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Goenka S. Comparative evaluation of six commercial adult toothpaste formulations reveals cytotoxicity and altered functions in a human oral melanocyte model: an in vitro study. Odontology 2024:10.1007/s10266-024-00957-7. [PMID: 38822982 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to compare six commercial adult toothpaste (labeled as A, B, C, D, E, and F) for cytotoxicity and melanocyte function alterations in vitro using primary human epidermal melanocytes from a Caucasian donor (HEMn-LP cells) as a model of oral melanocytes. Cells were incubated with toothpaste extracts (50% w/v) in culture media at dilutions (1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:800, and 1:1000) for 24 h. MTS and LDH assays were used to assess cytotoxicity. The effects of noncytotoxic toothpaste concentrations on melanocyte functional endpoints were then examined using spectrophotometric methods. All toothpaste showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity that was heterogeneous across toothpaste containing SLS detergent. IC50 values of cytotoxicity followed the order: A = E > C > B > D > F. To compare toothpaste, they were tested at 1:800 and 1:1000 dilutions that were noncytotoxic after 24 h. None of the toothpaste affected cellular melanin production. However, toothpaste A, C, and D suppressed tyrosinase activity at both dilutions, while toothpaste B suppressed tyrosinase activity only at 1:800 dilution. Toothpaste A, C, E, and F elevated ROS production at 1:800 dilution, with no change at 1:1000 dilution. Toothpaste has a heterogeneous effect on melanocytes. Toothpaste B, E, and F at 1:1000 dilution were the safest as they did not alter melanocyte functions at this dilution, although toothpaste F is the least cytotoxic of these. Future studies are necessary to expand these results in a physiological environment of oral tissue. The findings of this study provide novel insight into the biocompatibility studies of toothpaste on oral melanocytes. They can aid dental practitioners and consumers in selecting noncytotoxic toothpaste that do not contribute to ROS generation by melanocytes in the oral cavity or lead to cytotoxicity and impaired cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5281, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Bekhit AA, Nasralla SN, El-Agroudy EJ, Hamouda N, El-Fattah AA, Bekhit SA, Amagase K, Ibrahim TM. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of promising pyrazole derivative. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 168:106080. [PMID: 34818572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of new COX-2 inhibitors with analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy as well as minimal gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular toxicity, is of vital importance to patients suffering from chronic course pain and inflammatory conditions. This study aims at evaluating the therapeutic activity and adverse drug reactions associated with the use of the newly synthesized pyrazole derivative, compound AD732, E-4-[3-(4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxyliminomethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide, as compared to indomethacin and celecoxib as standard agents. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests; formalin-induced hyperalgesia and hot plate tests were done to study analgesic activity. In vitro tests to determine COX-1/COX-2 selectivity and assessment of renal and gastric toxicity upon acute exposure to AD732 were also conducted. Compound AD732 exhibited promising results; higher anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to standard agents, coupled with the absence of ulcerogenic effects and minimal detrimental effects on renal function. Additionally, compound AD732 was a less potent inhibitor of COX-2 in vitro than celecoxib, which may indicate lower potential cardiovascular toxicity. It may be concluded that compound AD732 appears to be a safer and more effective molecule with promising potential for the management of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt; Pharmacy Program, Pharmacology stream, Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain.
| | - Sherry N Nasralla
- Pharmacy Program, Pharmacology stream, Allied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Eman J El-Agroudy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Nahla Hamouda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Materials Science, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box. 32038, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Salma A Bekhit
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21568, Egypt
| | - Kikuko Amagase
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tamer M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Pogozhykh D, Posokhov Y, Myasoedov V, Gubina-Vakulyck G, Chumachenko T, Knigavko O, Polikarpova H, Kalashnyk-Vakulenko Y, Sharashydze K, Nakonechna O, Prokopyuk V, Onishchenko A, Tkachenko A. Experimental Evaluation of Food-Grade Semi-Refined Carrageenan Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11178. [PMID: 34681837 PMCID: PMC8539956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of food additives E407 and E407a has raised concerns in the scientific community. Thus, this study aims to assess the local and systemic toxic effects of the common food additive E407a in rats orally exposed to it for two weeks. Complex evaluations of the effects of semi-refined carrageenan (E407a) on rats upon oral exposure were performed. Local effects of E407a on the intestine were analyzed using routine histological stains and CD68 immunostaining. Furthermore, circulating levels of inflammatory markers were assessed. A fluorescent probe O1O (2- (2'-OH-phenyl)-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazole) was used for evaluating the state of leukocyte cell membranes. Cell death modes of leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D staining. Oral administration of the common food additive E407a was found to be associated with altered small and large intestinal morphology, infiltration of the lamina propria in the small intestine with macrophages (CD68+ cells), high systemic levels of inflammation markers, and changes in the lipid order of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membranes of leukocytes, alongside the activation of their apoptosis. Our findings suggest that oral exposure to E407a through rats results in the development of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Pogozhykh
- Clinic for Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yevgen Posokhov
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 6 Trinklera st, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (Y.P.); (V.P.); (A.O.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Paints and Coatings, The National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”, 2 Kyrpychova st, 61000 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy Myasoedov
- Department of Medical Biology, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Galina Gubina-Vakulyck
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Tetyana Chumachenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Kharkiv National Medical University, 12 Trinklera st, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Oleksandr Knigavko
- Department of Urology, Nephrology and Andrology, Kharkiv National Medical University, 195 Moskovsky ave, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Hanna Polikarpova
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (H.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Yuliia Kalashnyk-Vakulenko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ketino Sharashydze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Malinovskogo st, 61052 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Oksana Nakonechna
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (H.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Volodymyr Prokopyuk
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 6 Trinklera st, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (Y.P.); (V.P.); (A.O.)
- Department of Cryobiology of the Reproductive System, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 23 Pereyaslavskaya st, 61015 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anatolii Onishchenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 6 Trinklera st, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (Y.P.); (V.P.); (A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (H.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Anton Tkachenko
- Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, 6 Trinklera st, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (Y.P.); (V.P.); (A.O.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, 4 Nauky ave, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (H.P.); (O.N.)
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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Semi-refined carrageenan promotes generation of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of rats upon oral exposure but not in vitro. Wien Med Wochenschr 2020; 171:68-78. [PMID: 33108805 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-020-00786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the ability of the common food additive E407a (semi-refined carrageenan) to enter leukocytes in vitro and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leukocytes as a whole and granulocytes in particular, both during incubation and in experimental animals. METHODS ROS production was assessed in leukocytes incubated with E407a for 2 h at the final concentrations of 5 and 10 g/L using the dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA), as well as in cells isolated from rats orally exposed to E407a (140 mg/kg of weight) during 2 weeks (n = 8) and control rats (n = 8), by flow cytometry. Carrageenan uptake by leukocytes was estimated by confocal microscopy using incubation of rhodamine B isothiocyanate-labelled carrageenan with leukocyte suspensions. RESULTS Uptake of carrageenan by viable neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes was confirmed. Oral administration of the food additive E407a was associated with excessive ROS formation by viable leukocytes (CD45+, 7‑aminoactinomycin D- cells) and especially in granulocytes. Unexpectedly, a direct impact of semi-refined carrageenan during incubation for 2 h did not affect ROS production in leukocytes, evidenced by statistically insignificant differences in mean fluorescence intensity values of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, which is a ROS-sensitive product of intracellular H2DCFDA conversion. Oral intake of E407a and direct exposure of leukocyte suspensions to it decreased the viability of leukocytes. CONCLUSION Food-grade carrageenan can enter leukocytes without affecting ROS generation as a result of incubation for 2 h with leukocyte suspensions. On the contrary, oral exposure to E407a is accompanied by ROS overproduction by white blood cells, suggesting an indirect mechanism for the stimulation of ROS synthesis in vivo. E407a promotes cell death of leukocytes both in vivo and in vitro.
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Saldanha AA, Vieira L, de Oliveira FM, Lopes DDO, Ribeiro RIMDA, Thomé RG, Dos Santos HB, Silva DB, Carollo CA, de Siqueira JM, Soares AC. Anti-inflammatory and central and peripheral anti-nociceptive activities of α-asarone through the inhibition of TNF-α production, leukocyte recruitment and iNOS expression, and participation of the adenosinergic and opioidergic systems. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:1039-1052. [PMID: 31865494 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-asarone has been found to possess many pharmacological activities, which can improve cognitive function and exert anti-oxidant, anxiolytic, anti-epileptic and protective effects against endothelial cell injury. The anti-inflammatory activity of α-asarone was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced paw oedema. Moreover, leukocyte migration, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were quantified in footpads. Formalin and LPS-induced thermal hyperalgesia models were generated using adenosinergic, opioidergic, serotonergic and muscarinic receptor antagonists. The effects on motor coordination were evaluated by means of the rota-rod test. Oral treatment (p.o.) with α-asarone (3 mg/kg) significantly inhibited paw oedema by 62.12 and 72.22%, 2 and 4 h post LPS injection, respectively. Alpha-asarone (3 mg/kg, p.o.) attenuated the inflammatory infiltrate 1, 3 and 6 h after LPS injection. Furthermore, α-asarone (3 mg/kg, p.o.) suppressed iNOS expression and TNF-α production, 6 and 1 h after inflammatory stimulus, respectively. Alpha-asarone (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited both phases of formalin-induced licking. In the hot-plate test, α-asarone (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the latency to response 3 and 5 h post LPS stimulus. Caffeine and naloxone abolished the central anti-nociceptive effect of α-asarone (neurogenic phase of formalin and hot plate tests), suggesting the participation of the adenosinergic and opioidergic systems. Furthermore, naloxone reversed the peripheral activity of α-asarone (inflammatory phase of formalin test), indicating the possible involvement of the opioidergic pathway. In the rota-rod test, α-asarone did not change motor coordination. These findings suggest that α-asarone has anti-inflammatory, peripheral and central anti-nociceptive effects and could represent a promising agent for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aparecida Saldanha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil.,Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Letícia Vieira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | | | - Débora de Oliveira Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPROTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Hélio Batista Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos (LAPROTEC), Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - João Máximo de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia/Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Soares
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil.
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Molecular mechanism of action responsible for carrageenan-induced inflammatory response. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:38-42. [PMID: 30851635 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carrageenan-induced inflammation has long been used as an in vivo model of local inflammation. We developed an in vitro model of inflammation using primary blood cells to characterize gene induction following carrageenan (λ-CGN) stimulation and identify the signal transduction pathway(s) through which λ-CGN worked, using swine whole blood cultures from Yorkshire barrows. Blood samples were divided into stimulated and unstimulated groups. Unstimulated blood was a control for λ-CGN treated cultures to delineate treatment effects from time-in-culture effects. All cultures were collected and separated into two fractions; supernatant for ELISA analyses and white blood cells for mRNA expression. Lambda (λ)-CGN induced MCP-1 at the proteomic and the genomic levels. Lambda-CGN increased IL-8 protein production but had no impact on serum amyloid A protein levels. Alveolar Macrophage-Derived Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor-II (AMCF-II), a swine-specific member of the IL8/GRO family, showed increased gene expression. TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels were not induced by λ-CGN stimulation. Stimulation of HEK-293 cells co-transfected with a single pattern recognition receptor and the secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) read-out system demonstrated that λ-CGN signals through the TLR-2 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Using silencing RNA to inhibit TLR6 expression in TLR2 transfected HEK-293 cells indicated that λ-CGN works through the TLR2/6 pathway. Silencing TLR6 expression in TLR4 transfected HEK-293 cells showed that λ-CGN stimulation of this cell line worked through a TLR4/6 heterodimer, as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced SEAP production through a TLR4 homodimer. These results demonstrate that although carrageenan can stimulate through TLR4 signaling pathways, it initiates an inflammatory response in these cells that differs from a typical endotoxin effect such as LPS stimulation, in terms of the pathways and gene products altered, suggesting that activation of TLR2/6 and TLR4/6 are the predominant pathways through which carrageenan induces inflammatory responses.
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Geskovski N, Sazdovska SD, Goracinova K. Macroalgal Polysaccharides in Biomimetic Nanodelivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1265-1289. [PMID: 31020934 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190423155116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imitating nature in the design of bio-inspired drug delivery systems resulted in several success stories. However, the practical application of biomimicry is still largely unrealized owing to the fact that we tend to copy the shape more often than the whole biology. Interesting chemistry of polysaccharides provides endless possibilities for drug complex formation and creation of delivery systems with diverse morphological and surface properties. However, the type of biological response, which may be induced by these systems, remains largely unexploited. METHODS Considering the most current research for the given topic, in this review, we will try to present the integrative approaches for the design of biomimetic DDS's with improved therapeutic or theranostic effects based on different algal polysaccharides that exert multiple biological functions. RESULTS Algal polysaccharides may provide building blocks for bioinspired drug delivery systems capable of supporting the mechanical properties of nanomedicines and mimicking various biological processes by molecular interactions at the nanoscale. Numerous research studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of multifunctional nanoparticles integrating several functions in one delivery system, composed of alginate, carrageenan, ulvan, fucoidan and their derivatives, intended to be used as bioartificial microenvironment or for diagnosis and therapy of different diseases. CONCLUSION Nanodimensional structure of polysaccharide DDS's shows substantial influence on the bioactive motifs potential availability for interaction with a variety of biomolecules and cells. Evaluation of the nano dimensional structure-activity relationship is crucial for unlocking the full potential of the future application of polysaccharide bio-mimicking DDS in modern diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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κ-Carrageenan Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Interleukin-8 Secretion by Stimulating the Bcl10-NF- κB Pathway in HT-29 Cells and Aggravates C. freundii-Induced Inflammation in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8634865. [PMID: 28163398 PMCID: PMC5253498 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8634865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The dietary usage of carrageenan as common food additive has increased observably over the last 50 years. But there is substantial controversy about its safety. Methods. We investigated whether the κ-carrageenan could enhance lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 expression by studying its actions on the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. The aggravating effect of κ-carrageenan on Citrobacter freundii DBS100-induced intestinal inflammation was also investigated in a mouse model. Results. Our data show that κ-carrageenan pretreatment promoted LPS-induced IL-8 expression in HT-29 cells. Although CD14, MD-2, and TLR4 were upregulated, the binding of LPS was not enhanced. However, the pathway of Bcl10-NF-κB was triggered. Interestingly, κ-carrageenan competitively blocked the binding of FITC-LPS. Furthermore, pretreatment with κ-carrageenan for one week previous to gavage with C. freundii DBS100 markedly aggravated weight loss, mortality, and colonic damage. The secretion of cytokines was unbalanced and the ratio of Tregs was decreased significantly. In addition, κ-carrageenan, together with C. freundii DBS100, enhanced the transcription and secretion of TLR4 and NF-κB. Conclusions. κ-Carrageenan can synergistically activate LPS-induced inflammatory through the Bcl10-NF-κB pathway, as indicated by its aggravation of C. freundii DBS100-induced colitis in mice. General Significance. Our results suggest that κ-carrageenan serves as a potential inflammatory agent that magnifies existing intestinal inflammation.
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Montes GC, Hammes N, da Rocha MD, Montagnoli TL, Fraga CAM, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Treatment with Adenosine Receptor Agonist Ameliorates Pain Induced by Acute and Chronic Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:315-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hesperidin inhibits inflammatory response induced by Aeromonas hydrophila infection and alters CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:393217. [PMID: 24891765 PMCID: PMC4033591 DOI: 10.1155/2014/393217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is associated with a number of human diseases. Hesperidin (HES) has been reported to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of HES treatment on inflammatory response induced by A. hydrophila infection in murine. Methods. A. hydrophila-infected mice were treated with HES at 250 mg/kg b.wt./week for 4 consecutive weeks. Phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, and CD14 expression on intestinal infiltrating monocytes were evaluated. The expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on stimulated HUVECs and RAW macrophage was evaluated. Results. Percentage of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal tissues of infected treated mice was highly significantly increased; however, phagocytic index, ROS production, CD8+ T cells percentage, and CD14 expression on monocytes were significantly reduced. On the other hand, HES significantly inhibited A-LPS- and A-ECP-induced E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression on HUVECs and ICAM-1 expression on RAW macrophage. Conclusion. Present data indicated that HES has a potential role in the suppression of inflammatory response induced by A. hydrophila toxins through downmodulation of ROS production and CD14 and adhesion molecules expression, as well as increase of CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio.
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Chen H, Wang F, Mao H, Yan X. Degraded λ-carrageenan activates NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in macrophages and enhances LPS-induced TNF-α secretion through AP-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2162-70. [PMID: 24641824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenan (CGN), a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide, is a traditional ingredient used in food industry. Its degraded forms have been identified as potential carcinogens, although the mechanism remains unclear. METHODS The effects of degraded λ-carrageenan (λ-dCGN) on murine RAW264.7 cells and human THP-1-derived macrophage cells were investigated by studying its actions on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, and activation of nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB) and activation protein-1 (AP-1) pathways. RESULTS We found that λ-dCGN was much stronger than native λ-CGN in the activation of macrophages to secrete TNF-α. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with λ-dCGN resulted in the upregulation of TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 expressions, but it did not increase the binding of lipopolysacchride (LPS) with macrophages. Meanwhile, λ-dCGN treatment activated NF-κB via B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (Bcl10) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation. In addition, λ-dCGN induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases/1/2/mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2/MAPK) and AP-1 activation. Interestingly, pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with λ-dCGN markedly enhanced LPS-stimulated TNF-α secretion. This pretreatment resulted in the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and intensified activation of AP-1. CONCLUSIONS λ-dCGN induced an inflammatory reaction via both NF-κB and AP-1, and enhanced the inflammatory effect of LPS through AP-1 activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The study demonstrated the role of λ-dCGN to induce the inflammatory reaction and to aggravate the effect of LPS on macrophages, suggesting that λ-dCGN produced during food processing and gastric digestion may be a safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Chen
- Ningbo University, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315041, China
| | - Haihua Mao
- Ningbo University, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Ningbo University, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Supplementation with Astragalus polysaccharides alters Aeromonas-induced tissue-specific cellular immune response. Microb Pathog 2014; 66:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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JIANG HAIYUE, WANG FENG, CHEN HAIMIN, YAN XIAOJUN. κ-carrageenan induces the disruption of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers by promoting the interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1635-42. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Hozumi H, Tada R, Murakami T, Adachi Y, Ohno N. Comparative analysis of hepatic CD14 expression between two different endotoxin shock model mice: relation between hepatic injury and CD14 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53692. [PMID: 23308276 PMCID: PMC3538677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD14 is a glycoprotein that recognizes gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exists in both membrane-bound and soluble forms. Infectious and/or inflammatory diseases induce CD14 expression, which may be involved in the pathology of endotoxin shock. We previously found that the expression of CD14 protein differs among the endotoxin shock models used, although the reasons for these differences are unclear. We hypothesized that the differences in CD14 expression might be due to liver injury, because the hepatic tissue produces CD14 protein. We investigated CD14 expression in the plasma and liver in the carrageenan (CAR)-primed and D-galN-primed mouse models of endotoxin shock. Our results showed that severe liver injury was not induced in CAR-primed endotoxin shock model mice. In this CAR-primed model, the higher mRNA and protein expression of CD14 was observed in the liver, especially in the interlobular bile duct in contrast to D-galN-primed-endotoxin shock model mice. Our findings indicated that the molecular mechanism(s) underlying septic shock in CAR-primed and D-galN-primed endotoxin shock models are quite different. Because CD14 expression is correlated with clinical observations, the CAR-primed endotoxin shock model might be useful for studying the functions of CD14 during septic shock in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hozumi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Tada
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Murakami
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Effects of structural peculiarities of carrageenans on their immunomodulatory and anticoagulant activities. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:713-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Mohy El-Din MM, Senbel AM, Bistawroos AA, El-Mallah A, Nour El-Din NA, Bekhit AA, Abd El Razik HA. A novel COX-2 inhibitor pyrazole derivative proven effective as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 108:263-73. [PMID: 21138530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of new COX-2 inhibitors with high efficacy and enhanced safety profile would be a great achievement in the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. This study was designed to screen and assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as some of the expected side effects of some pyrazole derivatives, newly synthesized as potential COX-2 inhibitors at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University and compared to indomethacin and celecoxib. Twelve compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma tests. On the basis of their apparent anti-inflammatory activity, four compounds with different substitutions were selected for the evaluation of their analgesic activity using the formalin-induced hyperalgesia and hot-plate tests. Compound AD 532, ((4-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide)), showed very promising results. In the single-dose and subchronic toxicity studies, compound AD 532 showed no ulcerogenic effect and produced minimal effects on renal function. Furthermore, compound AD 532 was a less potent inhibitor of COX-2 in vitro than celecoxib, which may indicate lower potential cardiovascular toxicity. It is concluded that compound AD 532 appears to be a promising and safe option for the management of chronic inflammatory conditions. This study recommends more in-depth investigation into the therapeutic effects and toxicity profile of this compound including its cardiovascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Mohy El-Din
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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18
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Wijesekara I, Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Kassim M, Achoui M, Mansor M, Yusoff KM. The inhibitory effects of Gelam honey and its extracts on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) in inflammatory tissues. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:1196-201. [PMID: 20708657 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of honey and its methanol and ethyl acetate extracts on inflammation in animal models. Rats' paws were induced with carrageenan in the non-immune inflammatory and nociceptive model, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the immune inflammatory model. Honey and its extracts were able to inhibit edema and pain in inflammatory tissues as well as showing potent inhibitory activities against NO and PGE(2) in both models. The decrease in edema and pain correlates with the inhibition of NO and PGE(2). Phenolic compounds have been implicated in the inhibitory activities. Honey is potentially useful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kassim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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20
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Gong D, Geng C, Jiang L, Cao J, Yoshimura H, Zhong L. Effects of hydroxytyrosol-20 on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. Phytother Res 2009; 23:646-50. [PMID: 19067390 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a simple phenol compound extracted from olive leaves. The content of HT in the studied preparation was about 20%, and the preparation was called hydroxytyrosol-20 (HT-20). HT has antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. There has been no report so far on the efficacy of HT-20 in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the inhibitory role of HT-20 on carrageenan-induced swelling and hyperalgesia of rat paw. Paw inflammation was assessed by the increase in paw volume and hyperalgesia. The rat paws were cut out under ether anesthesia at 270 min after administration of carrageenan. The tissue of the right paw was isolated separately from the individual rat. The levels of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) mRNA in the tissue were estimated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that the paw pressure thresholds of rats orally administered HT-20 significantly increased at 210, 240 and 270 min after administration of carrageenan, compared with corresponding basal paw pressure thresholds; the degree of swelling of the right hind paw showed a statistically significant reduction, compared with rats in the carrageenan-treated control. In this model, HT-20 appears to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha and not to increase the antiinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezheng Gong
- China-Japanese Joint Institute for Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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21
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Saito M, Nameda S, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N. SPG/IND-induced septic shock in a LPS-low responder strain, C3H/HeJ mice. Microb Pathog 2007; 44:402-9. [PMID: 18093793 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The administration of beta-glucan (sonifilan; SPG) in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin (IND), induced lethal septic shock in mice. To demonstrate the influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in this lethal toxicity, LPS non-responder C3H/HeJ mice were used to compare features of sepsis and physicochemical parameters in the present study. The administration of SPG and IND induced the death of C3H/HeJ mice, lowering rectal temperature, reducing body weight, increasing serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, shortening the gastrointestinal tract, and increasing the GOT/GPT level. Microbial translocation to various organs was also significantly increased. These results strongly suggested that LPS-non-responding strain also induced septic shock in this experimental model, and other pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) may significantly contribute to the septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Saito
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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22
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Leiro JM, Castro R, Arranz JA, Lamas J. Immunomodulating activities of acidic sulphated polysaccharides obtained from the seaweed Ulva rigida C. Agardh. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:879-88. [PMID: 17499190 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble acidic polysaccharides from the cell walls of Ulva rigida are mainly composed of disaccharides that contain glucuronic acid and sulphated rhamnose. The structure of disaccharides resembles that of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as they both contain glucuronic acid and sulphated sugars. Glycosaminoglycans occur in the extracellular matrix of animal connective tissues but can also be produced by leucocytes at inflammatory sites. Certain types of GAGs can even activate macrophages and therefore the acidic polysaccharides from U. rigida probably modulate macrophage activity. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of U. rigida polysaccharides on several RAW264.7 murine macrophage activities, including expression of inflammatory cytokines and receptors, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) production, and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression. U. rigida acidic polysaccharides induced a more than two-fold increase in the expression of several chemokines (chemokine (C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 22 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (Cxcl14)) and in the expression of IL6 signal transducer and IL12 receptor beta 1. Incubation of macrophages with U. rigida polysaccharides also induced an increase in nitrite production, although this effect decreased considerably after desulphation of polysaccharides, suggesting that the sulphate group is important for the stimulatory capacity of these molecules. U. rigida polysaccharides also stimulated macrophage secretion of PGE(2) and induced an increase in COX-2 and NOS-2 expression. The results indicate that U. rigida acid polysaccharide can be used as an experimental immunostimulant for analysing inflammatory responses related to macrophage functions. In addition, these polysaccharides may also be of clinical interest for modifying certain macrophage activities in diseases where macrophage function is impaired or needs to be boosted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Leiro
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Abu-El-Saad AASA. Immunomodulating effect of inositol hexaphosphate against Aeromonas hydrophila-endotoxin. Immunobiology 2007; 212:179-92. [PMID: 17412285 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) administration on endotoxemia as an example of the systemic inflammatory response. Mice were divided into three groups as follows: First group, remained as a naive group injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with PBS (pH 7.4; 0.2 ml/mice) at intervals parallel to the treated groups. The second group was injected i.p. with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Aeromonas hydrophila once a week for four weeks at a dose of LPS suspension: 20 mg/kg mice/week. The third group was injected with the same LPS dose and synergistically intubated with IP6 three times a week for four weeks at a total dose of 4 0mg/kg. At different experimental periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks), six animals from each group were sacrificed under mild diethyl ether anesthesia. Blood and sera were taken for the estimation of phagocytic activity, electrophoretic pattern of proteins and immunoglobulin levels. Also, a slice of liver was homogenized to estimate the respiratory burst enzymes activities and nitric acid synthesis. Histopathological changes of hepatic tissues were investigated. In the LPS-treated group, marked increase in the phagocytic activities and nitric oxide synthesis, and a decrease in hepatocyte catalase, total peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were observed. The histopathological features revealed a degeneration and highly mitotic division within the hepatic nuclei in addition to some karyomegaly and nuclear pyknosis. During the treatment period, liver sections of the LPS+IP6 group showed somewhat regenerative features. Reduction in the toxicity of free radicals by IP6 was observed and the IP6 effect seemed to be responsible for the observed ameliorative influence.
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Suleyman H, Gul HI, Gul M, Alkan M, Gocer F. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bis(3-aryl-3-oxo-propyl)methylamine Hydrochloride in Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:63-7. [PMID: 17202661 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effects of compound B1, bis(3-aryl-3-oxo-propyl)methylamine hydrochloride, and an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, were tested by carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma tests, for effects on acute and chronic phases of inflammation, respectively. Their effects on vascular permeability were also determined by hyaluronidase-induced capillary permeability test. Anti-inflammatory activity of B1 was compared with indomethacin. B1 decreased the carrageenan-induced paw edema by 49%, 35%, and 47% at 50, 100, and 200 mg kg(-1) doses, respectively, while this decrease was 82% by indomethacin at 20 mg kg(-1) dose. Antiproliferative effects in cotton pellet test of B1 at 50 mg kg(-1) and indomethacin at 20 mg kg(-1) doses were 44% and 43%, respectively. Indomethacin but not B1 inhibited the hyaluronidase-induced increase in capillary permeability. Our results suggest that B1 inhibits both acute and chronic phases of inflammation probably by an effect not mediated by prevention of increased capillary permeability. Especially, its anti-inflammatory activity against chronic phase of inflammation was comparable with that of indomethacin. Further detailed studies are needed to clarify the mechanism(s) of action responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halis Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Irie H, Shiga J. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex hepatitis in macrophage-depleted mice: possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase in massive apoptosis. Anat Sci Int 2006; 80:199-211. [PMID: 16333916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive liver cell death provoked in silica-treated mice subsequently infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 is very similar pathohistologically to the cell death observed in human fulminant hepatitis. Previously, we have shown this liver cell death to be extensive apoptosis. In the present study, we examined various factors related to liver damage patho- and immunologically, as well as by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-alpha, and interleukin-6 mRNAs were detected to a much greater extent in silica-treated mice compared with control mice after HSV-1 infection, and excessive expression of iNOS mRNA and cytokine mRNAs in the liver may be closely related to massive liver cell apoptosis. The apoptosis was less related to the fas ligand than to TNF-alpha. Silica blockage of macrophages makes the liver cell extremely vulnerable to HSV-1 infection, and it induced expression of E-selectin and neutrophil margination in the liver. Subsequent HSV-1 infection induced excessive production of iNOS and cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha, but administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibody or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine was not completely efficacious for the survival of the mice. Overproduction of free radicals in combination with cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IFN-alpha, may result in hepatic cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Irie
- Teikyo University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hozumi H, Adachi Y, Murakami T, Miura NN, Ohno N. Increment of Plasma Soluble CD14 Level in Carrageenan-Primed Endotoxin Shock Model Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1015-21. [PMID: 16651737 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD14 is membrane-associating or free soluble glycoprotein which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is assumed to be involved in the onset of endotoxin shock. There are some reports suggesting the relationship between increased expression of CD14 in infectious or inflammatory diseases. However, little has been reported concerning the soluble CD14 (sCD14) level, especially in mice. In this study, we measured the plasma level of sCD14, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the iota-carrageenan (CAR)-primed endotoxin shock model in addition to the D-galactosamine (D-galN)-primed endotoxin shock model mice. It was confirmed that all mice were dead within 12 h after a higher dose of LPS-treatment in both animal models. The level of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and sCD14 significantly increased in the CAR-primed endotoxin shock model mice. However, the D-galN-primed endotoxin shock model mice showed only a slight increment of TNF-alpha and IL-6 level, and sCD14 was below the detectable level. In the examination using several doses of LPS in CAR-primed model mice, IL-6 and sCD14 were increased dependent on the LPS dose, but TNF-alpha remained at an almost equal level at any dose of LPS in this study condition. In conclusion, the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and sCD14 was significantly enhanced in the CAR-primed model mice, compared to the D-galN-primed model mice. Therefore, these data indicate the possibility that the sCD14 level did not increase consistently, even under a fatal condition in endotoxin shock. Also, CAR-primed endotoxin shock would be an important experimental model to examine the elevation mechanisms for sCD14 and IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hozumi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Pham-Marcou TA, Gentili M, Asehnoune K, Fletcher D, Mazoit JX. Effect of neurolytic nerve block on systemic carrageenan-induced inflammatory response in mice. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95:243-6. [PMID: 15863437 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aei150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local tissue inflammation caused by injury or inflammatory processes may be reduced by section or local anaesthetic block of the nerve innervating the inflamed area. METHODS Using a neurolytic nerve block, we assessed the systemic inflammatory response elicited by a local injection of carrageenan in mice. Sixty mice received a unilateral sciatic nerve block with 70% ethanol followed 5 days later by an injection of carrageenan on the ipsilateral or contralateral hind paw. Whole blood was sampled 15 h after carrageenan injection. RESULTS Fifty-six animals had a complete nerve block. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations were measured in the plasma of 20 mice (10 in the ispilateral group and 10 in the contralateral group). In the remaining 36 mice (18 in each group), blood was cultured for 24 h in the presence of lipopolysaccharide or Staphylococcus aureus extract. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in the supernatant were, on average, 30% lower in the ispilateral group than in the contralateral group. CONCLUSION A prolonged nerve block decreases the systemic consequences of the local inflammatory reaction elicited by carrageenan injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Pham-Marcou
- Laboratoire d'Anesthésie, UPRES EA 3540, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris-Sud, 94276 Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex, France
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Beloeil H, Asehnoune K, Moine P, Benhamou D, Mazoit JX. Bupivacaine???s Action on the Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Response in Mice: Cytokine Production by Leukocytes After Ex-Vivo Stimulation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1081-1086. [PMID: 15781526 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000146964.05212.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the effect of bupivacaine on the systemic response elicited by intraplantar injection of carrageenan. To that purpose, we studied the effects of carrageenan, bupivacaine, or both on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-10 by whole blood cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and of heat-killed Staphylococcus Aureus Cowan (SAC). Mice received a hindpaw injection of carrageenan with or without encapsulated IM bupivacaine given contralaterally. Whole blood was sampled 15 h later and cultured for 24 h with LPS or SAC. The amounts of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-10 in the supernatants were measured. In the presence of LPS or SAC, proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) production was increased after carrageenan. Bupivacaine prevented this inflammatory response: 992 +/- 102 versus 2146 +/- 338 versus 919 +/- 116 pg/mL for TNF-alpha (bupivacaine + carrageenan versus carrageenan versus control after LPS stimulation). This effect of bupivacaine was less after SAC stimulation. Moreover, IL-10 was not involved in the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production observed after treatment by bupivacaine alone. These experiments show that carrageenan-induced hindpaw inflammation modifies the blood cell reactivity to LPS and SAC and that bupivacaine regulates the systemic response elicited by carrageenan. Furthermore, IL-10 does not seem to be a factor of the antiinflammatory response induced by bupivacaine. The precise mechanism underlying this effect of bupivacaine remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Beloeil
- Laboratoire d'Anesthésie, Université de Paris-Sud, Cedex, France
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Kita T, Yamaguchi H, Sato H, Kasai K, Tanaka T, Tanaka N. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway on renal failure in the infant rat after burn injury. Shock 2005; 21:535-42. [PMID: 15167682 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200406000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a proinflammatory signal transduction pathway for the production of cytokines and cellular response to stress, such as bacterial LPS or ischemia. We examined the effects of FR167653, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK, to explore the relationship between intestinal barrier damage and remote renal dysfunction. Immunohistochemical data showed the accumulation of neutrophils in the intestine after burn, and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer experiment showed burn-induced intestinal barrier damage. Our quantitative bacterial culture data demonstrated that viable bacteria reached the remote organs after burn and prevented the invading viable bacteria from using FR167653. Western blotting identified increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the kidney after burn, and it may also have shown the possibility that endotoxin associated with the bacterial translocation enhances the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. We blocked the intestinal barrier damage using FR167653, which resulted in reduced neutrophils in the intestine. FR167653 also prevented the increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the kidney, which resulted in reduced neutrophils in the glomerulus and the reduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta mRNA in the kidneys, and, finally, prevented burn-induced renal failure. This study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the p38 MAPK pathway controls inflammatory mediators and not only improves intestinal function but also reduces remote renal failure after burn. We identified the pathophysiologic role of the p38 MAPK pathway in the development of renal failure after burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Kita
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Ogata M, Nandate K, Kawasaki T, Kawasaki C, Ozaki M, Shigematsu A. A platelet activating factor receptor antagonist inhibits cytokine production in human whole blood by bacterial toxins and live bacteria. Anesth Analg 2004; 98:1767-1772. [PMID: 15155343 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000112310.93297.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We previously reported that a platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) antagonist (TCV-309) suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mortality and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in mice. However, the effect of TCV-309 on cytokine production induced by Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) or live bacteria has not been reported. In this study we investigated the effect of TCV-309 on cytokine production in human whole blood induced by LPS, SEB, and both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Human whole blood diluted 5:1 (980 microL) was placed in the wells of a 24-well plate. Ten microliters of LPS, SEB, Escherichia coli O18 K(+), or Staphylococcus aureus were added to each well. After incubation at 37 degrees C for 6 h, TNF, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in the culture medium were measured. TCV-309 did not affect the growth of either E. coli or S. aureus bacteria in the culture medium for the 6 h incubation. LPS, SEB, and both E. coli and S. aureus induced TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 in human whole blood. TCV-309 significantly inhibited the production of TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 induced by LPS, SEB, and bacteria. A PAFR antagonist suppressed cytokine production induced by LPS, SEB, and both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria in human whole blood. A PAFR plays an important role of producing proinflammatory cytokines induced by both toxins and live bacteria. IMPLICATIONS The platelet-activating factor receptor plays an important role in producing proinflammatory cytokines induced by bacterial toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide,Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, and live Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ogata
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Yamaguchi H, Kita T, Sato H, Tanaka N. Escherichia coli endotoxin enhances acute renal failure in rats after thermal injury. Burns 2003; 29:133-8. [PMID: 12615459 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-4179(02)00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the burned rat model to determine whether there are any differences in endotoxin-sensitive kidney functions between an infant rat (10-day-old pup) and an adult rat (10-week-old rat). Renal failure was observed in the infant burned rat and histological changes showed the adhesion of inflammatory cells in the glomerular capillaries and vacuolar changes in the renal proximal tubular cell. A horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer experiment suggested that the intestinal barrier damage of the infant burned rat was more severe than that of the adult burned rat. Therefore, more bacterial translocation of the intestinal flora, rich in endotoxin, might be expected in the infant versus the adult rats. Renal failure was not observed in the adult burned rat, so we investigated to determine the effects of endotoxin on the kidney function of the adult burned rat with low lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or carrageenan (CAR). CAR is known to increase sensitivity to the lethal effects of endotoxin in rodents. Our present data demonstrated that renal failure was observed in the LPS- or CAR-treated adult burned rat and LPS- and CAR-treated adult rat (non-burned). These results show the possibility that endotoxin enhances renal failure in a burned rat model and provide additional support for the hypothesis that postburn renal failure is mediated, in part, by endotoxin associated with bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahata Nishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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