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Gleeson PJ, Benech N, Chemouny J, Metallinou E, Berthelot L, da Silva J, Bex-Coudrat J, Boedec E, Canesi F, Bounaix C, Morelle W, Moya-Nilges M, Kenny J, O'Mahony L, Saveanu L, Arnulf B, Sannier A, Daugas E, Vrtovsnik F, Lepage P, Sokol H, Monteiro RC. The gut microbiota posttranslationally modifies IgA1 in autoimmune glomerulonephritis. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadl6149. [PMID: 38536935 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the disruption of self-tolerance in acquired autoimmunity remain unclear. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is an acquired autoimmune disease where deglycosylated IgA1 (IgA subclass 1) auto-antigens are recognized by IgG auto-antibodies, forming immune complexes that are deposited in the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis. In the intestinal microbiota of patients with IgA nephropathy, there was increased relative abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria, including Akkermansia muciniphila. IgA1 was deglycosylated by A. muciniphila both in vitro and in the intestinal lumen of mice. This generated neo-epitopes that were recognized by autoreactive IgG from the sera of patients with IgA nephropathy. Mice expressing human IgA1 and the human Fc α receptor I (α1KI-CD89tg) that underwent intestinal colonization by A. muciniphila developed an aggravated IgA nephropathy phenotype. After deglycosylation of IgA1 by A. muciniphila in the mouse gut lumen, IgA1 crossed the intestinal epithelium into the circulation by retrotranscytosis and became deposited in the glomeruli of mouse kidneys. Human α-defensins-a risk locus for IgA nephropathy-inhibited growth of A. muciniphila in vitro. A negative correlation observed between stool concentration of α-defensin 6 and quantity of A. muciniphila in the guts of control participants was lost in patients with IgA nephropathy. This study demonstrates that gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to generation of auto-antigens in patients with IgA nephropathy and in a mouse model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gleeson
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
- Department of Medicine, School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 Y337 Ireland
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Néphrologie, Paris 75018, France
| | - Nicolas Benech
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris 75012, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris 75012, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, CRCL, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Chemouny
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eleftheria Metallinou
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Laureline Berthelot
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Jennifer da Silva
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Erwan Boedec
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Fanny Canesi
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Carine Bounaix
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Willy Morelle
- Université Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Française, UMR 8576-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maryse Moya-Nilges
- Unité Technologie et Service Bioimagerie Ultrastructurale (UTechS UBI), Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John Kenny
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996 Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YT20 Ireland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine, School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 Y337 Ireland
| | - Loredana Saveanu
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
| | - Bertrand Arnulf
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Saint Louis, Service d'Immuno-Hématologie, Myosotis 4, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Sannier
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service d'Anatomie-Pathologique, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Néphrologie, Paris 75018, France
| | - François Vrtovsnik
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Néphrologie, Paris 75018, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, Paris 75012, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris 75012, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1149 and CNRS EMR8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence, Paris 75018, France
- AP-HP, Nord/université de Paris, hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service d'Immunologie, 75018 Paris, France
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Álvarez-Herms J, González-Benito A, Corbi F, Odriozola A. What if gastrointestinal complications in endurance athletes were gut injuries in response to a high consumption of ultra-processed foods? Please take care of your bugs if you want to improve endurance performance: a narrative review. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:383-402. [PMID: 37839038 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
To improve performance and recovery faster, athletes are advised to eat more often than usual and consume higher doses of simple carbohydrates, during and after exercise. Sports energetic supplements contain food additives, such as artificial sweeteners, emulsifiers, acidity regulators, preservatives, and salts, which could be harmful to the gut microbiota and impair the intestinal barrier function. The intestinal barrier plays a critical function in bidirectionally regulation of the selective transfer of nutrients, water, and electrolytes, while preventing at the same time, the entrance of harmful substances (selective permeability). The gut microbiota helps to the host to regulate intestinal homeostasis through metabolic, protective, and immune functions. Globally, the gut health is essential to maintain systemic homeostasis in athletes, and to ensure proper digestion, metabolization, and substrate absorption. Gastrointestinal complaints are an important cause of underperformance and dropout during endurance events. These complications are directly related to the loss of gut equilibrium, mainly linked to microbiota dysbiosis and leaky gut. In summary, athletes must be cautious with the elevated intake of ultra-processed foods and specifically those contained on sports nutrition supplements. This review points out the specific nutritional interventions that should be implemented and/or discontinued depending on individual gut functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Phymolab (Physiology and Molecular Laboratory), Collado Hermoso, Segovia, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain.
| | - A González-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - F Corbi
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - A Odriozola
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Wee VTK, Shirakawa H, Yeh SL, Yeh CL. Fermented rice bran supplementation attenuates colonic injury through modulating intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor and innate lymphoid cells in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 123:109493. [PMID: 37871768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fermented rice bran (FRB) on modulating intestinal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression, innate lymphoid cell (ILC)3 populations, the fecal microbiota distribution, and their associations with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups: 1) NC group, normal mice fed the AIN-93M diet; 2) FRB group, normal mice fed a diet supplemented with 5% FRB; 3) NCD group, DSS-treated mice fed AIN-93M; 4) FRBD group, DSS-treated mice fed a 5% FRB-supplemented diet. DSS was administered for 5 d and followed by 5 d for recovery. At the end of the experiment, mice were sacrificed. Their blood and intestinal tissues were collected. Results showed that there were no differences in colonic biological parameters and function between the NC and FRB groups. Similar fecal microbiota diversity was noted between these two groups. Compared to the non-DSS-treated groups, DSS administration led to increased intestinal permeability, enhanced inflammatory cytokine production and disease severity, whereas tight junctions and AhR, interleukin (IL)-22 expressions were downregulated, and the ILC3 population had decreased. Also, gut microbiota diversity differs from the non-DSS-treated groups and more detrimental bacterial populations exist when compared to the FRBD group. FRB supplementation in DSS-treated mice attenuated fecal microbial dysbiosis, decreased intestinal permeability, improved the barrier integrity, upregulated AhR and IL-22 expression, maintained the ILC3 population, and pathologically mitigated colonic injury. These findings suggest enhanced ILC3- and AhR-mediated functions may be partly responsible for the anti-colitis effects of FRB supplementation in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- ViVi Tang Kang Wee
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sung-Ling Yeh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Li Yeh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hu YZ, Wu CS, Wang J, Han XQ, Si PY, Zhang YA, Zhang XJ. Antimicrobial Protein LECT2-b Helps Maintain Gut Microbiota Homeostasis via Selectively Targeting Certain Pathogenic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:81-95. [PMID: 38038392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) constitute a critical component of gut immunity in animals, protecting the gut from pathogenic bacteria. However, the interactions between AMPs and gut microbiota remain elusive. In this study, we show that leukocyte-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2)-b, a recently discovered AMP, helps maintain gut homeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), one of the major farmed fish species globally, by directly regulating the gut microbiota. Knockdown of LECT2-b resulted in dysregulation of the gut microbiota. Specifically, LECT2-b deficiency led to the dominance of Proteobacteria, consisting of proinflammatory bacterial species, over Firmicutes, which includes anti-inflammatory bacteria. In addition, the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria genus Aeromonas became the dominant genus replacing the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus and Bacillus. Further analysis revealed that this effect was due to the direct and selective inhibition of certain pathogenic bacterial species by LECT2-b. Moreover, LECT2-b knockdown promoted biofilm formation by gut microbiota, resulting in tissue damage and inflammation. Importantly, LECT2-b treatment alleviated the negative effects induced by LECT2-b knockdown. These findings highlight the crucial role of LECT2-b in maintaining the gut microbiota homeostasis and mucosal health. Overall, our study provides important data for understanding the roles of AMPs in the regulation of gut homeostasis in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhen Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Song Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Qing Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yue Si
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Fu J, Zong X, Jin M, Min J, Wang F, Wang Y. Mechanisms and regulation of defensins in host defense. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:300. [PMID: 37574471 PMCID: PMC10423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions in innate immunity, as well as their structure and activity relationships, along with their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, have been of great interest in recent years. To highlight the key research into the role of defensins in human and animal health, we first describe their research history, structural features, evolution, and antimicrobial mechanisms. Next, we cover the role of defensins in immune homeostasis, chemotaxis, mucosal barrier function, gut microbiota regulation, intestinal development and regulation of cell death. Further, we discuss their clinical relevance and therapeutic potential in various diseases, including infectious disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and obesity, chronic inflammatory lung disease, periodontitis and cancer. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the nutrient-dependent regulation of defensins, including fatty acids, amino acids, microelements, plant extracts, and probiotics, while considering the clinical application of such regulation. Together, the review summarizes the various biological functions, mechanism of actions and potential clinical significance of defensins, along with the challenges in developing defensins-based therapy, thus providing crucial insights into their biology and potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Shukla PK, Rao RG, Meena AS, Giorgianni F, Lee SC, Raju P, Shashikanth N, Shekhar C, Beranova S, Balazs L, Tigyi G, Gosain A, Rao R. Paneth cell dysfunction in radiation injury and radio-mitigation by human α-defensin 5. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174140. [PMID: 37638013 PMCID: PMC10448521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mechanism underlying radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis is undefined. This study examined the effect of radiation on the intestinal Paneth cell α-defensin expression and its impact on microbiota composition and mucosal tissue injury and evaluated the radio-mitigative effect of human α-defensin 5 (HD5). Methods Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation, and Paneth cell α-defensin expression was evaluated by measuring α-defensin mRNA by RT-PCR and α-defensin peptide levels by mass spectrometry. Vascular-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin was measured to evaluate intestinal mucosal permeability and endotoxemia by measuring plasma lipopolysaccharide. HD5 was administered in a liquid diet 24 hours before or after irradiation. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Intestinal epithelial junctions were analyzed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and mucosal inflammatory response by cytokine expression. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by measuring plasma cytokine levels. Results Ionizing radiation reduced the Paneth cell α-defensin expression and depleted α-defensin peptides in the intestinal lumen. α-Defensin down-regulation was associated with the time-dependent alteration of gut microbiota composition, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia. Administration of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) in the diet 24 hours before irradiation (prophylactic) significantly blocked radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junction and adherens junction, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and mucosal inflammatory response. HD5, administered 24 hours after irradiation (treatment), reversed radiation-induced microbiota dysbiosis, tight junction and adherens junction disruption, and barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, HD5 treatment also prevents and reverses radiation-induced endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Conclusion These data demonstrate that radiation induces Paneth cell dysfunction in the intestine, and HD5 feeding prevents and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Shukla
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roshan G. Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Preeti Raju
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chandra Shekhar
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sarka Beranova
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Louisa Balazs
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ankush Gosain
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Decreased Paneth cell α-defensins promote fibrosis in a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via disrupting intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3953. [PMID: 36894646 PMCID: PMC9998432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by fibrosis that develops from fatty liver. Disruption of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, dysbiosis, is associated with fibrosis development in NASH. An antimicrobial peptide α-defensin secreted by Paneth cells in the small intestine is known to regulate composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, involvement of α-defensin in NASH remains unknown. Here, we show that in diet-induced NASH model mice, decrease of fecal α-defensin along with dysbiosis occurs before NASH onset. When α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of R-Spondin1 to induce Paneth cell regeneration or by oral administration of α-defensins, liver fibrosis is ameliorated with dissolving dysbiosis. Furthermore, R-Spondin1 and α-defensin improved liver pathologies together with different features in the intestinal microbiota. These results indicate that decreased α-defensin secretion induces liver fibrosis through dysbiosis, further suggesting Paneth cell α-defensin as a potential therapeutic target for NASH.
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Mouse α-Defensins: Structural and Functional Analysis of the 17 Cryptdin Isoforms Identified from a Single Jejunal Crypt. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036122. [PMID: 36472443 PMCID: PMC9872612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00361-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse α-defensins, better known as cryptdins, are host protective antimicrobial peptides produced in the intestinal crypt by Paneth cells. To date, more than 20 cryptdin mRNAs have been identified from mouse small intestine, of which the first six cryptdins (Crp1 to Crp6) have been isolated and characterized at the peptide level. We quantified bactericidal activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of the 17 cryptdin isoforms identified by Ouellette and colleagues from a single jejunal crypt (A. J. Ouellette et al., Infect Immun 62:5040-5047, 1994), along with linearized analogs of Crp1, Crp4, and Crp14. In addition, we analyzed the most potent and weakest cryptdins in the panel with respect to their ability to self-associate in solution. Finally, we solved, for the first time, the high-resolution crystal structure of a cryptdin, Crp14, and performed molecular dynamics simulation on Crp14 and a hypothetical mutant, T14K-Crp14. Our results indicate that mutational effects are highly dependent on cryptdin sequence, residue position, and bacterial strain. Crp14 adopts a disulfide-stabilized, three-stranded β-sheet core structure and forms a noncanonical dimer stabilized by asymmetrical interactions between the two β1 strands in parallel. The killing of E. coli by cryptdins is generally independent of their tertiary and quaternary structures that are important for the killing of S. aureus, which is indicative of two distinct mechanisms of action. Importantly, sequence variations impact the bactericidal activity of cryptdins by influencing their ability to self-associate in solution. This study expands our current understanding of how cryptdins function at the molecular level.
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Chronic GPER activation prompted the proliferation of ileal stem cell in ovariectomized mice depending on Paneth cell-derived Wnt3. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:109-127. [PMID: 36503938 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal women often face long-term estrogen treatment. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expressed in intestinal crypt was activated by estrogen therapy, but it was unclear whether chronic GPER activation during menopause had an effect on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). We tested the effect of chronic GPER activation on ISCs of ovariectomized (OVX) mice by injection of the selective GPER agonist G-1 for 28 days, or G-1 stimulation of organoids derived from crypts of OVX mice. G-1 up-regulated crypt depth, the number of Ki67+, bromodeoxyuridine+ cells and Olfm4+ ISCs, and the expression of ISCs marker genes (Lgr5, Olfm4 and Axin2). G-1 administration promoted organoid growth, increased the number of EdU+ cells per organoid and protein expression of Cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 in organoids. After G-1 treatment in vivo or in vitro, Paneth cell-derived Wnt3, Wnt3 effector β-catenin and Wnt target genes c-Myc and Cyclin D1 increased in ileum or organoids. Once blocking the secretion of Wnt3 from Paneth cells, the effects of G-1 on organoids growth, ISCs marker genes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were abolished. G-1 did not affect the number of Paneth cells in ex vivo organoids, while activated Mmp7/cryptdin program in Paneth cells, promoted their maturation, and increased the expression of lysozyme protein. G-1 pretreatment in OVX mice inhibited radiation-induced ISCs proliferation injury and enhanced the resistance of mice to intestinal injury. In conclusion, chronic GPER activation prompted the Wnt3 synthesis in Paneth cells, thus increased the proliferation of ISCs via activation of Wnt3/β-catenin signaling in OVX mice.
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Song Y, Wang Y, Yan S, Nakamura K, Kikukawa T, Ayabe T, Aizawa T. Efficient recombinant production of mouse-derived cryptdin family peptides by a novel facilitation strategy for inclusion body formation. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:9. [PMID: 36635697 PMCID: PMC9838031 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as new drugs owing to their potent bactericidal activity and because they are often refractory to the development of drug resistance. Cryptdins (Crps) are a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the small intestine of mice, comprising six isoforms containing three sets of disulfide bonds. Although Crp4 is actively being investigated, there have been few studies to date on the other Crp isoforms. A prerequisite for detailed characterization of the other Crp isoforms is establishment of efficient sample preparation methods. RESULTS To avoid degradation during recombinant expression of Crps in E. coli, co-expression of Crps with the aggregation-prone protein human α-lactalbumin (HLA) was used to promote the formation of stable inclusion bodies. Using this method, the production of Crp4 and Crp6 by the BL21 strain was effective, but the expression of other Crp isoforms was not as efficient. The results of a cell-free system study suggested that Crps were degraded, even though a substantial amounts of Crps were synthesized. Therefore, using the Origami™ B strain, we were able to significantly increase the expression efficiency of Crps by promoting the formation of erroneous intermolecular disulfide bonds between HLA and Crps, thereby promoting protein aggregation and inclusion body formation, which prevented degradation. The various Crp isoforms were successfully refolded in vitro and purified using reversed-phase HPLC. In addition, the yield was further improved by deformylation of formyl-Crps. We measured the antibacterial activity of Crps against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Each Crp isoform exhibited a completely different trend in antimicrobial activity, although conformational analysis by circular dichroism did not reveal any significant steric differences. CONCLUSION In this study, we established a novel and efficient method for the production of the cryptdin family of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, we found that there were notable differences in the antibacterial activities of the various Crp family members. The expression system established in this study is expected to provide new insights regarding the mechanisms underlying the different antibacterial activities of the Crp family of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Song
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yi Wang
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Shaonan Yan
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Biological Information Analysis Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Laboratory of Protein Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Japan
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11
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Akahoshi DT, Bevins CL. Flagella at the Host-Microbe Interface: Key Functions Intersect With Redundant Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828758. [PMID: 35401545 PMCID: PMC8987104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and other microbes achieve locomotion via flagella, which are organelles that function as a swimming motor. Depending on the environment, flagellar motility can serve a variety of beneficial functions and confer a fitness advantage. For example, within a mammalian host, flagellar motility can provide bacteria the ability to resist clearance by flow, facilitate access to host epithelial cells, and enable travel to nutrient niches. From the host’s perspective, the mobility that flagella impart to bacteria can be associated with harmful activities that can disrupt homeostasis, such as invasion of epithelial cells, translocation across epithelial barriers, and biofilm formation, which ultimately can decrease a host’s reproductive fitness from a perspective of natural selection. Thus, over an evolutionary timescale, the host developed a repertoire of innate and adaptive immune countermeasures that target and mitigate this microbial threat. These countermeasures are wide-ranging and include structural components of the mucosa that maintain spatial segregation of bacteria from the epithelium, mechanisms of molecular recognition and inducible responses to flagellin, and secreted effector molecules of the innate and adaptive immune systems that directly inhibit flagellar motility. While much of our understanding of the dynamics of host-microbe interaction regarding flagella is derived from studies of enteric bacterial pathogens where flagella are a recognized virulence factor, newer studies have delved into host interaction with flagellated members of the commensal microbiota during homeostasis. Even though many aspects of flagellar motility may seem innocuous, the host’s redundant efforts to stop bacteria in their tracks highlights the importance of this host-microbe interaction.
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12
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Leong W, Huang G, Liao W, Xia W, Li X, Su Z, Liu L, Wu Q, Wong VKW, Law BYK, Xia C, Guo X, Khan I, Wendy Hsiao WL. Traditional Patchouli Essential Oil modulates the host's immune responses and gut microbiota and exhibits potent anti-cancer effects in Apc Min/+ mice. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106082. [PMID: 35032662 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patchouli Essential Oil (PEO) has been used as a scent for various healing purposes since the ancient Egyptian period. The primary source of the oil is Pogostemon cablin (PC), a medicinal plant for treating gastrointestinal symptoms. However, the pharmacological function has not been addressed. Here, we report the cancer prevention and gut microbiota (GM) modulating property of PEO and its derivatives patchouli alcohol (PA) and pogostone (PO) in the ApcMin/+ colorectal cancer mice model. We found that PEO, PA, and PO significantly reduced the tumor burden. At the same time, it strengthened the epithelial barrier, evidenced by substantially increasing the number of the goblet and Paneth cells and upregulation of tight junction and adhesion molecules. In addition, PEO, PA, and PO shifted M1 to M2 macrophage phenotypes and remodeled the inflammatory milieu of ApcMin/+ mice. We also found suppression of CD4+CD25+ and stimulation CD4+ CD8+ cells in the spleen, blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs) of the treated mice. The composition of the gut microbiome of the drug-treated mice was distinct from the control mice. The drugs stimulated the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producers and the key SCFA-sensing receptors (GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a). The activation of SCFAs/GPSs also triggered the alterations of PPAR-γ, PYY, and HSDCs signaling mediators in the treated mice. Our work showed that PEO and its derivatives exert potent anti-cancer effects by modulating gut microbiota and improving the intestinal microenvironment of the Apcmin/+ mice. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The gut microbiota data discussed in this manuscript have been deposited in SRA NCBI and are accessible via project no. PRJNA559033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waikit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Weilin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Wenrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Xiaoang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Clark RJ, Phan TH, Song A, Ouellette AJ, Conibear AC, Rosengren KJ. A conserved β‐bulge glycine residue facilitates folding and increases stability of the mouse α‐defensin cryptdin‐4. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Clark
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Thanh Huyen Phan
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Angela Song
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Anne C. Conibear
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences Brisbane Queensland Australia
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14
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Ara T, Hashimoto D, Hayase E, Noizat C, Kikuchi R, Hasegawa Y, Matsuda K, Ono S, Matsuno Y, Ebata K, Ogasawara R, Takahashi S, Ohigashi H, Yokoyama E, Matsuo K, Sugita J, Onozawa M, Okumura R, Takeda K, Teshima T. Intestinal goblet cells protect against GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation via Lypd8. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/550/eaaw0720. [PMID: 32611682 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infection are major obstacles to successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Intestinal goblet cells form the mucus layers, which spatially segregate gut microbiota from host tissues. Although it is well known that goblet cell loss is one of the histologic features of GVHD, effects of their loss in pathophysiology of GVHD remain to be elucidated. In mouse models of allogeneic HSCT, goblet cells in the colon were significantly reduced, resulting in disruption of the inner mucus layer of the colon and increased bacterial translocation into colonic mucosa. Pretransplant administration of interleukin-25 (IL-25), a growth factor for goblet cells, protected goblet cells against GVHD, prevented bacterial translocation, reduced plasma concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-6, and ameliorated GVHD. The protective role of IL-25 was dependent on Lypd8, an antimicrobial molecule produced by enterocytes in the colon that suppresses motility of flagellated bacteria. In clinical colon biopsies, low numbers of goblet cells were significantly associated with severe intestinal GVHD, increased transplant-related mortality, and poor survival after HSCT. Goblet cell loss is associated with poor transplant outcome, and administration of IL-25 represents an adjunct therapeutic strategy for GVHD by protecting goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Ara
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Eiko Hayase
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Clara Noizat
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryo Kikuchi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuta Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kana Matsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shoko Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsuno
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo 060-8648, Japan
| | - Ko Ebata
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Reiki Ogasawara
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohigashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Emi Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Junichi Sugita
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onozawa
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ryu Okumura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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15
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Beisner J, Filipe Rosa L, Kaden-Volynets V, Stolzer I, Günther C, Bischoff SC. Prebiotic Inulin and Sodium Butyrate Attenuate Obesity-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Induction of Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678360. [PMID: 34177920 PMCID: PMC8226265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the mucosal barrier have been associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mice fed a Western-style diet (WSD) develop obesity and are characterized by a diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, bacterial endotoxin translocation and subsequent liver steatosis. To examine whether inulin or sodium butyrate could improve gut barrier dysfunction, C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or a WSD ± fructose supplemented with either 10% inulin or 5% sodium butyrate for 12 weeks respectively. Inulin and sodium butyrate attenuated hepatosteatitis in the WSD-induced obesity mouse model by reducing weight gain, liver weight, plasma and hepatic triglyceride level. Furthermore, supplementation with inulin or sodium butyrate induced expression of Paneth cell α-defensins and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), which was impaired by the WSD and particularly the fructose-added WSD. Effects on antimicrobial peptide function in the ileum were accompanied by induction of β-defensin-1 and tight junction genes in the colon resulting in improved intestinal permeability and endotoxemia. Organoid culture of small intestinal crypts revealed that the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) butyrate, propionate and acetate, fermentation products of inulin, induce Paneth cell α-defensin expression in vitro, and that histone deacetylation and STAT3 might play a role in butyrate-mediated induction of α-defensins. In summary, inulin and sodium butyrate attenuate diet-induced barrier dysfunction and induce expression of Paneth cell antimicrobials. The administration of prebiotic fiber or sodium butyrate could be an interesting therapeutic approach to improve diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Beisner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Louisa Filipe Rosa
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Iris Stolzer
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Medical Clinic 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan C Bischoff
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Differential Response of Grapevine to Infection with ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Early and Late Growing Season through Complex Regulation of mRNA and Small RNA Transcriptomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073531. [PMID: 33805429 PMCID: PMC8037961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. It is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. In this work, we combined the analysis of high-throughput RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq data with interaction network analysis for finding new cross-talks among pathways involved in infection of grapevine cv. Zweigelt with ‘Ca. P. solani’ in early and late growing seasons. While the early growing season was very dynamic at the transcriptional level in asymptomatic grapevines, the regulation at the level of small RNAs was more pronounced later in the season when symptoms developed in infected grapevines. Most differentially expressed small RNAs were associated with biotic stress. Our study also exposes the less-studied role of hormones in disease development and shows that hormonal balance was already perturbed before symptoms development in infected grapevines. Analysis at the level of communities of genes and mRNA-microRNA interaction networks revealed several new genes (e.g., expansins and cryptdin) that have not been associated with phytoplasma pathogenicity previously. These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine.
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17
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Nakamura K, Yokoi Y, Fukaya R, Ohira S, Shinozaki R, Nishida T, Kikuchi M, Ayabe T. Expression and Localization of Paneth Cells and Their α-Defensins in the Small Intestine of Adult Mouse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570296. [PMID: 33154750 PMCID: PMC7590646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells contribute to intestinal innate immunity by sensing bacteria and secreting α-defensin. In Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, α-defensin termed cryptdin (Crp) in Paneth cells consists of six major isoforms, Crp1 to 6. Despite accumulating evidences that α-defensin functions in controlling the intestinal microbiota, topographical localization of Paneth cells in the small intestine in relation to functions of α-defensin remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the expression level of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding six Crp-isoforms and Crp immunoreactivities using singly isolated crypts together with bactericidal activities of Paneth cell secretions from isolated crypts of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Here we showed that levels of Crp mRNAs in the single crypt ranged from 5 x 103 to 1 x 106 copies per 5 ng RNA. For each Crp isoform, the expression level in ileum was 4 to 50 times higher than that in duodenum and jejunum. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of isolated crypts revealed that the average number of Paneth cell per crypt in the small intestine increased from proximal to distal, three to seven-fold, respectively. Both Crp1 and 4 expressed greater in ileal Paneth cells than those in duodenum or jejunum. Bactericidal activities in secretions of ileal Paneth cell exposed to bacteria were significantly higher than those of duodenum or jejunum. In germ-free mice, Crp expression in each site of the small intestine was attenuated and bactericidal activities released by ileal Paneth cells were decreased compared to those in conventional mice. Taken together, Paneth cells and their α-defensin in adult mouse appeared to be regulated topographically in innate immunity to control intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rie Fukaya
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuya Ohira
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuga Shinozaki
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Nishida
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Li J, Fernández-Millán P, Boix E. Synergism between Host Defence Peptides and Antibiotics Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1238-1263. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303122626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to conventional antibiotics is becoming one of the main global health threats and novel alternative strategies are urging. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), once forgotten, are coming back into the scene as promising tools to overcome bacterial resistance. Recent findings have attracted attention to the potentiality of AMPs to work as antibiotic adjuvants.Methods:In this review, we have tried to collect the currently available information on the mechanism of action of AMPs in synergy with other antimicrobial agents. In particular, we have focused on the mechanisms of action that mediate the inhibition of the emergence of bacterial resistance by AMPs.Results and Conclusion:We find in the literature many examples where AMPs can significantly reduce the antibiotic effective concentration. Mainly, the peptides work at the bacterial cell wall and thereby facilitate the drug access to its intracellular target. Complementarily, AMPs can also contribute to permeate the exopolysaccharide layer of biofilm communities, or even prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth. Secondly, we find other peptides that can directly block the emergence of bacterial resistance mechanisms or interfere with the community quorum-sensing systems. Interestingly, the effective peptide concentrations for adjuvant activity and inhibition of bacterial resistance are much lower than the required for direct antimicrobial action. Finally, many AMPs expressed by innate immune cells are endowed with immunomodulatory properties and can participate in the host response against infection. Recent studies in animal models confirm that AMPs work as adjuvants at non-toxic concentrations and can be safely administrated for novel combined chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Millán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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19
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Xia W, Khan I, Li XA, Huang G, Yu Z, Leong WK, Han R, Ho LT, Wendy Hsiao WL. Adaptogenic flower buds exert cancer preventive effects by enhancing the SCFA-producers, strengthening the epithelial tight junction complex and immune responses. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104809. [PMID: 32502642 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome therapy has attracted a keen interest from both research and business sectors. Our lab has been applying this "second genome" platform to assess the functionality of herbal medicines with fulfilling results. In this study, we applied this platform to assess the potential cancer-preventive effects of three selected adaptogenic plants. The flower buds from these plants were used to constitute Preparations SL and FSP according to the receipts of two commonly consumed Chinese medicinal decoctions for gastrointestinal discomfort. Preparation SL contains Sophorae japonica and Lonicerae Japonicae, and Preparation FSP contains Sophorae japonica and Gardenia Jasminoides. SL and FSP extracts significantly (p < 0.001) lowered the polyp burden, as well as the expressions of oncogenic signaling molecules, such as MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and STAT3 in ApcMin/+ mice. The inflamed gut was alleviated by shifting M1 to M2 macrophage phenotypes and the associated immune cytokines. The other remarkable change was on the extracellular tight junction protein complex, where the occludin, ZO-1, ICAM-1, E-cadherin were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated while the N-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in the treated mice. The above physiological changes in the gut epithelial barrier were companied with the changes in gut microbiome. The 16S Sequencing data revealed a marked decrease in the potential pathogens (especially Helicobacter species and hydrogen sulfide producing-bacteria) and the increase in beneficial bacteria (especially for species from the genera of Akkermansia, Barnesiella, Coprococcus, Lachnoclostridium, and Ruminococcus). The majority of which were the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers. Meanwhile SCFAs-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a were also significantly upregulated. In a recent report, we proved that the bacteria-derived SCFAs plays an essential role to the anti-cancer effects of the mushroom polysaccharides and saponins in ApcMin/+ mice. In this study, we further demonstrated that butyrate treatment could enhance the extracellular tight junction protein complex as effective as the treatments with SL and FSP to the ApcMin/+ mice. Our findings provide strong evidence of the vital role of the SCFA-producers and their metabolites to the cancer-preventive properties of the SL and FSP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Imran Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Xiao-Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Guoxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Kit Leong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Ruixuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Leung Tsun Ho
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - W L Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
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20
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Shimizu Y, Nakamura K, Yoshii A, Yokoi Y, Kikuchi M, Shinozaki R, Nakamura S, Ohira S, Sugimoto R, Ayabe T. Paneth cell α-defensin misfolding correlates with dysbiosis and ileitis in Crohn's disease model mice. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/6/e201900592. [PMID: 32345659 PMCID: PMC7190275 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides novel insight into Crohn’s disease where α-defensin misfolding resulting from excessive ER stress in Paneth cells induces dysbiosis and disease progression. Crohn’s disease (CD) is an intractable inflammatory bowel disease, and dysbiosis, disruption of the intestinal microbiota, is associated with CD pathophysiology. ER stress, disruption of ER homeostasis in Paneth cells of the small intestine, and α-defensin misfolding have been reported in CD patients. Because α-defensins regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, their misfolding may cause dysbiosis. However, whether ER stress, α-defensin misfolding, and dysbiosis contribute to the pathophysiology of CD remains unknown. Here, we show that abnormal Paneth cells with markers of ER stress appear in SAMP1/YitFc, a mouse model of CD, along with disease progression. Those mice secrete reduced-form α-defensins that lack disulfide bonds into the intestinal lumen, a condition not found in normal mice, and reduced-form α-defensins correlate with dysbiosis during disease progression. Moreover, administration of reduced-form α-defensins to wild-type mice induces the dysbiosis. These data provide novel insights into CD pathogenesis induced by dysbiosis resulting from Paneth cell α-defensin misfolding and they suggest further that Paneth cells may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shimizu
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aki Yoshii
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuga Shinozaki
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunta Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shuya Ohira
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan .,Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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21
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An Experimental Approach to Rigorously Assess Paneth Cell α-Defensin (Defa) mRNA Expression in C57BL/6 Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13115. [PMID: 31511628 PMCID: PMC6739474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence from many laboratories supports the premise that α-defensin peptides secreted from Paneth cells are key mediators of host-microbe interactions in the small intestine that contribute to host defense and homeostasis. α-defensins are among the most highly expressed antimicrobial peptides at this mucosal surface in many mammals, including humans and mice; however, there is striking variation among species in the number and primary structure of α-defensin paralogs. Studies of these biomolecules in vivo are further complicated by striking variations between laboratory mouse strains. Herein, we report an experimental approach to determine with precision and specificity expression levels of α-defensin (Defa) mRNA in the small intestine of C57BL/6 mice through an optimized set of oligonucleotide primers for qRT-PCR assays and cloned cDNA plasmids corresponding to the Defa paralogs. This approach demonstrated marked differences in α-defensin expression in C57BL/6 mice with respect to proximal/distal anatomical location and developmental stage, which have not been described previously. These data underscore the importance of careful attention to method (primer choice, proximal vs. distal location, and developmental stage) in analysis of antimicrobial peptide expression and their impact.
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22
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Chen N, Jin TT, Liu WN, Zhu DQ, Chen YY, Shen YL, Ling ZX, Wang HJ, Zhang LP. Gastric Microbiota Alteration in Klebsiella pneumoniae-Caused Liver Abscesses Mice. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:247-254. [PMID: 31250595 PMCID: PMC7256812 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric microbiota provides a biological barrier against the invasion of foreign pathogens from the oral cavity, playing a vital role in maintaining gastrointestinal health. Klebsiella spp. of oral origin causes various infections not only in gastrointestinal tract but also in other organs, with Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype K1 resulting in a liver abscess (KLA) through oral inoculation in mice. However, the relationship between gastric microbiota and the extra-gastrointestinal KLA infection is not clear. In our study, a 454 pyrosequencing analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene shows that the composition of gastric mucosal microbiota in mice with or without KLA infection varies greatly after oral inoculation with K. pneumoniae serotype K1 isolate. Interestingly, only several bacteria taxa show a significant change in gastric mucosal microbiota of KLA mice, including the decreased abundance of Bacteroides, Alisptipes and increased abundance of Streptococcus. It is worth noting that the abundance of Klebsiella exhibits an obvious increase in KLA mice, which might be closely related to KLA infection. At the same time, the endogenous antibiotics, defensins, involved in the regulation of the bacterial microbiota also show an increase in stomach and intestine. All these findings indicate that liver abscess caused by K. pneumoniae oral inoculation has a close relationship with gastric microbiota, which might provide important information for future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and Baoding , China ; Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine College, Hebei University , Baoding , China
| | - Tong-Tong Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine College, Hebei University , Baoding , China ; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and Baoding , China
| | - Wen-Ning Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine College, Hebei University , Baoding , China ; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and Baoding , China
| | - Dong-Qing Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine College, Hebei University , Baoding , China ; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and Baoding , China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Medical College, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zong-Xin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hong-Jie Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University and Baoding , China ; Department of Medical Microbiology, Medicine College, Hebei University , Baoding , China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Hebei University , Baoding , China ; College of Life Sciences, Hebei University , Baoding , China
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23
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Chung LK, Raffatellu M. G.I. pros: Antimicrobial defense in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 88:129-137. [PMID: 29432952 PMCID: PMC6087682 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex environment in which the host immune system interacts with a diverse array of microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Here we focus on the mechanisms by which intestinal antimicrobial peptides regulate microbial communities during dysbiosis and infection. We also discuss classes of bacterial peptides that contribute to reducing enteric pathogen outgrowth. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawton K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0704, United States; Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla CA, United States.
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24
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Iida T, Yokoyama Y, Wagatsuma K, Hirayama D, Nakase H. Impact of Autophagy of Innate Immune Cells on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010007. [PMID: 30583538 PMCID: PMC6356773 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism, has many immunological functions and is a constitutive process necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis and organ structure. One of the functions of autophagy is to control the innate immune response. Many studies conducted in recent years have revealed the contribution of autophagy to the innate immune response, and relationships between this process and various diseases have been reported. Inflammatory bowel disease is an intractable disorder with unknown etiology; however, immunological abnormalities in the intestines are known to be involved in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease, as is dysfunction of autophagy. In Crohn's disease, many associations with autophagy-related genes, such as ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, and others, have been reported. Abnormalities in the ATG16L1 gene, in particular, have been reported to cause autophagic dysfunction, resulting in enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages as well as abnormal function of Paneth cells, which are important in intestinal innate immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the autophagy mechanism in innate immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Kohei Wagatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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25
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Jones JC, Brindley CD, Elder NH, Myers MG, Rajala MW, Dekaney CM, McNamee EN, Frey MR, Shroyer NF, Dempsey PJ. Cellular Plasticity of Defa4 Cre-Expressing Paneth Cells in Response to Notch Activation and Intestinal Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:533-554. [PMID: 30827941 PMCID: PMC6402430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive crypt base columnar cells provides permissive conditions for different facultative stem cell populations to dedifferentiate and repopulate the stem cell compartment. In this study, we used a defensin α4-Cre recombinase (Defa4Cre) line to define the potential of Paneth cells to dedifferentiate and contribute to intestinal stem cell (ISC) maintenance during normal homeostasis and after intestinal injury. METHODS Small intestine and enteroids from Defa4Cre;Rosa26 tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato), a red fluoresent protein, (or Rosa26 Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP)) reporter, Notch gain-of-function (Defa4Cre;Rosa26 Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD)-ires-nuclear Green Fluorescent Protein (nGFP) and Defa4Cre;Rosa26reverse tetracycline transactivator-ires Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP);TetONICD), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) loss-of-function (Defa4Cre;ADAM10flox/flox), and Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) inactivation (Defa4Cre;APCflox/flox) mice were analyzed. Doxorubicin treatment was used as an acute intestinal injury model. Lineage tracing, proliferation, and differentiation were assessed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Defa4Cre-expressing cells are fated to become mature Paneth cells and do not contribute to ISC maintenance during normal homeostasis in vivo. However, spontaneous lineage tracing was observed in enteroids, and fluorescent-activated cell sorter-sorted Defa4Cre-marked cells showed clonogenic enteroid growth. Notch activation in Defa4Cre-expressing cells caused dedifferentiation to multipotent ISCs in vivo and was required for adenoma formation. ADAM10 deletion had no significant effect on crypt homeostasis. However, after acute doxorubicin-induced injury, Defa4Cre-expressing cells contributed to regeneration in an ADAM10-Notch-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our studies have shown that Defa4Cre-expressing Paneth cells possess cellular plasticity, can dedifferentiate into multipotent stem cells upon Notch activation, and can contribute to intestinal regeneration in an acute injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Jones
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Constance D. Brindley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicholas H. Elder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael W. Rajala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Digestive Disease and Transplantation, Einstein Health Network, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher M. Dekaney
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Eoin N. McNamee
- Mucosal Immunology Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mark R. Frey
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noah F. Shroyer
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter J. Dempsey
- Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Peter J. Dempsey, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Medical School, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Building RC2 Room 6113, Aurora, Colorado 80045. fax: (303) 724-6538.
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26
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Khatun A, Sakurai M, Okada K, Sakai Y, Morimoto M. Detection of α-defensin in eosinophils in helminth-infected mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1887-1894. [PMID: 30393268 PMCID: PMC6305521 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
α-defensin is a potent antimicrobial peptide secreted from intestinal mucosal epithelial
cells, such as Paneth cells, and affects not only bacteria but also parasites and fungi.
Recently, human eosinophils have also been shown to produce α-defensin, but no studies
have been done on other animals. In this study, we attempted to detect α-defensin protein
in mouse eosinophils infiltrating the intestinal mucosa during a helminth infection using
Zamboni fixation and immunohistochemistry. Most of the eosinophils infiltrating the
intestinal mucosa during helminth infection were positive for α-defensin. The expression
level of α-defensin mRNA was 50 fold that in the control. Meanwhile, the number of Paneth
cells was doubled, and their α-defensin fluorescence intensity was increased. These
results suggested that eosinophils are also important producers of α-defensin, such as
Paneth cells in mice, and that α-defensin produced from eosinophils might be involved in
defensive mechanisms against helminths. Moreover, the experimental system used in this
study is a good model to study the generation of α-defensin by eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afia Khatun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okada
- North Lab, 8-35 Hondori, 2-chome kita, Shiroishi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0027, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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27
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Ji J, Gu Z, Li H, Su L, Liu Z. Cryptdin-2 predicts intestinal injury during heatstroke in mice. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:137-146. [PMID: 29115396 PMCID: PMC5746321 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal injury-induced bacterial translocation and endotoxemia are important in the pathophysiological process of heatstroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Previous studies using 2D-gel electrophoresis found that defensin-related cryptdin-2 (Cry-2), an intestinal α-defensin, is upregulated in intestinal tissues during heatstroke in mice, and that treatment with ulinastatin, a multivalent enzyme inhibitor, reduced heat-induced acute lung injury. To investigate the association between Cry-2 and heat stress (HS)-induced intestinal injury and the probable protective role of ulinastatin, the present study examined the intestinal expression of Cry-2 via histopathologic analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in mice with heatstroke. The heat-stressed mice were exposed to different core temperatures and cooling treatments, and intestinal pathological changes and Chiu scores were determined. Chemical markers of intestinal injury, serum and intestinal concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-Lac), and serum and intestinal concentrations of Cry-2 were also determined. Correlations were analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. It was found that HS upregulated the expression of Cry-2, and the serum and intestinal concentrations of Cry-2 were correlated with the severity of HS-induced intestinal damage, indicated by pathology scores and concentrations of DAO and D-lac. Ulinastatin protected the intestines from HS-induced injury and downregulated the expression of Cry-2, which was also correlated with the extent of intestinal injury. Therefore, ulinastatin administration may be beneficial for patients with heatstroke, and Cry-2 may be a novel predictor of HS-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
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28
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Hayase E, Hashimoto D, Nakamura K, Noizat C, Ogasawara R, Takahashi S, Ohigashi H, Yokoi Y, Sugimoto R, Matsuoka S, Ara T, Yokoyama E, Yamakawa T, Ebata K, Kondo T, Hiramine R, Aizawa T, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Mori H, Kurokawa K, Tomizuka K, Ayabe T, Teshima T. R-Spondin1 expands Paneth cells and prevents dysbiosis induced by graft-versus-host disease. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3507-3518. [PMID: 29066578 PMCID: PMC5716036 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbial ecosystem is actively regulated by Paneth cell-derived antimicrobial peptides such as α-defensins. Various disorders, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), disrupt Paneth cell functions, resulting in unfavorably altered intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis), which further accelerates the underlying diseases. Current strategies to restore the gut ecosystem are bacteriotherapy such as fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, and no physiological approach has been developed so far. In this study, we demonstrate a novel approach to restore gut microbial ecology by Wnt agonist R-Spondin1 (R-Spo1) or recombinant α-defensin in mice. R-Spo1 stimulates intestinal stem cells to differentiate to Paneth cells and enhances luminal secretion of α-defensins. Administration of R-Spo1 or recombinant α-defensin prevents GVHD-mediated dysbiosis, thus representing a novel and physiological approach at modifying the gut ecosystem to restore intestinal homeostasis and host-microbiota cross talk toward therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Hayase
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Clara Noizat
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiki Ogasawara
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohigashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satomi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahide Ara
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Emi Yokoyama
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamakawa
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Ebata
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rina Hiramine
- Department of Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Department of Protein Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Ken Kurokawa
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tomizuka
- Innovative Technology Labs, Research Functions Unit, Research & Development Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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Ageitos J, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Villa T. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): Ancient compounds that represent novel weapons in the fight against bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 133:117-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chairatana P, Nolan EM. Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:960-967. [PMID: 28296382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. This peptide is produced in small intestinal Paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named proHD6 in granules, and released into the lumen. One unusual feature of HD6 is that it lacks the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity observed for other human α-defensins, including the Paneth cell peptide human α-defensin 5 (HD5). HD6 exhibits unprecedented self-assembly properties, which confer an unusual host-defense function. HD6 monomers self-assemble into higher-order oligomers termed "nanonets", which entrap microbes and prevent invasive gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from entering host cells. One possible advantage of this host-defense mechanism is that HD6 helps to keep microbes in the lumen such that they can be excreted or attacked by other components of the immune system, such as recruited neutrophils. In this Account, we report our current understanding of HD6 and focus on work published since 2012 when Bevins and co-workers described the discovery of HD6 nanonets in the literature. First, we present studies that address the biosynthesis, storage, and maturation of HD6, which demonstrate that nature uses a propeptide strategy to spatially and temporally control the formation of HD6 nanonets in the small intestine. The propeptide is stored in Paneth cell granules, and proteolysis occurs during or following release into the lumen, which affords the 32-residue mature peptide that self-assembles. We subsequently highlight structure-function studies that provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for why HD6 exhibits unusual self-assembly properties compared with other characterized defensins. The disposition of hydrophobic residues in the HD6 primary structure differs from that of other human α-defensins and is an important structural determinant for oligomerization. Lastly, we consider functional studies that illuminate how HD6 contributes to mucosal immunity. We recently discovered that in addition to blocking bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells by Gram-negative and Gram-positive gastrointestinal pathogens, HD6 suppresses virulence traits displayed by the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In particular, we found that C. albicans biofilm formation, which causes complications in the treatment of candidiasis, is inhibited by HD6. This observation suggests that HD6 may contribute to intestinal homeostasis by helping to keep C. albicans in its commensal state. We intend for this Account to inspire further biochemical, biophysical, and biological investigations that will advance our understanding of HD6 in mucosal immunity and the host-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoom Chairatana
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Pessach I, Tsirigotis P, Nagler A. The gastrointestinal tract: properties and role in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:315-326. [PMID: 28136133 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1288566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The GI-tract is a major target for both the intensive chemo and/or radiotherapy conditioning as well as for GVHD and therefore is closely associated with transplant outcome. Apart from being a target, the GI-tract is also a mediator and therefore is also a key player of the pathogenetic process following allogeneic transplantation. Areas covered: The intestinal homeostasis is regulated through complicated interactions between the key players of this process which are the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. A brief description of these elements, based on published english-language articles in PubMed, as well as their role during the process of allo-HSCT is discussed in this review. Expert commentary: Data on GI-tract properties suggest a central role for the intestine in regulation of immunity, both in healthy - steady state conditions and in pathological states such as during allo-HSCT. Given the fact that in the allogeneic transplant setting severe complications such as infections and GVHD are limiting this treatment modality, understanding the mechanisms that mediate intestinal homeostasis could lead to new preventive methods and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Pessach
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsirigotis
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Arnon Nagler
- b Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel
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Acute graft-versus-host disease is regulated by an IL-17-sensitive microbiome. Blood 2017; 129:2172-2185. [PMID: 28137828 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-732628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor T-cell-derived interleukin-17A (IL-17A) can mediate late immunopathology in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), however protective roles remain unclear. Using multiple cytokine and cytokine receptor subunit knockout mice, we demonstrate that stem cell transplant recipients lacking the ability to generate or signal IL-17 develop intestinal hyper-acute GVHD. This protective effect is restricted to the molecular interaction of IL-17A and/or IL-17F with the IL-17 receptor A/C (IL-17RA/C). The protection from GVHD afforded by IL-17A required secretion from, and signaling in, both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic host tissue. Given the intestinal-specificity of the disease in these animals, we cohoused wild-type (WT) with IL-17RA and IL-17RC-deficient mice, which dramatically enhanced the susceptibility of WT mice to acute GVHD. Furthermore, the gut microbiome of WT mice shifted toward that of the IL-17RA/C mice during cohousing prior to transplant, confirming that an IL-17-sensitive gut microbiota controls susceptibility to acute GVHD. Finally, induced IL-17A depletion peritransplant also enhanced acute GVHD, consistent with an additional protective role for this cytokine independent of effects on dysbiosis.
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Su D, Nie Y, Zhu A, Chen Z, Wu P, Zhang L, Luo M, Sun Q, Cai L, Lai Y, Xiao Z, Duan Z, Zheng S, Wu G, Hu R, Tsukamoto H, Lugea A, Liu Z, Pandol SJ, Han YP. Vitamin D Signaling through Induction of Paneth Cell Defensins Maintains Gut Microbiota and Improves Metabolic Disorders and Hepatic Steatosis in Animal Models. Front Physiol 2016; 7:498. [PMID: 27895587 PMCID: PMC5108805 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized as obesity, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), is associated with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in epidemiological studies, while the underlying mechanism is poorly addressed. On the other hand, disorder of gut microbiota, namely dysbiosis, is known to cause MetS and NAFLD. It is also known that systemic inflammation blocks insulin signaling pathways, leading to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, which are the driving force for hepatic steatosis. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is highly expressed in the ileum of the small intestine, which prompted us to test a hypothesis that vitamin D signaling may determine the enterotype of gut microbiota through regulating the intestinal interface. Here, we demonstrate that high-fat-diet feeding (HFD) is necessary but not sufficient, while additional vitamin D deficiency (VDD) as a second hit is needed, to induce robust insulin resistance and fatty liver. Under the two hits (HFD+VDD), the Paneth cell-specific alpha-defensins including α-defensin 5 (DEFA5), MMP7 which activates the pro-defensins, as well as tight junction genes, and MUC2 are all suppressed in the ileum, resulting in mucosal collapse, increased gut permeability, dysbiosis, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation which underlie insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Moreover, under the vitamin D deficient high fat feeding (HFD+VDD), Helicobacter hepaticus, a known murine hepatic-pathogen, is substantially amplified in the ileum, while Akkermansia muciniphila, a beneficial symbiotic, is diminished. Likewise, the VD receptor (VDR) knockout mice exhibit similar phenotypes, showing down regulation of alpha-defensins and MMP7 in the ileum, increased Helicobacter hepaticus and suppressed Akkermansia muciniphila. Remarkably, oral administration of DEFA5 restored eubiosys, showing suppression of Helicobacter hepaticus and increase of Akkermansia muciniphila in association with resolving metabolic disorders and fatty liver in the HFD+VDD mice. An in vitro analysis showed that DEFA5 peptide could directly suppress Helicobacter hepaticus. Thus, the results of this study reveal critical roles of a vitamin D/VDR axis in optimal expression of defensins and tight junction genes in support of intestinal integrity and eubiosis to suppress NAFLD and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Su
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyang Nie
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Zishuo Chen
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Luo
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China; Chengdu Public Health Clinical CenterChengdu, China
| | - Qun Sun
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Linbi Cai
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Lai
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixiong Xiao
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Guihui Wu
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center Chengdu, China
| | - Richard Hu
- Olive View-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhenqui Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuan-Ping Han
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China; Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Ahmed AMS, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Long KZ, Ahmed T, Alam MA, Hossain MI, Islam MM, Mahfuz M, Mondal D, Haque R, Mamun AA. Association of vitamin D status with incidence of enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children of urban Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:973-984. [PMID: 27253178 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between vitamin D status and diarrhoeal episodes by enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enteroaggregative (EAEC) E. coli in underweight and normal-weight children aged 6-24 months in urban Bangladesh. METHODS Cohorts of 446 normal-weight and 466 underweight children were tested separately for ETEC, EPEC and EAEC from diarrhoeal stool samples collected during 5 months of follow-up while considering vitamin D status at enrolment as the exposure. Cox proportional hazards models with unordered failure events of the same type were used to determine diarrhoeal risk factors after adjusting for sociodemographic and concurrent micronutrient status. RESULTS Vitamin D status was not independently associated with the risk of incidence of ETEC, EPEC and EAEC diarrhoea in underweight children, but moderate-to-severe retinol deficiency was associated with reduced risk for EPEC diarrhoea upon adjustment. Among normal-weight children, insufficient vitamin D status and moderate-to-severe retinol deficiency were independently associated with 44% and 38% reduced risk of incidence of EAEC diarrhoea, respectively. These children were at higher risk of ETEC diarrhoea with vitamin D deficiency status when adjusted for micronutrient status only. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that normal-weight children with insufficient vitamin D status have a reduced risk of EAEC diarrhoea than children with sufficient status. Moderate-to-severe deficiency of serum retinol is associated with reduced risk of EPEC and EAEC diarrhoea in underweight and normal-weight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Ahmed
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R J Soares Magalhaes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - K Z Long
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md I Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md M Islam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - D Mondal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A A Mamun
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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35
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Gounder AP, Myers ND, Treuting PM, Bromme BA, Wilson SS, Wiens ME, Lu W, Ouellette AJ, Spindler KR, Parks WC, Smith JG. Defensins Potentiate a Neutralizing Antibody Response to Enteric Viral Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005474. [PMID: 26933888 PMCID: PMC4774934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-defensins are abundant antimicrobial peptides with broad, potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities in vitro. Although their contribution to host defense against bacteria in vivo has been demonstrated, comparable studies of their antiviral activity in vivo are lacking. Using a mouse model deficient in activated α-defensins in the small intestine, we show that Paneth cell α-defensins protect mice from oral infection by a pathogenic virus, mouse adenovirus 1 (MAdV-1). Survival differences between mouse genotypes are lost upon parenteral MAdV-1 infection, strongly implicating a role for intestinal defenses in attenuating pathogenesis. Although differences in α-defensin expression impact the composition of the ileal commensal bacterial population, depletion studies using broad-spectrum antibiotics revealed no effect of the microbiota on α-defensin-dependent viral pathogenesis. Moreover, despite the sensitivity of MAdV-1 infection to α-defensin neutralization in cell culture, we observed no barrier effect due to Paneth cell α-defensin activation on the kinetics and magnitude of MAdV-1 dissemination to the brain. Rather, a protective neutralizing antibody response was delayed in the absence of α-defensins. This effect was specific to oral viral infection, because antibody responses to parenteral or mucosal ovalbumin exposure were not affected by α-defensin deficiency. Thus, α-defensins play an important role as adjuvants in antiviral immunity in vivo that is distinct from their direct antiviral activity observed in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu P. Gounder
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicolle D. Myers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Piper M. Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Bromme
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mayim E. Wiens
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USC Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine R. Spindler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William C. Parks
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason G. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Doi K, Rabb H. Impact of acute kidney injury on distant organ function: recent findings and potential therapeutic targets. Kidney Int 2016; 89:555-64. [PMID: 26880452 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients and subsequently worsens outcomes. Although many drugs to prevent and treat AKI have shown benefits in preclinical models, no specific agent has been shown to benefit AKI in humans. Moreover, despite remarkable advances in dialysis techniques that enable management of AKI in hemodynamically unstable patients with shock, dialysis-requiring severe AKI is still associated with an unacceptably high mortality rate. Thus, focusing only on kidney damage and loss of renal function has not been sufficient to improve outcomes of patients with AKI. Recent data from basic and clinical research have begun to elucidate complex organ interactions in AKI between kidney and distant organs, including heart, lung, spleen, brain, liver, and gut. This review serves to update the topic of organ cross talk in AKI and focuses on potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes during AKI-associated multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Doi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Takakuwa A, Ayabe T. Paneth cell α-defensins and enteric microbiota in health and disease. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2015; 35:57-67. [PMID: 27200259 PMCID: PMC4858879 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2015-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are major effectors of innate immunity of multicellular organisms including humans and play a critical role in host defense, and their importance is widely recognized. The epithelium of the intestine is the largest surface area exposed to the outer environment, including pathogens, toxins and foods. The Paneth cell lineage of intestinal epithelial cells produces and secretes α-defensin antimicrobial peptides and functions in innate enteric immunity by removing pathogens and living symbiotically with commensal microbiota to contribute to intestinal homeostasis. Paneth cells secrete α-defensins, HD5 and HD6 in humans and cryptdins in mice, in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α-defensins have selective activities against bacteria, eliciting potent microbicidal activities against pathogenic bacteria but minimal or no bactericidal activity against commensal bacteria. Therefore, α-defensins regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota in vivo and play a role in homeostasis of the entire intestine. Recently, relationships between dysbiosis, or abnormal composition of the intestinal microbiota, and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and lifestyle diseases including obesity and atherosclerosis have been reported. Because α-defensins regulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, Paneth cells and their α-defensins may have a key role as one mechanism linking the microbiota and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakuragi
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Akiko Takakuwa
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, 3-1-30 Higashi, Kita-13, Higashi-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 065-0013, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Eriguchi Y, Nakamura K, Hashimoto D, Shimoda S, Shimono N, Akashi K, Ayabe T, Teshima T. Decreased secretion of Paneth cell α-defensins in graft-versus-host disease. Transpl Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26198302 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbial ecology is actively regulated by Paneth cell-derived antimicrobial peptides, α-defensins. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). We previously demonstrated that Paneth cells are targeted by GVHD, and their expression of antimicrobial peptide α-defensins is impaired, leading to a loss of physiological diversity among the microflora and development of bloodstream infection. Herein, we evaluated whether fecal levels of α-defensins could be surrogate marker of intestinal dysbiosis. METHODS We directly measured α-defensin cryptdin-1 (Crp1) in fecal pellets of mice with GVHD by using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Fecal levels of Crp1 were significantly decreased in mice with GVHD but unchanged in mice without GVHD after SCT. These were correlated with intestinal flora diversity. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a link between reduced secretion of Paneth cell α-defensins and dysbiosis of intestinal flora in GVHD. Fecal levels of α-defensins could be surrogate markers for intestinal microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Eriguchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - D Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - S Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Shimono
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ayabe
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Teshima
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Efficient production of a correctly folded mouse α-defensin, cryptdin-4, by refolding during inclusion body solubilization. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 112:21-8. [PMID: 25913370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian α-defensins contribute to innate immunity by exerting antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. To perform structural and functional analysis of α-defensins, large amounts of α-defensins are essential. Although many expression systems for the production of recombinant α-defensins have been developed, attempts to obtain large amounts of α-defensins have been only moderately successful. Therefore, in this study, we applied a previously developed aggregation-prone protein coexpression method for the production of mouse α-defensin cryptdin-4 (Crp4) in order to enhance the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli expression system. By using this method, we succeeded in obtaining a large amount of Crp4 in the form of inclusion bodies. Moreover, we attempted to refold Crp4 directly during the inclusion-body solubilization step under oxidative conditions. Surprisingly, even without any purification, Crp4 was efficiently refolded during the solubilization step of inclusion bodies, and the yield was better than that of the conventional refolding method. NMR spectra of purified Crp4 suggested that it was folded into its correct tertiary structure. Therefore, the method described in this study not only enhances the expression of α-defensin as inclusion bodies, but also eliminates the cumbersome and time-consuming refolding step.
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40
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Zimmer J, Hobkirk J, Mohamed F, Browning MJ, Stover CM. On the Functional Overlap between Complement and Anti-Microbial Peptides. Front Immunol 2015; 5:689. [PMID: 25646095 PMCID: PMC4298222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intriguingly, activated complement and anti-microbial peptides share certain functionalities; lytic, phagocytic, and chemo-attractant activities and each may, in addition, exert cell instructive roles. Each has been shown to have distinct LPS detoxifying activity and may play a role in the development of endotoxin tolerance. In search of the origin of complement, a functional homolog of complement C3 involved in opsonization has been identified in horseshoe crabs. Horseshoe crabs possess anti-microbial peptides able to bind to acyl chains or phosphate groups/saccharides of endotoxin, LPS. Complement activity as a whole is detectable in marine invertebrates. These are also a source of anti-microbial peptides with potential pharmaceutical applicability. Investigating the locality for the production of complement pathway proteins and their role in modulating cellular immune responses are emerging fields. The significance of local synthesis of complement components is becoming clearer from in vivo studies of parenchymatous disease involving specifically generated, complement-deficient mouse lines. Complement C3 is a central component of complement activation. Its provision by cells of the myeloid lineage varies. Their effector functions in turn are increased in the presence of anti-microbial peptides. This may point to a potentiating range of activities, which should serve the maintenance of health but may also cause disease. Because of the therapeutic implications, this review will consider closely studies dealing with complement activation and anti-microbial peptide activity in acute inflammation (e.g., dialysis-related peritonitis, appendicitis, and ischemia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zimmer
- Department of Infectious Diseases - Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - James Hobkirk
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull , Hull , UK
| | - Fatima Mohamed
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Michael J Browning
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK ; Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary , Leicester , UK
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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Zuo T, He X, Cao L, Xue C, Tang QJ. The dietary polysaccharide from Ommastrephes bartrami prevents chemotherapeutic mucositis by promoting the gene expression of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Complexity of antimicrobial peptide regulation during pathogen-host interactions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:447-54. [PMID: 25532742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the immune system and are expressed by a large variety of organisms. AMPs are capable of eliminating a broad range of micro-organisms, illustrated by murine models where lack of AMP expression resulted in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Despite the importance of AMPs in immune defences, it is not clear whether a change in AMP expression is pathogen-specific or reflects a general response to groups of pathogens. Furthermore, it is unclear how the evoked change in AMP expression affects the host. To fully exploit the therapeutic potential of AMPs - by direct application of peptides or by using AMP-inducers - it is crucial to gain an insight into the complexity involved in pathogen-mediated regulation of AMP expression. This review summarises current knowledge on how AMP expression is affected by pathogens. In addition, the relevance and specificity of these changes in AMPs during infection will be discussed.
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Mastroianni JR, Lu W, Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ. Differential Susceptibility of Bacteria to Mouse Paneth Cell α-Defensins under Anaerobic Conditions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:493-508. [PMID: 25383215 PMCID: PMC4220453 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal Paneth cells secrete α-defensin peptides, termed cryptdins (Crps) in mice, into the intestinal lumen, where they confer immunity to oral infections and define the composition of the ileal microbiota. In these studies, facultative bacteria maintained under aerobic or anaerobic conditions displayed differential sensitivities to mouse α-defensins under in vitro assay conditions. Regardless of oxygenation, Crps 2 and 3 had robust and similar bactericidal activities against S. typhimurium and S. flexneri, but Crp4 activity against S. flexneri was attenuated in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria varied in their susceptibility to Crps 2-4, with Crp4 showing less activity than Crps 2 and 3 against Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacteroides fragilis in anaerobic assays, but Fusobacterium necrophorum was killed only by Crp4 and not by Crps 2 and 3. The influence of anaerobiosis in modulating Crp bactericidal activities in vitro suggests that α-defensin effects on the enteric microbiota may be subject to regulation by local oxygen tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Mastroianni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USC Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9601, USA; E-Mails: (J.R.M.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Michael E. Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USC Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9601, USA; E-Mails: (J.R.M.); (M.E.S.)
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USC Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9601, USA; E-Mails: (J.R.M.); (M.E.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-323-442-7959
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Wang X, Pierre JF, Heneghan AF, Busch RA, Kudsk KA. Glutamine Improves Innate Immunity and Prevents Bacterial Enteroinvasion During Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2014; 39:688-97. [PMID: 24836948 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114535265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are at increased risk of infectious complications compared with enteral feeding, which is in part explained by impaired mucosal immune function during PN. Adding glutamine (GLN) to PN has improved outcome in some clinical patient groups. Although GLN improves acquired mucosal immunity, its effect on innate mucosal immunity (defensins, mucus, lysozymes) has not been investigated. METHODS Forty-eight hours following venous cannulation, male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized to chow (n = 10), PN (n = 12), or PN + GLN (n = 13) for 5 days. Small intestine tissue and luminal fluid were collected for mucin 2 (MUC2), lysozyme, cryptdin 4 analysis, and luminal interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13 level measurement. Tissue was also harvested for ex vivo intestinal segment culture to assess tissue susceptibility to enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. RESULTS In both luminal and tissue samples, PN reduced MUC2 and lysozyme (P < .0001, respectively) compared with chow, whereas GLN addition increased MUC2 and lysozyme (luminal, P < .05; tissue, P < .0001, respectively) compared with PN alone. PN significantly suppressed cryptdin 4 expression, while GLN supplementation significantly enhanced expression. IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 decreased significantly with PN compared with chow, whereas GLN significantly increased these cytokines compared with PN. Functionally, bacterial invasion increased with PN compared with chow (P < .05), while GLN significantly decreased enteroinvasion to chow levels (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS GLN-supplemented PN improves innate immunity and resistance to bacterial mucosal invasion lost with PN alone. This work confirms a clinical rationale for providing glutamine for the protection of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron F Heneghan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rebecca A Busch
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth A Kudsk
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Veterans Administration Surgical Services, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
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Nakamura K, Sakuragi N, Ayabe T. A monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of secreted α-defensin. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:124-31. [PMID: 23994564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells at the base of small intestinal crypts secrete α-defensins, which contribute to innate immunity and shape composition of enteric microbiota. Efforts to establish a relationship between secreted α-defensins and disease have been hampered by a lack of sensitive assays to quantify luminal α-defensins. Here we report on a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the mouse Paneth cell α-defensin cryptdin-4 (Crp4) in varied sources, including luminal contents rinsed from stomach to distal colon and fecal pellets. One pair of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), selected from 10 rat hybridomas secreting Crp4-specific mAbs, was optimized for Crp4 detection and specificity in the sandwich ELISA. In CD1 mice, luminal Crp4 levels increased gradually from 6.8 ± 5.2 ng/ml in proximal small intestine to 54.3 ± 10.3 ng/ml in distal small intestine, and the peptide was detected in colonic lumen and feces. Secreted Crp4 was reduced significantly in feces of IL10 null mice, a model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when compared with wild-type controls. This Crp4 sandwich ELISA enables accurate determinations of luminal α-defensins as biomarkers of Paneth cell function and enteric integrity in diverse disease states such as IBD, infectious disease, graft versus host disease, and obesity in association with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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Eriguchi Y, Uryu H, Nakamura K, Shimoji S, Takashima S, Iwasaki H, Miyamoto T, Shimono N, Hashimoto D, Akashi K, Ayabe T, Teshima T. Reciprocal expression of enteric antimicrobial proteins in intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1525-9. [PMID: 23927965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that expression of α-defensins, the major antimicrobial peptides produced by Paneth cells, was severely suppressed in mice with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In this study, we found that antibacterial lectin, regenerating islet-derived IIIγ (RegIIIγ) was upregulated in villous enterocytes, thus demonstrating the reciprocal control of enteric antimicrobial proteins in GVHD. Upregulation of RegIIIγ was mediated by a mechanism independent upon radiation-induced intestinal tract damage. MyD88-mediated signaling in intestinal epithelium was required for RegIIIγ upregulation in GVHD and antibiotic therapy downregulated RegIIIγ expression. These results suggest that MyD88-mediated sensing of the intestinal microbes disregulated in GVHD induces RegIIIγ upregulation in GVHD and argue a role for RegIIIγ in the pathogenesis of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Eriguchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
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Schmidt NW, Wong GCL. Antimicrobial peptides and induced membrane curvature: geometry, coordination chemistry, and molecular engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE 2013; 17:151-163. [PMID: 24778573 PMCID: PMC4000235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Short cationic, amphipathic antimicrobial peptides are multi-functional molecules that have roles in host defense as direct microbicides and modulators of the immune response. While a general mechanism of microbicidal activity involves the selective disruption and permeabilization of cell membranes, the relationships between peptide sequence and membrane activity are still under investigation. Here, we review the diverse functions that AMPs collectively have in host defense, and show that these functions can be multiplexed with a membrane mechanism of activity derived from the generation of negative Gaussian membrane curvature. As AMPs preferentially generate this curvature in model bacterial cell membranes, the selective generation of negative Gaussian curvature provides AMPs with a broad mechanism to target microbial membranes. The amino acid constraints placed on AMPs by the geometric requirement to induce negative Gaussian curvature are consistent with known AMP sequences. This 'saddle-splay curvature selection rule' is not strongly restrictive so AMPs have significant compositional freedom to multiplex membrane activity with other useful functions. The observation that certain proteins involved in cellular processes which require negative Gaussian curvature contain domains with similar motifs as AMPs, suggests this rule may be applicable to other curvature-generating proteins. Since our saddle-splay curvature design rule is based upon both a mechanism of activity and the existing motifs of natural AMPs, we believe it will assist the development of synthetic antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Schmidt
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gerard C. L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Lee HT, Kim M, Kim JY, Brown KM, Ham A, D'Agati VD, Mori-Akiyama Y. Critical role of interleukin-17A in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G12-25. [PMID: 23125155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00201.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes severe illness frequently complicated by remote multiorgan dysfunction and sepsis. Recent studies implicated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in regulating inflammation, autoimmunity, and I/R injury. Here, we determined whether IL-17A is critical for generation of intestinal I/R injury and subsequent liver and kidney injury. Mice subjected to 30 min of superior mesenteric artery ischemia not only developed severe small intestinal injury (necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration) but also developed significant renal and hepatic injury. We detected large increases in IL-17A in the small intestine, liver, and plasma. IL-17A is critical for generating these injuries, since genetic deletion of IL-17A- or IL-17A-neutralizing antibody treatment markedly protected against intestinal I/R injury and subsequent liver and kidney dysfunction. Intestinal I/R caused greater increases in portal plasma and small intestine IL-17A, suggesting an intestinal source for IL-17A generation. We also observed that intestinal I/R caused rapid small intestinal Paneth cell degranulation and induced murine α-defensin cryptdin-1 expression. Furthermore, genetic or pharmacological depletion of Paneth cells significantly attenuated the intestinal I/R injury as well as hepatic and renal dysfunction. Finally, Paneth cell depletion significantly decreased small intestinal, hepatic, and plasma IL-17A levels after intestinal I/R. Taken together, we propose that Paneth cell-derived IL-17A may play a critical role in intestinal I/R injury as well as extraintestinal organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA.
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Park SW, Kim M, Kim JY, Ham A, Brown KM, Mori-Akiyama Y, Ouellette AJ, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. Paneth cell-mediated multiorgan dysfunction after acute kidney injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5421-33. [PMID: 23109723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently complicated by extrarenal multiorgan injury, including intestinal and hepatic dysfunction. In this study, we hypothesized that a discrete intestinal source of proinflammatory mediators drives multiorgan injury in response to AKI. After induction of AKI in mice by renal ischemia-reperfusion or bilateral nephrectomy, small intestinal Paneth cells increased the synthesis and release of IL-17A in conjunction with severe intestinal apoptosis and inflammation. We also detected significantly increased IL-17A in portal and systemic circulation after AKI. Intestinal macrophages appear to transport released Paneth cell granule constituents induced by AKI, away from the base of the crypts into the liver. Genetic or pharmacologic depletion of Paneth cells decreased small intestinal IL-17A secretion and plasma IL-17A levels significantly and attenuated intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury after AKI. Similarly, portal delivery of IL-17A in macrophage-depleted mice decreased markedly. In addition, intestinal, hepatic, and renal injury following AKI was attenuated without affecting intestinal IL-17A generation. In conclusion, AKI induces IL-17A synthesis and secretion by Paneth cells to initiate intestinal and hepatic injury by hepatic and systemic delivery of IL-17A by macrophages. Modulation of Paneth cell dysregulation may have therapeutic implications by reducing systemic complications arising from AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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