OspA targets the protein to the cell envelope of L. plantarum, and it is responsible for protein export across the membrane. Mutation of the lipidation site in OspA redirects protein localization within the cell envelope. Further, we show that lipidated-OspA-expressing L. plantarum does not induce secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, it breaks oral tolerance of the gut via Th1/Th2 cell mediated immunity, as shown by the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by human dendritic cells, and by the production of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Lipid modification of OspA expressed in L. plantarum modulates the immune response to this antigen through a Th1/Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz del Rio
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Biopeptides Corp., Valhalla, New York, and Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Londoño D, Cadavid D. Bacterial lipoproteins can disseminate from the periphery to inflame the brain. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2848-57. [PMID: 20431027 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current view is that bacteria need to enter the brain to cause inflammation. However, in mice infected with the spirochete Borrelia turicatae, we observed widespread cerebral inflammation despite a paucity of spirochetes in the brain parenchyma at times of high bacteremia. Here we studied the possibility that bacterial lipoproteins may be capable of disseminating from the periphery across the blood-brain barrier to inflame the brain. For this we injected normal and infected mice intraperitoneally with lanthanide-labeled variable outer membrane lipoproteins of B. turicatae and measured their localization in blood, various peripheral organs, and whole and capillary-depleted brain protein extracts at various times. Lanthanide-labeled nonlipidated lipoproteins of B. turicatae and mouse albumin were used as controls. Brain inflammation was measured by TaqMan RT-PCR amplification of genes known to be up-regulated in response to borrelial infection. The results showed that the two lipoproteins we studied, LVsp1 and LVsp2, were capable of inflaming the brain after intraperitoneal injection to different degrees: LVsp1 was better than LVsp2 and Bt1 spirochetes at moving from blood to brain. The dissemination of LVsp1 from the periphery to the brain occurred under normal conditions and significantly increased with infection. In contrast, LVsp2 disseminated better to peripheral organs. We conclude that some bacterial lipoproteins can disseminate from the periphery to inflame the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Londoño
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience and Center for Emerging Pathogens, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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28
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Abstract
Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease characterized by widespread tissue dissemination and chronic infection. In this study, we analyzed the proteome of T. pallidum by the isoelectric focusing (IEF) and nonequilibrating pH gel electrophoresis (NEPHGE) forms of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE), coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. We determined the identity of 148 T. pallidum protein spots, representing 88 T. pallidum polypeptides; 63 of these polypeptides had not been identified previously at the protein level. To examine which of these proteins are important in the antibody response to syphilis, we performed immunoblot analysis using infected rabbit sera or human sera from patients at different stages of syphilis infection. Twenty-nine previously described antigens (predominantly lipoproteins) were detected, as were a number of previously unidentified antigens. The reactivity patterns obtained with sera from infected rabbits and humans were similar; these patterns included a subset of antigens reactive with all serum samples tested, including CfpA, MglB-2, TmpA, TmpB, flagellins, and the 47-kDa, 17-kDa, and 15-kDa lipoproteins. A unique group of antigens specifically reactive with infected human serum was also identified and included the previously described antigen TpF1 and the hypothetical proteins TP0584, TP0608, and TP0965. This combined proteomic and serologic analysis further delineates the antigens potentially useful as vaccine candidates or diagnostic markers and may provide insight into the host-pathogen interactions that occur during T. pallidum infection.
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Parra MC, Shaffer SA, Hajjar AM, Gallis BM, Hager A, Goodlett DR, Guina T, Miller S, Collins CM. Identification, cloning, expression, and purification of Francisella lpp3: an immunogenic lipoprotein. Microbiol Res 2009; 165:531-45. [PMID: 20006480 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The severe and fatal human disease, tularemia, results from infection with the Gram-negative pathogen Francisella tularensis. Identification of surface outer membrane proteins, specifically lipoproteins, has been of interest for vaccine development and understanding the initiation of disease. We sought to identify Francisella live vaccine strain lipoproteins that could be a component of a subunit vaccine and have adjuvant properties as TLR2 agonists. We have identified a membrane lipoprotein of Francisella LVS isolated by sarkosyl extraction and gel filtration chromatography that is recognized by sera from LVS-vaccinated individuals and tularemia patients, indicating its potential diagnostic value. Sequencing of the protein by mass spectrometry indicated that it encodes the FTL_0645 open reading frame of F. holarctica LVS, which is 100% identical/homologous to FTT1416c of F. tularensis Schu S4. The predicted 137 amino acid lipoprotein encoded by FTL_0645 ORF, was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and demonstrated to be a lipoprotein. This recombinant lipoprotein, named Flpp3, was able to activate TLR2 and induce an immunogenic response in mice, suggesting that the E. coli-expressed Flpp3 is palmitoylated and closely resembles the native protein in structure and immunogenicity. Taken together, these data suggest that Flpp3 could be a candidate for inclusion in a F. tularensis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Parra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Thomas S, Thirumalapura N, Crossley EC, Ismail N, Walker DH. Antigenic protein modifications in Ehrlichia. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:296-303. [PMID: 19493209 PMCID: PMC2731653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To develop effective vaccination strategies againstEhrlichia, we have previously reported developing an animal model of cross-protection in which C57BL/6 mice primed withE. muris were resistant to lethal infection withIxodes ovatus ehrlichia (IOE). Polyclonal antibody produced in mice after priming withE. muris and later injected with IOE-detected antigenic proteins inE. muris and IOE cell lysates. Cross-reaction of antigenic proteins was observed when we probed both theE. muris and IOE cell lysates with IOE andE. muris-specific polyclonal antibody. Analysis of the total proteins ofE. muris and IOE by two dimensional electrophoresis showed that bothE. muris and IOE have the same antigenic proteins. Finally, studies on post-translational protein modifications using a novel technique, Eastern blotting, showed thatE. muris proteins are more lipoylated and glycosylated than those of IOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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31
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Chen HW, Liu SJ, Liu HH, Kwok Y, Lin CL, Lin LH, Chen MY, Tsai JP, Chang LS, Chiu FF, Lai LW, Lian WC, Yang CY, Hsieh SY, Chong P, Leng CH. A novel technology for the production of a heterologous lipoprotein immunogen in high yield has implications for the field of vaccine design. Vaccine 2009; 27:1400-9. [PMID: 19150476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel platform technology that can express high levels of recombinant lipoproteins with intrinsic adjuvant properties. In this study, Ag473 (a lipoprotein from Neisseria meningitidis) can be produced in high yields using Escherichia coli strain C43 (DE3). After testing a non-lipoimmunogen (E3, from dengue virus) fused with different lipid signal peptides from other lipoproteins as well as Ag473 fragments of different lengths, we identified that the fusion sequence has to contain at least the N-terminal 40 residues, D1, of Ag473 to achieve high expression levels of the recombinant lipo-immunogen (rlipo-D1E3). The rlipo-D1E3 was found to elicit stronger anti-E3 and virus neutralizing antibody responses in animal studies than those from rE3 alone or rE3 formulated with alum adjuvant. These results have successfully demonstrated the merit of lipo-immunogens for novel vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Chen
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 350, Taiwan, ROC
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32
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Selvan AT, Sankaran K. Localization and characterization of prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) critical in bacterial lipoprotein biosynthesis. Biochimie 2008; 90:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Steere AC. Lyme disease vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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34
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Warzecha H. Biopharmaceuticals from Plants: A Multitude of Options for Posttranslational Modifications. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2008; 25:315-30. [DOI: 10.5661/bger-25-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Attachment of the outer membrane lipoprotein (OprI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and digestive tract of chickens. Vaccine 2007; 26:546-51. [PMID: 18160185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of mucosal vaccines requires antigen delivery and adjuvant systems that can efficiently help in presenting vaccine antigens to the mucosal immune system. The outer membrane lipoprotein I (OprI) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to possess both the quality to induce a non-specific immune response (adjuvant effect through its lipid tail) as well as the quality to facilitate uptake of the vaccine antigen by interacting with Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and epithelial cells (adhesion effect). Here, we show for the first time the adhesion of OprI to epithelial cells of the trachea and small intestine of chickens. Adhesion could be seen on cryosections after in vitro as well as after in vivo incubation of the trachea and intestine. This proves the value of OprI as a fusion partner in mucosal protein vaccine development, which is especially important for poultry where mass vaccination is only possible by the respiratory or oral route.
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36
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Hennig A, Bonfig K, Roitsch T, Warzecha H. Expression of the recombinant bacterial outer surface protein A in tobacco chloroplasts leads to thylakoid localization and loss of photosynthesis. FEBS J 2007; 274:5749-58. [PMID: 17922845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins play crucial roles in host-pathogen interactions and pathogenesis and are important targets for the immune system. A prominent example is the outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi, which has been efficiently used as a vaccine for the prevention of Lyme disease. In a previous study, OspA could be produced in tobacco chloroplasts in a lipidated and immunogenic form. To further explore the potential of chloroplasts for the production of bacterial lipoproteins, the role of the N-terminal leader sequence was investigated. The amount of recombinant OspA could be increased up to ten-fold by the variation of the insertion site in the chloroplast genome. Analysis of OspA mutants revealed that replacement of the invariant cysteine residue as well as deletion of the leader sequence abolishes palmitolyation of OspA. Also, decoration of OspA with an N-terminal eukaryotic lipidation motif does not lead to palmitoylation in chloroplasts. Strikingly, the bacterial signal peptide of OspA efficiently targets the protein to thylakoids, and causes a mutant phenotype. Plants accumulating OspA at 10% total soluble protein could not grow without exogenously supplied sugars and rapidly died after transfer to soil under greenhouse conditions. The plants were found to be strongly affected in photosystem II, as revealed by the analyses of temporal and spatial dynamics of photosynthetic activity by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Thus, overexpression of OspA in chloroplasts is limited by its concentration-dependent interference with essential functions of chloroplastic membranes required for primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hennig
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Pharmaceutical Biology, Germany
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37
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Shibata KI. [Immunobiological activities of microbial lipoproteins/lipopeptides and their recognition by the innate immune system]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2007; 62:363-74. [PMID: 17892000 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.62.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Shibata
- Laboratory of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine
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38
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Rupprecht TA, Kirschning CJ, Popp B, Kastenbauer S, Fingerle V, Pfister HW, Koedel U. Borrelia garinii induces CXCL13 production in human monocytes through Toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4351-6. [PMID: 17562761 PMCID: PMC1951179 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01642-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested an important role for the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 in the B-cell-dominated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infiltrate in patients with neuroborreliosis (NB). High levels of CXCL13 were present in the CSF of NB patients. It has not been clear, however, whether high CSF CXCL13 titers are specific for NB or are a characteristic of other spirochetal diseases as well. Furthermore, the mechanisms leading to the observed CXCL13 expression have not been identified yet. Here we describe similarly elevated CSF CXCL13 levels in patients with neurosyphilis, while pneumococcal meningitis patient CSF do not have high CXCL13 levels. In parallel, challenge of human monocytes in vitro with two of the spirochetal causative organisms, Borrelia garinii (the Borrelia species most frequently found in NB patients) and Treponema pallidum, but not challenge with pneumococci, induced CXCL13 release. This finding implies that a common spirochetal motif is a CXCL13 inducer. Accordingly, we found that the lipid moiety N-palmitoyl-S-(bis[palmitoyloxy]propyl)cystein (Pam(3)C) (three palmitoyl residues bound to N-terminal cysteine) of the spirochetal lipoproteins is critical for the CXCL13 induction in monocytes. As the Pam(3)C motif is known to signal via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and an anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody blocked CXCL13 production of human monocytes incubated with B. garinii, this suggests that TLR2 is a major mediator of Borrelia-induced secretion of CXCL13 from human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Rupprecht
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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39
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Neff L, Daher S, Muzzin P, Spenato U, Gülaçar F, Gabay C, Bas S. Molecular characterization and subcellular localization of macrophage infectivity potentiator, a Chlamydia trachomatis lipoprotein. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:4739-48. [PMID: 17449608 PMCID: PMC1913453 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01889-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP) was originally reported to be a chlamydial lipoprotein from experiments showing incorporation of radiolabeled palmitic acid into native and recombinant MIP; inhibition of posttranslational processing of recombinant MIP by globomycin, known to inhibit signal peptidase II; and solubility of native MIP in Triton X-114. However, the detailed structural characterization of the lipid moiety on MIP has never been fully elucidated. In this study, bioinformatics and mass spectrometry analysis, as well as radiolabeling and immunochemical experiments, were conducted to further characterize MIP structure and subcellular localization. In silico analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of MIP is conserved across chlamydial species. A potential signal sequence with a contained lipobox was identified, and a recombinant C20A variant was prepared by replacing the probable lipobox cysteine with an alanine. Both incorporation of U-(14)C-esterified glycerol and [U-(14)C]palmitic acid and posttranslational processing that was inhibitable by globomycin were observed for recombinant wild-type MIP but not for the recombinant C20A MIP variant. The fatty acid contents of native and recombinant MIP were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the presence of amide-linked fatty acids in recombinant MIP was investigated by alkaline methanolysis. These results demonstrated a lipid modification in MIP similar to that of other prokaryotic lipoproteins. In addition, MIP was detected in an outer membrane preparation of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies and was shown to be present at the surfaces of elementary bodies by surface biotinylation and surface immunoprecipitation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Neff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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40
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Navarre C, Delannoy M, Lefebvre B, Nader J, Vanham D, Boutry M. Expression and secretion of recombinant outer-surface protein A from the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, in Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:325-35. [PMID: 16779648 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ospA gene of Borrelia burgdorferi codes for an outer membrane lipoprotein, which is a major antigen of the Lyme disease agent. Recombinant OspA vaccines tested so far were expressed in Escherichia coli. In this study, we investigated the expression of a soluble OspA protein in Nicotiana tabacum suspension cells and evaluated the secretion of OspA driven by either its own bacterial signal peptide or a plant signal peptide fused to the amino-terminal cysteine of the mature form. In both cases, the signal peptide was cleaved off and OspA secreted. During secretion, OspA was N-glycosylated. Addition of a C-terminal KDEL sequence led to retention of OspA in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Navarre
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5-15, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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41
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Schuijffel DF, Van Empel PCM, Segers RPAM, Van Putten JPM, Nuijten PJM. Vaccine potential of recombinant Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale antigens. Vaccine 2006; 24:1858-67. [PMID: 16318896 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a pathogen involved in respiratory infection and systemic disease in poultry. Previously, eight potential vaccine candidates were identified that induced cross-protective immunity when administered to chickens as a multi-component vaccine. In this study, we analyzed the immunogenicity of these eight recombinant proteins by subunit vaccination, and characterized the different proteins and corresponding genes more thoroughly by sequencing, in vitro expression analysis, and cellular localization experiments. We found, that all genes encoding the eight antigens were highly conserved among different O. rhinotracheale serotypes, but the different antigens were not expressed by all serotypes. Cellular fractionation experiments indicated that the majority of the antigens are predominantly located in the outer membrane fraction. Vaccination of chickens with single-antigen vaccines demonstrated that the Or77 antigen was protective against serotypes that expressed Or77 in vitro, suggesting that the protein has strong potential as a vaccine antigen. Furthermore, immunization with four-component subunit vaccines indicated the existence of immunogenic synergism between the candidate vaccine antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Air Sacs/pathology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/analysis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Chickens
- Conserved Sequence
- Cross Reactions
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Flavobacteriaceae Infections/pathology
- Flavobacteriaceae Infections/prevention & control
- Flavobacteriaceae Infections/veterinary
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Variation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ornithobacterium/chemistry
- Ornithobacterium/genetics
- Ornithobacterium/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/pathology
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Schuijffel
- Intervet International BV, Bacteriological R&D, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
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42
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Glenz K, Bouchon B, Stehle T, Wallich R, Simon MM, Warzecha H. Production of a recombinant bacterial lipoprotein in higher plant chloroplasts. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:76-7. [PMID: 16327810 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the potential of plastids to accomplish post-translational modifications of foreign proteins. In the present study we generated transplastomic tobacco plants that accumulate the outer surface lipoprotein A (OspA)-the basic constituent of the first generation monovalent human vaccine against Lyme disease. The recombinant OspA exhibits a lipid modification typical for bacteria and induced protective antibodies in mice, demonstrating that functionally active bacterial lipoproteins can be processed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Glenz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximilians Universität Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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43
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Verjan N, Hirono I, Aoki T. Genetic loci of major antigenic protein genes of Edwardsiella tarda. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5654-8. [PMID: 16151172 PMCID: PMC1214691 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5654-5658.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven antigenic proteins of Edwardsiella tarda were identified by using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. Four of these proteins also reacted with a Japanese flounder antiserum. The amino acid sequences had identity to lipoproteins, periplasmic proteins, and exported and secreted proteins with roles in transport of metabolites across the cell membrane, stress response, and motility. These genes and their products are useful for developing DNA or recombinant subunit vaccines to control edwardsiellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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44
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Adlowitz DG, Sethi S, Cullen P, Adler B, Murphy TF. Human antibody response to outer membrane protein G1a, a lipoprotein of Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 2005; 73:6601-7. [PMID: 16177336 PMCID: PMC1230958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.10.6601-6607.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and of otitis media in children. Outer membrane protein (OMP) G1a is an approximately 29-kDa surface lipoprotein and is a potential vaccine candidate. The gene that encodes OMP G1a was expressed and purified using a novel plasmid vector. [(3)H]palmitic acid labeling demonstrated that both native and recombinant OMP G1a contain covalently bound palmitic acid. To assess the expression of OMP G1a during human infection, paired sera and sputum supernatants from adults with COPD followed prospectively were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant lipidated OMP G1a to detect antibodies made specifically during carriage of M. catarrhalis. Overall, 23% of patients developed either a serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) response (9%) or sputum IgA response (21%) to OMP G1a, following 100 episodes of acquisition and clearance of M. catarrhalis. Patients developed antibody responses at similar rates following episodes of clinical exacerbation compared to asymptomatic colonization. Serum IgG antibodies following natural infection were directed predominantly at OMP G1a epitopes that are not exposed on the bacterial surface. These data show that OMP G1a is expressed during infection of the human respiratory tract and is a target of systemic and mucosal antibodies. These observations indicate that OMP G1a, a highly conserved surface protein, should be evaluated further as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Adlowitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 14215, USA
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45
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Koide S, Yang X, Huang X, Dunn JJ, Luft BJ. Structure-based Design of a Second-generation Lyme Disease Vaccine Based on a C-terminal Fragment of Borrelia burgdorferi OspA. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:290-9. [PMID: 15935380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a structure-based approach to reduce the size of an antigen protein for a subunit vaccine. Our method consists of (i) determining the three-dimensional structure of an antigen, (ii) identifying protective epitopes, (iii) generation of an antigen fragment that contains the protective epitope, and (iv) rational design to compensate for destabilization caused by truncation. Using this approach we have successfully developed a second-generation Lyme disease vaccine. Outer surface protein A (OspA) from the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi elicits protective immunity that blocks transmission of Borrelia from the tick vector to the vaccinated animal, and thus has been a focus of vaccine development. OspA has two globular domains that are connected via a unique single-layer beta-sheet. All anti-OspA monoclonal antibodies that block Borrelia transmission bind to conformational epitopes in the C-terminal domain of OspA, suggesting the possibility of using the C-terminal domain alone as a recombinant protein-based vaccine. The removal of ineffective parts from the OspA antigen may reduce side effects and lead to a safer vaccine. We prepared a C-terminal fragment of OspA by removing approximately 45% of residues from the N terminus. Although the fragment retained the native conformation and affinity to a protective antibody, its vaccine efficacy and conformational stability were significantly reduced with respect to full-length OspA. We successfully stabilized the fragment by replacing amino acid residues involved in buried salt-bridges with residues promoting hydrophobic interactions. The mutations promoted the vaccine efficacy of the redesigned fragment to a level comparable to that of the full-length protein, demonstrating the importance of the antigen stability for OspA's vaccine efficacy. Our strategy should be useful for further refining OspA-based vaccines and developing recombinant vaccines for other diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines
- Borrelia burgdorferi/chemistry
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- Lipoproteins/chemistry
- Lipoproteins/immunology
- Lyme Disease Vaccines/chemistry
- Lyme Disease Vaccines/immunology
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Models, Molecular
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Conformation
- Static Electricity
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Antibodies are the primary weapons of the mammalian immune system that are used against the tick-borne borreliae, the causative agents of relapsing fever and Lyme disease worldwide. Some antibody responses have 'traditional' functions, whereas others are more versatile and have novel functions and modes of action. At a time when the multiple functions of antibodies are being increasingly recognized and passive immunization is being revived as therapy for infectious and other diseases, the versatile nature of the antibody response to the borreliae fits well with this antibody renaissance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E Connolly
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5120, USA
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47
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Abstract
An in vivo expression technology (IVET) system was previously developed and used to identify Pasteurella multocida genes, which are upregulated during infection of the host. Of the many genes identified, two encoded products which showed similarity to the Haemophilus influenzae lipoproteins, protein D and PCP, which have been shown to stimulate heterologous immunity against infection with H. influenzae. Therefore, the lipoprotein homologues in P. multocida, designated GlpQ and PCP, were investigated. GlpQ and PCP were shown to be lipoproteins by demonstrating that post-translational processing of the proteins was inhibited by globomycin. The P. multocida GlpQ homologue showed glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase enzyme activity, indicating that it is a functional homologue of other characterized GlpQ enzymes. Using surface immunoprecipitation, PCP was found to be surface exposed, but GlpQ was not. Non-lipidated forms of GlpQ and PCP were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli and used to vaccinate mice. However, mice were not protected from challenge with live P. multocida. The lipoproteins were then expressed in E. coli in the lipidated form and used to vaccinate mice and chickens. Protection against challenge with live P. multocida was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Lo
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne,. 3800, Vic, Australia
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48
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Hovav AH, Fishman Y, Bercovier H. Gamma interferon and monophosphoryl lipid A-trehalose dicorynomycolate are efficient adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis multivalent acellular vaccine. Infect Immun 2005; 73:250-7. [PMID: 15618161 PMCID: PMC538970 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.1.250-257.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of six immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigens (85B, 38kDa, ESAT-6, CFP21, Mtb8.4, and 16kDa) in a multivalent vaccine preparation (6Ag). Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and monophosphoryl lipid A-trehalose dicorynomycolate (Ribi) adjuvant systems were used separately or in combination for immunization with the recombinant antigens. Our results demonstrate that immunization of mice with Ribi emulsified antigens in the presence of IFN-gamma (Ribi+6Ag+IFN-gamma) resulted after challenge with a virulent M. tuberculosis strain in a significant reduction in the CFU counts that was comparable to that achieved with the BCG vaccine ( approximately 0.9-log protection). Antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers in the Ribi+6Ag+IFN-gamma-immunized mice were lower than in mice immunized with Ribi+6Ag and were oriented toward a Th1-type response, as confirmed by elevated IgG2a levels. In addition, splenocyte proliferation, IFN-gamma secretion, and NO production were significantly higher in splenocytes derived from Ribi+6Ag+IFN-gamma-immunized mice, whereas IL-10 secretion was decreased. These findings confirm the induction of a strong cellular immunity in the vaccinated mice that correlates well with their enhanced resistance to M. tuberculosis. The adjuvant effect of IFN-gamma was dose dependent. A dose of 5 mug of IFN-gamma per mouse per immunization gave optimal protection, whereas lower or higher amounts (0.5 or 50 mug/ mouse) of IFN-gamma failed to enhance protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi-Hai Hovav
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, Israel
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49
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Abstract
Pathogenic spirochetes are the causative agents of several important diseases including syphilis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, swine dysentery, periodontal disease and some forms of relapsing fever. Spirochetal bacteria possess two membranes and the proteins present in the outer membrane are at the site of interaction with host tissue and the immune system. This review describes the current knowledge in the field of spirochetal outer membrane protein (OMP) biology. What is known concerning biogenesis and structure of OMPs, with particular regard to the atypical signal peptide cleavage sites observed amongst the spirochetes, is discussed. We examine the functions that have been determined for several spirochetal OMPs including those that have been demonstrated to function as adhesins, porins or to have roles in complement resistance. A detailed description of the role of spirochetal OMPs in immunity, including those that stimulate protective immunity or that are involved in antigenic variation, is given. A final section is included which covers experimental considerations in spirochetal outer membrane biology. This section covers contentious issues concerning cellular localization of putative OMPs, including determination of surface exposure. A more detailed knowledge of spirochetal OMP biology will hopefully lead to the design of new vaccines and a better understanding of spirochetal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Cullen
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - David A. Haake
- School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Ben Adler
- Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +61-3-9905-4815; fax: +61-3-9905-4811. E-mail address: (B. Adler)
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Koizumi N, Watanabe H. Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins elicit protective immunity. Vaccine 2004; 22:1545-52. [PMID: 15063580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of new vaccine candidates for leptospirosis is of great interest. This paper describes the identification of two homologous immunogenic proteins, LigA-m and LigB-m, of Leptospira interrogans serovar manilae strain UP-MMC-NIID, which show strong similarity with LigA found recently in L. interrogans serovar pomona. Southern blot analysis indicated the conservation of the lig genes among pathogenic leptospires. LigA-m protein was shown to be a surface-exposed lipoprotein expressed during in vitro culture. Both LigA-m and LigB-m induced protective immunity against a challenge with a homologous serovar of L. interrogans in mice. Furthermore, patients' sera infected with heterologous serovars' strains contained antibodies against LigA-m and LigB-m. Our results suggest that LigA-m and LigB-m proteins are new vaccine candidates for the prevention of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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