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Pullagurla A, Netha Myakala R, Mandala J, Joshi L, Gaddam S. Elucidating the effect of pro and anti-inflammatory recombinant cytokines TNF-α and TGF-β in tuberculosis. Cytokine 2024; 182:156712. [PMID: 39084068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) and about one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. The household contacts of TB patients are at higher risk towards TB than general population. During the initial stages of infection, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are induced by innate immune cells, and the course of infection is influenced by general cytokine environment. These cytokines play an important role in the regulation of host immune responses against M tb. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the cytokines role in the immune mechanism to evaluate the correlation between the disease and the immune responses involved in TB. Our current study has focused on recombinant cytokines to understand their effects on cell proliferation and cytokine levels in culture supernatants. We observed that the mean proliferative responses to recombinant rhTNF-α were high and TNF-α levels were significantly low in APTB patients compared to their HHC and HC with p < 0.0375 and p < 0.0051 respectively. The mean proliferative responses to recombinant rhTGF-β were significantly low in APTB when compared to HHC and HC with p < 0.0376, p < 0.0247 respectively, and TGF-β levels were also significantly low in APTB and HHC compared to HC with p < 0.0468 and p < 0.0001 respectively. The lower cytokine secretions in culture supernatants might be due the autocrine signaling by recombinant cytokines towards the inflammatory response. Further, to validate these recombinant cytokines, a larger sample size could aid in identifying individuals at high risk for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Pullagurla
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Jyothipriya Mandala
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lavanya Joshi
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.
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2
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Abbasnia S, Hashem Asnaashari AM, Sharebiani H, Soleimanpour S, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host interactions in the manifestation of tuberculosis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 36:100458. [PMID: 38983441 PMCID: PMC11231606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The final step of epigenetic processes is changing the gene expression in a new microenvironment in the body, such as neuroendocrine changes, active infections, oncogenes, or chemical agents. The case of tuberculosis (TB) is an outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and host interaction in the manifestation of active and latent TB or clearance. This comprehensive review explains and interprets the epigenetics findings regarding gene expressions on the host-pathogen interactions in the development and progression of tuberculosis. This review introduces novel insights into the complicated host-pathogen interactions, discusses the challengeable results, and shows the gaps in the clear understanding of M.tb behavior. Focusing on the biological phenomena of host-pathogen interactions, the epigenetic changes, and their outcomes provides a promising future for developing effective TB immunotherapies when converting gene expression toward appropriate host immune responses gradually becomes attainable. Overall, this review may shed light on the dark sides of TB pathogenesis as a life-threatening disease. Therefore, it may support effective planning and implementation of epigenetics approaches for introducing proper therapies or effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Abbasnia
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hiva Sharebiani
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Chauhan S, Nusbaum RJ, Huante MB, Holloway AJ, Endsley MA, Gelman BB, Lisinicchia JG, Endsley JJ. Therapeutic Modulation of Arginase with nor-NOHA Alters Immune Responses in Experimental Mouse Models of Pulmonary Tuberculosis including in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Co-Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:129. [PMID: 38922041 PMCID: PMC11209148 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
L-arginine metabolism is strongly linked with immunity to mycobacteria, primarily through the antimicrobial activity of nitric oxide (NO). The potential to modulate tuberculosis (TB) outcomes through interventions that target L-arginine pathways are limited by an incomplete understanding of mechanisms and inadequate in vivo modeling. These gaps in knowledge are compounded for HIV and Mtb co-infections, where activation of arginase-1 due to HIV infection may promote survival and replication of both Mtb and HIV. We utilized in vitro and in vivo systems to determine how arginase inhibition using Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) alters L-arginine pathway metabolism relative to immune responses and disease outcomes following Mtb infection. Treatment with nor-NOHA polarized murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) towards M1 phenotype, increased NO, and reduced Mtb in RAW macrophages. In Balb/c mice, nor-NOHA reduced pulmonary arginase and increased the antimicrobial metabolite spermine in association with a trend towards reduced Mtb CFU in lung. In humanized immune system (HIS) mice, HIV infection increased plasma arginase and heightened the pulmonary arginase response to Mtb. Treatment with nor-NOHA increased cytokine responses to Mtb and Mtb/HIV in lung tissue but did not significantly alter bacterial burden or viral load. Our results suggest that L-arginine pathway modulators may have potential as host-directed therapies to augment antibiotics in TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Rebecca J. Nusbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Matthew B. Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Alex J. Holloway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Mark A. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Benjamin B. Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.B.G.); (J.G.L.)
| | - Joshua G. Lisinicchia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (B.B.G.); (J.G.L.)
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (S.C.); (R.J.N.); (M.B.H.); (A.J.H.); (M.A.E.)
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4
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Omotainse OS, Wawegama NK, Kulappu Arachchige SN, Coppo MC, Vaz PK, Saliha U, Bogeski M, Noormohammadi AH, Stent AW. Th-1 cytotoxic cell-mediated response predominates in the tracheal mucosa following Mycoplasma synoviae infection of MS-H-vaccinated chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109921. [PMID: 38000210 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is a pathogen of poultry that causes upper respiratory tract disease. MS-H is a live attenuated temperature-sensitive vaccine that effectively control M. synoviae infection in chickens. However, the mechanisms underpinning protection have not been described previously. In this study, specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age with MS-H vaccine and challenged with field strain M. synoviae 94011/v-18d at 6 weeks of age. Tracheal mucosal inflammation was characterised by the assessment of thickness, histopathological lesions, cellular infiltrates and cytokine transcription. Tracheal lesion scores of unvaccinated-challenged (-V+C) birds were higher than that of vaccinated-challenged (+V+C) birds. +V+C birds displayed early upregulation of IL-4, consistent with a Th-2-skewed response, followed by a later increase in IFN-γ transcription, indicating transition to a Th-1-skewed response. -V+C birds displayed a concurrent early Th-2 and Th-17 response characterised by increase expression of IL-4 and IL-17A respectively, and late T regulatory response characterised by increased IL-10 transcription. +V+C chickens had more cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) at 7- and 21 days post-challenge (dpc), while -V+C chickens had higher numbers of infiltrating CD4+CD25+ at 7 and 21 dpc. Overall, these observations suggest that the immune response in +V+C chickens had an inflammation characterised by an early Th-2 skewed response followed closely by a Th-1 response and infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, while the response in -V+C chickens was an early Th-2/Th-17-skewed response closely followed by a T regulatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadamilola S Omotainse
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sathya N Kulappu Arachchige
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mauricio C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Concepción, Biobío, Chile
| | - Paola K Vaz
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Uneeb Saliha
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirjana Bogeski
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir H Noormohammadi
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew W Stent
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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5
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Bellini C, Vergara E, Bencs F, Fodor K, Bősze S, Krivić D, Bacsa B, Surguta SE, Tóvári J, Reljic R, Horváti K. Design and Characterization of a Multistage Peptide-Based Vaccine Platform to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1738-1753. [PMID: 37606258 PMCID: PMC10587871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The complex immunopathology ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) is one of the main challenges in developing a novel vaccine against this pathogen, particularly regarding eliciting protection against both active and latent stages. Multistage vaccines, which contain antigens expressed in both phases, represent a promising strategy for addressing this issue, as testified by the tuberculosis vaccine clinical pipeline. Given this approach, we designed and characterized a multistage peptide-based vaccine platform containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes previously validated for inducing a relevant T cell response against Mtb. After preliminary screening, CFP10 (32-39), GlfT2 (4-12), HBHA (185-194), and PPE15 (1-15) were selected as promising candidates, and we proved that the PM1 pool of these peptides triggered a T cell response in Mtb-sensitized human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taking advantage of the use of thiol-maleimide chemoselective ligation, we synthesized a multiepitope conjugate (Ac-CGHP). Our results showed a structure-activity relationship between the conjugation and a higher tendency to fold and assume an ordered secondary structure. Moreover, the palmitoylated conjugate (Pal-CGHP) comprising the same peptide antigens was associated with an enhanced cellular uptake in human and murine antigen-presenting cells and a better immunogenicity profile. Immunization study, conducted in BALB/c mice, showed that Pal-CGHP induced a significantly higher T cell proliferation and production of IFNγ and TNFα over PM1 formulated in the Sigma Adjuvant System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Emil Vergara
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Fruzsina Bencs
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Laboratory
of Structural Chemistry and Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Kinga Fodor
- Department
of Laboratory Animal Science and Animal Protection, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd
Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Denis Krivić
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernadett Bacsa
- Division
of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sára Eszter Surguta
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- Department
of Experimental Pharmacology and National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Rajko Reljic
- Institute
for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s,
University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K.
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-TTK
Lendület “Momentum” Peptide-Based Vaccines Research
Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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6
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Chepngeno J, Amimo JO, Michael H, Raev SA, Jung K, Lee MV, Damtie D, Omwando A, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Vitamin A deficiency and vitamin A supplementation affect innate and T cell immune responses to rotavirus A infection in a conventional sow model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188757. [PMID: 37180172 PMCID: PMC10166828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) causes ~200,000 diarrheal deaths annually in children <5yrs, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Risk factors include nutritional status, social factors, breastfeeding status, and immunodeficiency. We evaluated the effects of vitamin A (VA) deficiency/VA supplementation and RVA exposure (anamnestic) on innate and T cell immune responses in RVA seropositive pregnant and lactating sows and passive protection of their piglets post-RVA challenge. Sows were fed VA deficient (VAD) or sufficient (VAS) diets starting at gestation day (GD)30. A subset of VAD sows received VA supplementation from GD|76 (30,000IU/day, VAD+VA). Sows (6 groups) were inoculated with porcine RVA G5P[7] (OSU strain) or Minimal Essential Medium (mock) at GD~90: VAD+RVA; VAS+RVA; VAD+VA+RVA; VAD-mock; VAS-mock; and VAD+VA-mock. Blood, milk, and gut-associated tissues were collected from sows at several time points to examine innate [natural killer (NK), dendritic (DC) cells], T cell responses and changes in genes involved in the gut-mammary gland (MG)-immunological axis trafficking. Clinical signs of RVA were evaluated post inoculation of sows and post-challenge of piglets. We observed decreased frequencies of NK cells, total and MHCII+ plasmacytoid DCs, conventional DCs, CD103+ DCs and CD4+/CD8+ and T regulatory cells (Tregs) and NK cell activity in VAD+RVA sows. Polymeric Ig receptor and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) genes were downregulated in mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum of VAD+RVA sows. Interestingly, RVA-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+/CD8+ T cells were increased in VAD-Mock sows, coinciding with increased IL-22 suggesting inflammation in these sows. VA supplementation to VAD+RVA sows restored frequencies of NK cells and pDCs, and NK activity, but not tissue cDCs and blood Tregs. In conclusion, similar to our recent observations of decreased B cell responses in VAD sows that led to decreased passive immune protection of their piglets, VAD impaired innate and T cell responses in sows, while VA supplementation to VAD sows restored some, but not all responses. Our data reiterate the importance of maintaining adequate VA levels and RVA immunization in pregnant and lactating mothers to achieve optimal immune responses, efficient function of the gut-MG-immune cell-axis and to improve passive protection of their piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joshua O. Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Husheem Michael
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Sergei A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Marcia V. Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- The Ohio State University Global One Health LLC, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred Omwando
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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7
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Madrid-Paulino E, Mata-Espinosa D, León-Contreras JC, Serrano-Fujarte I, Díaz de León-Guerrero S, Villaseñor T, Ramon-Luing L, Puente JL, Chavez-Galan L, Hernández-Pando R, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Klf10 favors Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival by impairing IFN-γ production and preventing macrophages reprograming to macropinocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:475-490. [PMID: 35726707 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has developed diverse mechanisms to survive inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. Phagocytosis is a key process in eliminating invading pathogens; thus, M. tuberculosis efficiently disrupts phagosome maturation to ensure infection. However, inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages in response to early M. tuberculosis infection are key to promoting bacterial clarification. IFN-γ enhances M. tuberculosis engulfment and destruction by reprogramming macrophages from phagocytosis to macropinocytosis. Here, we show that the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 10 (Klf10) plays a positive role in M. tuberculosis survival and infection by negatively modulating IFN-γ levels. Naïve Klf10-deficient macrophages produce more IFN-γ upon stimulation than wild-type macrophages, thus enhancing bacterial uptake and bactericidal activity achieved by macropinocytosis. Moreover, Klf10⁻/ ⁻ macrophages showed cytoplasmic distribution of coronin 1 correlated with increased pseudopod count and length. In agreement with these observations, Klf10⁻/ ⁻ mice showed improved bacterial clearance from the lungs and increased viability. Altogether, our data indicate that Klf10 plays a critical role in M. tuberculosis survival by preventing macrophage reprogramming from phagocytosis to macropinocytosis by negatively regulating IFN-γ production upon macrophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Madrid-Paulino
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isela Serrano-Fujarte
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sol Díaz de León-Guerrero
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Tomás Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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8
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Smyth R, Berton S, Rajabalee N, Chan T, Sun J. Protein Kinase R Restricts the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Promoting Selective Autophagy. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613963. [PMID: 33552025 PMCID: PMC7862720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious lung disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The identification of macrophage signaling proteins exploited by Mtb during infection will enable the development of alternative host-directed therapies (HDT) for TB. HDT strategies will boost host immunity to restrict the intracellular replication of Mtb and therefore hold promise to overcome antimicrobial resistance, a growing crisis in TB therapy. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a key host sensor that functions in the cellular antiviral response. However, its role in defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens is not clearly defined. Herein, we demonstrate that expression and activation of PKR is upregulated in macrophages infected with Mtb. Immunological profiling of human THP-1 macrophages that overexpress PKR (THP-PKR) showed increased production of IP-10 and reduced production of IL-6, two cytokines that are reported to activate and inhibit IFNγ-dependent autophagy, respectively. Indeed, sustained expression and activation of PKR reduced the intracellular survival of Mtb, an effect that could be enhanced by IFNγ treatment. We further demonstrate that the enhanced anti-mycobacterial activity of THP-PKR macrophages is mediated by a mechanism dependent on selective autophagy, as indicated by increased levels of LC3B-II that colocalize with intracellular Mtb. Consistent with this mechanism, inhibition of autophagolysosome maturation with bafilomycin A1 abrogated the ability of THP-PKR macrophages to limit replication of Mtb, whereas pharmacological activation of autophagy enhanced the anti-mycobacterial effect of PKR overexpression. As such, PKR represents a novel and attractive host target for development of HDT for TB, and our data suggest value in the design of more specific and potent activators of PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Berton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nusrah Rajabalee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Therese Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Reichler MR, Hirsch C, Yuan Y, Khan A, Dorman SE, Schluger N, Sterling TR. Predictive value of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 for tuberculosis among recently exposed contacts in the United States and Canada. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:553. [PMID: 32736606 PMCID: PMC7394686 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined cytokine immune response profiles among contacts to tuberculosis patients to identify immunologic and epidemiologic correlates of tuberculosis. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 1272 contacts of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients at 9 United States and Canadian sites. Epidemiologic characteristics were recorded. Blood was collected and stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate protein, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations were determined using immunoassays. RESULTS Of 1272 contacts, 41 (3.2%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis before or < 30 days after blood collection (co-prevalent tuberculosis) and 19 (1.5%) during subsequent four-year follow-up (incident tuberculosis). Compared with contacts without tuberculosis, those with co-prevalent tuberculosis had higher median baseline TNF-α and IFN-γ concentrations (in pg/mL, TNF-α 129 versus 71, P < .01; IFN-γ 231 versus 27, P < .001), and those who subsequently developed incident tuberculosis had higher median baseline TNF-α concentrations (in pg/mL, 257 vs. 71, P < .05). In multivariate analysis, contact age < 15 years, US/Canadian birth, and IFN or TNF concentrations > the median were associated with co-prevalent tuberculosis (P < .01 for each); female sex (P = .03) and smoking (P < .01) were associated with incident tuberculosis. In algorithms combining young age, positive skin test results, and elevated CFPS TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 responses, the positive predictive values for co-prevalent and incident tuberculosis were 40 and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine concentrations and epidemiologic factors at the time of contact investigation may predict co-prevalent and incident tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Reichler
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, 30329-4027, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Christina Hirsch
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yan Yuan
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, 30329-4027, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Awal Khan
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-10, 1600 Clifton Road NE, 30329-4027, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan E Dorman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil Schluger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Yang R, Yao L, Shen L, Sha W, Modlin RL, Shen H, Chen ZW. IL-12 Expands and Differentiates Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Effector Cells Producing Antimicrobial Cytokines and Inhibiting Intracellular Mycobacterial Growth. Front Immunol 2019; 10:913. [PMID: 31080452 PMCID: PMC6497761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While IL-12 plays a key role in differentiation of protective CD4+ Th1 response, little is known about mechanisms whereby IL-12 differentiates other T-cell populations. Published studies suggest that predominant Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in humans/nonhuman primates (NHP) are a fast-acting T-cell subset, with capacities to rapidly expand and produce Th1 and cytotoxic cytokines in response to phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) or others. However, whether IL-12 signaling pathway mediates fast-acting and Th1 or anti-microbial features of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells remains poorly defined. Here, we show that IL-12, but not other IL-12 family members IL-27/IL-35, apparently expanded HMBPP-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Although IL-12 and IL-2 similarly expanded HMBPP-activated Vγ2Vδ2 T-cell clones, the IL-12-induced expansion did not require endogenous IL-2 or IL-2 co-signaling during HMBPP + IL-12 co-treatment. IL-12-induced expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells required the PI3K/AKT and STAT4 activation pathways and endogenous TNF-α signaling but did not involve p38/MAPK or IFN-γ signals. IL-12-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells exhibited central/effector memory phenotypes and differentiated into polyfunctional effector cell subtypes which expressed TBX21/T-bet, antimicrobial cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and cytotoxic granule molecules. Furthermore, the IL-12-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells inhibited the growth of intracellular mycobacteria in IFN-γ- or TNF-α-dependent fashion. Our findings support the concept that IL-12 drives early development of fast-acting Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in antimicrobial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng W Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Agrawal N, Streata I, Pei G, Weiner J, Kotze L, Bandermann S, Lozza L, Walzl G, du Plessis N, Ioana M, Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A. Human Monocytic Suppressive Cells Promote Replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Alter Stability of in vitro Generated Granulomas. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2417. [PMID: 30405617 PMCID: PMC6205994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has tremendous public health relevance. It most frequently affects the lung and is characterized by the development of unique tissue lesions, termed granulomas. These lesions encompass various immune populations, with macrophages being most extensively investigated. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been recently identified in TB patients, both in the circulation and at the site of infection, however their interactions with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and their impact on granulomas remain undefined. We generated human monocytic MDSCs and observed that their suppressive capacities are retained upon Mtb infection. We employed an in vitro granuloma model, which mimics human TB lesions to some extent, with the aim of analyzing the roles of MDSCs within granulomas. MDSCs altered the structure of and affected bacterial containment within granuloma-like structures. These effects were partly controlled through highly abundant secreted IL-10. Compared to macrophages, MDSCs activated primarily the NF-κB and MAPK pathways and the latter largely contributed to the release of IL-10 and replication of bacteria within in vitro generated granulomas. Moreover, MDSCs upregulated PD-L1 and suppressed proliferation of lymphocytes, albeit with negligible effects on Mtb replication. Further comprehensive characterization of MDSCs in TB will contribute to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the design of novel immune-based interventions for this deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Streata
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova, Romania
| | - Gang Pei
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leigh Kotze
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Silke Bandermann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Mihai Ioana
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova, Romania
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Enhanced Suppressive Activity of Regulatory T Cells in the Microenvironment of Malignant Pleural Effusions. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9876014. [PMID: 29785404 PMCID: PMC5896249 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9876014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastatic spread to serous cavity causes malignant pleural effusions (MPEs), indicating dismal prognosis. Tumor microenvironment can implement suppressive activity on host immune responses. Thus, we investigated the prevalence of Tregs and the relationship between them and TGF-β and IL-10 concentrations and measured expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4, CD28, and GITR genes, as well as protein expression of selected genes in benign effusions and MPEs. The percentage of Tregs was determined by means of multicolor flow cytometry system. TGF-β and IL-10 concentrations were measured using human TGF-β1 and IL-10 ELISA kit. Relative mRNA expression of studied genes was analyzed by real-time PCR. The frequency of Tregs was significantly higher in MPEs compared to benign effusions; however, the level of TGF-β and IL-10 in analyzed groups was comparable, and no correlation between concentrations of TGF-β and IL-10 and percentage of Tregs was observed. Relative mRNA expression of all the genes was higher in CD4+CD25+ compared to CD4+CD25− cells. In CD4+CD25+ cells from MPEs, relative mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA-4, and CD28 genes was significantly higher than in benign effusions; however, the level of CD4+CD25+CTLA-4+ cells in analyzed groups showed no significant differences. We found numerous genes correlations in an entire CD4+CD25+ cell subset and CD4+CD25+ cells from MPEs. Enhanced suppressive activity of Tregs is observed in the microenvironment of MPEs. Understanding of relations between cellular and cytokine immunosuppressive factors in tumor microenvironment may determine success of anticancer response.
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13
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Zhang C, Yang L, Zhao N, Zhao Y, Shi C. Insights into Macrophage Autophagy in Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Role of Heat Shock Protein 16.3. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:442-448. [PMID: 29461881 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major bacterial infectious disease worldwide that is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The comorbidity of multiple drug-resistant TB strains with HIV and diabetes is widespread. In the presence of these diseases, host immunity is weakened, allowing the recovery of dormant bacilli and leading to recurrent TB infection. As an important component of the host innate and adaptive immune responses, macrophage autophagy plays a significant role in protecting the host against TB. However, dormant bacilli can escape from autophagosomes and/or suppress autophagy, thus surviving within the host for an extended period of time, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Heat shock protein 16.3 (Hsp16.3, HspX, Rv2031c, and Acr) is one of the immunodominant proteins expressed during latent TB infection (LTBI). It may help maintain the protein stability and long-term viability of Mtb by inhibiting macrophage autophagy, resulting in LBTI. In this review, we discuss how dormant bacilli escape from autophagosomes, and we focus on the role of Hsp16.3 in regulating macrophage autophagy in LTBI so as to provide a firm basis for further studies. Hsp16.3 may represent a potential biomarker of LTBI and novel pharmacological target for anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Zhang
- Division of Infection and Immunology, Laboratory Animals Center, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Infection and Immunology, Laboratory Animals Center, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Ningning Zhao
- Division of Infection and Immunology, Laboratory Animals Center, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Division of Infection and Immunology, Laboratory Animals Center, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Infection and Immunology, Laboratory Animals Center, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China
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14
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Mukhamedshina YO, Akhmetzyanova ER, Martynova EV, Khaiboullina SF, Galieva LR, Rizvanov AA. Systemic and Local Cytokine Profile following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: A Multiplex Analysis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:581. [PMID: 29163344 PMCID: PMC5671564 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study of the changes in cytokine profile in blood serum and in the spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has shown that an inflammatory reaction and immunological response are not limited to the CNS, but widespread. This fact was confirmed by changes detected in a cytokine profile in blood serum samples [MIP-1α, interleukin 1 (IL-1) α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-1β, MCP-1, RANTES]. There were also changes in the levels of MIP-1α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-18, GM-colony-stimulating factor, IL-17α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, MCP-1, and GRO KC CINC-1 in samples of the rat injured spinal cord. The results underscore the complex cytokine network imbalance exhibited after SCI and show significant changes in the concentrations of 14 cytokines/chemokines with different inflammatory and immunological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana O Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Luisa R Galieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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15
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Domingo-Gonzalez R, Prince O, Cooper A, Khader SA. Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016. [PMID: 27763255 PMCID: PMC5205539 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0018-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and cytokines are critical for initiating and coordinating the organized and sequential recruitment and activation of cells into Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lungs. Correct mononuclear cellular recruitment and localization are essential to ensure control of bacterial growth without the development of diffuse and damaging granulocytic inflammation. An important block to our understanding of TB pathogenesis lies in dissecting the critical aspects of the cytokine/chemokine interplay in light of the conditional role these molecules play throughout infection and disease development. Much of the data highlighted in this review appears at first glance to be contradictory, but it is the balance between the cytokines and chemokines that is critical, and the "goldilocks" (not too much and not too little) phenomenon is paramount in any discussion of the role of these molecules in TB. Determination of how the key chemokines/cytokines and their receptors are balanced and how the loss of that balance can promote disease is vital to understanding TB pathogenesis and to identifying novel therapies for effective eradication of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Prince
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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16
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Xu J, Han R, Kim DW, Mo JH, Jin Y, Rha KS, Kim YM. Role of Interleukin-10 on Nasal Polypogenesis in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161013. [PMID: 27584662 PMCID: PMC5008817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. The dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with an enhanced immunopathologic response to infection, as well as with an increased risk for developing numerous autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated IL-10 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and assessed the possible role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Materials and Methods Thirty-five patients with CRSwNP, 12 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without NP (CRSsNP) and 10 control subjects were enrolled in this study. NP tissues and uncinated tissues (UT) were collected for analysis. Dispersed NP cells (DNPCs) were cultured in the presence or absence of IL-25 and IL-10, and a flow cytometric assay was performed to identify the constitutive cell populations of the DNPCs. Murine NP (n = 18) models were used for the in vivo experiments. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blotting analysis and ELISA were performed to measure the expression levels of the selected inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-associated molecules. Results The mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly higher in the NP tissues than in the UT tissues. Strong positive correlations were observed between IL-10 and a variety of inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25, IFN-γ) and inflammation-associated molecules (B-cell activating factor; BAFF, CD19). Other than the IL-25 to IL-10 ratio, the expression ratios of the other measured inflammatory cytokines to IL-10 were significantly lower in the CRSwNP group than in the CRSsNP or control groups. Administrating IL-25 into the cultured DNPCs significantly increased the production of IL-10, but administrating IL-10 had no effect on the production of IL-25. Conclusion Increased expression of IL-10, IL-10 related inflammatory cytokine, and IL-10 related B cell activation indicated that IL-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ruining Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Chonan, Korea
| | - Yongde Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Ki-Sang Rha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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17
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Hirsch CS, Rojas R, Wu M, Toossi Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Expansion of Foxp3 Positive CD4 T-cells with a Regulatory Profile in Tuberculin Non-sensitized Healthy Subjects: Implications for Effective Immunization against TB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27441095 PMCID: PMC4948752 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Infection by MTB or exposure to MTB constituents is associated with intense microbial stimulation of the immune system, through both antigenic and TLR components, and induction of a milieu that is rich in pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we addressed the basis of induced regulatory T-cell (iT-reg) expansion in response to MTB stimulation, in the absence of prior T cell antigen responsiveness. Methods PBMC from HIV-1 un-infected TST negative and TST positive control subjects were stimulated by virulent MTB H37Rv lysate (L), a French press preparation of MTB that includes all bacterial components. Phenotype of MTB H37RvL induced iT-reg was assessed using immunostaining and flow cytometry. Functional capacity of iT-reg was assessed using 3H-Thymidine incorporation and IFNγ production of non-adherent T cells (NAC) in the presence or absence of iT-reg in corresponding culture supernatants in response to TCR stimulation. Realtime PCR was used to assess IDO and FoxP3 mRNA expression. Results The capacity of MTB H37RvL to induce CD4+CD25hi+ Foxp3+ T-cells in PBMC from TST negative subjects was robust (p<0.001), and in fact comparable to induction of iT-reg in PBMC from TST positive subjects. MTB-induced CD4+CD25hi+ T-reg were TGFβ positive (p<0.05). Further, MTB H37RvL induced CD4+CD25hi+ Foxp3+ iT-reg suppressed 3H-Thymidine incorporation and IFNγ production of non-adherent T cells (NAC) in response to TCR stimulation. MTB H37RvL induction of iT-reg was significantly stronger (p<0.01) than that by TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-9 ligands, or combination of all TLR ligands. MTB H37RvL inducted indoleamine 2,3-dideoxygenase (IDO) mRNA expression in monocytes (p<0.001), and co-culture with the IDO inhibitor, D-1MT, decreased frequencies of T-reg (p<0.05). Inhibition of TGFβ by siRNA reduced Foxp3 mRNA expression in CD4 T cells (p<0.05). Conclusion Therefore, MTB and its components expand functional iT-reg in human mononuclear cells from MTB non-sensitized subjects. Also, MTB-induced iT-reg expansion depends on mononuclear phagocyte expression of both TGFβ and IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Roxana Rojas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Mianda Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - Zahra Toossi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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Kiran D, Podell BK, Chambers M, Basaraba RJ. Host-directed therapy targeting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis granuloma: a review. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:167-83. [PMID: 26510950 PMCID: PMC4779125 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Slow progress has been made in lessening the impact of tuberculosis (TB) on human health, especially in parts of the world where Mtb is endemic. Due to the complexity of TB disease, there is still an urgent need to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies to control global spread of disease. Active research targeting avenues to prevent infection or transmission through vaccination, to diagnose asymptomatic carriers of Mtb, and to improve antimicrobial drug treatment responses is ongoing. However, this research is hampered by a relatively poor understanding of the pathogenesis of early infection and the factors that contribute to host susceptibility, protection, and the development of active disease. There is increasing interest in the development of adjunctive therapy that will aid the host in responding to Mtb infection appropriately thereby improving the effectiveness of current and future drug treatments. In this review, we summarize what is known about the host response to Mtb infection in humans and animal models and highlight potential therapeutic targets involved in TB granuloma formation and resolution. Strategies designed to shift the balance of TB granuloma formation toward protective rather than destructive processes are discussed based on our current knowledge. These therapeutic strategies are based on the assumption that granuloma formation, although thought to prevent the spread of the tubercle bacillus within and between individuals contributes to manifestations of active TB disease in human patients when left unchecked. This effect of granuloma formation favors the spread of infection and impairs antimicrobial drug treatment. By gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms by which Mtb infection contributes to irreversible tissue damage, down regulates protective immune responses, and delays tissue healing, new treatment strategies can be rationally designed. Granuloma-targeted therapy is advantageous because it allows for the repurpose of existing drugs used to treat other communicable and non-communicable diseases as adjunctive therapies combined with existing and future anti-TB drugs. Thus, the development of adjunctive, granuloma-targeted therapy, like other host-directed therapies, may benefit from the availability of approved drugs to aid in treatment and prevention of TB. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the results of published studies in the context of new innovative approaches to host-directed therapy that need to be more thoroughly explored in pre-clinical animal studies and in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Kiran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Metabolism of Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1619, USA
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Metabolism of Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1619, USA
| | - Mark Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Metabolism of Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, 1619 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1619, USA.
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SH. Perspectives on host adaptation in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Modulation of inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Discrimination between active and latent tuberculosis based on ratio of antigen-specific to mitogen-induced IP-10 production. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 53:504-10. [PMID: 25428147 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02758-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the major causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). The gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) has been widely used to diagnose TB by testing cell-mediated immune responses but has no capacity for distinguishing between active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI). This study aims to identify a parameter that will help to discriminate active TB and LTBI. Whole-blood samples from 33 active TB patients, 20 individuals with LTBI, and 26 non-TB controls were applied to the commercial IFN-γ release assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, and plasma samples were analyzed for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IFN-γ, monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), interferon gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10), interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by using a commercial cytometric bead array. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific production of most of the assayed cytokines and chemokines was higher in the active TB than in the LTBI group. The mitogen-induced responses were lower in the active TB than in the LTBI group. When the ratio of TB-specific to mitogen-induced responses was calculated, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MIG, and IP-10 were more useful in discriminating active TB from LTBI. In particular, most patients showed higher IP-10 production to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens than to mitogen at the individual level, and the ratio for IP-10 was the strongest indicator of active infection versus LTBI with 93.9% sensitivity and 90% specificity. In conclusion, the ratio of the TB-specific to the mitogen-induced IP-10 responses showed the most promising accuracy for discriminating active TB versus LTBI and should be further studied to determine whether it can serve as a biomarker that might help clinicians administer appropriate treatments.
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BoseDasgupta S, Pieters J. Striking the Right Balance Determines TB or Not TB. Front Immunol 2014; 5:455. [PMID: 25339950 PMCID: PMC4189424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be one of the most successful pathogens on earth. Upon inhalation of M. tuberculosis by a healthy individual, the host immune system will attempt to eliminate these pathogens using a combination of immune defense strategies. These include the recruitment of macrophages and other phagocytes to the site of infection, production of cytokines that enhance the microbicidal capacity of the macrophages, as well as the activation of distinct subsets of leukocytes that work in concert to fight the infection. However, being as successful as it is, M. tuberculosis has evolved numerous strategies to subvert host immunity at virtual every level. As a consequence, one third of the world inhabitants carry M. tuberculosis, and tuberculosis continuous to cause disease in more than 8 million people with deadly consequences in well over 1 million patients each year. In this review, we discuss several of the strategies that M. tuberculosis employs to circumvent host immunity, as well as describe some of the mechanisms that the host uses to counter such subversive strategies. As for many other infectious diseases, the ultimate outcome is usually defined by the relative strength of the virulence strategies employed by the tubercle bacillus versus the arsenal of immune defense mechanisms of the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Berod L, Stüve P, Varela F, Behrends J, Swallow M, Kruse F, Krull F, Ghorbani P, Mayer CT, Hölscher C, Sparwasser T. Rapid rebound of the Treg compartment in DEREG mice limits the impact of Treg depletion on mycobacterial burden, but prevents autoimmunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102804. [PMID: 25050936 PMCID: PMC4106855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis (Tb) represents one of the major medical challenges of this century. Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only vaccine available at present, is mostly effective at preventing disseminated Tb in children, but shows variable protection against pulmonary Tb, the most common form in adults. The reasons for this poor efficacy are not completely understood, but there is evidence that T regulatory cells (Tregs) might be involved. Similarly, Tregs have been associated with the immunosuppression observed in patients infected with Tb and are therefore believed to play a role in pathogen persistence. Thus, Treg depletion has been postulated as a novel strategy to potentiate M. bovis BCG vaccination on one side, while on the other, employed as a therapeutic approach during chronic Tb infection. Yet since Tregs are critically involved in controlling autoimmune inflammation, elimination of Tregs may therefore also incur the danger of an excessive inflammatory immune response. Thus, understanding the dynamics and function of Tregs during mycobacterial infection is crucial to evaluate the potential of Treg depletion as a medical option. To address this, we depleted Tregs after infection with M. bovis BCG or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) using DEREG mice, which express the diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor under the control of the FoxP3 locus, thereby allowing the selective depletion of FoxP3+ Tregs. Our results show that after depletion, the Treg niche is rapidly refilled by a population of DT-insensitive Tregs (diTregs) and bacterial load remains unchanged. On the contrary, impaired rebound of Tregs in DEREG × FoxP3GFP mice improves pathogen burden, but is accompanied by detrimental autoimmune inflammation. Therefore, our study provides the proof-of-principle that, although a high degree of Treg depletion may contribute to the control of mycobacterial infection, it carries the risk of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Stüve
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Filipa Varela
- Priority Research Area "Infection", Division "Infection Immunology", Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Jochen Behrends
- Core Facility "Fluorescence Cytometry", Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Kruse
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Freyja Krull
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peyman Ghorbani
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian T. Mayer
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Priority Research Area "Infection", Division "Infection Immunology", Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Inflammation at Interfaces", Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Clinical disease upregulates expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1274-82. [PMID: 23761659 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00246-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD40L) have costimulatory effects as part of a complex series of events in host immunity. In this study, the expression of CD40 and CD40L on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from cattle with Johne's disease were measured on freshly isolated PBMCs and on cells cultured for 8, 24, and 72 h in the presence or absence of live Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and exogenous gamma interferon, interleukin 10, and transforming growth factor β. Results demonstrated greater CD40 and CD40L expression on fresh PBMCs obtained from animals in the clinical stage of disease (symptomatic) than those from healthy control animals or cows in the subclinical stage of disease (asymptomatic). A similar expression profile with greater magnitude was noted for cultured PBMCs, with increased CD40 expression after 8 and 24 h of culture and increased CD40L expression between 24 and 72 h on PBMCs obtained from clinically infected animals. The addition of live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to cell cultures resulted in downregulation of CD40L expression in naturally infected cows, regardless of the disease stage. In contrast, the addition of live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to cultures resulted in upregulation of CD40 expression on cells obtained from clinically infected animals, while a decrease in expression was noted for healthy and subclinically infected cows. No effects of exogenous cytokines on CD40 or CD40L expression were observed. These results clearly point for the first time to a disparity in the expression of these costimulatory molecules on immune cells from cattle in different stages of Johne's disease and suggest further investigation into their roles in paratuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Abstract
For centuries the treatment of TB has presented an enormous challenge to global health. In the 20th century, the treatment of TB patients with long-term multidrug therapy gave hope that TB could be controlled and cured; however, contrary to these expectations and coinciding with the emergence of AIDS, the world has witnessed a rampant increase in hard-to-treat cases of TB, along with the emergence of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Unfortunately, these bacteria are now circulating around the world, and there are few effective drugs to treat them. As a result, the prospects for improved treatment and control of TB in the 21st century have worsened and we urgently need to identify new therapies that deal with this problem. The potential use of immunotherapy for TB is now of greater consideration than ever before, as immunotherapy could potentially overcome the problem of drug resistance. TB immunotherapy targets the already existing host anti-TB immune response and aims to enhance killing of the bacilli. For this purpose, several approaches have been used: the use of anti-Mycobacteria antibodies; enhancing the Th1 protective responses by using mycobacterial antigens or increasing Th1 cytokines; interfering with the inflammatory process and targeting of immunosuppressive pathways and targeting the cell activation/proliferation pathways. This article reviews our current understanding of TB immunity and targets for immunotherapy that could be used in combination with current TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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25
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Iyer SS, Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2012; 32:23-63. [PMID: 22428854 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 896] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties that plays a central role in limiting host immune response to pathogens, thereby preventing damage to the host and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of IL-10 is associated with enhanced immunopathology in response to infection as well as increased risk for development of many autoimmune diseases. Thus a fundamental understanding of IL-10 gene expression is critical for our comprehension of disease progression and resolution of host inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss modes of regulation of IL-10 gene expression in immune effector cell types, including signal transduction, epigenetics, promoter architecture, and post-transcriptional regulation, and how aberrant regulation contributes to immunopathology and disease progression.
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John SH, Kenneth J, Gandhe AS. Host biomarkers of clinical relevance in tuberculosis: review of gene and protein expression studies. Biomarkers 2011; 17:1-8. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.628048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Grayfer L, Hodgkinson JW, Belosevic M. Analysis of the antimicrobial responses of primary phagocytes of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) against Mycobacterium marinum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1146-1158. [PMID: 21530582 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The slow growth rate of Mycobacterium spp. that infect humans coupled with a lack of reliable in vitro infection model systems has hindered the progress of research in host cell-mycobacteria interactions. Recent studies have utilized the relatively fast growing Mycobacterium marinum to examine the host-pathogen interface in natural fish hosts. Here we describe the use of primary goldfish monocyte and mature macrophage cultures to investigate the immune cell-M. marinum interactions. Live and heat-killed M. marinum abrogated the recombinant goldfish (rg)TNFα2 and rgIFNγ-induced monocyte reactive oxygen production. Live but not heat-killed M. marinum also ablated rgIFNγrel and rg-TNFα2 induced macrophage nitric oxide production. M. marinum induced significant changes in gene expression of select NADPH oxidase components and inflammatory cytokine receptors and up-regulated the expression of immunosuppressive genes IL-10, TGFβ1 and SOCS-3. The exposure of monocytes and mature macrophages to M. marinum caused an increase in the mRNA levels of several pro-inflammatory genes. Stimulation of monocytes and macrophages with rgTNFα2, rgIFNγ, or rgIFNγrel reduced the survival of intracellular mycobacteria. The characterization of the interaction between M. marinum and natural host-derived primary phagocyte cultures will enable future studies on the host-pathogen interactions in mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Selma WB, Harizi H, Bougmiza I, Hannachi N, Kahla IB, Zaieni R, Boukadida J. Interferon Gamma +874T/A Polymorphism Is Associated with Susceptibility to Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Development in Tunisian Patients. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 30:379-87. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Selma
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- CNRS UMR 5540, Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Iheb Bougmiza
- Department of Community Medicine, Medicine Faculty, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Naila Hannachi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Kahla
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Jalel Boukadida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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Ben-Selma W, Ben-Abderrahmen Y, Boukadida J, Harizi H. IL-10R1 S138G loss-of-function polymorphism is associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk development in Tunisia. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:51-6. [PMID: 21553229 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that host genetic factors are important in determining susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. More recently, functional genetic mutations affecting IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) were described. In this study, we investigated the relationship of IL-10R1 S138G loss-of-function polymorphism (A536G: rs3135932) with susceptibility to active tuberculosis (TB) in Tunisian patients. A total of 168 patients with pulmonary TB, 55 with extrapulmonary TB, and 150 control subjects were studied. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from leukocytes and used to investigate S138G polymorphism in IL-10R1 gene by multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Associations between G allele [odds ratio OR=5.01; 95% confidence intervals CI=2.58-9.77; P=10(-7)], GG genotypes [OR=9.06; 95% CI (1.58-67.33); correcting P-values using the Bonferroni method for multiple tests Pc=0.015] and AG genotype [OR=3.75; 95% CI (1.62-8.7); Pc=0.0012] with the risk development of active extrapulmonary TB were found. In contrast, the AA genotype was found to be associated with resistance to extrapulmonary TB [OR=0.19; 95% CI (0.09-0.42); Pc=6.10(-6)]. No association was found between S138G SNP and pulmonary TB. In conclusion, our study suggested the possible role of IL-10R1 S138G loss-of-function polymorphism in extrapulmonary TB susceptibility-resistance in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben-Selma
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, UR02SP13, Farhat Hached University Hospital, CHU Farhat Hached-Av. Ibn el Jazzar, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia.
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Stanford J, Stanford C, Dlugovitzky D, Fiorenza G, Martinel-Lamas D, Selenscig D, Bogue C. Potential for immunotherapy with heat-killed Mycobacterium vaccae in respiratory medicine. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:933-47. [PMID: 20635912 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with Mycobacterium vaccae has been shown to be beneficial as part of the treatment for a wide range of diseases. In the respiratory system, the late airway response in bronchial asthma is modified by a single dose and bronchial aspects of hayfever are reduced allowing a major reduction in the use of bronchial dilators. In studies of advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung survival is increased by an average of 4 months when up to five doses of M. vaccae are added to the course of chemotherapy. The quality of life of cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with M. vaccae is improved, even if survival is not increased. It is suggested that the mechanism of action of immunotherapy with heat-killed, borate-buffered M. vaccae is likely to be very similar in all these diseases for which human pulmonary tuberculosis provides a model. In this study, additional immunological data are reported from material stored from an earlier study of immunotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis to help complete the information on the way that treatment with three monthly injections of heat-killed, borate-buffered M. vaccae (SRL172) may act.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stanford
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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Green AM, Mattila JT, Bigbee CL, Bongers KS, Lin PL, Flynn JL. CD4(+) regulatory T cells in a cynomolgus macaque model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:533-41. [PMID: 20617900 PMCID: PMC3683560 DOI: 10.1086/654896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans results in either latent infection or active tuberculosis. We sought to determine whether a higher frequency of regulatory T (T(reg)) cells predispose an individual toward active disease or whether T(reg) cells develop in response to active disease. METHODS In cynomolgus macaques infected with a low dose of M. tuberculosis, approximately 50% develop primary tuberculosis, and approximately 50% become latently infected. Forty-one animals were monitored for 6-8 months to assess the correlation of the frequency of Foxp3(+) cells in peripheral blood and airways with the outcome of infection. RESULTS In all animals, the frequency of T(reg) cells (CD4(+)Foxp3(+)) in peripheral blood rapidly decreased and simultaneously increased in the airways. Latently infected monkeys had a significantly higher frequency of T(reg) cells in peripheral blood before infection and during early infection, compared with monkeys that developed active disease. Monkeys with active disease experienced increased frequencies of T(reg) cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells as they developed disease. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that increased frequencies of T(reg) cells in active disease occur in response to increased inflammation rather than act as a causative factor in progression to active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Green
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Molecular Virology and Microbiology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Carolyn L. Bigbee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kale S. Bongers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - P. Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - JoAnne L. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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Regulatory T cell frequency and modulation of IFN-gamma and IL-17 in active and latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:252-61. [PMID: 20594914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in immune homeostasis. In infectious diseases Tregs may inhibit protective responses facilitating pathogen multiplication and dissemination, but they may also limit the inflammatory response diminishing tissue damage. Although there is experimental and clinical evidence that Tregs are induced during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, their role in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis is still not completely understood. In this study, the phenotype, frequency and activity of circulating Tregs in active and latent tuberculosis were evaluated. Phenotypic analysis showed that Tregs were CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+)CD45RO(+)CD127(-). High levels of circulating Tregs were found in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, compared to individuals with latent infection. Treg activity was evaluated by ELISPOT by determining the effect of CD25(+) cell depletion on the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing cells after in vitro stimulation with ESAT-6, CFP-10 and PPD. Treg depletion increased the frequency of IFN-gamma producing cells, without affecting the frequency of IL-17 producing cells, in both active and latent tuberculosis, irrespective of the antigen used. Neutralization of IL-10 did not have any effect on the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing cells. Altogether, these results suggest that during active tuberculosis Tregs inhibit protective Th1 responses, but not the proinflammatory Th17 responses, facilitating mycobacterial replication and tissue damage.
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Almeida AS, Lago PM, Boechat N, Huard RC, Lazzarini LCO, Santos AR, Nociari M, Zhu H, Perez-Sweeney BM, Bang H, Ni Q, Huang J, Gibson AL, Flores VC, Pecanha LR, Kritski AL, Lapa e Silva JR, Ho JL. Tuberculosis Is Associated with a Down-Modulatory Lung Immune Response That Impairs Th1-Type Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:718-31. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Novak MT, Bryers JD, Reichert WM. Biomimetic strategies based on viruses and bacteria for the development of immune evasive biomaterials. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1989-2005. [PMID: 19185345 PMCID: PMC2673477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The field of biomaterials has begun to focus upon materials strategies for modulating the immune response. While certain approaches appear promising, they are currently limited to isolated facets of inflammation process. It is well documented that both bacteria and viruses have highly developed methods for evading the immune system, providing inspiration for a more biomimetic approach to materials design. This review presents the immune evasive tactics employed by viruses and bacteria, and offers suggestions for future directions that apply these principles to design of immune evasive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Novak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708
| | - James D. Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, PO Box 355061, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - William M. Reichert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708
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Herrera MT, Torres M, Nevels D, Perez-Redondo CN, Ellner JJ, Sada E, Schwander SK. Compartmentalized bronchoalveolar IFN-gamma and IL-12 response in human pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2008; 89:38-47. [PMID: 18848499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis (TB) principally involves the lungs, where local immunity impacts on the load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Because concomitants of local Th1 immunity are still under-explored in humans, we characterized immune responses in bronchoalveolar cells (BACs) and systemically in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in persons with active pulmonary TB and in healthy community controls. PPD- and live M.tb-induced IFN-gamma-production were observed in CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaTCR(+), and CD56(+) alveolar T cell subpopulations and NK cells (CD3(-)CD56(+)). IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells (mostly CD45RO(+)) were more abundant (p<0.05). M.tb-induced IL-12p70, but interestingly also IL-4, was increased (p<0.05) in BACs from TB patients. Constitutive expression of IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA in BACs and PBMCs and IFN-gammaR1 in BACs was similar in both study groups. Data were normalized to account for differences in proportions of alveolar T cells and macrophages in the study groups. IFN-gamma-production and its induction by IL-12R engagement occur virtually unimpaired in the bronchoalveolar spaces of patients with pulmonary TB. The reasons for the apparent failure to control M. tuberculosis growth during active pulmonary TB disease is unknown but could be the expression of locally acting immunosuppressive mechanisms that subvert the antimycobacterial effects of IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
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Fletcher HA, Pathan AA, Berthoud TK, Dunachie SJ, Whelan KT, Alder NC, Sander CR, Hill AVS, McShane H. Boosting BCG vaccination with MVA85A down-regulates the immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-beta1. Vaccine 2008; 26:5269-75. [PMID: 18682270 PMCID: PMC2631167 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In clinical trials recombinant-modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A (MVA85A) induces approximately 10 times more effector T cells than any other recombinant MVA vaccine. We have found that in BCG primed subjects MVA85A vaccination reduces transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes and reduces TGF-beta1 protein in the serum, but increases IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses to the recall antigen SK/SD. TGF-beta1 is essential for the generation of regulatory T cells and we see a correlation across vaccinees between CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ cells and TGF-beta1 serum levels. This apparent ability to counteract regulatory T cell effects suggests a potential use of MVA85A as an adjuvant for less immunogenic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen A Fletcher
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
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Muñoz M, Delgado L, Verna A, Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Fuertes M, Ferreras MC, García-Marín JF, Pérez V. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) in different types of granulomatous lesions in bovine and ovine paratuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:239-52. [PMID: 18242702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is manifested by a broad spectrum of clinical and lesional presentations. We have evaluated the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a cytokine known to have immunosuppressor effects, by immunohistochemistry, in different paratuberculosis lesions in the intestine and lymph nodes from 20 sheep and 25 cattle. Peripheral immune responses were assessed by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) test and the presence of antibodies. Expression of TGF-beta1, observed in macrophages and giant cells forming the lesions, was closely related to the amount of Map. In focal and multifocal forms, usually positive to IFN-gamma test, bacilli were difficult to detect and TGF-beta1 expression was low or absent. Diffuse multibacillary lesions, negative to IFN-gamma, show large numbers of Map and the highest percentage of immunolabelled cells. Diffuse paucibacillary forms, positive to IFN-gamma, have low numbers of AFB and scant or no cells positive to TGF-beta1. The high expression of TGF-beta1 would be related to the inability of macrophages to limit the multiplication of Map.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Muñoz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León, Spain
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38
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Vidyarani M, Selvaraj P, Jawahar MS, Narayanan PR. 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulated cytokine response in pulmonary tuberculosis. Cytokine 2007; 40:128-34. [PMID: 17911026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1, 25(OH)(2) D(3)) has gained significant importance in tuberculosis with regard to its immunoregulatory activities. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of 1, 25(OH)(2) D(3) on cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 60 healthy controls and 52 pulmonary tuberculosis patients were cultured with culture filtrate antigen (CFA) of M. tuberculosis and live M. tuberculosis with and without 1, 25(OH)(2) D(3) (10(-9), 10(-8)and 10(-7)M concentrations). The culture supernatants were used to estimate IL-8, IL-6, TGF-beta, IL-10, IFN-gamma, IL-12p40, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 levels by ELISA. 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) significantly suppressed IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma production in response to CFA and live M. tuberculosis with a maximum suppression at 10(-7)M concentration (p<0.0001). In CFA stimulated cultures, addition of 1, 25(OH)(2) D(3) significantly suppressed IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10 whereas the IL-2 levels were significantly increased in controls. It variably influenced the Th2 cytokines, showing an increased trend for IL-4 and suppressed IL-5 levels. We report that 1, 25(OH)(2) D(3) differentially modulates production of cytokines in response to M. tuberculosis antigens by predominantly suppressing IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma production in a dose dependent manner. Our results suggest a role for vitamin D in restricting acquired immune response against tuberculosis by regulating cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vidyarani
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road, Chennai 600 031, India
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Selvaraj P, Nisha Rajeswari D, Jawahar MS, Narayanan PR. Influence of HLA-DRB1 alleles on Th1 and Th2 cytokine response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:544-50. [PMID: 17826339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The influence of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on the immune response is well established. We investigated the regulatory role of HLA-DRB1 alleles on cytokine response to live M. tuberculosis and its culture filtrate antigen (CFA) in normal healthy subjects (NHS) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Th1 (IFN-gamma and IL-12p40), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5), pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-beta and IL-10) cytokines were measured by ELISA in 72-h-old peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants from 58 NHS and 48 PTB patients. HLA-DRB1 genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction and dot-blot hybridization with biotinylated sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and detection by chemiluminescence. In response to live M. tuberculosis and CFA, significantly increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-beta and decreased IFN-gamma, IL-12p40 and IL-10 were seen in PTB patients compared to NHS. We observed a significantly increased IFN-gamma response in HLA-DRB1*03-positive NHS (p=0.03) and decreased IFN-gamma response in HLA-DRB1*15-positive patients (p=0.04) than respective allele-negative individuals. An increased level of IL-12p40 in DRB1*10 (p=0.02) and IL-10 in DRB1*12- (p=0.03) positive NHS and an increased level of IL-6 in DRB1*04- (p=0.02) positive patients were observed. The study suggests that HLA-DRB1 alleles differentially modulate the various cytokine responses to M. tuberculosis antigens, which may influence the cellular and humoral immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection in a susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Selvaraj
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road, Chetput, Chennai 600031, India.
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40
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Li L, Lao SH, Wu CY. Increased frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg cells inhibit BCG-specific induction of IFN-gamma by CD4(+) T cells from TB patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:526-34. [PMID: 17851131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a considerable role in the protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The immune response to tuberculosis (TB) was dominated by both CD4(+) T cells with the T helper 1 type cytokines and CD8(+) T cells. Recent studies have suggested that the circumstances in which protective or tissue-damaging T cell responses to microbes are affected by the activity of Treg (CD4(+)CD25(high)) cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that the frequencies of CD4(+)CD25(+) and CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells in TB patients were significantly higher compared to normal individuals. These Treg cells expressed CTLA-4 and Foxp3 at protein level and displayed activation and memory phenotypes as assessed by flow cytometric analysis. The frequencies of CD4(+)CD25(high)CTLA-4(+) and CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells within the total CD4(+) T cell population were significantly increased in the blood of TB patients compared to healthy donors. Moreover, the expression of GITR on Treg cells was higher in TB patients than in normal donors. The phenotypic analysis demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg expressed higher levels of CD45RO and HLA-DR, and lower levels of CD45RA compared to CD4(+)CD25(low) and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. The addition of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells back to cultures could significantly suppress the antigen-specific production of IFN-gamma induced by BCG-stimulated CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, suggesting that Treg might play a key role in the control of cellular immune responses in TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
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41
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Bottasso O, Bay ML, Besedovsky H, del Rey A. The Immuno-endocrine Component in the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:166-75. [PMID: 17635794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) may be regarded as a disease in which the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its etiologic agent, is engaged both in protection and pathology. Different T-lymphocyte subsets are involved in the immune response against M. tuberculosis, but production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by T cells seems to be fundamental for disease control. Th1-type cytokine responses predominate in patients with mild or moderate forms of pulmonary TB, whereas the production of Th2-type cytokines prevails in the severe disease. Since the immune response fails to definitely eradicate the pathogen, a chronic infection is established, and it is likely that a broad range of regulatory mechanisms operate in this situation. Cytokines released during the course of an immune response activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to the production of glucocorticoids and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), with known immunomodulatory effects. TB patients exhibit increased concentrations of interleukin-6 and cortisol in plasma, reduced DHEA and testosterone levels, together with remarkably increased growth hormone concentrations that were not accompanied by an expected raise in insulin-like growth factor-1. Significant increases in estradiol, prolactin, and thyroid hormone concentrations were also detected in patients. Cortisol inhibits the mycobacterial antigen-driven proliferation and IFN-gamma production, whereas DHEA suppresses transforming growth factor beta production by lymphoid cells from TB patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, supernatants from cultures of M. tuberculosis-stimulated mononuclear cells of TB patients inhibit DHEA secretion by a human adrenal cell line. This type of immuno-endocrine interactions may affect the control of tissue damage and the development of protective immune responses, partly accounting for disease aggravation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Bottasso
- Instituto de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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42
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Abstract
The immune system is not always successful in recognizing and destroying pathogens it may encounter. Host immunity to mycobacteria is characterized by a very complex series of events, designed to clear the infection. The first line of defense is uptake and processing of the pathogen by macrophages, followed by the initiation of cell-mediated immunity. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma is credited with containment of mycobacterial infections. Yet it is clear that activated T-cells may contain but fail to clear the infection in some hosts. Further, it is recognized that if infection progresses to a more clinical state, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is suppressed and expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines is increased. It is unclear what defines a host that can successfully contain the infection versus one that succumbs to severe immunopathologic disease. This review will address some of the key elements in host immunity to mycobacterial pathogens, with an emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis), in an attempt to understand the dialogue between immune cells and their mediators during infection and what causes this discourse to go awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Stabel
- USDA-ARS-NADC, Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd., Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Oh JH, Yang CS, Noh YK, Kweon YM, Jung SS, Son JW, Kong SJ, Yoon JU, Lee JS, Kim HJ, Park JK, Jo EK, Song CH. Polymorphisms of interleukin-10 and tumour necrosis factor-? genes are associated with newly diagnosed and recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis. Respirology 2007; 12:594-8. [PMID: 17587429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The genetic determinants for developing TB or having recurrent TB are unknown. The present study investigated the relationship between susceptibility to tuberculosis and human tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 genes (IL-10). METHODS A case-control study was conducted using two groups of cases--newly diagnosed TB (N-TB) and recurrent TB (R-TB)--and a control group. RESULTS One hundred and seventeen healthy controls, 80 newly diagnosed TB patients and 65 patients with recurrent TB were enrolled. There was no significant difference in the TNF-alpha-308 G/A genotype between the TB patient groups and the controls. The IL-10 -1082A alleles were markedly over-represented among the TB patient groups compared with the control subjects, however, there was no significant difference in the IL-10 genotype frequency between the N-TB and R-TB patient groups. CONCLUSION The -1082A allele of the IL-10 gene may be important in determining susceptibility to TB, however, the -308 allele of the TNF-alpha gene does not affect differential TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam University, Daejeon, Korea
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Resende Co T, Hirsch CS, Toossi Z, Dietze R, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R. Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:45-52. [PMID: 17177962 PMCID: PMC1810442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of intestinal helminth infection on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific immune responses during active tuberculosis (TB) is not known. We investigated the role of intestinal helminth infection in anti-MTB immunity by evaluating both cellular phenotype and cytokine profiles in patients with TB and patients with concomitant TB and intestinal helminth infection (TB + Helm) during TB therapy. Twenty-seven per cent of TB patients enrolled for the study were co-infected with at least one intestinal helminth. At baseline, absolute frequencies of leucocytes, monocytes and eosinophils from TB and TB + Helm patients differed from healthy subjects. Concomitant intestinal helminth infection in TB + Helm patients had a negative impact (P < 0.05) on absolute frequencies of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), natural killer (NK) T and CD4(+) CD25(high) T cell subsets when compared to either TB patients or healthy controls. Differences in CD4(+) T cell frequencies were accompanied by lower interferon (IFN)-gamma and elevated and sustained interleukin (IL)-10 levels in whole blood (WB) cultures from TB + Helm compared to TB patients. In addition to a depressed anti-MTB immunity, TB + Helm patients also presented with more severe radiological pulmonary disease, with a significant difference (P = 0.013) in the number of involved lung zones at the end of TB treatment. The above data may indicate that concomitant intestinal helminth infection in patients with newly diagnosed TB skews their cytokine profile toward a T helper 2 response, which could favour persistent MTB infection and a more protracted clinical course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Resende Co
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Núcleo Doenças Infecciosas, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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45
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Stepek G, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Behnke JM. Human gastrointestinal nematode infections: are new control methods required? Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:325-41. [PMID: 16965561 PMCID: PMC2517378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections affect 50% of the human population worldwide, and cause great morbidity as well as hundreds of thousands of deaths. Despite modern medical practices, the proportion of the population infected with GI nematodes is not falling. This is due to a number of factors, the most important being the lack of good healthcare, sanitation and health education in many developing countries. A relatively new problem is the development of resistance to the small number of drugs available to treat GI nematode infections. Here we review the most important parasitic GI nematodes and the methods available to control them. In addition, we discuss the current status of new anthelmintic treatments, particularly the plant cysteine proteinases from various sources of latex-bearing plants and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Stepek
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Carstens ME, Doubell AF. Characterization of the immunological features of tuberculous pericardial effusions in HIV positive and HIV negative patients in contrast with non-tuberculous effusions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005; 86:125-33. [PMID: 16360340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunopathogenesis of pericardial tuberculosis (TB) and the influence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the anti-tuberculous immune response. DESIGN Consecutive patients presenting with large pericardial effusions were subjected to a full clinical examination and pericardiocentesis. Aspirated fluid was sent for biochemistry, differential leukocyte count, flow cytometric analysis and determination of cytokine levels. Pericardial tissue was sent for TB culture and histopathological evaluation. Diagnoses were made according to pre-determined criteria. RESULTS Fifty-six patients were included and divided into HIV positive TB (n = 22), HIV negative TB (n = 21) and non-tuberculous effusions (n = 13). Peripheral blood neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were significantly lower in HIV positive TB patients. Lymphocytes were the dominant cell type in tuberculous pericardial effusions. CD4+ cells dominated in HIV negative tuberculous effusions, whereas CD8+ cells dominated in HIV positive TB. The difference in the concentration of IFN-gamma levels in the tuberculous and non-tuberculous pericardial effusions was statistically significant. Despite significant differences in pericardial CD4+ cell counts, IFN-gamma levels were similarly elevated in HIV negative and HIV positive tuberculous effusions. Highest levels of pericardial IL-10 were observed in samples associated with least tissue necrosis, suggesting the possibility of a tissue protective immunoregulatory role for IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculous pericardial effusions result from a T helper1 (Th1)-dominant immune response. IFN-gamma producing CD4+ lymphocytes dominate in HIV negative patients, whereas CD8+ seem to play a more important role in HIV positive patients. Infection with HIV leads to the depletion of immunocompetent cells such as monocytes, NK cells and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Reuter
- Cardiology Unit/TREAD Research, P.O. Box 19174, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
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Guyot-Revol V, Innes JA, Hackforth S, Hinks T, Lalvani A. Regulatory T cells are expanded in blood and disease sites in patients with tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 173:803-10. [PMID: 16339919 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200508-1294oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE T-cell responses during tuberculosis (TB) help contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo but also cause collateral damage to host tissues. Immune regulatory mechanisms may limit this immunopathology, and suppressed cellular immune responses in patients with TB suggest the presence of regulatory activity. CD4+CD25(high) regulatory T cells mediate suppressed cellular immunity in several chronic infections but have not been described in TB. OBJECTIVE To determine whether regulatory T cells are increased in patients with TB and whether they suppress cellular immune responses. METHODS We compared the frequency of circulating regulatory T cells in 27 untreated patients with TB and 23 healthy control subjects using two specific markers: cell-surface CD25 expression and FoxP3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We detected a threefold increase in the frequency of CD4 + CD25(high) T cells (p < 0.001) and a 2.2-fold increase in FoxP3 expression (p = 0.006) in patients with TB, and there was a positive correlation between these markers (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). Increased expression of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA was also detected in patients with TB but did not correlate with regulatory T-cell markers. Ex vivo depletion of CD4 + CD25(high) cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells resulted in increased numbers of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific IFN-gamma-producing T cells in seven of eight patients with TB (p = 0.005). Finally, FoxP3 expression was increased 2.3-fold in patients with extrapulmonary TB compared with patients with purely pulmonary TB (p = 0.01) and was amplified 2.6-fold at disease sites relative to blood (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Regulatory T cells are expanded in patients with TB and may contribute to suppression of Th1-type immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Guyot-Revol
- Tuberculosis Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 7, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Birdsall HH, Porter WJ, Trial J, Rossen RD. Monocytes stimulated by 110-kDa fibronectin fragments suppress proliferation of anti-CD3-activated T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3347-53. [PMID: 16116227 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One hundred ten to 120-kDa fragments of fibronectin (FNf), generated by proteases released in the course of tissue injury and inflammation, stimulate monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines, promote mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) transendothelial migration, up-regulate monocyte CD11b and CD86 expression, and induce monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation. To investigate whether the proinflammatory consequences of FNf are offset by responses that can suppress proliferation of activated T lymphocytes, we investigated the effect of FNf-treated MNL on autologous T lymphocytes induced to proliferate by substrate-immobilized anti-CD3. FNf-stimulated MNL suppressed anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation through both contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. Contact-independent suppression was mediated, at least in part, by IL-10 and TGF-beta released by the FNf-stimulated MNL. After 24-48 h exposure to FNf, activated T cells and monocytes formed clusters displaying CD25, CD14, CD3, and CD4 that were not dissociable by chelation of divalent cations. Killing monocytes with l-leucine methyl ester abolished these T cell-monocyte clusters and the ability of the FNf-stimulated MNL to suppress anti-CD3 induced T cell proliferation. Thus, in addition to activating MNL and causing them to migrate to sites of injury, FNf appears to induce suppressor monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly H Birdsall
- Research Center for AIDS and HIV Infections, Immunology Research Laboratory at the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Tanaka N, Hoshino Y, Gold J, Hoshino S, Martiniuk F, Kurata T, Pine R, Levy D, Rom WN, Weiden M. Interleukin-10 induces inhibitory C/EBPbeta through STAT-3 and represses HIV-1 transcription in macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33:406-11. [PMID: 16014896 PMCID: PMC2715348 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0140oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) has been characterized by inflammation with increased pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages. We have reported that IFN produces inhibitory C/EBPbeta and represses transcription of the HIV-1 LTR in macrophages. STAT-1 and type I IFN receptor knockout mice have macrophages that are defective in IFN signaling, yet LPS stimulation induces inhibitory C/EBPbeta, demonstrating that other cytokines can induce this repressor. LPS or Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived lipoarabinomannan induce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, which represses the HIV-1 LTR in differentiated THP-1 macrophages by inducing inhibitory C/EBPbeta. In contrast, in undifferentiated THP-1 monocytes, IL-10 did not inhibit HIV-1 replication or induce C/EBPbeta. IL-10 signal transduction uses STAT-3, and macrophages from STAT-3-/- mice fail to produce inhibitory C/EBPbeta after LPS or IL-10 stimulation. Transfection of STAT-3 into THP-1 cells enhances C/EBPbeta promoter activity. THP-1 differentiation also increases STAT-3 protein, but not STAT-3 gene transcription, and induces a translational regulator, CUG-binding protein, that was essential for production of C/EBPbeta. Differentiation induced post-transcriptional regulation is required to produce inhibitory C/EBPbeta in response to IL-10. Only macrophages are able to repress HIV-1 LTR promoter activity and inhibit viral replication in response to IL-10 or type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Tanaka
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, N.Y.U. School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Andersson AK, Chaduvula M, Atkinson SE, Khanolkar-Young S, Jain S, Suneetha L, Suneetha S, Lockwood DNJ. Effects of prednisolone treatment on cytokine expression in patients with leprosy type 1 reactions. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3725-33. [PMID: 15908402 PMCID: PMC1111887 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3725-3733.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy type 1 reactions (T1R) are due to increased cell-mediated immunity and result in localized tissue damage. The anti-inflammatory drug prednisolone is used for treatment, but there is little good in vivo data on the molecular actions of prednisolone. We investigated the effect of prednisolone treatment on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA and protein expression in blood and skin biopsies from 30 patients with T1R in India. After 1 month of prednisolone treatment the sizes of the skin granulomas were reduced, as were the grades of cells positive for TNF-alpha and IL-10 in skin lesions. Increased production of TGF-beta1 was seen in skin lesions after 6 months of prednisolone treatment. Expression of mRNA for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and TGF-beta1 was reduced, whereas no change in IL-10 mRNA expression was detected during treatment. The circulating cytokine profiles were similar in patients with and without T1R, and prednisolone treatment had no detectable effects on cytokine expression in the blood. The data emphasize the compartmentalization of pathology in T1R and the importance of the immune response in the skin. Clinical improvement and cytokine expression were compared. Surprisingly, patients with improved skin and nerve function and patients with nonimproved skin and nerve function had similar cytokine profiles, suggesting that clinical improvement is not directly mediated by the cytokines studied here. This in vivo well-controlled study of the immunosuppressive effects of prednisolone showed that the drug does not switch off cytokine responses effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Andersson
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E HTM, United Kingdom
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