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Jo M, Hwang S, Lee CG, Hong JE, Kang DH, Yoo SH, Kim WS, Yoo JY, Rhee KJ. Promotion of Colitis in B Cell-Deficient C57BL/6 Mice Infected with Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:364. [PMID: 38203534 PMCID: PMC10778593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) causes colitis and is implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. The ETBF-secreted B. fragilis toxin (BFT) causes cleavage of the adherence junction, the E-cadherin, resulting in the large intestine showing IL-17A inflammation in wild-type (WT) mice. However, intestinal pathology by ETBF infection is not fully understood in B-cell-deficient mice. In this study, ETBF-mediated inflammation was characterized in B-cell-deficient mice (muMT). WT or muMT C57BL/6J mice were orally inoculated with ETBF and examined for intestinal inflammation. The indirect indicators for colitis (loss of body weight and cecum weight, as well as mortality) were increased in muMT mice compared to WT mice. Histopathology and inflammatory genes (Nos2, Il-1β, Tnf-α, and Cxcl1) were elevated and persisted in the large intestine of muMT mice compared with WT mice during chronic ETBF infection. However, intestinal IL-17A expression was comparable between WT and muMT mice during infection. Consistently, flow cytometry analysis applied to the mesenteric lymph nodes showed a similar Th17 immune response in both WT and muMT mice. Despite elevated ETBF colonization, the ETBF-infected muMT mice showed no histopathology or inflammation in the small intestine. In conclusion, B cells play a protective role in ETBF-induced colitis, and IL-17A inflammation is not attributed to prompted colitis in B-cell-deficient mice. Our data support the fact that B cells are required to ameliorate ETBF infection-induced colitis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ju-Eun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Da-Hye Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Sang-Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Woo-Seung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Software and Digital Healthcare Convergence, Yonsei University Mirae Campus, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea; (M.J.); (S.H.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-E.H.); (D.-H.K.); (S.-H.Y.); (W.-S.K.); (J.-Y.Y.)
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2
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HomA and HomB, outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori down-regulate activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and Ig switch germline transcription and thereby affect class switch recombination (CSR) of Ig genes in human B-cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:37-49. [PMID: 34959071 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
H. pylori is one of the major causes of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT) and gastric carcinoma. H. pylori toxin VacA is responsible for host cell apoptosis, whereas CagA is known to aberrantly induce expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in gastric epithelial cells that causes mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, leading to the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells. Although, a significant amount of research has been conducted to understand the role of bacterial factors modulating deregulated host cell pathways, the interaction between H. pylori and immune cells of the marginal zone and its consequences are still not well understood. HomB and HomA, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from H. pylori, which assist in the adhesion of bacteria to host cells, are found to be associated with H. pylori virulent strains and promote inflammation. Interestingly, we observed that the interaction of HomB/HomA OMPs with B-cells transiently downregulates AID expression and Ig switch germline transcription. Downregulation of AID leads to impairment of class switch recombination (CSR), resulting in significantly reduced switching to IgG and IgA antibodies. Besides, we examined the immune-suppressive response of B-cells and observed that the cells stimulated with HomA/B show upregulation in the levels of IL10, IL35, as well as PDL1, a T-cell inhibition marker. Our study suggests the potential role of OMPs in immune response modulation strategies used by the pathogen to evade the immune response. These results provide a better understanding of H. pylori pathogenesis and assist in identifying novel targets for therapy.
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Grasseau A, Boudigou M, Le Pottier L, Chriti N, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y, Hillion S. Innate B Cells: the Archetype of Protective Immune Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:92-106. [PMID: 31183788 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate B cell (IBC) population is heterogeneous and involved in the primary immune response. IBC functions include a high ability to produce natural antibodies with IgM isotype, the elimination of apoptotic cells, and a capacity to be cognate help to T cells. Among IBC subsets, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are the main producers of IgM, act as rapid immune responders that may relocate to follicular lymphoid and differentiate to cytokine and antibody-secreting cells shortly after infection. IBCs functions are highly dependent on their localization site and the nature of their B cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a high plasticity range of different immune responses. In this review, we will describe the nature and functions of the different innate-like B cell subsets, first in mice and then in humans. Besides this, we will emphasize the strong ability of these cells to undertake different protective functions from the first line of defense against pathogens to the regulatory role of the broader immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grasseau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Marina Boudigou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Laëtitia Le Pottier
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Nedra Chriti
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France.
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4
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Irons EE, Lee-Sundlov MM, Zhu Y, Neelamegham S, Hoffmeister KM, Lau JT. B cells suppress medullary granulopoiesis by an extracellular glycosylation-dependent mechanism. eLife 2019; 8:47328. [PMID: 31408003 PMCID: PMC6713473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response relies on the integration of cell-intrinsic processes with cell-extrinsic cues. During infection, B cells vacate the marrow during emergency granulopoiesis but return upon restoration of homeostasis. Here we report a novel glycosylation-mediated crosstalk between marrow B cells and hematopoietic progenitors. Human B cells secrete active ST6GAL1 sialyltransferase that remodels progenitor cell surface glycans to suppress granulopoiesis. In mouse models, ST6GAL1 from B cells alters the sialylation profile of bone marrow populations, and mature IgD+ B cells were enriched in sialylated bone marrow niches. In clinical multiple myeloma, ST6GAL1 abundance in the multiple myeloma cells negatively correlated with neutrophil abundance. These observations highlight not only the ability of medullary B cells to influence blood cell production, but also the disruption to normal granulopoiesis by excessive ST6GAL1 in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Yuqi Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Joseph Ty Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
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Krishnamoorthy M, Buhari FHM, Zhao T, Brauer PM, Burrows K, Cao EY, Moxley-Paquette V, Mortha A, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Treanor B. The ion channel TRPM7 is required for B cell lymphopoiesis. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/533/eaan2693. [PMID: 29871911 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family is a large family of widely expressed ion channels that regulate the intracellular concentration of ions and metals and respond to various chemical and physical stimuli. TRP subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) is unusual in that it contains both an ion channel and a kinase domain. TRPM7 is a divalent cation channel with preference for Ca2+ and Mg2+ It is required for the survival of DT40 cells, a B cell line; however, deletion of TRPM7 in T cells does not impair their development. We found that expression of TRPM7 was required for B cell development in mice. Mice that lacked TRPM7 in B cells failed to generate peripheral B cells because of a developmental block at the pro-B cell stage. The loss of TRPM7 kinase activity alone did not affect the proportion of peripheral mature B cells or the development of B cells in the bone marrow. However, supplementation with a high concentration of extracellular Mg2+ partially rescued the development of TRPM7-deficient B cells in vitro. Thus, our findings identify a critical role for TRPM7 ion channel activity in B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithunah Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | | | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Yixiao Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Abstract
B cells have long been regarded as simple antibody production units, but are now becoming known as key players in both adaptive and innate immune responses. However, several bacteria, viruses and parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate B cell functions to modulate immune responses. Pathogens can affect B cells indirectly, by attacking innate immune cells and altering the cytokine environment, and can also target B cells directly, impairing B cell-mediated immune responses. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in elucidating direct B cell-pathogen interactions and highlight how targeting this specific cell population benefits different pathogens.
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CD43-, but not CD43+, IL-10-producing CD1dhiCD5+ B cells suppress type 1 immune responses during Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:94-106. [PMID: 24938746 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are known to modulate immune responses through predominantly interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dependent mechanisms and can be hypothetically divided into innate and adaptive subsets based on the nature of their activating signals. However, the specific role of different Breg subsets in modulating immune responses remains ambiguous. Here we have shown that Chlamydia induces IL-10-producing splenic B-cell populations consisting of CD43(+) and CD43(-) subsets of IgM(hi)IgD(lo) innate-like B (ILB) cells in vitro. While CD43(+)IL-10-producing B cells displayed innate type features and were readily induced by Chlamydia via Toll-like-receptor (TLR) signaling, CD43(-)IL-10-producing B cells required additional B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-mediated signals from dendritic cells (DCs) for their differentiation and activation, thereby classifying them as adaptive type Bregs. Importantly, CD43(-), but not CD43(+), IL-10-producing ILB cells displayed bona fide Breg activity by potently suppressing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in vitro in an IL-10-dependent manner. Furthermore, a novel CD43(-)CD1d(hi)CD5(+) IL-10-producing Breg population was predominantly induced by Chlamydia genital infection in vivo. Correspondingly, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice with B-cell-specific IL-10 deficiency exhibited significantly increased type 1 immune responses, decreased bacterial burden, and reduced oviduct pathology upon infection. Our data demonstrate for the first time a distinct role for CD43(-)CD1d(hi)CD5(+)-adaptive Bregs over CD43(+) innate counterparts in controlling mucosal responses against intracellular bacterial infection.
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Moore JWJ, Beattie L, Dalton JE, Owens BMJ, Maroof A, Coles MC, Kaye PM. B cell: T cell interactions occur within hepatic granulomas during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34143. [PMID: 22479545 PMCID: PMC3316612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic resistance to Leishmania donovani infection in mice is associated with the development of granulomas, in which a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid populations accumulate. Although previous studies have identified B cells in hepatic granulomas and functional studies in B cell-deficient mice have suggested a role for B cells in the control of experimental visceral leishmaniasis, little is known about the behaviour of B cells in the granuloma microenvironment. Here, we first compared the hepatic B cell population in infected mice, where ≈60% of B cells are located within granulomas, with that of naïve mice. In infected mice, there was a small increase in mIgM(lo)mIgD(+) mature B2 cells, but no enrichment of B cells with regulatory phenotype or function compared to the naïve hepatic B cell population, as assessed by CD1d and CD5 expression and by IL-10 production. Using 2-photon microscopy to quantify the entire intra-granuloma B cell population, in conjunction with the adoptive transfer of polyclonal and HEL-specific BCR-transgenic B cells isolated from L. donovani-infected mice, we demonstrated that B cells accumulate in granulomas over time in an antigen-independent manner. Intra-vital dynamic imaging was used to demonstrate that within the polyclonal B cell population obtained from L. donovani-infected mice, the frequency of B cells that made multiple long contacts with endogenous T cells was greater than that observed using HEL-specific B cells obtained from the same inflammatory environment. These data indicate, therefore, that a subset of this polyclonal B cell population is capable of making cognate interactions with T cells within this unique environment, and provide the first insights into the dynamics of B cells within an inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. J. Moore
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. J. Owens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Fillatreau S. Novel regulatory functions for Toll-like receptor-activated B cells during intracellular bacterial infection. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:52-71. [PMID: 21349086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections by intracellular bacterial pathogens remain a major cause of human diseases worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, the development of effective vaccines or immunotherapies against these diseases has largely remained unsuccessful, asking for the exploration of new aspects of the host response to these pathogens. Genetic studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that cell-mediated mechanisms of host defense involving innate immunity and T cells are of crucial importance for the control of these diseases. By contrast, the role of B cells during intracellular bacterial infection has so far received little attention besides their role as antibody-producing cells. However, the general knowledge of B-cell immunology and in particular of their antibody-independent functions has greatly increased during the last years. Recently, it was found in a model of Salmonella typhimurium infection that Toll-like receptor triggering on B cells resulted through interleukin-10 secretion in a marked suppression of innate defense mechanisms ultimately leading to uncontrolled growth of the bacteria and earlier death from the disease during both primary and secondary infections. This article reviews the protective and deleterious roles of B cells during intracellular bacterial infections and discusses how manipulating their antibody-independent functions may be a powerful means to therapeutically improve host resistance against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Goenka R, Parent MA, Elzer PH, Baldwin CL. B cell-deficient mice display markedly enhanced resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1136-46. [PMID: 21451002 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella species are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause lifelong infections in humans and livestock. METHODS Here we evaluated the contribution of B cells in control of murine brucellosis in the more susceptible BALB/c and the more resistant C57BL/6 mice by infecting B cell-deficient mice. RESULTS Strikingly, in the absence of B cells in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, 99% and 99.5% of the infection found in wild type mice was cleared, respectively. This augmented clearance was not reversed in either strain by passive transfer of immune serum. In C57BL/6 mice, the clearance of infection coincided with an increase in interferon γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells and a reduction in interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing cells. In BALB/c mice, this clearance was IFN-γ-dependent, as B cell/IFN-γ dual knockout mice were unable to clear the infection, and was inversely related to the levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Furthermore, B cells were found to produce TGF-β and IL-10 during early stages of infection in BALB/c wild-type and C57BL/6 wild-type mice, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we demonstrate that the establishment of the high plateau phase of infection is dependent on non-antibody-mediated B cell effector mechanisms, including B regulatory functions, during murine brucellosis.
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Signaling via the MyD88 adaptor protein in B cells suppresses protective immunity during Salmonella typhimurium infection. Immunity 2010; 33:777-90. [PMID: 21093317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88) is critical for protection against pathogens. However, we demonstrate here that MyD88 expression in B cells inhibits resistance of mice to Salmonella typhimurium infection. Selective deficiency of Myd88 in B cells improved control of bacterial replication and prolonged survival of the infected mice. The B cell-mediated suppressive pathway was even more striking after secondary challenge. Upon vaccination, mice lacking Myd88 in B cells became completely resistant against this otherwise lethal infection, whereas control mice were only partially protected. Analysis of immune defenses revealed that MyD88 signaling in B cells suppressed three crucial arms of protective immunity: neutrophils, natural killer cells, and inflammatory T cells. We further show that interleukin-10 is an essential mediator of these inhibitory functions of B cells. Collectively, our data identify a role for MyD88 and B cells in regulation of cellular mechanisms of protective immunity during infection.
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12
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Mauri C. Regulation of immunity and autoimmunity by B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:761-7. [PMID: 21087847 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence has demonstrated that IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B(regs)) are specialized to suppress immune responses and control various immunopathologies. Several reports have provided information on the phenotype, generation, and mechanism of action of B(regs). Recent work has also identified B(regs) in humans and has begun to unravel their phenotype and mode of suppression. A complete analysis of their function in immune-mediated diseases is required for possible future use of B(regs) as a part of new clinical strategies for treating autoimmune diseases and in the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mauri
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T4JF, United Kingdom.
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13
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Li X, Braun J, Wei B. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases and mucosal immune homeostasis. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:58-68. [PMID: 20701454 DOI: 10.3109/08916931003782189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to physiological immunity through organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs, presentation of antigen to T cells, production of antibodies, and secretion of cytokines. Their role in several autoimmune diseases, mainly as producers of pathogenic antibodies, is also well known. However, certain subsets of B cells are emerging as the important regulatory cell populations in both mouse and human. The regulatory functions of B cells have been demonstrated in a variety of mouse models of autoimmune diseases including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), experiment autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), diabetes, contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and intestinal mucosal inflammation. Accumulating evidence from both mouse and human studies confirms the existence of regulatory B cells, and is beginning to define their mechanisms of action. In this article, we first review the history of B cells with regulatory function in autoimmune diseases, and summarize the current understanding about the characterizations of such B-cell subsets. We then discuss the possible regulatory mechanisms of B cells, and specifically define the role of regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, California, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Inescapable need for neutrophils as mediators of cellular innate immunity to acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5300-10. [PMID: 19805527 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00501-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of pneumonia, and many components of the innate immune system have been proposed to exert important effects in preventing lung infection. However, a vigorous experimental system to identify an overriding, key effector mediating innate immunity to lung infection has not been utilized. As many of the important components of innate immunity are involved in recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to infected tissues, we hypothesized that the cells and factors needed for their proper recruitment to the lung comprised the major mediators of innate immunity. In neutropenic mice, intranasal (i.n.) doses of P. aeruginosa as low as 10 to 100 CFU/mouse produced a fatal lung infection, compared with 10(7) to >10(8) CFU for nonneutropenic mice. There was only a very modest increased mortality in mice lacking mature lymphocytes and no increased mortality in mice depleted of alveolar macrophages when administered i.n. P. aeruginosa. Recombinant mouse granulocyte colony-stimulating factor increased survival of neutropenic mice after i.n. P. aeruginosa inoculation. MyD88(-/-) mice, which cannot recruit PMNs to the lungs, were highly susceptible to fatal P. aeruginosa lung infection, with bacterial doses of <120 CFU being lethal. Activation of a MyD88-independent pathway for PMN recruitment to the lungs in MyD88(-/-) mice resulted in enhanced protection against P. aeruginosa lung infection. Overall, in the absence of PMNs, mice cannot resist P. aeruginosa lung infection from extremely small bacterial doses. There is an inescapable requirement for local PMN recruitment and activation to mediate innate immunity to P. aeruginosa lung infection.
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B cells are essential for moderating the inflammatory response and controlling bacterial multiplication in a mouse model of vaccination against Chlamydophila abortus infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4868-76. [PMID: 19703981 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00503-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of inactivated vaccines associated with suitable adjuvants has been demonstrated to confer a good level of protection against Chlamydophila abortus. However, the basis of the immune protective response induced by these vaccines has been poorly studied. B cells act as an immune regulatory population during primary infection by C. abortus. Thus, it was considered of interest to study the role of B cells in an infection after immunization with a killed vaccine. For this, C57BL/6 and B-cell-deficient mice were immunized with a killed vaccine against C. abortus using QS-21 as the adjuvant. After challenge, the course of infection was established by analysis of morbidity, C. abortus burden in the liver, and histopathological changes. The immune response induced was studied by real-time PCR techniques. Experiments involving transfer of immune serum from vaccinated or previously infected mice were also carried out. The lack of B cells reduced the protection conferred by the QS-21 adjuvant vaccine. Vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice showed a 1,000-fold-greater bacterial burden in the liver than their wild-type counterparts. Obvious differences existed in the liver, where a severe neutrophilic reaction and extended areas of necrosis were observed with vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice. An analysis of the immune response pointed to a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the deficient production of transforming growth factor beta. The transfer of antibodies restored the level of protection. This study demonstrates that B cells play a crucial role in controlling C. abortus multiplication and prevent an exacerbated inflammatory response.
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Wheelhouse N, Wattegedera S, Stanton J, Maley S, Watson D, Jepson C, Deane D, Buxton D, Longbottom D, Baszler T, Entrican G. Ovine trophoblast is a primary source of TNFα during Chlamydophila abortus infection. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 80:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Caro MR, Buendía AJ, Del Rio L, Ortega N, Gallego MC, Cuello F, Navarro JA, Sanchez J, Salinas J. Chlamydophila abortus infection in the mouse: a useful model of the ovine disease. Vet Microbiol 2008; 135:103-11. [PMID: 18945558 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydophila (C.) abortus is an obligate intracellular bacterium able to colonize the placenta of several species of mammals, which may induce abortion in the last third of pregnancy. The infection affects mainly small ruminants resulting in major economic losses in farming industries worldwide. Furthermore, its zoonotic risk has been reported in pregnant farmers or abattoir workers. Mouse models have been widely used to study both the pathology of the disease and the role of immune cells in controlling infection. Moreover, this animal experimental model has been considered a useful tool to evaluate new vaccine candidates and adjuvants that could prevent abortion and reduce fetal death. Future studies using these models will provide and reveal information about the precise mechanisms in the immune response against C. abortus and will increase the knowledge about poorly understood issues such as chlamydial persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Caro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Koh AY, Priebe GP, Pier GB. Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a murine model of gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination in neutropenia. Infect Immun 2005; 73:2262-72. [PMID: 15784570 PMCID: PMC1087461 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.4.2262-2272.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in cancer patients develops from initial gastrointestinal (GI) colonization with translocation into the bloodstream in the setting of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and GI mucosal damage. We established a reproducible mouse model of P. aeruginosa GI colonization and systemic spread during neutropenia. Mice received 2 mg of streptomycin/ml of drinking water and 1,500 U of penicillin G/ml for 4 days and then ingested 10(7) CFU of P. aeruginosa per ml of drinking water for 5 days. After GI colonization levels were determined, cyclophosphamide (Cy) was then injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) three times every other day or an antineutrophil monoclonal antibody, RB6-8C5, was injected i.p. once. Dissemination was defined by the presence of P. aeruginosa in spleens of moribund or dead mice. In this mouse model, P. aeruginosa colonizes the GI tract and then disseminates systemically once Cy or RB6-8C5 is administered. The duration and intensity of neutropenia, related to Cy dose, was found to be a means to compare the virulence of different P. aeruginosa strains, as exhibited by comparisons of strains lacking or producing the virulence-enhancing ExoU cytotoxin. The lipopolysaccharide outer core polysaccharide and O side chains were critical in establishing GI colonization, and P. aeruginosa mutants lacking the aroA gene (necessary for synthesizing aromatic amino acids) were able to establish GI colonization but unable to disseminate. Both the colonization and dissemination phases of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis can be studied in this model, which should prove useful for evaluating pathogenesis, therapies, and associated means to control P. aeruginosa nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Koh
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Yélamos J, Buendía AJ, Ortega N, Monreal Y, Gallego MC, Sánchez J, Ramírez P, Parrilla P, Caro MR, Aparicio P, Salinas J. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 interferes in the chlamydial life cycle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:840-8. [PMID: 15474504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are intracellular bacteria responsible for a variety of infections, ranging from asymptomatic to very severe, in humans and animals. We have investigated the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in Chlamydophila abortus infection using PARP-1-/- and their littermates PARP-1+/+ mice. Infection was resolved more efficiently by PARP-1-/- than PARP-1+/+ mice. However, the inflammatory response was similar in both strains, suggesting a potential role for PARP-1 in the cross-talk between this microorganism and the host cells. PARP-1-/- fibroblasts showed a 10-fold lower rate of chlamydiae production than PARP-1+/+. Moreover, a strong inhibition of bacterial production was also observed after pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 activity in McCoy cells. Likewise, PARP-1 inhibition induced a higher level of cell death of infected cells, interfering in this way with the normal bacterial cell cycle. Overall, we identify PARP-1 as a new molecule involved in chlamydial developmental cycle, although the intrinsic mechanisms deserve further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yélamos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. Antibody-mediated regulation of cellular immunity and the inflammatory response. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:474-8. [PMID: 12967670 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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