1
|
Pavia CS, Saggio G, Plummer MM. The major epidemiologic, microbiologic, immunologic, and clinical aspects of Lyme disease that form the basis for a newly developed vaccine that may become available soon for human use. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1326623. [PMID: 38420513 PMCID: PMC10899802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1326623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Working together, two major pharmaceutical companies have developed a Lyme disease vaccine consisting of recombinant-derived outer surface protein A (OspA) of the etiologic agent Borrelia burgdorferi. Multiple clinical trials have shown the vaccine to have good safety and efficacy results, and it is hoped that it would become available for human use at least by the year 2025 after receiving approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. There are still challenges left to ensure that the vaccine has, at most, minimal side effects. Also, because the previously developed Lyme disease vaccine was discontinued in 2002 after four years of distribution, due in part, for frivolous reasons having little or no scientific basis, that even led to legal entanglements involving the vaccine manufacturer and some of the medical personnel overseeing the clinical trials, there will be concerns that this newly developed one could be subject again to some of the same unnecessary scrutiny rendering its implementation suboptimal. Initially this review will focus on the key epidemiological, microbiologic, immunologic and clinical aspects of Lyme disease that provide the foundation for developing this type of vaccine that could have a serious impact on the prevalence of this and even certain other tick-transmitted infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Gregory Saggio
- Department of Clinical Specialties, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Maria M. Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biniaz-Harris N, Kuvaldina M, Fallon BA. Neuropsychiatric Lyme Disease and Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 37760644 PMCID: PMC10525519 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, is caused by infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. While most patients with acute Lyme disease recover completely if treated with antibiotics shortly after the onset of infection, approximately 10-30% experience post-treatment symptoms and 5-10% have residual symptoms with functional impairment (post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome or PTLDS). These patients typically experience pain, cognitive problems, and/or fatigue. This narrative review provides a broad overview of Lyme disease, focusing on neuropsychiatric manifestations and persistent symptoms. While the etiology of persistent symptoms remains incompletely understood, potential explanations include persistent infection, altered neural activation, and immune dysregulation. Widely recognized is that new treatment options are needed for people who have symptoms that persist despite prior antibiotic therapy. After a brief discussion of treatment approaches, the article focuses on vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), a neuromodulation approach that is FDA-approved for depression, epilepsy, and headache syndromes and has been reported to be helpful for other diseases characterized by inflammation and neural dysregulation. Transcutaneous VNS stimulates the external branch of the vagus nerve, is minimally invasive, and is well-tolerated in other conditions with few side effects. If well-controlled double-blinded studies demonstrate that transcutaneous auricular VNS helps patients with chronic syndromes such as persistent symptoms after Lyme disease, taVNS will be a welcome addition to the treatment options for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Biniaz-Harris
- Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; (N.B.-H.); (M.K.)
| | - Mara Kuvaldina
- Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; (N.B.-H.); (M.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Brian A. Fallon
- Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; (N.B.-H.); (M.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delaney SL, Murray LA, Fallon BA. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Tick-Borne Diseases. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 61:279-302. [PMID: 36512289 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In North America, Lyme disease (LD) is primarily caused by the spirochetal bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted to humans by Ixodes species tick bites, at an estimated rate of 476,000 patients diagnosed per year. Acute LD often manifests with flu-like symptoms and an expanding rash known as erythema migrans (EM) and less often with neurologic, neuropsychiatric, arthritic, or cardiac features. Most acute cases of Lyme disease are effectively treated with antibiotics, but 10-20% of individuals may experience recurrent or persistent symptoms. This chapter focuses on the neuropsychiatric aspects of Lyme disease, as these are less widely recognized by physicians and often overlooked. Broader education about the potential complexity, severity, and diverse manifestations of tick-borne diseases is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Delaney
- Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lilly A Murray
- Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian A Fallon
- Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Courtier A, Potheret D, Giannoni P. Environmental bacteria as triggers to brain disease: Possible mechanisms of toxicity and associated human risk. Life Sci 2022; 304:120689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Gwynne PJ, Clendenen LH, Turk SP, Marques AR, Hu LT. Antiphospholipid autoantibodies in Lyme disease arise after scavenging of host phospholipids by Borrelia burgdorferi. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152506. [PMID: 35289310 PMCID: PMC8920326 DOI: 10.1172/jci152506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A close association with its vertebrate and tick hosts allows Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease, to eliminate many metabolic pathways and instead scavenge key nutrients from the host. A lipid-defined culture medium was developed to demonstrate that exogenous lipids are an essential nutrient of B. burgdorferi, which can accumulate intact phospholipids from its environment to support growth. Antibody responses to host phospholipids were studied in mice and humans using an antiphospholipid ELISA. Several of these environmentally acquired phospholipids including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid, as well as borrelial phosphatidylcholine, are the targets of antibodies that arose early in infection in the mouse model. Patients with acute infections demonstrated antibody responses to the same lipids. The elevation of antiphospholipid antibodies predicted early infection with better sensitivity than did the standardized 2-tier tests currently used in diagnosis. Sera obtained from patients with Lyme disease before and after antibiotic therapy showed declining antiphospholipid titers after treatment. Further study will be required to determine whether these antibodies have utility in early diagnosis of Lyme disease, tracking of the response to therapy, and diagnosis of reinfection, areas in which current standardized tests are inadequate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gwynne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luke H Clendenen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siu-Ping Turk
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana R Marques
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Linden T Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Osman C, Carroll LS, Petridou C, Walker M, Merton LW, Katifi H. Mononeuritis multiplex secondary to Lyme neuroborreliosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
7
|
Gomes-Solecki M, Arnaboldi PM, Backenson PB, Benach JL, Cooper CL, Dattwyler RJ, Diuk-Wasser M, Fikrig E, Hovius JW, Laegreid W, Lundberg U, Marconi RT, Marques AR, Molloy P, Narasimhan S, Pal U, Pedra JHF, Plotkin S, Rock DL, Rosa P, Telford SR, Tsao J, Yang XF, Schutzer SE. Protective Immunity and New Vaccines for Lyme Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 70:1768-1773. [PMID: 31620776 PMCID: PMC7155782 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by some Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, is the most common tick-borne illness in the Northern Hemisphere and the number of cases, and geographic spread, continue to grow. Previously identified B. burgdorferi proteins, lipid immunogens, and live mutants lead the design of canonical vaccines aimed at disrupting infection in the host. Discovery of the mechanism of action of the first vaccine catalyzed the development of new strategies to control Lyme disease that bypassed direct vaccination of the human host. Thus, novel prevention concepts center on proteins produced by B. burgdorferi during tick transit and on tick proteins that mediate feeding and pathogen transmission. A burgeoning area of research is tick immunity as it can unlock mechanistic pathways that could be targeted for disruption. Studies that shed light on the mammalian immune pathways engaged during tick-transmitted B. burgdorferi infection would further development of vaccination strategies against Lyme disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gomes-Solecki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul M Arnaboldi
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | | | - Jorge L Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- Molecular and Translational Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond J Dattwyler
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, New York Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Maria Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - J W Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Will Laegreid
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | | | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Adriana R Marques
- Lyme Disease Studies Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sukanya Narasimhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Stanley Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel L Rock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Patricia Rosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sam R Telford
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - X Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Steven E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brouwer MAE, van de Schoor FR, Vrijmoeth HD, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. A joint effort: The interplay between the innate and the adaptive immune system in Lyme arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:63-79. [PMID: 31930745 PMCID: PMC7065069 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular joints are a major target of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis. Despite antibiotic treatment, recurrent or persistent Lyme arthritis is observed in a significant number of patients. The host immune response plays a crucial role in this chronic arthritic joint complication of Borrelia infections. During the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection, a major hinder in generating a proper host immune response is the lack of induction of a strong adaptive immune response. This may lead to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction later in the disease. Several mechanisms have been suggested that might be pivotal for the development of Lyme arthritis and will be highlighted in this review, from molecular mimicry of matrix metallopeptidases and glycosaminoglycans, to autoimmune responses to live bacteria, or remnants of Borrelia spirochetes in joints. Murine studies have suggested that the inflammatory responses are initiated by innate immune cells, but this does not exclude the involvement of the adaptive immune system in this dysregulated immune profile. Genetic predisposition, via human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and microRNA expression, has been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Yet the ultimate cause for (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis remains unknown. Complex processes of different immune cells and signaling cascades are involved in the development of Lyme arthritis. When these various mechanisms are fully been unraveled, new treatment strategies can be developed to target (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis more effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freek R. van de Schoor
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D. Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fallon BA, Strobino B, Reim S, Stoner J, Cunningham MW. Anti-lysoganglioside and other anti-neuronal autoantibodies in post-treatment Lyme Disease and Erythema Migrans after repeat infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100015. [PMID: 34589824 PMCID: PMC8474536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular mimicry targeting neural tissue has been reported after Borrelia burgdorferi(Bb) infection. Herein, we investigate whether antineuronal autoantibodies are increased and whether antibody-mediated signaling of neuronal cells is elevated in a cohort of symptomatic adults with a history of Lyme Disease (LD). Methods Participants (n = 179) included 24 with recent Erythema Migrans (EM) without prior LD, 8 with recent EM and prior LD (EM + prior LD), 119 with persistent post-treatment LD symptoms (PTLS), and 28 seronegative endemic controls with no prior LD history. Antineuronal immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured by standard ELISA and compared with mean titers of normal age-matched sera against lysoganglioside, tubulin, and dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R). Antibody-mediated signaling of calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity in a human neuronal cell line (SK-N-SH) was identified in serum. Results EM + prior LD cases had higher antibody titers than controls for anti-lysoganglioside GM1 (p = 0.002), anti-tubulin (p = 0.03), and anti-D1R (p = 0.02), as well as higher expression in the functional antibody-mediated CaMKII Assay (p = 0.03). The EM cases with no prior history showed no significant differences on any measures. The PTLS cases demonstrated significantly higher titers (p = 0.01) than controls on anti-lysoganglioside GM1, but not for the other measures. Conclusion The finding of elevated anti-neuronal autoantibodies in our small sample of those with a prior history of Lyme disease but not in those without prior Lyme disease, if replicated in a larger sample, suggests an immune priming effect of repeated infection; the CaMKII activation suggests that antineuronal antibodies have functional significance. The elevation of anti-lysoganglioside antibodies among those with PTLS is of particular interest given the established role of anti-ganglioside antibodies in peripheral and central neurologic diseases. Future prospective studies can determine whether these autoantibodies emerge after Bb infection and whether their emergence coincides with persistent neurologic or neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Fallon
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, USA
- Corresponding author. Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 69, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Barbara Strobino
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, USA
| | - Sean Reim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Julie Stoner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Madeleine W. Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vechtova P, Sterbova J, Sterba J, Vancova M, Rego ROM, Selinger M, Strnad M, Golovchenko M, Rudenko N, Grubhoffer L. A bite so sweet: the glycobiology interface of tick-host-pathogen interactions. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:594. [PMID: 30428923 PMCID: PMC6236881 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases constitute 17% of all infectious diseases in the world; among the blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit the highest number of pathogens. Understanding the interactions between the tick vector, the mammalian host and the pathogens circulating between them is the basis for the successful development of vaccines against ticks or the tick-transmitted pathogens as well as for the development of specific treatments against tick-borne infections. A lot of effort has been put into transcriptomic and proteomic analyses; however, the protein-carbohydrate interactions and the overall glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens has not been given the importance or priority deserved. Novel (bio)analytical techniques and their availability have immensely increased the possibilities in glycobiology research and thus novel information in the glycobiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens is being generated at a faster pace each year. This review brings a comprehensive summary of the knowledge on both the glycosylated proteins and the glycan-binding proteins of the ticks as well as the tick-transmitted pathogens, with emphasis on the interactions allowing the infection of both the ticks and the hosts by various bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Vechtova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jarmila Sterbova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sterba
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ryan O M Rego
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Selinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Strnad
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maryna Golovchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliia Rudenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:healthcare6040129. [PMID: 30400667 PMCID: PMC6316761 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a precision medical perspective to assist in the definition, diagnosis, and management of Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)/chronic Lyme disease. PTLDS represents a small subset of patients treated for an erythema migrans (EM) rash with persistent or recurrent symptoms and functional decline. The larger population with chronic Lyme disease is less understood and well defined. Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome (MSIDS) is a multifactorial model for treating chronic disease(s), which identifies up to 16 overlapping sources of inflammation and their downstream effects. A patient symptom survey and a retrospective chart review of 200 patients was therefore performed on those patients with chronic Lyme disease/PTLDS to identify those variables on the MSIDS model with the greatest potential effect on regaining health. Results indicate that dapsone combination therapy decreased the severity of eight major Lyme symptoms, and multiple sources of inflammation (other infections, immune dysfunction, autoimmunity, food allergies/sensitivities, leaky gut, mineral deficiencies, environmental toxins with detoxification problems, and sleep disorders) along with downstream effects of inflammation may all affect chronic symptomatology. In part two of our observational study and review paper, we postulate that the use of this model can represent an important and needed paradigm shift in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Toledo A, Huang Z, Coleman JL, London E, Benach JL. Lipid rafts can form in the inner and outer membranes of Borrelia burgdorferi and have different properties and associated proteins. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:63-76. [PMID: 29377398 PMCID: PMC5867248 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are microdomains present in the membrane of eukaryotic organisms and bacterial pathogens. They are characterized by having tightly packed lipids and a subset of specific proteins. Lipid rafts are associated with a variety of important biological processes including signaling and lateral sorting of proteins. To determine whether lipid rafts exist in the inner membrane of Borrelia burgdorferi, we separated the inner and outer membranes and analyzed the lipid constituents present in each membrane fraction. We found that both the inner and outer membranes have cholesterol and cholesterol glycolipids. Fluorescence anisotropy and FRET showed that lipids from both membranes can form rafts but have different abilities to do so. The analysis of the biochemically defined proteome of lipid rafts from the inner membrane revealed a diverse set of proteins, different from those associated with the outer membrane, with functions in protein trafficking, chemotaxis and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - James L. Coleman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jorge L. Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maccallini P, Bonin S, Trevisan G. Autoimmunity against a glycolytic enzyme as a possible cause for persistent symptoms in Lyme disease. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:1-8. [PMID: 29317049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Some patients with a history of Borrelia burgdorferi infection develop a chronic symptomatology characterized by cognitive deficits, fatigue, and pain, despite antibiotic treatment. The pathogenic mechanism that underlines this condition, referred to as post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS), is currently unknown. A debate exists about whether PTLDS is due to persistent infection or to post-infectious damages in the immune system and the nervous system. We present the case of a patient with evidence of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi sl and a long history of debilitating fatigue, cognitive abnormalities and autonomic nervous system issues. The patient had a positive Western blot for anti-basal ganglia antibodies, and the autoantigen has been identified as γ enolase, the neuron-specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme enolase. Assuming Borrelia own surface exposed enolase as the source of this autoantibody, through a mechanism of molecular mimicry, and given the absence of sera reactivity to α enolase, a bioinformatical analysis was carried out to identify a possible cross-reactive conformational B cell epitope, shared by Borrelia enolase and γ enolase, but not by α enolase. Taken that evidence, we hypothesize that this autoantibody interferes with glycolysis in neuronal cells, as the physiological basis for chronic symptoms in at least some cases of PTLDS. Studies investigating on the anti-γ enolase and anti-Borrelia enolase antibodies in PTLDS are needed to confirm our hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Maccallini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Bonin
- DSM-Department of Medical Sciences-Unit of Dermatology-University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giusto Trevisan
- DSM-Department of Medical Sciences-Unit of Dermatology-University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jowett N, Gaudin RA, Banks CA, Hadlock TA. Steroid use in Lyme disease-associated facial palsy is associated with worse long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate Jowett
- Department of Otolaryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Robert A. Gaudin
- Department of Otolaryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Caroline A. Banks
- Department of Otolaryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Tessa A. Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Crowley JT, Strle K, Drouin EE, Pianta A, Arvikar SL, Wang Q, Costello CE, Steere AC. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 is a target of T and B cell responses that correlate with synovial pathology in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. J Autoimmun 2016; 69:24-37. [PMID: 26922382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection-induced autoimmunity is thought to be a contributing factor in antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis, but studies of autoimmunity have been hindered by difficulty in identifying relevant autoantigens. We developed a novel approach that begins with the identification of T cell epitopes in synovial tissue using tandem mass spectrometry. Herein, we identified an immunogenic HLA-DR-presented peptide (T cell epitope) derived from the source protein matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) from the synovium of a patient with antibiotic-refractory arthritis. This finding provided a bridge for the identification of autoantibody responses to MMP-10, the "first autoimmune hit" in a subgroup of patients with erythema migrans, the initial skin lesion of the infection. Months later, after priming of the immune response to MMP-10 in early infection, a subset of patients with antibiotic-responsive or antibiotic-refractory arthritis had MMP-10 autoantibodies, but only patients with antibiotic-refractory arthritis had both T and B cell responses to the protein, providing evidence for a "second autoimmune hit". Further support for a biologically relevant autoimmune event was observed by the positive correlation of anti-MMP-10 autoantibodies with distinct synovial pathology. This experience demonstrates the power of new, discovery-based methods to identify relevant autoimmune responses in chronic inflammatory forms of arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jameson T Crowley
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Klemen Strle
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elise E Drouin
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pianta
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sheila L Arvikar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allen C Steere
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Toledo A, Benach JL. Hijacking and Use of Host Lipids by Intracellular Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0001-2014. [PMID: 27337282 PMCID: PMC5790186 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0001-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria use a number of strategies to survive, grow, multiply, and disseminate within the host. One of the most striking adaptations that intracellular pathogens have developed is the ability to utilize host lipids and their metabolism. Bacteria such as Anaplasma, Chlamydia, or Mycobacterium can use host lipids for different purposes, such as a means of entry through lipid rafts, building blocks for bacteria membrane formation, energy sources, camouflage to avoid the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes, and dissemination. One of the most extreme examples of lipid exploitation is Mycobacterium, which not only utilizes the host lipid as a carbon and energy source but is also able to reprogram the host lipid metabolism. Likewise, Chlamydia spp. have also developed numerous mechanisms to reprogram lipids onto their intracellular inclusions. Finally, while the ability to exploit host lipids is important in intracellular bacteria, it is not an exclusive trait. Extracellular pathogens, including Helicobacter, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia, can recruit and metabolize host lipids that are important for their growth and survival.Throughout this chapter we will review how intracellular and extracellular bacterial pathogens utilize host lipids to enter, survive, multiply, and disseminate in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Center for Infectious Diseases at the Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jorge L Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Center for Infectious Diseases at the Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Coleman JL, Toledo A, Benach JL. Borrelia burgdorferi HtrA: evidence for twofold proteolysis of outer membrane protein p66. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:135-50. [PMID: 26370492 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In prokaryotes, members of the High Temperature Requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases function in the periplasm to degrade damaged or improperly folded membrane proteins. Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, codes for a single HtrA homolog. Two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis of B. burgdorferi B31A3 and a strain that overexpresses HtrA (A3HtrAOE) identified a downregulated protein in A3HtrAOE with a mass, pI and MALDI-TOF spectrum consistent with outer membrane protein p66. P66 and HtrA from cellular lysates partitioned into detergent-resistant membranes, which contain cholesterol-glycolipid-rich membrane regions known as lipid rafts, suggesting that HtrA and p66 may reside together in lipid rafts also. This agrees with previous work from our laboratory, which showed that HtrA and p66 are constituents of B. burgdorferi outer membrane vesicles. HtrA degraded p66 in vitro and A3HtrAOE expressed reduced levels of p66 in vivo. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that HtrA and p66 colocalize in the membrane. The association of HtrA and p66 establishes that they could interact efficiently and their protease/substrate relationship provides functional relevance to this interaction. A3HtrAOE also showed reduced levels of p66 transcript in comparison with wild-type B31A3, indicating that HtrA-mediated regulation of p66 may occur at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Coleman
- New York State Department of Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jorge L Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Toledo A, Pérez A, Coleman JL, Benach JL. The lipid raft proteome of Borrelia burgdorferi. Proteomics 2015; 15:3662-75. [PMID: 26256460 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that have significant amounts of cholesterol and a selective set of proteins that have been associated with multiple biological functions. The Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is one of an increasing number of bacterial pathogens that incorporates cholesterol onto its membrane, and form cholesterol glycolipid domains that possess all the hallmarks of eukaryotic lipid rafts. In this study, we isolated lipid rafts from cultured B. burgdorferi as a detergent resistant membrane (DRM) fraction on density gradients, and characterized those molecules that partitioned exclusively or are highly enriched in these domains. Cholesterol glycolipids, the previously known raft-associated lipoproteins OspA and OpsB, and cholera toxin partitioned into the lipid rafts fraction indicating compatibility with components of the DRM. The proteome of lipid rafts was analyzed by a combination of LC-MS/MS or MudPIT. Identified proteins were analyzed in silico for parameters that included localization, isoelectric point, molecular mass and biological function. The proteome provided a consistent pattern of lipoproteins, proteases and their substrates, sensing molecules and prokaryotic homologs of eukaryotic lipid rafts. This study provides the first analysis of a prokaryotic lipid raft and has relevance for the biology of Borrelia, other pathogenic bacteria, as well as for the evolution of these structures. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002365 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002365).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Pérez
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - James L Coleman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,New York State Department of Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jorge L Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Nervous system involvement occurs in 10% to 15% of patients infected with the tick-borne spirochetes Borrelia burgdorferi, B afzelii, and B garinii. Peripheral nervous system involvement is common. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, most commonly presenting with lymphocytic meningitis, causes modest cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis. Parenchymal CNS infection is rare. If the CNS is invaded, however, measuring local production of anti-B burgdorferi antibodies in the CSF provides a useful marker of infection. Most cases of neuroborreliosis can be cured with oral doxycycline; parenteral regimens should be reserved for patients with particularly severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Halperin
- Department of Neurosciences, Overlook Medical Center, 99 Beauvoir Avenue, Summit, NJ 07902, USA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South, 10th street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Farnoud AM, Toledo AM, Konopka JB, Del Poeta M, London E. Raft-like membrane domains in pathogenic microorganisms. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:233-68. [PMID: 26015285 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is thought to be compartmentalized by the presence of lipid-protein microdomains. In eukaryotic cells, microdomains composed of sterols and sphingolipids, commonly known as lipid rafts, are believed to exist, and reports on the presence of sterol- or protein-mediated microdomains in bacterial cell membranes are also appearing. Despite increasing attention, little is known about microdomains in the plasma membrane of pathogenic microorganisms. This review attempts to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of lipid rafts in pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The current literature on characterization of microdomains in pathogens is reviewed, and their potential role in growth, pathogenesis, and drug resistance is discussed. Better insight into the structure and function of membrane microdomains in pathogenic microorganisms might lead to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and development of raft-mediated approaches for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro M Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - James B Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LaRocca TJ, Pathak P, Chiantia S, Toledo A, Silvius JR, Benach JL, London E. Proving lipid rafts exist: membrane domains in the prokaryote Borrelia burgdorferi have the same properties as eukaryotic lipid rafts. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003353. [PMID: 23696733 PMCID: PMC3656094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts in eukaryotic cells are sphingolipid and cholesterol-rich, ordered membrane regions that have been postulated to play roles in many membrane functions, including infection. We previously demonstrated the existence of cholesterol-lipid-rich domains in membranes of the prokaryote, B. burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease [LaRocca et al. (2010) Cell Host & Microbe 8, 331–342]. Here, we show that these prokaryote membrane domains have the hallmarks of eukaryotic lipid rafts, despite lacking sphingolipids. Substitution experiments replacing cholesterol lipids with a set of sterols, ranging from strongly raft-promoting to raft-inhibiting when mixed with eukaryotic sphingolipids, showed that sterols that can support ordered domain formation are both necessary and sufficient for formation of B. burgdorferi membrane domains that can be detected by transmission electron microscopy or in living organisms by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Raft-supporting sterols were also necessary and sufficient for formation of high amounts of detergent resistant membranes from B. burgdorferi. Furthermore, having saturated acyl chains was required for a biotinylated lipid to associate with the cholesterol-lipid-rich domains in B. burgdorferi, another characteristic identical to that of eukaryotic lipid rafts. Sterols supporting ordered domain formation were also necessary and sufficient to maintain B. burgdorferi membrane integrity, and thus critical to the life of the organism. These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of lipid rafts and show that the same principles of lipid raft formation apply to prokaryotes and eukaryotes despite marked differences in their lipid compositions. Specialized domains (“lipid rafts”) rich in specific membrane lipids (sphingolipids and cholesterol) have been proposed to form in the cell membranes of higher organisms, and to be of functional importance. We recently found that domains can be detected in the membranes of the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi. In this report it is shown that, despite a lack of sphingolipids in B. burgdorferi, these domains have all the characteristic properties of lipid rafts, and can be detected in living B. burgdorferi. This shows that true lipid rafts can form in bacteria. In addition, it is shown that sterols having a structure that promotes lipid raft formation are necessary and sufficient for those sterols to maintain B. burgdorferi membrane integrity. This is suggestive of a role for membrane domains in B. burgdorferi membrane integrity. Therefore, interfering with lipid raft formation may have biomedical applications in combatting B. burgdorferi infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. LaRocca
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Priyadarshini Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Salvatore Chiantia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Toledo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - John R. Silvius
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorge L. Benach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Embers ME, Narasimhan S. Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:6. [PMID: 23407755 PMCID: PMC3569838 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an Ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). Despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of Lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. Limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface A (OspA) lipoprotein of B. burgdorferi, led to its demise, yet current research has opened doors to new strategies for protection against Lyme disease. In this review we discuss the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi, and the unique opportunities it poses to block infection or transmission at different levels. We present the correlates of protection for this infectious disease, the pros and cons of past vaccination strategies, and new paradigms for future vaccine design that would include elements of both the vector and the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Embers
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lipid exchange between Borrelia burgdorferi and host cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003109. [PMID: 23326230 PMCID: PMC3542181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, has cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids that are essential for bacterial fitness, are antigenic, and could be important in mediating interactions with cells of the eukaryotic host. We show that the spirochetes can acquire cholesterol from plasma membranes of epithelial cells. In addition, through fluorescent and confocal microscopy combined with biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that B. burgdorferi labeled with the fluorescent cholesterol analog BODIPY-cholesterol or 3H-labeled cholesterol transfer both cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids to HeLa cells. The transfer occurs through two different mechanisms, by direct contact between the bacteria and eukaryotic cell and/or through release of outer membrane vesicles. Thus, two-way lipid exchange between spirochetes and host cells can occur. This lipid exchange could be an important process that contributes to the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Lyme disease, the most prevalent arthropod-borne disease in North America, is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Cholesterol is a significant component of the B. burgdorferi membrane lipids, and is processed to make cholesterol-glycolipids. Our interest in the presence of cholesterol in B. burgdorferi recently led to the identification and characterization of eukaryotic-like lipid rafts in the spirochete. The presence of free cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids in B. burgdorferi creates an opportunity for lipid-lipid interactions with constituents of the lipid rafts in eukaryotic cells. We present evidence that there is a two-way exchange of lipids between B. burgdorferi and epithelial cells. Spirochetes are unable to synthesize cholesterol, but can acquire it from the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. In addition, free cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids from B. burgdorferi are transferred to epithelial cells through direct contact and through outer membrane vesicles. The exchange of cholesterol between spirochete and host could be an important aspect of the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rupprecht TA, Fingerle V. Neuroborreliosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common human tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. This article describes the current knowledge of several aspects of Lyme neuroborreliosis. The epidemiology is reviewed first, with special respect to the difference between European and American disease. Then, the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis is presented, with emphasis on immune evasion strategies. Furthermore, the clinical picture of acute Lyme neuroborreliosis and the frequently discussed post-Lyme disease syndrome are critically discussed. The commonly used diagnostic strategies, as well as the relevance of the lymphocyte transformation test, CD57+/CD3- cell count and CXCL13, are presented. Finally, the therapeutic options are described to give a balanced overview of all aspects of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Rupprecht
- Abteilung für Neurologie, AmperKliniken AG Dachau, Krankenhausstr. 15, 85221 Dachau, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia, LGL Oberschleißheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
LaRocca TJ, Crowley JT, Cusack BJ, Pathak P, Benach J, London E, Garcia-Monco JC, Benach JL. Cholesterol lipids of Borrelia burgdorferi form lipid rafts and are required for the bactericidal activity of a complement-independent antibody. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 8:331-42. [PMID: 20951967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, is unusual as it contains free cholesterol and cholesterol glycolipids. It is also susceptible to complement-independent bactericidal antibodies, such as CB2, a monoclonal IgG1 against outer surface protein B (OspB). We find that the bactericidal action of CB2 requires the presence of cholesterol glycolipids and cholesterol. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and biophysical analysis revealed that the bacterial cholesterol glycolipids exist as lipid raft-like microdomains in the outer membrane of cultured and mouse-derived B. burgdorferi and in model membranes from B. burgdorferi lipids. The order and size of the microdomains are temperature sensitive and correlate with the bactericidal activity of CB2. This study demonstrates the existence of cholesterol-containing lipid raft-like microdomains in a prokaryote, and we suggest that the temperature dependence of B. burgdorferi lipid raft organization may have significant implications in the transmission cycle of the spirochetes which are exposed to a range of temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J LaRocca
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Song X, Lasanajak Y, Xia B, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Rhea JM, Ju H, Zhao C, Molinaro RJ, Cummings RD, Smith DF. Shotgun glycomics: a microarray strategy for functional glycomics. Nat Methods 2010; 8:85-90. [PMID: 21131969 PMCID: PMC3074519 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Major challenges of glycomics are to characterize a glycome and identify functional glycans as ligands for glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). To address these issues we have developed a general strategy termed shotgun glycomics. We focus on glycosphingolipids (GSLs), a challenging class of glycoconjugates recognized by toxins, antibodies, and GBPs. We derivatized GSLs extracted from cells with a heterobifunctional fluorescent tag suitable for covalent immobilization. Fluorescent GSLs were separated by multidimensional chromatography, quantified, and coupled to glass slides to create GSL shotgun microarrays. The microarrays were interrogated with cholera toxin, antibodies, and sera from patients with Lyme disease to identify biologically relevant GSLs that were subsequently characterized by mass spectrometry. Shotgun glycomics incorporating GSLs and potentially glycoprotein-derived glycans provides an approach to accessing the complex glycomes of animal cells and offers a strategy for focusing structural analyses on functionally significant glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chandra A, Wormser GP, Klempner MS, Trevino RP, Crow MK, Latov N, Alaedini A. Anti-neural antibody reactivity in patients with a history of Lyme borreliosis and persistent symptoms. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1018-24. [PMID: 20227484 PMCID: PMC2897967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Lyme disease patients report debilitating chronic symptoms of pain, fatigue, and cognitive deficits despite recommended courses of antibiotic treatment. The mechanisms responsible for these symptoms, collectively referred to as post-Lyme disease syndrome (PLS) or chronic Lyme disease, remain unclear. We investigated the presence of immune system abnormalities in PLS by assessing the levels of antibodies to neural proteins in patients and controls. Serum samples from PLS patients, post-Lyme disease healthy individuals, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and normal healthy individuals were analyzed for anti-neural antibodies by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Anti-neural antibody reactivity was found to be significantly higher in the PLS group than in the post-Lyme healthy (p<0.01) and normal healthy (p<0.01) groups. The observed heightened antibody reactivity in PLS patients could not be attributed solely to the presence of cross-reactive anti-borrelia antibodies, as the borrelial seronegative patients also exhibited elevated anti-neural antibody levels. Immunohistochemical analysis of PLS serum antibody activity demonstrated binding to cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The results provide evidence for the existence of a differential immune system response in PLS, offering new clues about the etiopathogenesis of the disease that may prove useful in devising more effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary P. Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Mary K. Crow
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman Latov
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Armin Alaedini
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA,Corresponding author: Armin Alaedini, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., LC-819, New York, NY 10065; Phone: 212-746-7841;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Younger DS, Orsher S. Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Preliminary Results from an Urban Referral Center Employing Strict CDC Criteria for Case Selection. Neurol Res Int 2010; 2010:525206. [PMID: 21188224 PMCID: PMC2989654 DOI: 10.1155/2010/525206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme neuroborreliosis or "neurological Lyme disease" was evidenced in 2 of 23 patients submitted to strict criteria for case selection of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employing a two-tier test to detect antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi at a single institution. One patient had symptomatic polyradiculoneuritis, dysautonomia, and serological evidence of early infection; and another had symptomatic small fiber sensory neuropathy, distal polyneuropathy, dysautonomia, and serological evidence of late infection. In the remaining patients symptoms initially ascribed to Lyme disease were probably unrelated to B. burgdorferi infection. Our findings suggest early susceptibility and protracted involvement of the nervous system most likely due to the immunological effects of B. burgdorferi infection, although the exact mechanisms remain uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Younger
- Lyme Neuroborreliosis Research Program, NYU School of Medicine, 333 East 34th Street, Suite 1J, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stuart Orsher
- Department of Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Streptococcus mitis phage-encoded adhesins mediate attachment to {alpha}2-8-linked sialic acid residues on platelet membrane gangliosides. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3485-90. [PMID: 19506011 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01573-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct binding of bacteria to human platelets contributes to the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Platelet binding by Streptococcus mitis strain SF100 is mediated in part by two bacteriophage-encoded proteins, PblA and PblB. However, the platelet membrane receptor for these adhesins has been unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that these proteins mediate attachment of bacterial cells to sialylated gangliosides on the platelet cell surface. Desialylation of human platelet monolayers reduced adherence of SF100, whereas treatment of the platelets with N- or O-glycanases did not affect platelet binding. Treatment of platelets with sialidases having different linkage specificities showed that removal of alpha2-8-linked sialic acids resulted in a marked reduction in bacterial binding. Preincubation of SF100 with ganglioside GD3, a glycolipid containing alpha2-8-linked sialic acids that is present on platelet membranes, blocked subsequent binding of this strain to these cells. In contrast, GD3 had no effect on the residual binding of platelets by strain PS344, an isogenic DeltapblA DeltapblB mutant. Preincubating platelets with specific monoclonal antibodies to ganglioside GD3 also inhibited binding of SF100 to platelets, but again, they had no effect on binding by PS344. When the direct binding of S. mitis strains SF100 and PS344 to immobilized gangliosides was tested, binding of PS344 to GD3 was reduced by 70% compared to the parent strain. These results indicated that platelet binding by SF100 is mediated by the interaction of PblA and PblB with alpha2-8-linked sialic acids on ganglioside GD3.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rupprecht TA, Elstner M, Weil S, Pfister HW. Autoimmune-mediated polyneuropathy triggered by borrelial infection? Muscle Nerve 2008; 37:781-5. [PMID: 18288714 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A patient with proven borrelial infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and progressive weakness of the arms was treated with antibiotics. Although the initially elevated CXCL13 concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid decreased, indicating effective treatment of the infection, weakness progressed. Investigation revealed multiple nerve conduction blocks and the presence of GM1 antibodies, suggesting a multifocal motor neuropathy; the patient improved on treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins. This report of an autoimmune-mediated polyneuropathy in a patient with borrelial CNS infection indicates that such patients might respond to immunomodulatory therapy if antibiotic treatment is not effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Rupprecht
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
The Important and Diverse Roles of Antibodies in the Host Response to Borrelia Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 319:63-103. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73900-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
32
|
Gelderblom H, Martin R, Marques AR. Research opportunities on human neuroborreliosis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005; 4:261-72. [PMID: 15631071 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, was convened in September 2001 to evaluate the current knowledge in neurological Lyme disease. The meeting was centered into discussion of both clinical and basic aspects of the disease. Participants included researchers from the fields of infectious diseases, neurology, rheumatology, autoimmunity and basic immunology, largely but not exclusively focused on Lyme disease. This report summarizes the presentations made at the meeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Gelderblom
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alaedini A, Latov N. Antibodies against OspA epitopes of Borrelia burgdorferi cross-react with neural tissue. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 159:192-5. [PMID: 15652419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurological sequela of chronic Lyme disease include encephalopathy, myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy. These have generally been attributed to either persistent infection or pathogen-induced autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated the presence of cross-reactive human neural epitopes that share amino acid sequences with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA protein. Sequence similarity analysis was carried out by searching known cDNA sequences from brain tissue. The cDNA database search yielded three sequences that were identical to sequences in OspA. Corresponding peptides were synthesized and antibodies were generated against them in rabbits. Antibodies against two of the homologous OspA peptides were found to react with neurons in human brain, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia by immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Alaedini
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Anguita J, Hedrick MN, Fikrig E. Adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the tick and the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003; 27:493-504. [PMID: 14550942 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6445(03)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, shows a great ability to adapt to different environments, including the arthropod vector, and the mammalian host. The success of these microorganisms to survive in nature and complete their enzootic cycle depends on the regulation of genes that are essential to their survival in the different environments. This review describes the current knowledge of gene expression by B. burgdorferi in the tick and the mammalian host. The functions of the differentially regulated gene products as well as the factors that influence their expression are discussed. A thorough understanding of the changes in gene expression and the function of the differentially expressed antigens during the life cycle of the spirochete will allow a better control of this prevalent infection and the design of new, second generation vaccines to prevent infection with the spirochete.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Anguita
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Lyme disease, the multisystem infectious disease caused by the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, causes a broad variety of peripheral nerve disorders, including single or multiple cranial neuropathies, painful radiculopathies, and diffuse polyneuropathies. Virtually all appear to be varying manifestations of a mononeuropathy multiplex. Diagnosis requires that the patient should have had possible exposure to the only known vectors, Ixodes ticks, and also have either other pathognomonic clinical manifestations or laboratory evidence of exposure. Treatment with antimicrobial regimens is highly effective. The mechanism underlying these neuropathies remains unclear, although interactions between anti-Borrelia antibodies and several peripheral nerve constituent molecules raise intriguing possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Halperin
- Department of Neurology, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hossain H, Wellensiek HJ, Geyer R, Lochnit G. Structural analysis of glycolipids from Borrelia burgdorferi. Biochimie 2001; 83:683-92. [PMID: 11522398 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study the lipids of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, were analyzed. Lipids comprise about 25-30% of the cell dry weight. The lipid fraction could be separated by HPTLC into 11 components. Staining of these components revealed two glycolipids and two phospholipids. The glycolipids represented about 50% of the total lipids and comprised only galactose as monosaccharide constituents. By means of mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic analysis both glycolipids could be identified as alpha-galactosyl-diacylglycerolipids with different fatty acid compositions. The phospholipids were identified as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. Immunoassays with sera from patients with Lyme disease showed antibody reactivity only to the glycolipids, which was present in all stages of the disease. Other lipid components seemed to be non-immunogenic in Lyme disease. The glycolipids of B. burgdorferi may be, thus, considered promising candidates for diagnosis and possibly also for vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hossain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Karussis D, Weiner HL, Abramsky O. Multiple sclerosis vs Lyme disease: a case presentation to a discussant and a review of the literature. Mult Scler 1999; 5:395-402. [PMID: 10618695 DOI: 10.1177/135245859900500i605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Karussis
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Medical Center, Ein-Karem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sigal L. Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease): interactions of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato with human (and other mammalian) hosts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-2452(98)80013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, causes a multisystem inflammatory ailment, although the precise means of tissue damage are not well understood. It is clear that the organism is present at the site of inflammation in many organs and that many of the features of the illness are relieved by antibiotic therapy. A complex interaction between spirochete and immune systems of a number of mammalian hosts, in human disease and animal models, has been described. It is clear that T cells and macrophages are intimately associated with the pathogenesis of arthritis and that immune mechanisms are involved in other aspects of disease. Inflammation directed at persistence of Borrelial antigens is a plausible explanation for persisting arthritis. Autoimmunity based on molecular mimicry may play a role in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease. Humoral immunity plays a protective role, prompting interest in vaccine development. Significant variation in certain of the outer surface proteins suggests that multiple proteins, peptides, or chimeric vaccines may be needed to provide a sufficiently broad humoral protective response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H Sigal
- Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Research, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG, Hughes CA, Engstrom SM, Johnson RC. Resistance to tick-borne spirochete challenge induced by Borrelia burgdorferi strains that differ in expression of outer surface proteins. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4148-53. [PMID: 8926082 PMCID: PMC174350 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.10.4148-4153.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamsters were immunized with thimerosal-killed Borrelia burgdorferi 297 or a mutant of 297 (M297) that lacks the 49-kb linear plasmid and expression of outer surface proteins A and B (OspA and OspB). Ixodes scapularis nymphs infected with either the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain 297 or JMNT, similar in OspA and OspB but differing in OspC expression, were used to evaluate protection. In a homologous challenge, 24 hamsters were vaccinated, 8 each with 297 or M297 and 8 sham (adjuvant)-vaccinated controls. Hamsters vaccinated with either bacterin were completely protected against a natural tick bite or subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation of 297. Borreliae were effectively eliminated from 80 to 90% of the 297-infected ticks that fed on four hamsters immunized with the 297 bacterin. Cultures of spirochetes isolated from the ticks that remained infected were infectious and induced joint inflammation in naive hamsters. There was no reduction of strain 297 spirochetes in ticks that fed on four hamsters immunized with M297, but the hamsters were protected. Results with the M297 bacterin indicate that proteins other than OspA or OspB can protect hamsters against a tick challenge without eliminating B. burgdorferi in the tick. In a heterologous challenge, 36 hamsters were vaccinated, 12 with each bacterin and 12 controls. None of the hamsters immunized with either bacterin were protected from a challenge involving JMNT-infected ticks, while two of four were protected against an s.c. challenge. Hamsters challenged s.c. with strain 297 spirochetes were protected. There was partial elimination of JMNT spirochetes in ticks that fed on the group of four hamsters immunized with the 297 bacterin, and infection rates were reduced by 50 to 60%. JMNT spirochetes reisolated from the ticks that fed on 297-vaccinated hamsters also remained infectious for hamsters. In the JMNT-infected ticks that fed on four M297-immunized hamsters, there was no decline in the proportion of infected ticks. Destruction of spirochetes in ticks that fed on the hamsters vaccinated with the 297 bacterin suggests that antibodies to OspA and OspB may have been responsible, since the mutant did not induce this activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Persistence of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the presence of an active immune response has been well documented. Evidence from the past year indicates that modulation of surface antigens by the spirochete may be a major mechanism for evading the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Seiler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|