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Chakraborty S, von Mentzer A, Begum YA, Manzur M, Hasan M, Ghosh AN, Hossain MA, Camilli A, Qadri F. Phenotypic and genomic analyses of bacteriophages targeting environmental and clinical CS3-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209357. [PMID: 30571788 PMCID: PMC6301781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea due to infection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is of great concern in several low and middle-income countries. ETEC infection is considered to be the most common cause of diarrhea in Bangladesh and is mainly spread through contaminated water and food. ETEC pathogenesis is mediated by the expression of enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs) that target the intestinal mucosa. ETEC can survive for extended time periods in water, where they are likely to be attacked by bacteriophages. Antibiotic resistance is common amongst enteric pathogens and therefore is the use of bacteriophages (phage) as a therapeutic tool an interesting approach. This study was designed to identify novel phages that specifically target ETEC virulence factors. In total, 48 phages and 195 ETEC isolates were collected from water sources and stool samples. Amongst the identified ETEC specific phages, an enterobacteria phage T7, designated as IMM-002, showed a significant specificity towards colonization factor CS3-expressing ETEC isolates. Antibody-blocking and phage-neutralization assays revealed that CS3 is used as a host receptor for the IMM-002 phage. The bacterial CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-CRISPR-associated) defence mechanism can invoke immunity against phages. Genomic analyses coupled with plaque assay experiments indicate that the ETEC CRISPR-Cas system is involved in the resistance against the CS3-specific phage (IMM-002) and the previously identified CS7-specific phage (IMM-001). As environmental water serves as a reservoir for ETEC, it is important to search for new antimicrobial agents such as phages in environmental water as well as the human gut. A better understanding of how the interplay between ETEC-specific phages and ETEC isolates affects the ETEC diversity, both in environmental ecosystems and within the host, is important for the development of new treatments for ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajib Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Astrid von Mentzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yasmin Ara Begum
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mehnaz Manzur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amar N Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew Camilli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Guevara CP, Luiz WB, Sierra A, Cruz C, Qadri F, Kaushik RS, Ferreira LCS, Gómez-Duarte OG. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CS21 pilus contributes to adhesion to intestinal cells and to pathogenesis under in vivo conditions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1725-1735. [PMID: 23760820 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.065532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Colonization surface antigens (CSs) represent key virulence-associated factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. They are required for gut colonization, the first step of the diarrhoeal disease process induced by these bacteria. One of the most prevalent CSs is CS21, or longus, a type IV pili associated with bacterial self-aggregation, protection against environmental stresses, biofilm formation and adherence to epithelial cell lines. The objectives of this study were to assess the role of CS21 in adherence to primary intestinal epithelial cells and to determine if CS21 contributes to the pathogenesis of ETEC infection in vivo. We evaluated adherence of a CS21-expressing wild-type ETEC strain and an isogenic CS21-mutant strain to pig-derived intestinal cell lines. To determine the role of CS21 in pathogenesis we used the above ETEC strains in a neonatal mice challenge infection model to assess mortality. Quantitative adherence assays confirmed that ETEC adheres to primary intestinal epithelial cells lines in a CS21-dependent manner. In addition, the CS21-mediated ETEC adherence to cells was specific as purified LngA protein, the CS21 major subunit, competed for binding with the CS21-expressing ETEC while specific anti-LngA antibodies blocked adhesion to intestinal cells. Neonatal DBA/2 mice died after intra-stomach administration of CS21-expressing strains while lack of CS21 expression drastically reduced the virulence of the wild-type ETEC strain in this animal model. Collectively these results further support the role of CS21 during ETEC infection and add new evidence on its in vivo relevance in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Guevara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - W B Luiz
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Sierra
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - C Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - F Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - R S Kaushik
- Departments of Biology and Microbiology, and Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - L C S Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O G Gómez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Glycan structures of ocular surface mucins in man, rabbit and dog display species differences. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:763-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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4
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Nuccio SP, Bäumler AJ. Evolution of the chaperone/usher assembly pathway: fimbrial classification goes Greek. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:551-75. [PMID: 18063717 PMCID: PMC2168650 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00014-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Proteobacteria use the chaperone/usher pathway to assemble proteinaceous filaments on the bacterial surface. These filaments can curl into fimbrial or nonfimbrial surface structures (e.g., a capsule or spore coat). This article reviews the phylogeny of operons belonging to the chaperone/usher assembly class to explore the utility of establishing a scheme for subdividing them into clades of phylogenetically related gene clusters. Based on usher amino acid sequence comparisons, our analysis shows that the chaperone/usher assembly class is subdivided into six major phylogenetic clades, which we have termed alpha-, beta-, gamma-, kappa-, pi-, and sigma-fimbriae. Members of each clade share related operon structures and encode fimbrial subunits with similar protein domains. The proposed classification system offers a simple and convenient method for assigning newly discovered chaperone/usher systems to one of the six major phylogenetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8645, USA
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5
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Becker PM, Galletti S, Roubos-van den Hil PJ, van Wikselaar PG. Validation of growth as measurand for bacterial adhesion to food and feed ingredients. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:2686-96. [PMID: 17850303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A miniaturized adhesion test was designed to study the binding capacity of food and feed ingredients for bacterial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacteria were allowed to adhere to different fibrous materials supplied as well coatings in microtitration plates. The amount of bacteria retained on the materials was determined in an automated way as growth after addition of liquid medium. The test principle was based on an inverse relationship between initial cell densities and the appearance of growth: The higher adhering cell numbers are, the shorter are the detection times of growth. The growth curves obtained were fitted by nonlinear regression analysis employing a sigmoidal curve model. Growth parameters as (i) the time after incubation at which half of the maximum growth yield was reached; (ii) the time-coordinate of the point of inflection; (iii) the detection time calculated as x-axis intercept of the maximum specific growth rate in the point of inflection; and (iv) the time-coordinate of a growth detection threshold at OD = 0.05 were highly separating for the binding capacity of different food and feed ingredients for bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY With growth as measurand for adhesion, a simple, high-throughput method was developed for the screening of huge numbers of different binding matrices and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Becker
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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6
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Jurat-Fuentes JL, Adang MJ. Characterization of a Cry1Ac-receptor alkaline phosphatase in susceptible and resistant Heliothis virescens larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3127-35. [PMID: 15265032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously a direct correlation between reduced soybean agglutinin binding to 63- and 68-kDa midgut glycoproteins and resistance to Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis in the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). In the present work we describe the identification of the 68-kDa glycoprotein as a membrane-bound form of alkaline phosphatase we term HvALP. Lectin blot analysis of HvALP revealed the existence of N-linked oligosaccharides containing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine required for [125I]Cry1Ac binding in ligand blots. Based on immunoblotting and alkaline phosphatase activity detection, reduced soybean agglutinin binding to HvALP from Cry1Ac resistant larvae of the H. virescens YHD2 strain was attributable to reduced amounts of HvALP in resistant larvae. Quantification of specific alkaline phosphatase activity in brush border membrane proteins from susceptible (YDK and F1 generation from backcrosses) and YHD2 H. virescens larvae confirmed the observation of reduced HvALP levels. We propose HvALP as a Cry1Ac binding protein that is present at reduced levels in brush border membrane vesicles from YHD2 larvae.
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7
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Yan SS, Gilbert JM. Antimicrobial drug delivery in food animals and microbial food safety concerns: an overview of in vitro and in vivo factors potentially affecting the animal gut microflora. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1497-521. [PMID: 15191795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of considerations particular to the delivery of antimicrobial agents to food animals. Antimicrobial drugs are used in food animals for a variety of purposes. These drugs may have therapeutic effects against disease agents, or may cause changes in the structure and/or function of systems within the target animal. Routes of administration, quantity, duration, and potency of an antimicrobial drug are all important factors affecting their action(s) and success. Not only might targeted pathogens be affected, but also bacteria residing in (or on) the treated food animals, especially in the intestines (gastrointestinal tract microflora). Resistance to antimicrobial agents can occur through a number of mechanisms. The extent to which resistance develops is greatly affected by the amount of drug [or its metabolite(s)] a bacterium is exposed to, the duration of exposure, and the interaction between an individual antimicrobial agent and a particular bacterium. The impact of antimicrobial agents on the emergence of resistance in vitro and in vivo may not readily correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Steve Yan
- Division of Human Food Safety, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 7500 Standish Place, HFV-150, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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8
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Mukai T, Kaneko S, Matsumoto M, Ohori H. Binding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri to the carbohydrate moieties of intestinal glycolipids recognized by peanut agglutinin. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 90:357-62. [PMID: 14751691 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(03)00317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined binding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus reuteri to the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids extracted from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells in this study. In binding assays to reference glycolipids of different carbohydrate compositions, B. bifidum EB102 bound strongly to gangliotetraosylceramide (asialo-GM1) and less strongly to gangliotriaosylceramide (asialo-GM2), lactosylceramide and sulfatide. The binding profile of B. bifidum EB102 was almost identical to that of L. reuteri JCM1081 described previously [Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 27 (1998) 130]. When we examined binding to neutral glycolipids extracted from Caco-2 cells, the binding profiles of B. bifidum EB102 and L. reuteri JCM1081 were very similar to that shown by peanut agglutinin (PNA). Binding of both strains to periodate-treated intestinal glycolipids was completely abolished, suggesting that the bacterial cells bind to carbohydrate moieties of the glycolipids. Furthermore, B. bifidum EB102 was found to express multiple glycolipid-binding proteinaceaous components on the cell surface. These results strongly suggested involvement of cell-surface proteinaceous components of B. bifidum in binding to the carbohydrate moieties of intestinal glycolipids recognized by PNA. Binding ability of B. bifidum and L. reuteri to intestinal glycolipids may play a crucial role for colonization on the mucosal surface of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Mukai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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9
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Ramirez C, Gebert A. Vimentin-positive cells in the epithelium of rabbit ileal villi represent cup cells but not M-cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:1533-44. [PMID: 14566025 PMCID: PMC3957562 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous (M)-cells are specialized epithelial cells of the Peyer's patch domes that transport antigens from the intestinal lumen to the lymphoid tissue. Vimentin is a reliable marker for M-cells in rabbits. Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), a subpopulation of epithelial cells has recently been identified in ordinary rabbit ileal villi, which are vimentin-positive and share morphological characteristics with the M-cells of the domes. To test the hypothesis that these cells represent M-cells outside the organized lymphoid tissue, lectin labeling and tracer uptake experiments were performed. Lectins specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine oligomers selectively bound to the vimentin-positive villous cells but not to M-cells in the domes. Microbeads instilled into the ileal lumen were taken up by M-cells within 45 min but not by the vimentin-positive cells in the villi. Lectin-gold labeling on ultrathin sections revealed that the lectin binding sites were located in the brush border and in vesicles in the apical cytoplasm. The vimentin/lectin-positive cells shared ultrastructural characteristics with the so-called "cup cells." We conclude (a) that the vimentin-positive cells in ordinary villi represent cup cells but not M-cells, (b) that they are readily detectable by (GlucNAc)(N)-specific lectins, and (c) that they do not transcytose experimental tracers. Although the specific function of cup cells is still obscure, they most probably represent a cell type distinct from M-cells of the domes with respect to both function and expression of the two new markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Gebert
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (CR,AG)
- Correspondence to: Prof. Dr. A. Gebert, Inst. of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany. E-mail:
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10
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Neeser JR, Granato D, Rouvet M, Servin A, Teneberg S, Karlsson KA. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 shares carbohydrate-binding specificities with several enteropathogenic bacteria. Glycobiology 2000; 10:1193-9. [PMID: 11087711 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/10.11.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate-binding specificities of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (a health-beneficial bacterial strain able to be incorporated into the human intestinal microflora) were investigated in vitro. First various soluble complex carbohydrates were tested as potential inhibitors of the strain adhesion onto Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells, and then bacterial binding to glycolipids immobilized on TLC plates was probed. Two major carbohydrate-binding specificities of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 were identified. A first one for an Endo-H treated yeast cell wall mannoprotein carrying mainly O:-linked oligomannosides, and a second one for the gangliotri- and gangliotetra-osylceramides (asialo-GM1). Similar carbohydrate-binding specificities are known to be expressed on cell surface adhesins of several enteropathogens, enabling them to adhere to the host gut mucosa. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that selected probiotic bacterial strains could be able to compete with enteropathogens for the same carbohydrate receptors in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Neeser
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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11
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Suci PA, Geesey GG. Influence of Sodium Periodate and Tyrosinase on Binding of Alginate to Adlayers of Mytilus edulis Foot Protein 1. J Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 230:340-348. [PMID: 11017742 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2000.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mytilus edulis foot protein 1 (Mefp-1) is the most well-characterized component of this sea mussel's adhesive plaque. The plaque is a condensed, heterogeneous mixture consisting of a large proportion of cross-linked biopolymers that bonds the mussel to a chosen mooring. Mefp-1 is densely populated with lysine and L-3,4-dihyroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) residues incorporated into a repeating amino acid sequence motif. It has been proposed that one plaque cross-linking reaction is the nucleophilic addition of the epsilon-amino groups of the lysine residues into the oxidized catechol (o-diphenol) functionality (quinone) of the L-dopa residues. In order to determine if this reaction occurs in adlayers of Mefp-1, a previously developed assay for epsilon-amino groups was applied. Adlayers of Mefp-1 were exposed to an oxidant, either the enzyme, mushroom tyrosinase, or sodium periodate. Binding of alginate to adlayers was used to probe for accessibility of epsilon-amino groups. It was found that lysine residues lose the ability to bind alginate after exposure to sodium periodate, but that this loss is not clearly due to a reaction with L-dopa residues. There is a slight decrease of binding of alginate to adlayers of Mefp-1 exposed to either active or thermally deactivated mushroom tyrosinase, probably due to the obstruction of binding sites by bound enzyme. Adsorption kinetics of mushroom tyrosinase onto adlayers of Mefp-1 for active and thermally inactivated enzyme were nearly identical. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize these interactions at a germanium (Ge) interface. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Suci
- Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717-3980
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12
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Barnett Foster D, Philpott D, Abul-Milh M, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Lingwood CA. Phosphatidylethanolamine recognition promotes enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli host cell attachment. Microb Pathog 1999; 27:289-301. [PMID: 10545256 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1999.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using both solid phase and liposome aggregation assays, we screened a variety of glycolipids and phospholipids and found that EHEC and EPEC bind specifically and in a dose-dependent manner to PE. This binding was consistently observed whether the lipid was immobilized on a thin layer chromatography plate, in a microtitre well or incorporated into a unilamellar vesicle suspended in aqueous solution. There was no evidence of binding to other phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS). Bacterial binding to two epithelial cell lines also correlated with the level of outer leaflet PE and was reduced following preincubation with anti-PE. The PE-binding phenotype of EPEC appeared to correlate with the bundle-forming pilus (bfp) genotype of a number of clinical isolates. These results provide evidence of a receptor role for PE in the adhesion of EHEC and EPEC to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barnett Foster
- Department of Applied Chemical and Biological Sciences, Ryerson Polytechnic University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Manjarrez-Hernandez A, Gavilanes-Parra S, Chavez-Berrocal ME, Molina-Lopez J, Cravioto A. Binding of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to 32- to 33-kilodalton human intestinal brush border proteins. Infect Immun 1997; 65:4494-501. [PMID: 9353025 PMCID: PMC175646 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.11.4494-4501.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have detected human intestinal brush border proteins to which Escherichia coli strains adhere by means of a blotting-nitrocellulose method in which the binding of radiolabeled bacteria to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated intestinal cell membranes was evaluated. The brush border fraction contained several polypeptides that bound only adherent E. coli strains. The most prominent and consistent of these proteins had apparent molecular masses of 32 to 33 kDa. Additional polypeptides ranging from 50 to 70, from 105 to 130, and from 180 to 200 kDa were also recognized by adherent E. coli strains, although with less intensity (in accordance with the number of bound bacteria to these polypeptides). Independently of the pattern of adherence (localized [LA], diffuse [DA], or aggregative [AggA]) all HEp-2-adhering strains recognized, with different intensities, the 32- to 33-kDa brush border proteins, whereas nonadhesive strains did not. The relative avidity of an LA strain to bind to the 32- to 33-kDa proteins was approximately seven- and sixfold higher than the binding of strains with aggregative and diffuse adherence, respectively. Thus, it is reasonable to think that LA, DA, and AggA strains have a common adhesin that mediates binding to the 32- to 33-kDa bands. Inhibition experiments using HEp-2 cells demonstrated that isolated 32- to 33-kDa proteins or specific antiserum blocked preferentially bacterial adherence of the LA pattern. Delipidization and protein digestion of the human brush borders confirmed that E. coli bound to structures of a proteinaceous nature. Deglycosylation studies and sodium meta-periodate oxidation of the intestinal cell membranes decreased bacterial binding activity significantly, indicating that E. coli bound to carbohydrate moieties in the glycoproteins. These results suggest that binding of E. coli strains, mainly of the LA phenotype, to the 32- to 33-kDa proteins could play a role in colonization through adherence to the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manjarrez-Hernandez
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Bernet-Camard MF, Duigou F, Kernéis S, Coconnier MH, Servin AL. Glucose up-regulates expression of the differentiation-associated brush border binding site for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I in cultured human enterocyte-like cells. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1299-306. [PMID: 9119465 PMCID: PMC175131 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.4.1299-1306.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The association of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli expressing colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) with the cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cell, a model of the mature enterocyte of the small intestine, is dependent on the binding of CFA/I to a brush border-associated component. Binding of the purified radiolabeled [125I]CFA/I- and 14C-labeled CFA/I-positive bacteria could be displaced by an increasing concentration of unlabeled CFA/I. Moreover, we showed that expression of the specific CFA/I binding developed as a function of cell differentiation in Caco-2 cells, whereas expression of the nonspecific binding did not. Expression of the brush border differentiation-associated component acting as a binding site for CFA/I was up-regulated by glucose. Indeed, the enterocyte-like HT-29 glc- cell subpopulation not expressing the CFA/I binding site when cultured in dialyzed serum and hexose-free medium regained the ability to bind CFA/I when the cells were returned to culture medium containing glucose. Furthermore, expression of the brush border-associated CFA/I binding site in the enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells was repressed when the cells were cultured in hexose-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Bernet-Camard
- CJF 94.07 INSERM, UFR de Pharmacie Paris XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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15
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Gebert A, Rothkötter HJ, Pabst R. M cells in Peyer's patches of the intestine. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1996; 167:91-159. [PMID: 8768493 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. A characteristic of M cells is that they transport antigens from the lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response or tolerance. Soluble macromolecules, small particles, and also entire microorganisms are transported by M cells. The interactions of these substances with the M cell surface, their transcytosis, and the role of associated lymphoid cells are reviewed in detail. The ultrastructure and several immuno- and lectin-histochemical properties of M cells vary according to species and location along the intestine. We present updated reports on these variations, on identification markers, and on the origin and differentiation of M cells. The immunological significance of M cells and their functional relationship to lymphocytes and antigenpresenting cells are critically reviewed. The current knowledge on M cells in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues outside the gut is briefly outlined. Clinical implications for drug deliver, infection, and vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gebert
- Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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16
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Cassels FJ, Wolf MK. Colonization factors of diarrheagenic E. coli and their intestinal receptors. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 15:214-26. [PMID: 8519480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While Escherichia coli is common as a commensal organism in the distal ileum and colon, the presence of colonization factors (CF) on pathogenic strains of E. coli facilitates attachment of the organism to intestinal receptor molecules in a species- and tissue-specific fashion. After the initial adherence, colonization occurs, and the involvement of additional virulence determinants leads to illness. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the most extensively studied of the five categories of E. coli that cause diarrheal disease, and has the greatest impact on health worldwide. ETEC can be isolated from domestic animals and humans. The biochemistry, genetics, epidemiology, antigenic characteristics, and cell and receptor binding properties of ETEC have been extensively described. Another major category, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), has virulence mechanisms, primarily effacement and cytoskeletal rearrangement of intestinal brush borders, that are distinct from ETEC. An EPEC CF receptor has been purified and characterized as a sialidated transmembrane glycoprotein complex directly attached to actin, thereby associating CF-binding with host-cell response. Three additional categories of E. coli diarrheal disease, their colonization factors and their host cell receptors, are discussed. It appears that biofilms exist in the intestine in a manner similar to oral bacterial biofilms, and that E. coli is part of these biofilms as both commensals and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Cassels
- Department of Gastroenterology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
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