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Cabrera A, Neculai D, Tran V, Lavstsen T, Turner L, Kain KC. Plasmodium falciparum-CD36 Structure-Function Relationships Defined by Ortholog Scanning Mutagenesis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:945-954. [PMID: 30335152 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with the host receptor CD36 is among the most studied host-parasite interfaces. CD36 is a scavenger receptor that binds numerous ligands including the cysteine-rich interdomain region (CIDR)α domains of the erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of IEs. CD36 is conserved across species, but orthologs display differential binding of IEs. METHODS In this study, we exploited these differences, combined with the recent crystal structure and 3-dimensional modeling of CD36, to investigate malaria-CD36 structure-function relationships and further define IE-CD36 binding interactions. RESULTS We show that a charged surface in the membrane-distal region of CD36 is necessary for IE binding. Moreover, IE interaction with this binding surface is influenced by additional CD36 domains, both proximal to and at a distance from this site. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that subtle sequence and spatial differences in these domains modify receptor conformation and regulate the ability of CD36 to selectively interact with its diverse ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrera
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dante Neculai
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Vanessa Tran
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lavstsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Louise Turner
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Kevin C Kain
- SAR Laboratories, Sandra Rotman Centre, Toronto General Hospital-University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.,Tropical Disease Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of TorontoOntarioCanada
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Li A, Lim TS, Shi H, Yin J, Tan SJ, Li Z, Low BC, Tan KSW, Lim CT. Molecular mechanistic insights into the endothelial receptor mediated cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16929. [PMID: 21437286 PMCID: PMC3060092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoadherence or sequestration is essential for the pathogenesis of the most virulent human malaria species, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). Similar to leukocyte-endothelium interaction in response to inflammation, cytoadherence of P. falciparum infected red blood cells (IRBCs) to endothelium occurs under physiological shear stresses in blood vessels and involves an array of molecule complexes which cooperate to form stable binding. Here, we applied single-molecule force spectroscopy technique to quantify the dynamic force spectra and characterize the intrinsic kinetic parameters for specific ligand-receptor interactions involving two endothelial receptor proteins: thrombospondin (TSP) and CD36. It was shown that CD36 mediated interaction was much more stable than that mediated by TSP at single molecule level, although TSP-IRBC interaction appeared stronger than CD36-IRBC interaction in the high pulling rate regime. This suggests that TSP-mediated interaction may initiate cell adhesion by capturing the fast flowing IRBCs whereas CD36 functions as the ‘holder’ for providing stable binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Seng Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Shi
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swee Jin Tan
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhengjun Li
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Shyong Wei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KSWT); (CTL)
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Division of Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (KSWT); (CTL)
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Gruarin P, Primo L, Ferrandi C, Bussolino F, Tandon NN, Arese P, Ulliers D, Alessio M. Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is mediated by a redox-dependent conformational fraction of CD36. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6510-7. [PMID: 11714819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.11.6510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The adherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBC (IRBC) to postcapillary venular endothelium is an important determinant of the pathogenesis of severe malaria complications. Cytoadherence of IRBC to endothelial cells involves specific receptor/ligand interactions. The glycoprotein CD36 expressed on endothelial cells is the major receptor involved in this interaction. Treatment of CD36-expressing cells with reducing agents, such as DTT and N-acetylcysteine, was followed by CD36 conformational change monitorable by the appearance of the Mo91 mAb epitope. Only a fraction of the surface expressed CD36 molecules became Mo91 positive, suggesting the presence of two subpopulations of molecules with different sensitivities to reduction. The Mo91 epitope has been localized on a peptide (residues 260-279) of the C-terminal, cysteine-rich region of CD36. Treatment with reducing agents inhibited the CD36-dependent cytoadherence of IRBC to CD36-expressing cells and dissolved pre-existent CD36-mediated IRBC/CD36-expressing cell aggregates. CD36 reduction did not impair the functionality of CD36, since the reactivity of other anti-CD36 mAbs as well as the binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein, a CD36 ligand, were maintained. The modifications induced by reduction were reversible. After 14 h CD36 was reoxidized, the cells did not express the Mo91 epitope, and cytoadherence to IRBC was restored. The results indicate that IRBCs bind only to a redox-modulated fraction of CD36 molecules expressed on the cell surface. The present data indicate the therapeutic potential of reducing agents, such as the nontoxic drug N-acetylcysteine, to prevent or treat malaria complications due to IRBC cytoadhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gruarin
- DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Pain A, Ferguson DJ, Kai O, Urban BC, Lowe B, Marsh K, Roberts DJ. Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is a common adhesive phenotype and is associated with severe malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1805-10. [PMID: 11172032 PMCID: PMC29338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of malaria-infected erythrocytes in the peripheral circulation has been associated with the virulence of Plasmodium falciparum. Defining the adhesive phenotypes of infected erythrocytes may therefore help us to understand how severe disease is caused and how to prevent or treat it. We have previously shown that malaria-infected erythrocytes may form apparent autoagglutinates of infected erythrocytes. Here we show that such autoagglutination of a laboratory line of P. falciparum is mediated by platelets and that the formation of clumps of infected erythrocytes and platelets requires expression of the platelet surface glycoprotein CD36. Platelet-dependent clumping is a distinct adhesive phenotype, expressed by some but not all CD36-binding parasite lines, and is common in field isolates of P. falciparum. Finally, we have established that platelet-mediated clumping is strongly associated with severe malaria. Precise definition of the molecular basis of this intriguing adhesive phenotype may help to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kindgom
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Gruarin P, Thorne RF, Dorahy DJ, Burns GF, Sitia R, Alessio M. CD36 is a ditopic glycoprotein with the N-terminal domain implicated in intracellular transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:446-54. [PMID: 10964685 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD36 receptor sequence predicts two hydrophobic domains located at the N- and C-termini of the protein, but there are conflicting reports as to whether the N-terminal uncleaved leader sequence functions as a transmembrane domain. To investigate the topology of CD36, we generated a panel of mutants lacking either one or both hydrophobic regions and analyzed their folding and transport in COS-7 cells. The N- and the C-terminal hydrophobic regions were both sufficient to anchor CD36 in the membrane, and a FLAG epitope inserted at the N-terminus was located intracellularly. These results indicate that CD36 adopts a ditopic configuration. Accordingly, neither N- nor C-terminal truncation mutants were secreted. Analysis with conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies showed that the N-terminal transmembrane domain truncated molecule was slowly transported through the exocytic pathway and largely accumulated intracellularly. Thus, dual membrane insertion dictates the correct topogenesis and seems to be necessary for efficient folding and intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gruarin
- DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
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Gruarin P, De Monte L, Alessio M. CD36 folding revealed by conformational epitope expression is essential for cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. Parasite Immunol 2000; 22:349-60. [PMID: 10886719 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is a membrane glycoprotein and a putative scavenger receptor expressed by several cell types. In capillary endothelial cells, it mediates the adherence of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The CD36 sequence contains two hydrophobic domains located at the amino-and carboxyl-termini of the protein, but the topology of this protein and the functional significance of these domains are still not clearly defined. We generated soluble CD36-IgG chimeric molecules by fusion of the extracellular domains of CD36 with human immunoglobulin domains. The construct containing the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of CD36 was completely retained intracellularly as membrane-associated molecule, suggesting that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of the CD36 is a real transmembrane domain and that CD36 has hairpin topology. A small amount of the CD36-IgG chimeric construct lacking both transmembrane domains escaped retention, was correctly processed, and accumulated in the extracellular medium as a soluble molecule. This CD36-IgG construct failed to bind Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for either conformational or structural epitopes, we demonstrate that failure of this CD36-IgG construct to bind infected erythrocytes was due to incorrect folding of the soluble chimeric molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gruarin
- DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Baruch DI, Gormely JA, Ma C, Howard RJ, Pasloske BL. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:3497-502. [PMID: 8622965 PMCID: PMC39638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherence of mature Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes (PRBCs) to microvascular endothelium contributes directly to acute malaria pathology. We affinity purified molecules from detergent extracts of surface-radioiodinated PRBCs using several endothelial cell receptors known to support PRBC adherence, including CD36, thrombospondin (TSP), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). All three host receptors affinity purified P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), a very large malarial protein expressed on the surface of adherent PRBCs. Binding of PfEMP1 to particular host cell receptors correlated with the binding phenotype of the PRBCs from which PfEMP1 was extracted. Preadsorption of PRBC extracts with anti-PfEMP1 antibodies, CD36, or TSP markedly reduced PfEMP1 binding to CD36 or TSP. Mild trypsinization of intact PRBCs of P. falciparum strains shown to express antigenically different PfEMP1 released different (125)I-labeled tryptic fragments of PfEMP1 that bound specifically to CD36 and TSP. In clone C5 and strain MC, these activities resided on different tryptic fragments, but a single tryptic fragment from clone ItG-ICAM bound to both CD36 and TSP. Hence, the CD36- and TSP-binding domains are distinct entities located on a single PfEMP1 molecule. PfEMP1, the malarial variant antigen on infected erythrocytes, is therefore a receptor for CD36, TSP, and ICAM-1. A therapeutic approach to block or reverse adherence of PRBCs to host cell receptors can now be pursued with the identification of PfEMP1 as a malarial receptor for PRBC adherence to host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Baruch
- Affymax Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
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Daviet L, Buckland R, Puente Navazo MD, McGregor JL. Identification of an immunodominant functional domain on human CD36 antigen using human-mouse chimaeric proteins and homologue-replacement mutagenesis. Biochem J 1995; 305 ( Pt 1):221-4. [PMID: 7529996 PMCID: PMC1136452 DOI: 10.1042/bj3050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The human CD36 antigen is a multifunctional membrane glycoprotein that acts as a receptor for thrombospondin, malaria-infected erythrocytes and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, as well as being implicated in the recognition of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages. OKM5 and other anti-CD36 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to inhibit these CD36 adhesive functions, suggesting that the monoclonal-antibody epitopes and the domains that mediate these events are closely related. Analysis of a series of chimaeric exchanges between human and mouse CD36 shows that six anti-CD36 monoclonal antibodies (OKM5, FA6-152, L103, 5F1, SM phi and 10/5) recognize epitopes within the domain comprising amino acids 155-183. A seventh monoclonal antibody (13/10) binds to another domain that spans amino acids 30-76. Homologue-replacement mutagenesis performed within the human 155-183 immunodominant sequence identifies key residues for the binding of three functional monoclonal antibodies (OKM5, FA6-152 and L103). The fact that antibodies directed against the 155-183 domain can inhibit adhesion suggests that this domain is directly involved in CD36-ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Daviet
- INSERM Unit 331, Faculty of Medicine Alexis Carrel, Lyon, France
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