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Su MSW, Cheng YL, Lin YS, Wu JJ. Interplay between group A Streptococcus and host innate immune responses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0005222. [PMID: 38451081 PMCID: PMC10966951 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYGroup A Streptococcus (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a clinically well-adapted human pathogen that harbors rich virulence determinants contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases. GAS is capable of invading epithelial, endothelial, and professional phagocytic cells while evading host innate immune responses, including phagocytosis, selective autophagy, light chain 3-associated phagocytosis, and inflammation. However, without a more complete understanding of the different ways invasive GAS infections develop, it is difficult to appreciate how GAS survives and multiplies in host cells that have interactive immune networks. This review article attempts to provide an overview of the behaviors and mechanisms that allow pathogenic GAS to invade cells, along with the strategies that host cells practice to constrain GAS infection. We highlight the counteractions taken by GAS to apply virulence factors such as streptolysin O, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotidase, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B as a hindrance to host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Shu-Wei Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Henderson EA, Ivey A, Choi SJ, Santiago S, McNitt D, Liu TW, Lukomski S, Boone BA. Group A streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 restricts tumor growth in murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma and inhibits cancer-promoting neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363962. [PMID: 38515758 PMCID: PMC10955053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer associated with an immunosuppressive environment. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were initially described in the context of infection but have more recently been implicated in contributing to the tolerogenic immune response in PDAC. Thus, NETs are an attractive target for new therapeutic strategies. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has developed defensive strategies to inhibit NETs. Methods In the present work, we propose utilizing intra-tumoral GAS injection to stimulate anti-tumor activity by inhibiting cancer-promoting NETs. Mice harboring Panc02 or KPC subcutaneous tumors injected with three different M-type GAS strains. Tumors and spleens were harvested at the endpoint of the experiments to assess bacterial colonization and systemic spread, while sera were analyzed for humoral responses toward the streptococcal antigens, especially the M1 and Scl1 proteins. Role of the streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl1) in anti-PDAC activity was assessed in vivo after intratumoral injection with M1 GAS wild-type, an isogenic mutant strain devoid of Scl1, or a complemented mutant strain with restored scl1 expression. In addition, recombinant Scl1 proteins were tested for NET inhibition using in vitro and ex vivo assays assessing NET production and myeloperoxidase activity. Results Injection of three different M-type GAS strains reduced subcutaneous pancreatic tumor volume compared to control in two different murine PDAC models. Limitation of tumor growth was dependent on Scl1, as isogenic mutant strain devoid of Scl1 did not reduce tumor size. We further show that Scl1 plays a role in localizing GAS to the tumor site, thereby limiting the systemic spread of bacteria and off-target effects. While mice did elicit a humoral immune response to GAS antigens, tested sera were weakly immunogenic toward Scl1 antigen following intra-tumoral treatment with Scl1-expressing GAS. M1 GAS inhibited NET formation when co-cultured with neutrophils while Scl1-devoid mutant strain did not. Recombinant Scl1 protein inhibited NETs ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing myeloperoxidase activity. Discussion Altogether, we demonstrate that intra-tumoral GAS injections reduce PDAC growth, which is facilitated by Scl1, in part through inhibition of cancer promoting NETs. This work offers a novel strategy by which NETs can be targeted through Scl1 protein and potentiates its use as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Abby Ivey
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Soo Jeon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Stell Santiago
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Dudley McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Tracy W. Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brian A. Boone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Henderson EA, Ivey A, Choi S, Santiago S, McNitt D, Liu TW, Lukomski S, Boone BA. Group A Streptococcal Collagen-like Protein 1 Restricts Tumor Growth in Murine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma and Inhibits Cancer-Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.17.576060. [PMID: 38293049 PMCID: PMC10827155 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.17.576060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer associated with an immunosuppressive environment. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were initially described in the context of infection but have more recently been implicated in contributing to the tolerogenic immune response in PDAC. Thus, NETs are an attractive target for new therapeutic strategies. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) has developed defensive strategies to inhibit NETs. In the present work, we propose utilizing intra-tumoral GAS injection to stimulate anti-tumor activity by inhibiting cancer-promoting NETs. Injection of three different M-type GAS strains reduced subcutaneous pancreatic tumor volume compared to control in two different murine PDAC models. Limitation of tumor growth was dependent on streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl1), as isogenic mutant strain devoid of Scl1 did not reduce tumor size. We further show that Scl1 plays a role in localizing GAS to the tumor site, thereby limiting the systemic spread of bacteria and off-target effects. While mice did elicit a humoral immune response to GAS antigens, tested sera were negative toward Scl1 antigen following intra-tumoral treatment with Scl1-expressing GAS. M1 GAS inhibited NET formation when co-cultured with neutrophils while Scl1-devoid mutant strain did not. Recombinant Scl1 protein inhibited NETs ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner by suppressing myeloperoxidase activity. Altogether, we demonstrate that intra-tumoral GAS injections reduce PDAC growth, which is facilitated by Scl1, in part through inhibition of cancer promoting NETs. This work offers a novel strategy by which NETs can be targeted through Scl1 protein and potentiates its use as a cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Abby Ivey
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Soo Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Stell Santiago
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Dudley McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Tracy W. Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Brian A. Boone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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Meganathan I, Pachaiyappan M, Aarthy M, Radhakrishnan J, Mukherjee S, Shanmugam G, You J, Ayyadurai N. Recombinant and genetic code expanded collagen-like protein as a tailorable biomaterial. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2698-2721. [PMID: 36189465 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collagen occurs in nature with a dedicated triple helix structure and is the most preferred biomaterial in commercialized medical products. However, concerns on purity, disease transmission, and the reproducibility of animal derived collagen restrict its applications and warrants alternate recombinant sources. The expression of recombinant collagen in different prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts has been reported with varying degrees of success, however, it is vital to elucidate the structural and biological characteristics of natural collagen. The recombinant production of biologically functional collagen is restricted by its high molecular weight and post-translational modification (PTM), especially the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline plays a key role in the structural stability and higher order self-assembly to form fibrillar matrices. Advancements in synthetic biology and recombinant technology are being explored for improving the yield and biomimicry of recombinant collagen. It emerges as reliable, sustainable source of collagen, promises tailorable properties and thereby custom-made protein biomaterials. Remarkably, the evolutionary existence of collagen-like proteins (CLPs) has been identified in single-cell organisms. Interestingly, CLPs exhibit remarkable ability to form stable triple helical structures similar to animal collagen and have gained increasing attention. Strategies to expand the genetic code of CLPs through the incorporation of unnatural amino acids promise the synthesis of highly tunable next-generation triple helical proteins required for the fabrication of smart biomaterials. The review outlines the importance of collagen, sources and diversification, and animal and recombinant collagen-based biomaterials and highlights the limitations of the existing collagen sources. The emphasis on genetic code expanded tailorable CLPs as the most sought alternate for the production of functional collagen and its advantages as translatable biomaterials has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilamaran Meganathan
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India.
| | - Mohandass Pachaiyappan
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India.
| | - Mayilvahanan Aarthy
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India.
| | - Janani Radhakrishnan
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Smriti Mukherjee
- Division of Organic and Bio-organic Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India
| | - Ganesh Shanmugam
- Division of Organic and Bio-organic Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jingjing You
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Niraikulam Ayyadurai
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - CLRI, Chennai, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Malcor JD, Mallein-Gerin F. Biomaterial functionalization with triple-helical peptides for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:1-21. [PMID: 35675889 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the growing field of tissue engineering, providing cells in biomaterials with the adequate biological cues represents an increasingly important challenge. Yet, biomaterials with excellent mechanical properties often are often biologically inert to many cell types. To address this issue, researchers resort to functionalization, i.e. the surface modification of a biomaterial with active molecules or substances. Functionalization notably aims to replicate the native cellular microenvironment provided by the extracellular matrix, and in particular by collagen, its major component. As our understanding of biological processes regulating cell behaviour increases, functionalization with biomolecules binding cell surface receptors constitutes a promising strategy. Amongst these, triple-helical peptides (THPs) that reproduce the architectural and biological properties of collagen are especially attractive. Indeed, THPs containing binding sites from the native collagen sequence have successfully been used to guide cell response by establishing cell-biomaterial interactions. Notably, the GFOGER motif recognising the collagen-binding integrins is extensively employed as a cell adhesive peptide. In biomaterials, THPs efficiently improved cell adhesion, differentiation and function on biomaterials designed for tissue repair (especially for bone, cartilage, tendon and heart), vascular graft fabrication, wound dressing, drug delivery or immunomodulation. This review describes the key characteristics of THPs, their effect on cells when combined to biomaterials and their strong potential as biomimetic tools for regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review article describes how triple-helical peptides constitute efficient tools to improve cell-biomaterial interactions in tissue engineering. Triple helical peptides are bioactive molecules that mimic the architectural and biological properties of collagen. They have been successfully used to specifically recognize cell-surface receptors and provide cells seeded on biomaterials with controlled biological cues. Functionalization with triple-helical peptides has enabled researchers to improve cell function for regenerative medicine applications, such as tissue repair. However, despite encouraging results, this approach remains limited and under-exploited, and most functionalization strategies reported in the literature rely on biomolecules that are unable to address collagen-binding receptors. This review will assist researchers in selecting the correct tools to functionalize biomaterials in efforts to guide cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Malcor
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, Cedex 07, Lyon 69367, France.
| | - Frédéric Mallein-Gerin
- Laboratory of Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering, CNRS UMR 5305, University Claude Bernard-Lyon 1 and University of Lyon, 7 Passage du Vercors, Cedex 07, Lyon 69367, France
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6
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Picker J, Lan Z, Arora S, Green M, Hahn M, Cosgriff-Hernandez E, Hook M. Prokaryotic Collagen-Like Proteins as Novel Biomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:840939. [PMID: 35372322 PMCID: PMC8968730 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.840939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the major structural component in animal extracellular matrices and are critical signaling molecules in various cell-matrix interactions. Its unique triple helical structure is enabled by tripeptide Gly-X-Y repeats. Understanding of sequence requirements for animal-derived collagen led to the discovery of prokaryotic collagen-like protein in the early 2000s. These prokaryotic collagen-like proteins are structurally similar to mammalian collagens in many ways. However, unlike the challenges associated with recombinant expression of mammalian collagens, these prokaryotic collagen-like proteins can be readily expressed in E. coli and are amenable to genetic modification. In this review article, we will first discuss the properties of mammalian collagen and provide a comparative analysis of mammalian collagen and prokaryotic collagen-like proteins. We will then review the use of prokaryotic collagen-like proteins to both study the biology of conventional collagen and develop a new biomaterial platform. Finally, we will describe the application of Scl2 protein, a streptococcal collagen-like protein, in thromboresistant coating for cardiovascular devices, scaffolds for bone regeneration, chronic wound dressing and matrices for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Picker
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ziyang Lan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mykel Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Mariah Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | | | - Magnus Hook
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Rom JS, Hart MT, McIver KS. PRD-Containing Virulence Regulators (PCVRs) in Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:772874. [PMID: 34737980 PMCID: PMC8560693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.772874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens rely on a complex network of regulatory proteins to adapt to hostile and nutrient-limiting host environments. The phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a conserved pathway in bacteria that couples transport of sugars with phosphorylation to monitor host carbohydrate availability. A family of structurally homologous PTS-regulatory-domain-containing virulence regulators (PCVRs) has been recognized in divergent bacterial pathogens, including Streptococcus pyogenes Mga and Bacillus anthracis AtxA. These paradigm PCVRs undergo phosphorylation, potentially via the PTS, which impacts their dimerization and their activity. Recent work with predicted PCVRs from Streptococcus pneumoniae (MgaSpn) and Enterococcus faecalis (MafR) suggest they interact with DNA like nucleoid-associating proteins. Yet, Mga binds to promoter sequences as a homo-dimeric transcription factor, suggesting a bi-modal interaction with DNA. High-resolution crystal structures of 3 PCVRs have validated the domain structure, but also raised additional questions such as how ubiquitous are PCVRs, is PTS-mediated histidine phosphorylation via potential PCVRs widespread, do specific sugars signal through PCVRs, and do PCVRs interact with DNA both as transcription factors and nucleoid-associating proteins? Here, we will review known and putative PCVRs based on key domain and functional characteristics and consider their roles as both transcription factors and possibly chromatin-structuring proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Rom
- Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Meaghan T Hart
- Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kevin S McIver
- Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Xu Q, Torres JE, Hakim M, Babiak PM, Pal P, Battistoni CM, Nguyen M, Panitch A, Solorio L, Liu JC. Collagen- and hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and their biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2021; 146:100641. [PMID: 34483486 PMCID: PMC8409465 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2021.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been widely investigated in biomedical fields due to their similar physical and biochemical properties to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA) are the main components of the ECM in many tissues. As a result, hydrogels prepared from collagen and HA hold inherent advantages in mimicking the structure and function of the native ECM. Numerous studies have focused on the development of collagen and HA hydrogels and their biomedical applications. In this extensive review, we provide a summary and analysis of the sources, features, and modifications of collagen and HA. Specifically, we highlight the fabrication, properties, and potential biomedical applications as well as promising commercialization of hydrogels based on these two natural polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Xu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jessica E Torres
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mazin Hakim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Paulina M Babiak
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pallabi Pal
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carly M Battistoni
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Julie C Liu
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Population Genomics of emm4 Group A Streptococcus Reveals Progressive Replacement with a Hypervirulent Clone in North America. mSystems 2021; 6:e0049521. [PMID: 34374563 PMCID: PMC8409732 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00495-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal replacement is a major driver for changes in bacterial disease epidemiology. Recently, it has been proposed that episodic emergence of novel, hypervirulent clones of group A Streptococcus (GAS) results from acquisition of a 36-kb DNA region leading to increased expression of the cytotoxins Nga (NADase) and SLO (streptolysin O). We previously described a gene fusion event involving the gene encoding the GAS M protein (emm) and an adjacent M-like protein (enn) in the emm4 GAS population, a GAS emm type that lacks the hyaluronic acid capsule. Using whole-genome sequencing of a temporally and geographically diverse set of 1,126 isolates, we discovered that the North American emm4 GAS population has undergone clonal replacement with emergent GAS strains completely replacing historical isolates by 2017. Emergent emm4 GAS strains contained a handful of small genetic variations, including the emm-enn gene fusion, and showed a marked in vitro growth defect compared to historical strains. In contrast to other previously described GAS clonal replacement events, emergent emm4 GAS strains were not defined by acquisition of exogenous DNA and had no significant increase in transcript levels of nga and slo toxin genes via RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis relative to historic strains. Despite the in vitro growth differences, emergent emm4 GAS strains were hypervirulent in mice and ex vivo growth in human blood compared to historical strains. Thus, these data detail the emergence and dissemination of a hypervirulent acapsular GAS clone defined by small, endogenous genetic variation, thereby defining a novel model for GAS strain replacement. IMPORTANCE Severe invasive infections caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS) result in substantial morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Previously, GAS clonal strain replacement has been attributed to acquisition of exogenous DNA leading to novel virulence gene acquisition or increased virulence gene expression. Our study of type emm4 GAS identified emergence of a hypervirulent GAS clade defined by variation in endogenous DNA content and lacking augmented toxin gene expression relative to replaced strains. These findings expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial clonal emergence.
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Hu J, Wang J, Zhu X, Tu RS, Nanda V, Xu F. Design Strategies to Tune the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Collagen Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3440-3450. [PMID: 34212715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As an important component of biomaterials, collagen provides three-dimensional scaffolds and biological cues for cell adhesion and proliferation in tissue engineering. Recombinant collagen-like proteins, which were initially discovered in Streptococcus pyogenes and produced in heterologous hosts, have been chemically and genetically engineered for biomaterial applications. However, existing collagen-like proteins do not form gels, limiting their utility as biomaterials. Here, we present a series of rationally designed collagen-like proteins composed of a trimerization domain, triple-helical domains with various lengths, and a pair of heterotrimeric coiled-coil sequences attached to the N- and C-termini as adhesive ends. These designed proteins fold into triple helices and form self-supporting gels. As the triple-helical domains are lengthened, the gels become less stiff, pore sizes increase, and structural anisotropy decreases. Moreover, cell-culture assay confirms that the designed proteins are noncytotoxic. This study provides a design strategy for collagen-based biomaterials. The sequence variations reveal a relationship between the protein primary structure and material properties, where variations in the cross-linking density and association energies define the gelation of the protein network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, Steinman Hall T313, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Fei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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11
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Qiu Y, Zhai C, Chen L, Liu X, Yeo J. Current Insights on the Diverse Structures and Functions in Bacterial Collagen-like Proteins. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 33871954 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dearth of knowledge on the diverse structures and functions in bacterial collagen-like proteins is in stark contrast to the deep grasp of structures and functions in mammalian collagen, the ubiquitous triple-helical scleroprotein that plays a central role in tissue architecture, extracellular matrix organization, and signal transduction. To fill and highlight existing gaps due to the general paucity of data on bacterial CLPs, we comprehensively reviewed the latest insight into their functional and structural diversity from multiple perspectives of biology, computational simulations, and materials engineering. The origins and discovery of bacterial CLPs were explored. Their genetic distribution and molecular architecture were analyzed, and their structural and functional diversity in various bacterial genera was examined. The principal roles of computational techniques in understanding bacterial CLPs' structural stability, mechanical properties, and biological functions were also considered. This review serves to drive further interest and development of bacterial CLPs, not only for addressing fundamental biological problems in collagen but also for engineering novel biomaterials. Hence, both biology and materials communities will greatly benefit from intensified research into the diverse structures and functions in bacterial collagen-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Qiu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biopesticide Branch of Hubei Innovation Centre of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Chenxi Zhai
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biopesticide Branch of Hubei Innovation Centre of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biopesticide Branch of Hubei Innovation Centre of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, PR China
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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12
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Merrett K, Wan F, Lee CJ, Harden JL. Enhanced Collagen-like Protein for Facile Biomaterial Fabrication. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1414-1427. [PMID: 33733733 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a collagen-mimetic protein of bacterial origin based upon a modified subdomain of the collagen-like Sc12 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, as an alternative collagen-like biomaterial platform that is highly soluble, forms stable, homogeneous, fluid-like solutions at elevated concentrations, and that can be efficiently fabricated into hydrogel materials over a broad range of pH conditions. This extended bacterial collagen-like (eBCL) protein is expressed in a bacterial host and purified as a trimeric assembly exhibiting a triple helical secondary structure in its collagen-like subdomain that is stable near physiological solution conditions (neutral pH and 37 °C), as well as over a broad range of pH conditions. We also show how this sequence can be modified to include biofunctional attributes, in particular, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence to elicit integrin-specific cell binding, without loss of structural function. Furthermore, through the use of EDC-NHS chemistry, we demonstrate that members of this eBCL protein system can be covalently cross-linked to fabricate transparent hydrogels with high protein concentrations (at least to 20% w/w). These hydrogels are shown to possess material properties and resistance to enzymatic degradation that are comparable or superior to a type I collagen control. Moreover, such hydrogels containing the constructs with the RGD integrin-binding sequence are shown to promote the adhesion, spreading, and proliferation of C2C12 and 3T3 cells in vitro. Due to its enhanced solubility, structural stability, fluidity at elevated concentrations, ease of modification, and facility of cross-linking, this eBCL collagen-mimetic system has potential for numerous biomedical material applications, where the ease of processing and fabrication and the facility to tailor the sequence for specific biological functionality are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Merrett
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Fan Wan
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Chyan-Jang Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - James L Harden
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials Research, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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13
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Fertala A. Three Decades of Research on Recombinant Collagens: Reinventing the Wheel or Developing New Biomedical Products? Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E155. [PMID: 33276472 PMCID: PMC7712652 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagens provide the building blocks for diverse tissues and organs. Furthermore, these proteins act as signaling molecules that control cell behavior during organ development, growth, and repair. Their long half-life, mechanical strength, ability to assemble into fibrils and networks, biocompatibility, and abundance from readily available discarded animal tissues make collagens an attractive material in biomedicine, drug and food industries, and cosmetic products. About three decades ago, pioneering experiments led to recombinant human collagens' expression, thereby initiating studies on the potential use of these proteins as substitutes for the animal-derived collagens. Since then, scientists have utilized various systems to produce native-like recombinant collagens and their fragments. They also tested these collagens as materials to repair tissues, deliver drugs, and serve as therapeutics. Although many tests demonstrated that recombinant collagens perform as well as their native counterparts, the recombinant collagen technology has not yet been adopted by the biomedical, pharmaceutical, or food industry. This paper highlights recent technologies to produce and utilize recombinant collagens, and it contemplates their prospects and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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14
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Deciphering Streptococcal Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111835. [PMID: 33233415 PMCID: PMC7700319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are a diverse group of bacteria, which are mostly commensals but also cause a considerable proportion of life-threatening infections. They colonize many different host niches such as the oral cavity, the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract. While these host compartments impose different environmental conditions, many streptococci form biofilms on mucosal membranes facilitating their prolonged survival. In response to environmental conditions or stimuli, bacteria experience profound physiologic and metabolic changes during biofilm formation. While investigating bacterial cells under planktonic and biofilm conditions, various genes have been identified that are important for the initial step of biofilm formation. Expression patterns of these genes during the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth suggest a highly regulated and complex process. Biofilms as a bacterial survival strategy allow evasion of host immunity and protection against antibiotic therapy. However, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated bacteria cause disease are poorly understood. Therefore, advanced molecular techniques are employed to identify gene(s) or protein(s) as targets for the development of antibiofilm therapeutic approaches. We review our current understanding of biofilm formation in different streptococci and how biofilm production may alter virulence-associated characteristics of these species. In addition, we have summarized the role of surface proteins especially pili proteins in biofilm formation. This review will provide an overview of strategies which may be exploited for developing novel approaches against biofilm-related streptococcal infections.
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15
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Vyas HKN, Proctor EJ, McArthur J, Gorman J, Sanderson-Smith M. Current Understanding of Group A Streptococcal Biofilms. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:982-993. [PMID: 30947646 PMCID: PMC6700754 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190405095712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: It has been proposed that GAS may form biofilms. Biofilms are microbial communities that aggregate on a surface, and exist within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms offer bacteria an increased survival advantage, in which bacteria persist, and resist host immunity and antimicrobial treatment. The biofilm phenotype has long been recognized as a virulence mechanism for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however very little is known about the role of biofilms in GAS pathogenesis. Objective: This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of biofilms in GAS pathogenesis. This review assesses the evidence of GAS biofilm formation, the role of GAS virulence factors in GAS biofilm formation, modelling GAS biofilms, and discusses the polymicrobial nature of biofilms in the oropharynx in relation to GAS. Conclusion: Further study is needed to improve the current understanding of GAS as both a mono-species biofilm, and as a member of a polymicrobial biofilm. Improved modelling of GAS biofilm formation in settings closely mimicking in vivo conditions will ensure that biofilms generated in the lab closely reflect those occurring during clinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heema K N Vyas
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Emma-Jayne Proctor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jason McArthur
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jody Gorman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Martina Sanderson-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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16
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Ellison AJ, Dempwolff F, Kearns DB, Raines RT. Role for Cell-Surface Collagen of Streptococcus pyogenes in Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1836-1843. [PMID: 32413256 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) displays cell-surface proteins that resemble human collagen. We find that a fluorophore-labeled collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) labels GAS cells but not Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis cells, which lack such proteins. The CMP likely engages in a heterotrimeric helix with endogenous collagen, as the nonnatural d enantiomer of the CMP does not label GAS cells. To identify a molecular target, we used reverse genetics to "knock-in" the GAS genes that encode two proteins with collagen-like domains, Scl1 and Scl2, into B. subtilis. The fluorescent CMP labels the cells of these B. subtilis strains. Moreover, these strains bind tightly to a surface of mammalian collagen. These data are consistent with streptococcal collagen forming triple helices with damaged collagen in a wound bed and thus have implications for microbial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Dempwolff
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel B. Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Abstract
Prokaryotic proteins with extended collagen domain are found in many bacterial species that are pathogenic to humans and animals. The collagen domain is often fused to additional ligand-binding domains and plays both structural and functional roles in modular "bacterial collagens." Here, we describe the step-by-step expression and purification of the recombinant streptococcal collagen-like proteins, rScl, using the Strep-tag II system. The integrity and structural characterization of recombinant collagen-like proteins is very important for defining their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Dudley H McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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18
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Chen EA, Lin YS. Using synthetic peptides and recombinant collagen to understand DDR–collagen interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Bernard PE, Kachroo P, Eraso JM, Zhu L, Madry JE, Linson SE, Ojeda Saavedra M, Cantu C, Musser JM, Olsen RJ. Polymorphisms in Regulator of Cov Contribute to the Molecular Pathogenesis of Serotype M28 Group A Streptococcus. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2002-2018. [PMID: 31369755 PMCID: PMC6892226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCSs) are signal transduction proteins that enable bacteria to respond to external stimuli by altering the global transcriptome. Accessory proteins interact with TCSs to fine-tune their activity. In group A Streptococcus (GAS), regulator of Cov (RocA) is an accessory protein that functions with the control of virulence regulator/sensor TCS, which regulates approximately 15% of the GAS transcriptome. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of serotype M28 GAS strains collected from invasive infections in humans identified a higher number of missense (amino acid-altering) and nonsense (protein-truncating) polymorphisms in rocA than expected. We hypothesized that polymorphisms in RocA alter the global transcriptome and virulence of serotype M28 GAS. We used naturally occurring clinical isolates with rocA polymorphisms (n = 48), an isogenic rocA deletion mutant strain, and five isogenic rocA polymorphism mutant strains to perform genome-wide transcript analysis (RNA sequencing), in vitro virulence factor assays, and mouse and nonhuman primate pathogenesis studies to test this hypothesis. Results demonstrated that polymorphisms in rocA result in either a subtle transcriptome change, causing a wild-type-like virulence phenotype, or a substantial transcriptome change, leading to a significantly increased virulence phenotype. Each polymorphism had a unique effect on the global GAS transcriptome. Taken together, our data show that naturally occurring polymorphisms in one gene encoding an accessory protein can significantly alter the global transcriptome and virulence phenotype of GAS, an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bernard
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Priyanka Kachroo
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jesus M Eraso
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Luchang Zhu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica E Madry
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah E Linson
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Ojeda Saavedra
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Concepcion Cantu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - James M Musser
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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20
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McNitt DH, Van De Water L, Marasco D, Berisio R, Lukomski S. Streptococcal Collagen-like Protein 1 Binds Wound Fibronectin: Implications in Pathogen Targeting. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1933-1945. [PMID: 30182848 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180831165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The outlook for an effective global vaccine is reduced because of significant antigenic variation among GAS strains worldwide. Other challenges in GAS therapy include the lack of common access to antibiotics in developing countries, as well as allergy to and treatment failures with penicillin and increasing erythromycin resistance in the industrialized world. At the portal of entry, GAS binds to newly deposited extracellular matrix, which is rich in cellular fibronectin isoforms with extra domain A (EDA, also termed EIIIA) via the surface adhesin, the streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl1). Recombinant Scl1 constructs, derived from diverse GAS strains, bind the EDA loop segment situated between the C and C' β-strands. Despite the sequence diversity in Scl1 proteins, multiple sequence alignments and secondary structure predictions of Scl1 variants, as well as crystallography and homology modeling studies, point to a conserved mechanism of Scl1-EDA binding. We propose that targeting this interaction may prevent the progression of infection. A synthetic cyclic peptide, derived from the EDA C-C' loop, binds to recombinant Scl1 with a micromolar dissociation constant. This review highlights the current concept of EDA binding to Scl1 and provides incentives to exploit this binding to treat GAS infections and wound colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley H McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 2095 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
| | - Livingston Van De Water
- Departments of Surgery and Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Frederico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134, Naples, Italy
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 2095 Health Sciences North, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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21
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McNitt DH, Choi SJ, Allen JL, Hames RA, Weed SA, Van De Water L, Berisio R, Lukomski S. Adaptation of the group A Streptococcus adhesin Scl1 to bind fibronectin type III repeats within wound-associated extracellular matrix: implications for cancer therapy. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:800-819. [PMID: 31145503 PMCID: PMC6736723 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human‐adapted pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) utilizes wounds as portals of entry into host tissue, wherein surface adhesins interact with the extracellular matrix, enabling bacterial colonization. The streptococcal collagen‐like protein 1 (Scl1) is a major adhesin of GAS that selectively binds to two fibronectin type III (FnIII) repeats within cellular fibronectin, specifically the alternatively spliced extra domains A and B, and the FnIII repeats within tenascin‐C. Binding to FnIII repeats was mediated through conserved structural determinants present within the Scl1 globular domain and facilitated GAS adherence and biofilm formation. Isoforms of cellular fibronectin that contain extra domains A and B, as well as tenascin‐C, are present for several days in the wound extracellular matrix. Scl1‐FnIII binding is therefore an example of GAS adaptation to the host's wound environment. Similarly, cellular fibronectin isoforms and tenascin‐C are present in the tumor microenvironment. Consistent with this, FnIII repeats mediate GAS attachment to and enhancement of biofilm formation on matrices deposited by cancer‐associated fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells. These data collectively support the premise for utilization of the Scl1‐FnIII interaction as a novel method of anti‐neoplastic targeting in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley H McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Soo Jeon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jessica L Allen
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - River A Hames
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott A Weed
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Livingston Van De Water
- Departments of Surgery and Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
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22
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Kan A, Joshi NS. Towards the directed evolution of protein materials. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 9:441-455. [PMID: 31750012 PMCID: PMC6867688 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based materials have emerged as a powerful instrument for a new generation of biological materials, with many chemical and mechanical capabilities. Through the manipulation of DNA, researchers can design proteins at the molecular level, engineering a vast array of structural building blocks. However, our capability to rationally design and predict the properties of such materials is limited by the vastness of possible sequence space. Directed evolution has emerged as a powerful tool to improve biological systems through mutation and selection, presenting another avenue to produce novel protein materials. In this prospective review, we discuss the application of directed evolution for protein materials, reviewing current examples and developments that could facilitate the evolution of protein for material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kan
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Neel S. Joshi
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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23
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Campuzano S, Pelling AE. Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and Cellular Agriculture Applications Derived From Non-animal Sources. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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24
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RocA Has Serotype-Specific Gene Regulatory and Pathogenesis Activities in Serotype M28 Group A Streptococcus. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00467-18. [PMID: 30126898 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00467-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype M28 group A streptococcus (GAS) is a common cause of infections such as pharyngitis ("strep throat") and necrotizing fasciitis ("flesh-eating" disease). Relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underpinning M28 GAS pathogenesis. Whole-genome sequencing studies of M28 GAS strains recovered from patients with invasive infections found an unexpectedly high number of missense (amino acid-changing) and nonsense (protein-truncating) polymorphisms in rocA (regulator of Cov), leading us to hypothesize that altered RocA activity contributes to M28 GAS molecular pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, an isogenic rocA deletion mutant strain was created. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that RocA inactivation significantly alters the level of transcripts for 427 and 323 genes at mid-exponential and early stationary growth phases, respectively, including genes for 41 transcription regulators and 21 virulence factors. In contrast, RocA transcriptomes from other GAS M protein serotypes are much smaller and include fewer transcription regulators. The rocA mutant strain had significantly increased secreted activity of multiple virulence factors and grew to significantly higher colony counts under acid stress in vitro RocA inactivation also significantly increased GAS virulence in a mouse model of necrotizing myositis. Our results demonstrate that RocA is an important regulator of transcription regulators and virulence factors in M28 GAS and raise the possibility that naturally occurring polymorphisms in rocA in some fashion contribute to human invasive infections caused by M28 GAS strains.
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25
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Collagen degradation in tuberculosis pathogenesis: the biochemical consequences of hosting an undesired guest. Biochem J 2018; 475:3123-3140. [PMID: 30315001 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The scenario of chemical reactions prompted by the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is huge. The infection generates a localized inflammatory response, with the recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes. Consequences of this immune reaction can be the eradication or containment of the infection, but these events can be deleterious to the host inasmuch as lung tissue can be destroyed. Indeed, a hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) is the formation of lung cavities, which increase disease development and transmission, as they are sites of high mycobacterial burden. Pulmonary cavitation is associated with antibiotic failure and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. For cavities to form, M. tuberculosis induces the overexpression of host proteases, like matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsin, which are secreted from monocyte-derived cells, neutrophils, and stromal cells. These proteases destroy the lung parenchyma, in particular the collagen constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Namely, in an attempt to destroy infected cells, the immune reactions prompted by mycobacterial infections induce the destruction of vital regions of the lung, in a process that can become fatal. Here, we review structure and function of the main molecular actors of ECM degradation due to M. tuberculosis infection and the proposed mechanisms of tissue destruction, mainly attacking fibrillar collagen. Importantly, enzymes responsible for collagen destruction are emerging as key targets for adjunctive therapies to limit immunopathology in TB.
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26
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Thaper D, Prabha V. Molecular mimicry: An explanation for autoimmune diseases and infertility. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12697. [PMID: 29935034 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms execute an enthralling range of adjustments to survive in the host. Among the various strategies employed by microorganisms to surmount the host immune response, the phenomenon of molecular mimicry empowers the microorganisms to manoeuvre host physiology and cellular functions for their own advantage by mimicking the host proteins and initiating autoimmunity. This phenomena, by and large, has been studied in context of autoimmune diseases; however, its implications have also been reported in infertility. Hence, in this article, we provide a review of the various instances of molecular mimicry initiated by bacteria, parasites and viruses in the world of autoimmune diseases and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Thaper
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vijay Prabha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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27
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McNitt DH, Choi SJ, Keene DR, Van De Water L, Squeglia F, Berisio R, Lukomski S. Surface-exposed loops and an acidic patch in the Scl1 protein of group A Streptococcus enable Scl1 binding to wound-associated fibronectin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7796-7810. [PMID: 29615492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinized epidermis constitutes a powerful barrier of the mucosa and skin, effectively preventing bacterial invasion, unless it is wounded and no longer protective. Wound healing involves deposition of distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins enriched in cellular fibronectin (cFn) isoforms containing extra domain A (EDA). The streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl1) is a surface adhesin of group A Streptococcus (GAS), which contains an N-terminal variable (V) domain and a C-terminally located collagen-like domain. During wound infection, Scl1 selectively binds EDA/cFn isoforms and laminin, as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), through its V domain. The trimeric V domain has a six-helical bundle fold composed of three pairs of anti-parallel α-helices interconnected by hypervariable loops, but the roles of these structures in EDA/cFn binding are unclear. Here, using recombinant Scl (rScl) constructs to investigate structure-function determinants of the Scl1-EDA/cFn interaction, we found that full-length rScl1, containing both the globular V and the collagen domains, is necessary for EDA/cFn binding. We established that the surface-exposed loops, interconnecting conserved α-helices, guide recognition and binding of Scl1-V to EDA and binding to laminin and LDL. Moreover, electrostatic surface potential models of the Scl1-V domains pointed to a conserved, negatively charged pocket, surrounded by positively charged and neutral regions, as a determining factor for the binding. In light of these findings, we propose an updated model of EDA/cFn recognition by the Scl1 adhesin from GAS, representing a significant step in understanding the Scl1-ECM interactions within the wound microenvironment that underlie GAS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley H McNitt
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Soo Jeon Choi
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Douglas R Keene
- the Micro-imaging Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Livingston Van De Water
- the Departments of Surgery and Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208, and
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- the Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- the Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- From the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506,
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Virulence Role of the GlcNAc Side Chain of the Lancefield Cell Wall Carbohydrate Antigen in Non-M1-Serotype Group A Streptococcus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02294-17. [PMID: 29382733 PMCID: PMC5790915 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02294-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classification of streptococci is based upon expression of unique cell wall carbohydrate antigens. All serotypes of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes), a leading cause of infection-related mortality worldwide, express the group A carbohydrate (GAC). GAC, the classical Lancefield antigen, is comprised of a polyrhamnose backbone with N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) side chains. The immunodominant GlcNAc epitope of GAC is the basis of all rapid diagnostic testing for GAS infection. We previously identified the 12-gene GAC biosynthesis gene cluster and determined that the glycosyltransferase GacI was required for addition of the GlcNAc side chain to the polyrhamnose core. Loss of the GAC GlcNAc epitope in serotype M1 GAS resulted in attenuated virulence in two animal infection models and increased GAS sensitivity to killing by whole human blood, serum, neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptides. Here, we report that the GAC biosynthesis gene cluster is ubiquitous among 520 GAS isolates from global sources, representing 105 GAS emm serotypes. Isogenic ΔgacI mutants were constructed in M2, M3, M4, M28, and M89 backgrounds and displayed an array of phenotypes in susceptibility to killing by whole human blood, baby rabbit serum, human platelet releasate, human neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptide LL-37. The contribution of the GlcNAc side chain to GAS survival in vivo also varied by strain, demonstrating that it is not a prerequisite for virulence in the murine infection model. Thus, the relative contribution of GAC to virulence in non-M1 serotypes appears to depend on the quorum of other virulence factors that each strain possesses.IMPORTANCE The Lancefield group A carbohydrate (GAC) is the species-defining antigen for group A Streptococcus (GAS), comprising ~50% of the cell wall of this major human pathogen. We previously showed that the GlcNAc side chain of GAC contributes to the innate immune resistance and animal virulence phenotypes of the globally disseminated strain of serotype M1 GAS. Here, we use isogenic mutagenesis to examine the role of GAC GlcNAc in five additional medically relevant GAS serotypes. Overall, the GlcNAc side chain of GAC contributes to the innate immune resistance of GAS, but the relative contribution varies among individual strains. Moreover, the GAC GlcNAc side chain is not a universal prerequisite for GAS virulence in the animal model.
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Serón M, Plug T, Arnoud Marquart J, Marx P, Herwald H, de Groot P, Meijers J. Binding characteristics of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor to streptococcal surface collagen-like proteins A and B. Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:609-16. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-03-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryStreptococcus pyogenes is the causative agent in a wide range of diseases in humans. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) binds to collagen-like proteins SclA and SclB at the surface of S. pyogenes. Activation of TAFI at this surface redirects inflammation from a transient to chronic state by modulation of the kallikrein/kinin system. We investigated TAFI binding characteristics to SclA/SclB. Thirty-four overlapping TAFI peptides of ∼20 amino acids were generated. Two of these peptides (P18: residues G205-S221, and P19: R214-D232) specifically bound to SclA/SclB with high affinity, and competed in a dose-dependent manner with TAFI binding to SclA/SclB. In another series of experiments, the binding properties of activated TAFI (TAFIa) to SclA/SclB were studied with a quadruple TAFI mutant (TAFI-IIYQ) that after activation is a 70-fold more stable enzyme than wild-type TAFIa. TAFI and TAFI-IIYQ bound to the bacterial proteins with similar affinities. The rate of dissociation was different between the proenzyme (both TAFI and TAFI-IIYQ) and the stable enzyme TAFIa-IIYQ. TAFIa-IIYQ bound to SclA/ SclB, but dissociated faster than TAFI-IIYQ. In conclusion, the bacterial proteins SclA and SclB bind to a TAFI fragment encompassing residues G205-D232. Binding of TAFI to the bacteria may allow activation of TAFI, whereafter the enzyme easily dissociates.
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Chaudhary P, Kumar R, Sagar V, Sarkar S, Singh R, Ghosh S, Singh S, Chakraborti A. Assessment of Cpa, Scl1 and Scl2 in clinical group A streptococcus isolates and patients from north India: an evaluation of the host pathogen interaction. Res Microbiol 2017; 169:11-19. [PMID: 28974446 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) infection remains a major concern due to multiple diseases including pharyngitis, impetigo, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). It uses different adhesins and virulence factors like Cpa (collagen binding protein) and Scl (collagen-like protein) in its pathogenicity. Scl having similarities with human collagen may contribute to inducing autoimmunity in the host. Here we assessed gene expression, antibody titer of Cpa, Scl1 and Scl2 in both clinical GAS isolates (n = 45) and blood (n = 45) obtained from pharyngitis, ARF (acute rheumatic fever) and RHD respectively. Skin isolates (n = 30) were obtained from impetigo patients. The study revealed a total of 27 GAS emm types. Frequency of cpa, scl1, scl2 was high in ARF isolates. The antibody titer of these proteins was high in all isolates, and also in patients with pharyngitis and ARF. All isolates showed high binding affinity toward collagen I and IV, which further indicates a potential host pathogen interaction. Our study reflects a strong association of Cpa and Scls in early and post-GAS pathogenicity. However, the increased antibody titer of Scl1 and Scl2 during ARF may be attributed to a cogent immune response in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chaudhary
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Vivek Sagar
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Subendu Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Rupneet Singh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India.
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Martins CDO, Demarchi L, Ferreira FM, Pomerantzeff PMA, Brandao C, Sampaio RO, Spina GS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, Guilherme L. Rheumatic Heart Disease and Myxomatous Degeneration: Differences and Similarities of Valve Damage Resulting from Autoimmune Reactions and Matrix Disorganization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170191. [PMID: 28121998 PMCID: PMC5266332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune inflammatory reactions leading to rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) result from untreated Streptococcus pyogenes throat infections in individuals who exhibit genetic susceptibility. Immune effector mechanisms have been described that lead to heart tissue damage culminating in mitral and aortic valve dysfunctions. In myxomatous valve degeneration (MXD), the mitral valve is also damaged due to non-inflammatory mechanisms. Both diseases are characterized by structural valve disarray and a previous proteomic analysis of them has disclosed a distinct profile of matrix/structural proteins differentially expressed. Given their relevance in organizing valve tissue, we quantitatively evaluated the expression of vimentin, collagen VI, lumican, and vitronectin as well as performed immunohistochemical analysis of their distribution in valve tissue lesions of patients in both diseases. We identified abundant expression of two isoforms of vimentin (45 kDa, 42 kDa) with reduced expression of the full-size protein (54 kDa) in RHD valves. We also found increased vitronectin expression, reduced collagen VI expression and similar lumican expression between RHD and MXD valves. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated disrupted patterns of these proteins in myxomatous degeneration valves and disorganized distribution in rheumatic heart disease valves that correlated with clinical manifestations such as valve regurgitation or stenosis. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed a diverse pattern of distribution of collagen VI and lumican into RHD and MXD valves. Altogether, these results demonstrated distinct patterns of altered valve expression and tissue distribution/organization of structural/matrix proteins that play important pathophysiological roles in both valve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo de Oliveira Martins
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Investigation in Immunology, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea Demarchi
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico Moraes Ferreira
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Investigation in Immunology, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Brandao
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roney Orismar Sampaio
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Sobreira Spina
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Investigation in Immunology, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Investigation in Immunology, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiza Guilherme
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Investigation in Immunology, National Institute for Science and Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lukomski S, Bachert BA, Squeglia F, Berisio R. Collagen-like proteins of pathogenic streptococci. Mol Microbiol 2017; 103:919-930. [PMID: 27997716 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The collagen domain, which is defined by the presence of the Gly-X-Y triplet repeats, is amongst the most versatile and widespread known structures found in proteins from organisms representing all three domains of life. The streptococcal collagen-like (Scl) proteins are widely present in pathogenic streptococci, including Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, and S. equi. Experiments and bioinformatic analyses support the hypothesis that all Scl proteins are homotrimeric and cell wall-anchored. These proteins contain the rod-shaped collagenous domain proximal to cell surface, as well as a variety of outermost non-collagenous domains that generally lack predicted functions but can be grouped into one of six clusters based on sequence similarity. The well-characterized Scl1 proteins of S. pyogenes show a dichotomous switch in ligand binding between human tissue and blood environments. In tissue, Scl1 adhesin specifically recognizes the wound microenvironment, promotes adhesion and biofilm formation, decreases bacterial killing by neutrophil extracellular traps, and modulates S. pyogenes virulence. In blood, ligands include components of complement and coagulation-fibrinolytic systems, as well as plasma lipoproteins. In all, the Scl proteins signify a large family of structurally related surface proteins, which contribute to the ability of streptococci to colonize and cause diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Beth A Bachert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, I-80134, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, I-80134, Italy
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Global Analysis and Comparison of the Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Group A Streptococcus Biofilms. mSystems 2016; 1:mSystems00149-16. [PMID: 27933318 PMCID: PMC5141267 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00149-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes are thought to regulate their proteomes largely at the level of transcription. However, the results from this first set of global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of paired microbial samples presented here show that this assumption is false for the majority of genes and their products in S. pyogenes. In addition, the tenuousness of the link between transcription and translation becomes even more pronounced when microbes exist in a biofilm or a stationary planktonic state. Since the transcriptome level does not usually equal the proteome level, the validity attributed to gene expression studies as well as proteomic studies in microbial analyses must be brought into question. Therefore, the results attained by either approach, whether RNA-seq or shotgun proteomics, must be taken in context and evaluated with particular care since they are by no means interchangeable. To gain a better understanding of the genes and proteins involved in group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) biofilm growth, we analyzed the transcriptome, cellular proteome, and cell wall proteome from biofilms at different stages and compared them to those of plankton-stage GAS. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) shotgun proteomics, we found distinct expression profiles in the transcriptome and proteome. A total of 46 genes and 41 proteins showed expression across the majority of biofilm time points that was consistently higher or consistently lower than that seen across the majority of planktonic time points. However, there was little overlap between the genes and proteins on these two lists. In line with other studies comparing transcriptomic and proteomic data, the overall correlation between the two data sets was modest. Furthermore, correlation was poorest for biofilm samples. This suggests a high degree of regulation of protein expression by nontranscriptional mechanisms. This report illustrates the benefits and weaknesses of two different approaches to global expression profiling, and it also demonstrates the advantage of using proteomics in conjunction with transcriptomics to gain a more complete picture of global expression within biofilms. In addition, this report provides the fullest characterization of expression patterns in GAS biofilms currently available. IMPORTANCE Prokaryotes are thought to regulate their proteomes largely at the level of transcription. However, the results from this first set of global transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of paired microbial samples presented here show that this assumption is false for the majority of genes and their products in S. pyogenes. In addition, the tenuousness of the link between transcription and translation becomes even more pronounced when microbes exist in a biofilm or a stationary planktonic state. Since the transcriptome level does not usually equal the proteome level, the validity attributed to gene expression studies as well as proteomic studies in microbial analyses must be brought into question. Therefore, the results attained by either approach, whether RNA-seq or shotgun proteomics, must be taken in context and evaluated with particular care since they are by no means interchangeable.
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Kilsgård O, Karlsson C, Malmström E, Malmström J. Differential compartmentalization of Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors and host protein binding properties as a mechanism for host adaptation. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:504-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Bachert BA, Choi SJ, LaSala PR, Harper TI, McNitt DH, Boehm DT, Caswell CC, Ciborowski P, Keene DR, Flores AR, Musser JM, Squeglia F, Marasco D, Berisio R, Lukomski S. Unique Footprint in the scl1.3 Locus Affects Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of the Invasive M3-Type Group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:90. [PMID: 27630827 PMCID: PMC5005324 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The streptococcal collagen-like proteins 1 and 2 (Scl1 and Scl2) are major surface adhesins that are ubiquitous among group A Streptococcus (GAS). Invasive M3-type strains, however, have evolved two unique conserved features in the scl1 locus: (i) an IS1548 element insertion in the scl1 promoter region and (ii) a nonsense mutation within the scl1 coding sequence. The scl1 transcript is drastically reduced in M3-type GAS, contrasting with a high transcription level of scl1 allele in invasive M1-type GAS. This leads to a lack of Scl1 expression in M3 strains. In contrast, while scl2 transcription and Scl2 production are elevated in M3 strains, M1 GAS lack Scl2 surface expression. M3-type strains were shown to have reduced biofilm formation on inanimate surfaces coated with cellular fibronectin and laminin, and in human skin equivalents. Repair of the nonsense mutation and restoration of Scl1 expression on M3-GAS cells, restores biofilm formation on cellular fibronectin and laminin coatings. Inactivation of scl1 in biofilm-capable M28 and M41 strains results in larger skin lesions in a mouse model, indicating that lack of Scl1 adhesin promotes bacterial spread over localized infection. These studies suggest the uniquely evolved scl1 locus in the M3-type strains, which prevents surface expression of the major Scl1 adhesin, contributed to the emergence of the invasive M3-type strains. Furthermore these studies provide insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating colonization, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis of group A streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Bachert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Soo J Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Paul R LaSala
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tiffany I Harper
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dudley H McNitt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clayton C Caswell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Pawel Ciborowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Anthony R Flores
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's HospitalHouston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Hospital SystemHouston, TX, USA
| | - James M Musser
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Hospital System Houston, TX, USA
| | - Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Frederico II Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council Naples, Italy
| | - Slawomir Lukomski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
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Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ. Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and colonization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3739-3757. [PMID: 27312939 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is a human-adapted pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of disease. GAS can cause relatively mild illnesses, such as strep throat or impetigo, and less frequent but severe life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. GAS is an important public health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main route of GAS transmission between humans is through close or direct physical contact, and particularly via respiratory droplets. The upper respiratory tract and skin are major reservoirs for GAS infections. The ability of GAS to establish an infection in the new host at these anatomical sites primarily results from two distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and colonization. These fundamental aspects of pathogenesis rely upon a variety of GAS virulence factors, which are usually under strict transcriptional regulation. Considerable progress has been made in better understanding these initial infection steps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of GAS adhesion and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Genomic Characterization of a Pattern D Streptococcus pyogenes emm53 Isolate Reveals a Genetic Rationale for Invasive Skin Tropicity. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1712-24. [PMID: 27044623 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01019-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The genome of an invasive skin-tropic strain (AP53) of serotype M53 group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is composed of a circular chromosome of 1,860,554 bp and carries genetic markers for infection at skin locales, viz, emm gene family pattern D and FCT type 3. Through genome-scale comparisons of AP53 with other GAS genomes, we identified 596 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reveal a potential genetic basis for skin tropism. The genome of AP53 differed by ∼30 point mutations from a noninvasive pattern D serotype M53 strain (Alab49), 4 of which are located in virulence genes. One pseudogene, yielding an inactive sensor kinase (CovS(-)) of the two-component transcriptional regulator CovRS, a major determinant for invasiveness, severely attenuated the expression of the secreted cysteine protease SpeB and enhanced the expression of the hyaluronic acid capsule compared to the isogenic noninvasive AP53/CovS(+) strain. The collagen-binding protein transcript sclB differed in the number of 5'-pentanucleotide repeats in the signal peptides of AP53 and Alab49 (9 versus 15), translating into different lengths of their signal peptides, which nonetheless maintained a full-length translatable coding frame. Furthermore, GAS strain AP53 acquired two phages that are absent in Alab49. One such phage (ΦAP53.2) contains the known virulence factor superantigen exotoxin gene tandem speK-slaA Overall, we conclude that this bacterium has evolved in multiple ways, including mutational variations of regulatory genes, short-tandem-repeat polymorphisms, large-scale genomic alterations, and acquisition of phages, all of which may be involved in shaping the adaptation of GAS in specific infectious environments and contribute to its enhanced virulence. IMPORTANCE Infectious strains of S. pyogenes (GAS) are classified by their serotypes, relating to the surface M protein, the emm-like subfamily pattern, and their tropicity toward the nasopharynx and/or skin. It is generally agreed that M proteins from pattern D strains, which also directly bind human host plasminogen, are skin tropic. We have sequenced and characterized the genome of an invasive pattern D GAS strain (AP53) in comparison to a very similar strain (Alab49) that is noninvasive and developed a genomic rationale as to possible reasons for the skin tropicity of these two strains and the greater invasiveness of AP53.
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Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, Guilherme L, Karthikeyan G, Mayosi BM, Sable C, Steer A, Wilson N, Wyber R, Zühlke L. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:15084. [PMID: 27188830 PMCID: PMC5810582 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is the result of an autoimmune response to pharyngitis caused by infection with group A Streptococcus. The long-term damage to cardiac valves caused by ARF, which can result from a single severe episode or from multiple recurrent episodes of the illness, is known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality in resource-poor settings around the world. Although our understanding of disease pathogenesis has advanced in recent years, this has not led to dramatic improvements in diagnostic approaches, which are still reliant on clinical features using the Jones Criteria, or treatment practices. Indeed, penicillin has been the mainstay of treatment for decades and there is no other treatment that has been proven to alter the likelihood or the severity of RHD after an episode of ARF. Recent advances - including the use of echocardiographic diagnosis in those with ARF and in screening for early detection of RHD, progress in developing group A streptococcal vaccines and an increased focus on the lived experience of those with RHD and the need to improve quality of life - give cause for optimism that progress will be made in coming years against this neglected disease that affects populations around the world, but is a particular issue for those living in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Beaton
- Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Madeleine W Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Luiza Guilherme
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Immunology Investigation, National Institute for Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bongani M Mayosi
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig Sable
- Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Andrew Steer
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Wilson
- Green Lane Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Services, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary Wyber
- Telethon Kids Institute, the University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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39
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Zhao X, Wang R, Shang Q, Hao H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wang Y, Xie Z. The new flagella-associated collagen-like proteins ClpB and ClpC of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 are involved in bacterial motility. Microbiol Res 2015; 184:25-31. [PMID: 26856450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-like proteins (CLPs) share the distinctive Gly-X-Thr repeating amino acid sequence of animal collagens, and contain N- and C-terminal domain making a collagen-like structure in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium. Our previous study demonstrated that CLPs play important roles in biofilm construction and adherence to the surfaces on plant roots. However, bacterial localization of the CLPs remains unclear. Here, disrupted strains on all four clp genes (clpA, clpB, clpC and clpD) shown fewer filament than wild-type bacteria in extracellular matrix under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the differences on filament which associated on the cell surface, then the CLPs mutation strains showed less flagella than the wild type. Immunogold labeling determined the location that ClpB and ClpC localized on the flagella surface. In addition, western blotting analysis of crude flagella extracts suggested that the ClpB and ClpC are associated to flagella as well. The mutation strains also reduced motility of swimming on the surface of soft agar medium and changed the architectural of microcolony biofilm edge. The study suggests that collagen-like protein ClpB and ClpC, as novel proteins, associated with flagella in B. amyloliquefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Qianhan Shang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haiting Hao
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroecology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yubao Zhang
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongkui Xie
- Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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40
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Ramshaw JAM. Biomedical applications of collagens. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:665-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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A Unique Set of the Burkholderia Collagen-Like Proteins Provides Insight into Pathogenesis, Genome Evolution and Niche Adaptation, and Infection Detection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137578. [PMID: 26356298 PMCID: PMC4565658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, classified as category B priority pathogens, are significant human and animal pathogens that are highly infectious and broad-spectrum antibiotic resistant. Currently, the pathogenicity mechanisms utilized by Burkholderia are not fully understood, and correct diagnosis of B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infection remains a challenge due to limited detection methods. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of a set of 13 novel Burkholderia collagen-like proteins (Bucl) that were identified among B. pseudomallei and B. mallei select agents. We infer that several Bucl proteins participate in pathogenesis based on their noncollagenous domains that are associated with the components of a type III secretion apparatus and membrane transport systems. Homology modeling of the outer membrane efflux domain of Bucl8 points to a role in multi-drug resistance. We determined that bucl genes are widespread in B. pseudomallei and B. mallei; Fischer’s exact test and Cramer’s V2 values indicate that the majority of bucl genes are highly associated with these pathogenic species versus nonpathogenic B. thailandensis. We designed a bucl-based quantitative PCR assay which was able to detect B. pseudomallei infection in a mouse with a detection limit of 50 CFU. Finally, chromosomal mapping and phylogenetic analysis of bucl loci revealed considerable genomic plasticity and adaptation of Burkholderia spp. to host and environmental niches. In this study, we identified a large set of phylogenetically unrelated bucl genes commonly found in Burkholderia select agents, encoding predicted pathogenicity factors, detection targets, and vaccine candidates.
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42
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Miller EW, Danger JL, Ramalinga AB, Horstmann N, Shelburne SA, Sumby P. Regulatory rewiring confers serotype-specific hyper-virulence in the human pathogen group A Streptococcus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:473-89. [PMID: 26192205 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is commonly observed between isolates of a given pathogen. Epidemiological analyses have identified that some serotypes of the group A Streptococcus (GAS) are non-randomly associated with particular disease manifestations. Here, we present evidence that a contributing factor to the association of serotype M3 GAS isolates with severe invasive infections is the presence of a null mutant allele for the orphan kinase RocA. Through use of RNAseq analysis, we identified that the natural rocA mutation present within M3 isolates leads to the enhanced expression of more than a dozen immunomodulatory virulence factors, enhancing phenotypes such as hemolysis and NAD(+) hydrolysis. Consequently, an M3 GAS isolate survived human phagocytic killing at a level 13-fold higher than a rocA complemented derivative, and was significantly more virulent in a murine bacteremia model of infection. Finally, we identified that RocA functions through the CovR/S two-component system as levels of phosphorylated CovR increase in the presence of functional RocA, and RocA has no regulatory activity following covR or covS mutation. Our data are consistent with RocA interfacing with the CovR/S two-component system, and that the absence of this activity in M3 GAS potentiates the severity of invasive infections caused by isolates of this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Miller
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Jessica L Danger
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Anupama B Ramalinga
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Nicola Horstmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Samuel A Shelburne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Sumby
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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43
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Liu L, Zhou L, Li Y, Bai W, Liu N, Li W, Gao Y, Liu Z, Han R. High-density lipoprotein acts as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis of group A streptococcus by U937 cells. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:419-25. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Lulei Zhou
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Yuxin Li
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Wencheng Bai
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinic Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Agriculture of China); Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Huhhot China
| | - Na Liu
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Wenlong Li
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Yumin Gao
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Zhi Liu
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
| | - Runlin Han
- Research Center of Plasma Lipoprotein Immunology
- Key Laboratory of Animal Clinic Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Agriculture of China); Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Huhhot China
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44
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Grau-Bové X, Ruiz-Trillo I, Rodriguez-Pascual F. Origin and evolution of lysyl oxidases. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10568. [PMID: 26024311 PMCID: PMC4448552 DOI: 10.1038/srep10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX) are copper-dependent enzymes that oxidize primary amine substrates to reactive aldehydes. The best-studied role of LOX enzymes is the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animals by cross-linking collagens and elastin, although intracellular functions have been reported as well. Five different LOX enzymes have been identified in mammals, LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) 1 to 4, showing a highly conserved catalytic carboxy terminal domain and more divergence in the rest of the sequence. Here we have surveyed a wide selection of genomes in order to infer the evolutionary history of LOX. We identified LOX proteins not only in animals, but also in many other eukaryotes, as well as in bacteria and archaea - which reveals a pre-metazoan origin for this gene family. LOX genes expanded during metazoan evolution resulting in two superfamilies, LOXL2/L3/L4 and LOX/L1/L5. Considering the current knowledge on the function of mammalian LOX isoforms in ECM remodeling, we propose that LOXL2/L3/L4 members might have preferentially been involved in making cross-linked collagen IV-based basement membrane, whereas the diversification of LOX/L1/L5 forms contributed to chordate/vertebrate-specific ECM innovations, such as elastin and fibronectin. Our work provides a novel view on the evolution of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Grau-Bové
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (C.S.I.C.) / Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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45
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Natural variant of collagen-like protein a in serotype M3 group a Streptococcus increases adherence and decreases invasive potential. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1122-9. [PMID: 25561712 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02860-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) predominantly exists as a colonizer of the human oropharynx that occasionally breaches epithelial barriers to cause invasive diseases. Despite the frequency of GAS carriage, few investigations into the contributory molecular mechanisms exist. To this end, we identified a naturally occurring polymorphism in the gene encoding the streptococcal collagen-like protein A (SclA) in GAS carrier strains. All previously sequenced invasive serotype M3 GAS possess a premature stop codon in the sclA gene truncating the protein. The carrier polymorphism is predicted to restore SclA function and was infrequently identified by targeted DNA sequencing in invasive strains of the same serotype. We demonstrate that a strain with the carrier sclA allele expressed a full-length SclA protein, while the strain with the invasive sclA allele expressed a truncated variant. An isoallelic mutant invasive strain with the carrier sclA allele exhibited decreased virulence in a mouse model of invasive disease and decreased multiplication in human blood. Further, the isoallelic invasive strain with the carrier sclA allele persisted in the mouse nasopharynx and had increased adherence to cultured epithelial cells. Repair of the premature stop codon in the invasive sclA allele restored the ability to bind the extracellular matrix proteins laminin and cellular fibronectin. These data demonstrate that a mutation in GAS carrier strains increases adherence and decreases virulence and suggest selection against increased adherence in GAS invasive isolates.
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46
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Role for streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 in M1T1 group A Streptococcus resistance to neutrophil extracellular traps. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4011-20. [PMID: 25024366 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01921-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal collagen-like protein 1 (Scl-1) is one of the most highly expressed proteins in the invasive M1T1 serotype group A Streptococcus (GAS), a globally disseminated clone associated with higher risk of severe invasive infections. Previous studies using recombinant Scl-1 protein suggested a role in cell attachment and binding and inhibition of serum proteins. Here, we studied the contribution of Scl-1 to the virulence of the M1T1 clone in the physiological context of the live bacterium by generating an isogenic strain lacking the scl-1 gene. Upon subcutaneous infection in mice, wild-type bacteria induced larger lesions than the Δscl mutant. However, loss of Scl-1 did not alter bacterial adherence to or invasion of skin keratinocytes. We found instead that Scl-1 plays a critical role in GAS resistance to human and murine phagocytic cells, allowing the bacteria to persist at the site of infection. Phenotypic analyses demonstrated that Scl-1 mediates bacterial survival in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and protects GAS from antimicrobial peptides found within the NETs. Additionally, Scl-1 interferes with myeloperoxidase (MPO) release, a prerequisite for NET production, thereby suppressing NET formation. We conclude that Scl-1 is a virulence determinant in the M1T1 GAS clone, allowing GAS to subvert innate immune functions that are critical in clearing bacterial infections.
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47
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Cunningham MW. Rheumatic fever, autoimmunity, and molecular mimicry: the streptococcal connection. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:314-29. [PMID: 24892819 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.917411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and its link to autoimmune sequelae, has acquired a new level of understanding. Studies support the hypothesis that molecular mimicry between the group A streptococcus and heart or brain are important in directing immune responses in rheumatic fever. Rheumatic carditis, Sydenham chorea and a new group of behavioral disorders called pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections are reviewed with consideration of autoantibody and T cell responses and the role of molecular mimicry between the heart, brain and group A streptococcus as well as how immune responses contribute to pathogenic mechanisms in disease. In rheumatic carditis, studies have investigated human monoclonal autoantibodies and T cell clones for their crossreactivity and their mechanisms leading to valve damage in rheumatic heart disease. Although studies of human and animal sera from group A streptococcal diseases or immunization models have been crucial in providing clues to molecular mimicry and its role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever, study of human monoclonal autoantibodies have provided important insights into how antibodies against the valve may activate the valve endothelium and lead to T cell infiltration. Passive transfer of anti-streptococcal T cell lines in a rat model of rheumatic carditis illustrates effects of CD4+ T cells on the valve. Although Sydenham chorea has been known as the neurological manifestation of rheumatic fever for decades, the combination of autoimmunity and behavior is a relatively new concept linking brain, behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders with streptococcal infections. In Sydenham chorea, human mAbs and their expression in transgenic mice have linked autoimmunity to central dopamine pathways as well as dopamine receptors and dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia. Taken together, the studies reviewed provide a basis for understanding streptococcal sequelae and how immune responses against group A streptococci influence autoimmunity and inflammatory responses in the heart and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine W Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center , Oklahoma City, OK , USA
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48
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Yu Z, An B, Ramshaw JA, Brodsky B. Bacterial collagen-like proteins that form triple-helical structures. J Struct Biol 2014; 186:451-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Sagar V, Bergmann R, Nerlich A, McMillan DJ, Nitsche-Schmitz DP, Fulde M, Talay S, Geffers R, Hoe N, Kumar R, Rohde M, Chakraborti A, Chhatwal GS. Differences in virulence repertoire and cell invasive potential of group A Streptococcus emm1-2 in comparison to emm1 genotype. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:685-95. [PMID: 24856243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) type emm1 is widely associated with streptococcal invasive disease. This type is prevalent worldwide but is rare in India. Instead, emm1-2 type which is closely related to emm1 but is a distinct type is more prevalent. Although emm1 has been well characterized, information available on emm1-2 is rare. In this study we present a comparative study of both types. DNA microarray analysis showed segregation of emm1 and emm1-2 isolates into two distinct clusters. Out of 229 arrayed genes, 83-87% were present, 6-9% absent and 4-8% genes were ambiguous in emm1 isolates. emm1-2 strains harboured only 68-77%, 11-13% were absent and 10-20% ambiguous genes. Fourteen genes, present in all emm1, were completely absent in the emm1-2 isolates. sfb1 is a gene which encodes for Streptococcal fibronectin binding adhesin and invasin which has restricted distribution among different emm types of GAS. A variant of sfb1 (sfb1-2) was the only gene which was present in all emm1-2 isolates, but absent from all emm1 strains. Sfb1 and Sfb1-2 differ in sequences in the aromatic domain and the proline rich repeat region, whereas the fibronectin binding region was conserved and exhibited similar fibronectin binding activity. The presence of Sfb1-2 in emm1-2 strains was concomitant with significantly higher fibronectin-binding and invasion efficiency of HEp-2 cells when compared to emm1 isolates. The role of Sfb1-2 in invasion was confirmed by latex bead assay. emm1-2 isolates follow membrane ruffling mechanism during invasion and intracellularly follow classical endocytic pathway. Further studies are required to understand the correlation between the presence of emm1-2 isolates and the disease pattern in North India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sagar
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Rene Bergmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - David J McMillan
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia and Inflammation and Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | | | - Marcus Fulde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Talay
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nancy Hoe
- National Institute of Health, Hamilton, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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50
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Abstract
Bacterial collagenases are metalloproteinases involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrices of animal cells, due to their ability to digest native collagen. These enzymes are important virulence factors in a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is a lack of scientific consensus for a proper and well-defined classification of these enzymes and a vast controversy regarding the correct identification of collagenases. Clostridial collagenases were the first ones to be identified and characterized and are the reference enzymes for comparison of newly discovered collagenolytic enzymes. In this review we present the most recent data regarding bacterial collagenases and overview the functional and structural diversity of bacterial collagenases. An overall picture of the molecular diversity and distribution of these proteins in nature will also be given. Particular aspects of the different proteolytic activities will be contextualized within relevant areas of application, mainly biotechnological processes and therapeutic uses. At last, we will present a new classification guide for bacterial collagenases that will allow the correct and straightforward classification of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Duarte
- a Department of Biology and Cesam , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Antonio Correia
- a Department of Biology and Cesam , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Esteves
- a Department of Biology and Cesam , University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
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