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Popovic A, Cao EY, Han J, Nursimulu N, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Burrows K, Kennard A, Alsmadi N, Grigg ME, Mortha A, Parkinson J. Commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota. ISME J 2024; 18:wrae023. [PMID: 38366179 PMCID: PMC10944700 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Commensal protists and gut bacterial communities exhibit complex relationships, mediated at least in part through host immunity. To improve our understanding of this tripartite interplay, we investigated community and functional dynamics between the murine protist Tritrichomonas musculus and intestinal bacteria in healthy and B-cell-deficient mice. We identified dramatic, protist-driven remodeling of resident microbiome growth and activities, in parallel with Tritrichomonas musculus functional changes, which were accelerated in the absence of B cells. Metatranscriptomic data revealed nutrient-based competition between bacteria and the protist. Single-cell transcriptomics identified distinct Tritrichomonas musculus life stages, providing new evidence for trichomonad sexual replication and the formation of pseudocysts. Unique cell states were validated in situ through microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results reveal complex microbial dynamics during the establishment of a commensal protist in the gut, and provide valuable data sets to drive future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joanna Han
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nirvana Nursimulu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Eliza V C Alves-Ferreira
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrea Kennard
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Noor Alsmadi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael E Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Popovic A, Cao EY, Han J, Nursimulu N, Alves-Ferreira EVC, Burrows K, Kennard A, Alsmadi N, Grigg ME, Mortha A, Parkinson J. The commensal protist Tritrichomonas musculus exhibits a dynamic life cycle that induces extensive remodeling of the gut microbiota. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.06.528774. [PMID: 37090671 PMCID: PMC10120700 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.528774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Commensal protists and gut bacterial communities exhibit complex relationships, mediated at least in part through host immunity. To improve our understanding of this tripartite interplay, we investigated community and functional dynamics between the murine protist Tritrichomonas musculus ( T. mu ) and intestinal bacteria in healthy and B cell-deficient mice. We identified dramatic, protist-driven remodeling of resident microbiome growth and activities, in parallel with T. mu functional changes, accelerated in the absence of B cells. Metatranscriptomic data revealed nutrient-based competition between bacteria and the protist. Single cell transcriptomics identified distinct T. mu life stages, providing new evidence for trichomonad sexual replication and the formation of pseudocysts. Unique cell states were validated in situ through microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results reveal complex microbial dynamics during the establishment of a commensal protist in the gut, and provide valuable datasets to drive future mechanistic studies.
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3
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Burrows K, Mortha A. Re-investigating the origin and fates of colonic T reg cell subsets. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:544. [PMID: 37491448 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- Preprint Club, University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Preprint Club, University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chiaranunt P, Burrows K, Ngai L, Tai SL, Cao EY, Liang H, Hamidzada H, Wong A, Gschwend J, Flüchter P, Kuypers M, Despot T, Momen A, Lim SM, Mallevaey T, Schneider C, Conway T, Imamura H, Epelman S, Mortha A. Microbial energy metabolism fuels an intestinal macrophage niche in solitary isolated lymphoid tissues through purinergic signaling. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq4573. [PMID: 37540734 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining macrophage (MΦ) heterogeneity is critical to ensure intestinal tissue homeostasis and host defense. The gut microbiota and host factors are thought to synergistically guide intestinal MΦ development, although the exact nature, regulation, and location of such collaboration remain unclear. Here, we report that microbial biochemical energy metabolism promotes colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) production by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) within solitary isolated lymphoid tissues (SILTs) in a cell-extrinsic, NLRP3/P2X7R-dependent fashion in the steady state. Tissue-infiltrating monocytes accumulating around SILTs followed a spatially constrained, distinct developmental trajectory into SILT-associated MΦs (SAMs). CSF2 regulated the mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production of SAMs and contributed to the antimicrobial defense against enteric bacterial infections. Collectively, these findings identify SILTs and CSF2-producing ILC3s as a microanatomic niche for intestinal MΦ development and functional programming fueled by the integration of commensal microbial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Siu Ling Tai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Helen Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Homaira Hamidzada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Wong
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Gschwend
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Flüchter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meggie Kuypers
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tijana Despot
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdul Momen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sung Min Lim
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tyrrell Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Slava Epelman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Burrows K, Anderson GB, Yan M, Wilson A, Sabath MB, Son JY, Kim H, Dominici F, Bell ML. Health disparities among older adults following tropical cyclone exposure in Florida. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2221. [PMID: 37076480 PMCID: PMC10115860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose a significant threat to human health, and research is needed to identify high-risk subpopulations. We investigated whether hospitalization risks from TCs in Florida (FL), United States, varied across individuals and communities. We modeled the associations between all storms in FL from 1999 to 2016 and over 3.5 million Medicare hospitalizations for respiratory (RD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We estimated the relative risk (RR), comparing hospitalizations during TC-periods (2 days before to 7 days after) to matched non-TC-periods. We then separately modeled the associations in relation to individual and community characteristics. TCs were associated with elevated risk of RD hospitalizations (RR: 4.37, 95% CI: 3.08, 6.19), but not CVD (RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.24). There was limited evidence of modification by individual characteristics (age, sex, or Medicaid eligibility); however, risks were elevated in communities with higher poverty or lower homeownership (for CVD hospitalizations) and in denser or more urban communities (for RD hospitalizations). More research is needed to understand the potential mechanisms and causal pathways that might account for the observed differences in the association between tropical cyclones and hospitalizations across communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burrows
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - G B Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M Yan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - A Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M B Sabath
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Y Son
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Kim
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, IL, Chicago, USA
| | - F Dominici
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M L Bell
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Burrows K, Johnson JA. Using Actigraphy as a measure of cortical arousals in Cardiopulmonary Sleep Studies. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Burrows K, Millett A. Investigating the role of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Negative Emotion Bias in Higher education Students. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Johnson JA, Burrows K, Trinidade A. Running a paediatric ambulatory sleep service in a pandemic and beyond. Sleep Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Chiaranunt P, Burrows K, Ngai L, Cao EY, Liang H, Tai SL, Streutker CJ, Girardin SE, Mortha A. NLRP1B and NLRP3 Control the Host Response following Colonization with the Commensal Protist Tritrichomonas musculis. J Immunol 2022; 208:1782-1789. [PMID: 35256512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Commensal intestinal protozoa, unlike their pathogenic relatives, are neglected members of the mammalian microbiome. These microbes have a significant impact on the host's intestinal immune homeostasis, typically by elevating anti-microbial host defense. Tritrichomonas musculis, a protozoan gut commensal, strengthens the intestinal host defense against enteric Salmonella infections through Asc- and Il1r1-dependent Th1 and Th17 cell activation. However, the underlying inflammasomes mediating this effect remain unknown. In this study, we report that colonization with T. musculis results in an increase in luminal extracellular ATP that is followed by increased caspase activity, higher cell death, elevated levels of IL-1β, and increased numbers of IL-18 receptor-expressing Th1 and Th17 cells in the colon. Mice deficient in either Nlrp1b or Nlrp3 failed to display these protozoan-driven immune changes and lost resistance to enteric Salmonella infections even in the presence of T. musculis These findings demonstrate that T. musculis-mediated host protection requires sensors of extracellular and intracellular ATP to confer resistance to enteric Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siu Ling Tai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.,Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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10
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Longchamps RJ, Yang SY, Castellani CA, Shi W, Lane J, Grove ML, Bartz TM, Sarnowski C, Liu C, Burrows K, Guyatt AL, Gaunt TR, Kacprowski T, Yang J, De Jager PL, Yu L, Bergman A, Xia R, Fornage M, Feitosa MF, Wojczynski MK, Kraja AT, Province MA, Amin N, Rivadeneira F, Tiemeier H, Uitterlinden AG, Broer L, Van Meurs JBJ, Van Duijn CM, Raffield LM, Lange L, Rich SS, Lemaitre RN, Goodarzi MO, Sitlani CM, Mak ACY, Bennett DA, Rodriguez S, Murabito JM, Lunetta KL, Sotoodehnia N, Atzmon G, Ye K, Barzilai N, Brody JA, Psaty BM, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Pankratz N, Arking DE. Genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial DNA copy number reveals loci implicated in nucleotide metabolism, platelet activation, and megakaryocyte proliferation. Hum Genet 2022; 141:127-146. [PMID: 34859289 PMCID: PMC8758627 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) measured from blood specimens is a minimally invasive marker of mitochondrial function that exhibits both inter-individual and intercellular variation. To identify genes involved in regulating mitochondrial function, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 465,809 White individuals from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB). We identified 133 SNPs with statistically significant, independent effects associated with mtDNA-CN across 100 loci. A combination of fine-mapping, variant annotation, and co-localization analyses was used to prioritize genes within each of the 133 independent sites. Putative causal genes were enriched for known mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (p = 3.09 × 10-15) and the gene ontology (GO) terms for mtDNA metabolism (p = 1.43 × 10-8) and mtDNA replication (p = 1.2 × 10-7). A clustering approach leveraged pleiotropy between mtDNA-CN associated SNPs and 41 mtDNA-CN associated phenotypes to identify functional domains, revealing three distinct groups, including platelet activation, megakaryocyte proliferation, and mtDNA metabolism. Finally, using mitochondrial SNPs, we establish causal relationships between mitochondrial function and a variety of blood cell-related traits, kidney function, liver function and overall (p = 0.044) and non-cancer mortality (p = 6.56 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Longchamps
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Y Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A Castellani
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - W Shi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M L Grove
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - T M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Sarnowski
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Burrows
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - A L Guyatt
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - T R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - T Kacprowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics, TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Brunswick, Germany
| | - J Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Bergman
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - R Xia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - M F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - M K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - A T Kraja
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - M A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - N Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T.H. School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Broer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J B J Van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C M Van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C M Sitlani
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A C Y Mak
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, UK
| | - J M Murabito
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Atzmon
- Department of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - K Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - N Barzilai
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - J A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - J I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - E Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D E Arking
- Department of Genetic Medicine, McKusick-Nathans Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Popple SJ, Burrows K, Mortha A, Osborne LC. Remote regulation of type 2 immunity by intestinal parasites. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101530. [PMID: 34802872 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the target organ of most parasitic infections, including those by helminths and protozoa. These parasites elicit prototypical type 2 immune activation in the host's immune system with striking impact on the local tissue microenvironment. Despite local containment of these parasites within the intestinal tract, parasitic infections also mediate immune adaptation in peripheral organs. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on how such gut-tissue axes influence important immune-mediated resistance and disease tolerance in the context of coinfections, and elaborate on the implications of parasite-regulated gut-lung and gut-brain axes on the development and severity of airway inflammation and central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Popple
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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12
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Parmar N, Burrows K, Vornewald PM, Lindholm HT, Zwiggelaar RT, Díez-Sánchez A, Martín-Alonso M, Fosslie M, Vallance BA, Dahl JA, Zaph C, Oudhoff MJ. Intestinal-epithelial LSD1 controls goblet cell maturation and effector responses required for gut immunity to bacterial and helminth infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009476. [PMID: 33788902 PMCID: PMC8041206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory diseases in the intestine remain a serious threat for patients world-wide. Reprogramming of the intestinal epithelium towards a protective effector state is important to manage inflammation and immunity and can be therapeutically targeted. The role of epigenetic regulatory enzymes within these processes is not yet defined. Here, we use a mouse model that has an intestinal-epithelial specific deletion of the histone demethylase Lsd1 (cKO mice), which maintains the epithelium in a fixed reparative state. Challenge of cKO mice with bacteria-induced colitis or a helminth infection model both resulted in increased pathogenesis. Mechanistically, we discovered that LSD1 is important for goblet cell maturation and goblet-cell effector molecules such as RELMß. We propose that this may be in part mediated by directly controlling genes that facilitate cytoskeletal organization, which is important in goblet cell biology. This study therefore identifies intestinal-epithelial epigenetic regulation by LSD1 as a critical element in host protection from infection. The epithelium that lines our intestine has the important task of taking up nutrients, while also providing a barrier against pathogens. The intestinal epithelium performs these different tasks by having specialized cell types; enterocytes take up nutrients whereas goblet cells are in charge of producing a mucus layer. In addition, goblet cells can be stimulated to make special antimicrobial proteins. This occurs in response to cues called cytokines that come from immune cells, which are able to detect and act on the presence of pathogens such as bacteria or parasitic worms. In this study, we found that LSD1, an enzyme that controls gene expression, was important for goblet cells. Mice that lacked LSD1 specifically in their intestinal epithelium were unable to respond to cytokines and could not defend themselves against bacterial and parasitic infections. In part, we also made use of a specific inhibitor against the enzyme activity of LSD1. This inhibitor also blocked goblet cell differentiation and goblet-cell specific antimicrobial responses to cytokines. We are thus able to manipulate epithelial responses, which may be an important tool in the future to treat patients with infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Parmar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pia M Vornewald
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard T Lindholm
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rosalie T Zwiggelaar
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alberto Díez-Sánchez
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Madeleine Fosslie
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - John Arne Dahl
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- CEMIR-Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Berry P, Burrows K, Hall R, Gater A, Bradley H, Ward A, Tolley C, Delong P, Hsia EC. AB1332-HPR ASSESSING THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE OF LUPUS NEPHRITIS: DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL AND REVIEW OF EXISTING PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME (PRO) MEASURES. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Lupus nephritis (LN) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the kidneys as a result of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Approximately 50% of SLE patients will develop LN, which is considered to be one of the most severe manifestations of SLE and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. While there is ample existing evidence on disease experience and PROs used in extra-renal SLE, little research has been done in LN. Qualitative interviews with patients can help identify concepts that are both important and relevant to the patient. In order to effectively evaluate treatment benefit, it is critical that PRO measures used to assess such concepts and define clinical trial endpoints are fit for purpose and have strong evidence of content validity in the specific context of use.Objectives:The objective of this study was to understand the patient experience of LN and to identify and characterize the signs and symptoms of LN and their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) through the development of a disease-specific conceptual model. This model was then used to evaluate the content validity of existing PRO measures available for use in LN.Methods:A structured literature search was conducted in Medline, Embase and PsycINFO to identify qualitative research articles documenting the patient experience of LN. PRO measures developed or commonly used to assess patient experiences of LN were also identified. Semi-structured concept elicitation interviews were conducted with 15 adult patients in the US with a clinician-confirmed diagnosis of LN (defined in accordance with established clinical guidelines). Supplementary qualitative data were also collected from a review of publicly available online blogs/forums. Findings were used to inform the development of a conceptual model detailing the impact of LN signs, symptoms and HRQoL and evaluate the validity of existing measures used within LN.Results:Searches revealed a paucity of qualitative research conducted with LN patients, supporting the need for prospective research in LN. Consistent with existing literature in SLE, the core signs and symptoms identified from the qualitative literature review, interviews and blog/forum review included joint pain, fatigue, joint stiffness, swelling (particularly in the extremities) and skin rashes. LN patients also reported urinary frequency, urgency, foamy urine and blood in their urine. Disease impact on physical functioning, activities of daily living, emotions, social life, work/finances and sleep were reported. PRO measures commonly used to evaluate patient experiences in LN included the SF-36, LupusQOL, LupusPRO, SLE Symptom Checklist, KDQoL and KSQ. Conceptual mapping of instruments against the newly developed conceptual model (Figure 1) highlighted that no single measure provides a comprehensive assessment of all symptoms/impact important to LN patients. Furthermore, items are largely focused on impact of symptoms with few items on symptom severity.Figure 1.Conceptual model of lupus nephritis symptoms and associated impactsConclusion:The presentation of signs and symptoms in LN patients appears similar to those reported in extra-renal SLE populations, with the addition of swelling and urinary symptoms. Qualitative research with LN patients guided the development of a comprehensive LN conceptual model outlining the disease experience from the patients’ perspective. These insights can be useful to inform PRO measurement strategies for clinical trials in LN.Acknowledgments:With thanks to Dr. Betty Diamond and Dr. David Wofsy for their collaboration and helpful insightsDisclosure of Interests:Pamela Berry Employee of: Janssen, Kate Burrows Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract, Rebecca Hall Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract., Adam Gater Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract, Helena Bradley Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract, Amy Ward Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract, Chloe Tolley Consultant of: Adelphi Values a health outcomes research company commissioned by Janssen to conduct the research reported in this abstract, Patricia Delong Employee of: Janssen, Elizabeth C Hsia Shareholder of: Johnson & Johnson, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC
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14
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Cosgrove K, Burrows K, Avery J, Kerr K, Deville D, Aupperle R, Teague T, Drevets W, Simmons W. Appetite change profiles in depression exhibit differential relationships between systemic inflammation and activity in reward and interoceptive neurocircuitry. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:163-171. [PMID: 31604141 PMCID: PMC6937709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetite change is a defining feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), yet little neuroscientific evidence exists to explain why some individuals experience increased appetite when they become depressed while others experience decreased appetite. Previous research suggests depression-related appetite changes can be indicative of underlying neural and inflammatory differences among MDD subtypes. The present study explores the relationship between systemic inflammation and brain circuitry supporting food hedonics for individuals with MDD. Sixty-four participants (31 current, unmedicated MDD and 33 healthy controls [HC]) provided blood samples for analysis of an inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP), and completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan in which they rated the perceived pleasantness of various food stimuli. Random-effects multivariate modeling was used to explore group differences in the relationship between CRP and the coupling between brain activity and inferred food pleasantness (i.e., strength of the relationship between activity and pleasantness ratings). Results revealed that for MDD with increased appetite, higher CRP in blood related to greater coupling between orbitofrontal cortex and anterior insula activity and inferred food pleasantness. Compared to HC, all MDD exhibited a stronger positive association between CRP and coupling between activity in striatum and inferred food pleasantness. These findings suggest that for individuals with MDD, systemic low-grade inflammation is associated with differences in reward and interoceptive-related neural circuitry when making hedonic inferences about food stimuli. In sum, altered immunologic states may affect appetite and inferences about food reward in individuals with MDD and provide evidence for physiological subtypes of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.T. Cosgrove
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave. Tulsa, OK 74136, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr. Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - K. Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave. Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - J.A. Avery
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K.L. Kerr
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oklahoma State University – Tulsa, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, USA
| | - D.C. Deville
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave. Tulsa, OK 74136, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr. Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - R.L. Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave. Tulsa, OK 74136, USA,School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr. Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - T.K. Teague
- School of Community Medicine, University of Oklahoma, 4502 E. 41st St. Tulsa, OK 74135, USA
| | - W.C. Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - W.K. Simmons
- Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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15
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Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells like innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are regulators of local immunity and tissue homeostasis. Similar to Natural Killer (NK) cells, ILCs express germline-encoded natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) that facilitate the rapid execution of effector functions. Recent advances using transgenic animal models have further uncovered the developmental, transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional differences between members of the ILC family. Isolation of ILCs, which are particularly enriched in non-lymphoid tissues, can often be challenging and time consuming. Here, we provide a simple and rapid protocol for the isolation of NK cells and ILCs from murine intestinal tissues. This protocol is suitable for Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and intracellular analysis of cytokine and transcription factor expression using flow and mass cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Abstract
The intestinal tract is home to trillions of microbes that make up the gut microbiota and is a major source of environmental antigens that can be derived from food, commensal microorganisms, and potential pathogens. Amidst this complex environment, myeloid cells, including macrophages (MPs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are key immunological sentinels that locally maintain both tissue and immune homeostasis. Recent research has revealed substantial functional and developmental heterogeneity within the intestinal DC and MP compartments, with evidence pointing to their regulation by the microbiota. DCs are classically divided into three subsets based on their CD103 and CD11b expression: CD103+CD11b-(XCR1+) cDC1s, CD103+CD11b+ cDC2s, and CD103-CD11b+ cDC2s. Meanwhile, mature gut MPs have recently been classified by their expression of Tim-4 and CD4 into a long-lived, self-maintaining Tim-4+CD4+ population and short-lived, monocyte-derived Tim-4-CD4+ and Tim-4-CD4- populations. In this chapter, we provide experimental procedures to classify and isolate these myeloid subsets from the murine intestinal lamina propria for functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Abstract
Circadian clock proteins BMAL1 and REV-ERBα harmonize the development and function of ILC3 (see related articles by Teng et al. and Wang et al.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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18
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Burrows K, Ngai L, Wong F, Won D, Mortha A. ILC2 Activation by Protozoan Commensal Microbes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194865. [PMID: 31574995 PMCID: PMC6801642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a member of the ILC family and are involved in protective and pathogenic type 2 responses. Recent research has highlighted their involvement in modulating tissue and immune homeostasis during health and disease and has uncovered critical signaling circuits. While interactions of ILC2s with the bacterial microbiome are rather sparse, other microbial members of our microbiome, including helminths and protozoans, reveal new and exciting mechanisms of tissue regulation by ILC2s. Here we summarize the current field on ILC2 activation by the tissue and immune environment and highlight particularly new intriguing pathways of ILC2 regulation by protozoan commensals in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Louis Ngai
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Flora Wong
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Ranomics, Inc. Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - David Won
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Arthur Mortha
- University of Toronto, Department of Immunology, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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19
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Rojas OL, Pröbstel AK, Porfilio EA, Wang AA, Charabati M, Sun T, Lee DSW, Galicia G, Ramaglia V, Ward LA, Leung LYT, Najafi G, Khaleghi K, Garcillán B, Li A, Besla R, Naouar I, Cao EY, Chiaranunt P, Burrows K, Robinson HG, Allanach JR, Yam J, Luck H, Campbell DJ, Allman D, Brooks DG, Tomura M, Baumann R, Zamvil SS, Bar-Or A, Horwitz MS, Winer DA, Mortha A, Mackay F, Prat A, Osborne LC, Robbins C, Baranzini SE, Gommerman JL. Recirculating Intestinal IgA-Producing Cells Regulate Neuroinflammation via IL-10. Cell 2019; 176:610-624.e18. [PMID: 30612739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PC) are found in the CNS of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, yet their source and role in MS remains unclear. We find that some PC in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) originate in the gut and produce immunoglobulin A (IgA). Moreover, we show that IgA+ PC are dramatically reduced in the gut during EAE, and likewise, a reduction in IgA-bound fecal bacteria is seen in MS patients during disease relapse. Removal of plasmablast (PB) plus PC resulted in exacerbated EAE that was normalized by the introduction of gut-derived IgA+ PC. Furthermore, mice with an over-abundance of IgA+ PB and/or PC were specifically resistant to the effector stage of EAE, and expression of interleukin (IL)-10 by PB plus PC was necessary and sufficient to confer resistance. Our data show that IgA+ PB and/or PC mobilized from the gut play an unexpected role in suppressing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elisa A Porfilio
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Angela A Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Neuroimmunology Unit, CRCHUM and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dennis S W Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Georgina Galicia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Leslie Y T Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ghazal Najafi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Khashayar Khaleghi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Beatriz Garcillán
- University of Melbourne, School of Biomedical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Angela Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ikbel Naouar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Y Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hannah G Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessica R Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yam
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Helen Luck
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute and Department of Immunology University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David G Brooks
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka Prefecture 584-8540, Japan
| | - Ryan Baumann
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel A Winer
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- University of Melbourne, School of Biomedical Sciences, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, CRCHUM and Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Clinton Robbins
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory and Medicine Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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20
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Casanova-Acebes M, Nicolás-Ávila JA, Li JL, García-Silva S, Balachander A, Rubio-Ponce A, Weiss LA, Adrover JM, Burrows K, A-González N, Ballesteros I, Devi S, Quintana JA, Crainiciuc G, Leiva M, Gunzer M, Weber C, Nagasawa T, Soehnlein O, Merad M, Mortha A, Ng LG, Peinado H, Hidalgo A. Neutrophils instruct homeostatic and pathological states in naive tissues. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2778-2795. [PMID: 30282719 PMCID: PMC6219739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection relies on the capacity of neutrophils to infiltrate challenged tissues. Naive tissues, in contrast, are believed to remain free of these cells and protected from their toxic cargo. Here, we show that neutrophils are endowed with the capacity to infiltrate multiple tissues in the steady-state, a process that follows tissue-specific dynamics. By focusing in two particular tissues, the intestine and the lungs, we find that neutrophils infiltrating the intestine are engulfed by resident macrophages, resulting in repression of Il23 transcription, reduced G-CSF in plasma, and reinforced activity of distant bone marrow niches. In contrast, diurnal accumulation of neutrophils within the pulmonary vasculature influenced circadian transcription in the lungs. Neutrophil-influenced transcripts in this organ were associated with carcinogenesis and migration. Consistently, we found that neutrophils dictated the diurnal patterns of lung invasion by melanoma cells. Homeostatic infiltration of tissues unveils a facet of neutrophil biology that supports organ function, but can also instigate pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casanova-Acebes
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Nicolás-Ávila
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jackson LiangYao Li
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Susana García-Silva
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Rubio-Ponce
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Linnea A Weiss
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Adrover
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Noelia A-González
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Ballesteros
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sapna Devi
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Juan A Quintana
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgiana Crainiciuc
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Dept. of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Immunology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Merad
- Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Nework (SIgN), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Hector Peinado
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Area of Developmental and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain .,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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21
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Rodriquez D, Kohl JG, Morel P, Burrows K, Favaro G, Root SE, Ramírez J, Alkhadra MA, Carpenter CW, Fei Z, Boufflet P, Heeney M, Lipomi DJ. Measurement of Cohesion and Adhesion of Semiconducting Polymers by Scratch Testing: Effect of Side-Chain Length and Degree of Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1003-1009. [PMID: 35650953 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most advantages of organic electronic materials are enabled by mechanical deformability, as flexible (and stretchable) devices made from these materials must be able to withstand roll-to-roll printing and survive mechanical insults from the external environment. Cohesion and adhesion are two properties that dictate the mechanical reliability of a flexible organic electronic device. In this paper, progressive-load scratch tests are used for the first time to correlate the cohesive and adhesive behavior of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs) with respect to two molecular parameters: length of the alkyl side chain and molecular weight. In contrast to metrological techniques based on buckling or pull testing of pseudofreestanding films, scratch tests reveal information about both the cohesive and adhesive properties of thin polymeric films from a single procedure. Our data show a decrease in cohesion and adhesion, that is, a decrease in overall mechanical robustness, with increasing length of the side chain. This behavior is likely due to increases in free volume and concomitant decreases in the glass transition temperature. In contrast, we observe increases in both the cohesion and adhesion with increasing molecular weight. This behavior is attributed to an increased density of entanglements with high molecular weight, which manifests as increased extensibility. These observations are consistent with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. Interestingly, the normal (applied) forces associated with cohesive and adhesive failure are directly proportional to the average degree of polymerization, as opposed to simply the molecular weight, as the length of the alkyl side chain increases the molecular weight without increasing the degree of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodriquez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - James G. Kohl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiley-Marcos School of Engineering, University of San Diego, San Diego, California 92110-2492, United States
| | - Pierre Morel
- TriTec, Anton Paar
USA, Inc., 10215 Timber Ridge Drive, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
| | - Kyle Burrows
- TriTec, Anton Paar
USA, Inc., 10215 Timber Ridge Drive, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
| | | | - Samuel E. Root
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Julian Ramírez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Mohammad A. Alkhadra
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Cody W. Carpenter
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Zhuping Fei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Boufflet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California−San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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22
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Krishnamoorthy M, Buhari FHM, Zhao T, Brauer PM, Burrows K, Cao EY, Moxley-Paquette V, Mortha A, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Treanor B. The ion channel TRPM7 is required for B cell lymphopoiesis. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/533/eaan2693. [PMID: 29871911 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan2693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) family is a large family of widely expressed ion channels that regulate the intracellular concentration of ions and metals and respond to various chemical and physical stimuli. TRP subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) is unusual in that it contains both an ion channel and a kinase domain. TRPM7 is a divalent cation channel with preference for Ca2+ and Mg2+ It is required for the survival of DT40 cells, a B cell line; however, deletion of TRPM7 in T cells does not impair their development. We found that expression of TRPM7 was required for B cell development in mice. Mice that lacked TRPM7 in B cells failed to generate peripheral B cells because of a developmental block at the pro-B cell stage. The loss of TRPM7 kinase activity alone did not affect the proportion of peripheral mature B cells or the development of B cells in the bone marrow. However, supplementation with a high concentration of extracellular Mg2+ partially rescued the development of TRPM7-deficient B cells in vitro. Thus, our findings identify a critical role for TRPM7 ion channel activity in B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithunah Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | | | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eric Yixiao Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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23
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Burrows K, Antignano F, Chenery A, Bramhall M, Korinek V, Underhill TM, Zaph C. HIC1 links retinoic acid signalling to group 3 innate lymphoid cell-dependent regulation of intestinal immunity and homeostasis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006869. [PMID: 29470558 PMCID: PMC5823476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system must be able to respond to a wide variety of infectious organisms while maintaining tolerance to non-pathogenic microbes and food antigens. The Vitamin A metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) has been implicated in the regulation of this balance, partially by regulating innate lymphoid cell (ILC) responses in the intestine. However, the molecular mechanisms of atRA-dependent intestinal immunity and homeostasis remain elusive. Here we define a role for the transcriptional repressor Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1, ZBTB29) in the regulation of ILC responses in the intestine. Intestinal ILCs express HIC1 in a vitamin A-dependent manner. In the absence of HIC1, group 3 ILCs (ILC3s) that produce IL-22 are lost, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection with the bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Thus, atRA-dependent expression of HIC1 in ILC3s regulates intestinal homeostasis and protective immunity. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are emerging as important regulators of immune responses at barrier sites such as the intestine. However, the molecular mechanisms that control this are not well described. In the intestine, the Vitamin A metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to be an important component of the homeostatic mechanisms. In this manuscript, we show that the atRA-dependent transcription factor Hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1, ZBTB29) is required for ILC homeostasis and function in the steady state as well as following infection with the bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Thus, HIC1 links RA signalling to intestinal immune responses. Further, our results identify HIC1 as a potential target to modulate ILC responses in vivo in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alistair Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Bramhall
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T. Michael Underhill
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an essential component of the innate immune system in vertebrates. They are developmentally rooted in the lymphoid lineage and can diverge into at least three transcriptionally distinct lineages. ILCs seed both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues and are locally self-maintained in tissue-resident pools. Tissue-resident ILCs execute important effector functions making them key regulator in tissue homeostasis, repair, remodeling, microbial defense, and anti-tumor immunity. Similar to T lymphocytes, ILCs possess only few sensory elements for the recognition of non-self and thus depend on extrinsic cellular sensory elements residing within the tissue. Myeloid cells, including mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs), are key sentinels of the tissue and are able to translate environmental cues into an effector profile that instructs lymphocyte responses. The adaptation of myeloid cells to the tissue state thus influences the effector program of ILCs and serves as an example of how environmental signals are integrated into the function of ILCs via a tissue-resident immune cell cross talks. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of myeloid cells in regulating ILC functions and discusses how feedback communication between ILCs and myeloid cells contribute to stabilize immune homeostasis in order to maintain the healthy state of an organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Burrows K, Antignano F, Bramhall M, Chenery A, Scheer S, Korinek V, Underhill TM, Zaph C. The transcriptional repressor HIC1 regulates intestinal immune homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1518-1528. [PMID: 28327618 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a unique immune environment that must respond to infectious organisms but remain tolerant to commensal microbes and food antigens. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate immune cell function in the intestine remain unclear. Here we identify the POK/ZBTB family transcription factor hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1, ZBTB29) as a central component of immunity and inflammation in the intestine. HIC1 is specifically expressed in immune cells in the intestinal lamina propria (LP) in the steady state and mice with a T-cell-specific deletion of HIC1 have reduced numbers of T cells in the LP. HIC1 expression is regulated by the Vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid, as mice raised on a Vitamin A-deficient diet lack HIC1-positive cells in the intestine. HIC1-deficient T cells overproduce IL-17A in vitro and in vivo, and fail to induce intestinal inflammation, identifying a critical role for HIC1 in the regulation of T-cell function in the intestinal microenvironment under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - F Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Bramhall
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Scheer
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - V Korinek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T M Underhill
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Cellular &Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Chenery AL, Antignano F, Hughes MR, Burrows K, McNagny KM, Zaph C. ChronicTrichuris murisinfection alters hematopoiesis and causes IFN-γ-expressing T-cell accumulation in the mouse bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2587-2596. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair L. Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver Canada
- Infection and Immunity Program; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Biomedical Sciences; Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
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27
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Oudhoff MJ, Antignano F, Chenery AL, Burrows K, Redpath SA, Braam MJ, Perona-Wright G, Zaph C. Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Intrinsic Deletion of Setd7 Identifies Role for Developmental Pathways in Immunity to Helminth Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005876. [PMID: 27598373 PMCID: PMC5012677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a common site for a variety of pathogenic infections. Helminth infections continue to be major causes of disease worldwide, and are a significant burden on health care systems. Lysine methyltransferases are part of a family of novel attractive targets for drug discovery. SETD7 is a member of the Suppressor of variegation 3-9-Enhancer of zeste-Trithorax (SET) domain-containing family of lysine methyltransferases, and has been shown to methylate and alter the function of a wide variety of proteins in vitro. A few of these putative methylation targets have been shown to be important in resistance against pathogens. We therefore sought to study the role of SETD7 during parasitic infections. We find that Setd7-/- mice display increased resistance to infection with the helminth Trichuris muris but not Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Resistance to T. muris relies on an appropriate type 2 immune response that in turn prompts intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to alter differentiation and proliferation kinetics. Here we show that SETD7 does not affect immune cell responses during infection. Instead, we found that IEC-specific deletion of Setd7 renders mice resistant to T. muris by controlling IEC turnover, an important aspect of anti-helminth immune responses. We further show that SETD7 controls IEC turnover by modulating developmental signaling pathways such as Hippo/YAP and Wnt/β-Catenin. We show that the Hippo pathway specifically is relevant during T. muris infection as verteporfin (a YAP inhibitor) treated mice became susceptible to T. muris. We conclude that SETD7 plays an important role in IEC biology during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno J. Oudhoff
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail: (MJO); (CZ)
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alistair L. Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen A. Redpath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mitchell J. Braam
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (MJO); (CZ)
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28
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Antignano F, Braam M, Hughes MR, Chenery AL, Burrows K, Gold MJ, Oudhoff MJ, Rattray D, Halim TY, Cait A, Takei F, Rossi FM, McNagny KM, Zaph C. G9a regulates group 2 innate lymphoid cell development by repressing the group 3 innate lymphoid cell program. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1153-62. [PMID: 27298444 PMCID: PMC4925019 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antignano, Zaph, and collaborators show that the lysine methyltransferase G9a plays a critical role in determining the developmental programs of group 2 and 3 innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are emerging as important regulators of homeostatic and disease-associated immune processes. Despite recent advances in defining the molecular pathways that control development and function of ILCs, the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate ILC biology are unknown. Here, we identify a role for the lysine methyltransferase G9a in regulating ILC2 development and function. Mice with a hematopoietic cell–specific deletion of G9a (Vav.G9a−/− mice) have a severe reduction in ILC2s in peripheral sites, associated with impaired development of immature ILC2s in the bone marrow. Accordingly, Vav.G9a−/− mice are resistant to the development of allergic lung inflammation. G9a-dependent dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) is a repressive histone mark that is associated with gene silencing. Genome-wide expression analysis demonstrated that the absence of G9a led to increased expression of ILC3-associated genes in developing ILC2 populations. Further, we found high levels of G9a-dependent H3K9me2 at ILC3-specific genetic loci, demonstrating that G9a-mediated repression of ILC3-associated genes is critical for the optimal development of ILC2s. Together, these results provide the first identification of an epigenetic regulatory mechanism in ILC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mitchell Braam
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alistair L Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Matthew J Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David Rattray
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timotheus Y Halim
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Alissa Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Fabio M Rossi
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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29
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Antignano F, Burrows K, Hughes MR, Han JM, Kron KJ, Penrod NM, Oudhoff MJ, Wang SKH, Min PH, Gold MJ, Chenery AL, Braam MJS, Fung TC, Rossi FMV, McNagny KM, Arrowsmith CH, Lupien M, Levings MK, Zaph C. Methyltransferase G9A regulates T cell differentiation during murine intestinal inflammation. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1945-55. [PMID: 24667637 DOI: 10.1172/jci69592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is associated with dysregulated CD4⁺ Th cell responses, with intestinal homeostasis depending on the balance between IL-17-producing Th17 and Foxp3⁺ Tregs. Differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 and Treg subsets is associated with specific gene expression profiles; however, the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to controlling Th17 and Treg differentiation remains unclear. Using a murine T cell transfer model of colitis, we found that T cell-intrinsic expression of the histone lysine methyltransferase G9A was required for development of pathogenic T cells and intestinal inflammation. G9A-mediated dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) restricted Th17 and Treg differentiation in vitro and in vivo. H3K9me2 was found at high levels in naive Th cells and was lost following Th cell activation. Loss of G9A in naive T cells was associated with increased chromatin accessibility and heightened sensitivity to TGF-β1. Pharmacological inhibition of G9A methyltransferase activity in WT T cells promoted Th17 and Treg differentiation. Our data indicate that G9A-dependent H3K9me2 is a homeostatic epigenetic checkpoint that regulates Th17 and Treg responses by limiting chromatin accessibility and TGF-β1 responsiveness, suggesting G9A as a therapeutic target for treating intestinal inflammation.
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30
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Chenery A, Burrows K, Antignano F, Underhill TM, Petkovich M, Zaph C. The retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme Cyp26b1 regulates CD4 T cell differentiation and function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72308. [PMID: 23991089 PMCID: PMC3750006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) has potent immunomodulatory properties that affect T cell differentiation, migration and function. However, the precise role of RA metabolism in T cells remains unclear. Catabolism of RA is mediated by the Cyp26 family of cytochrome P450 oxidases. We examined the role of Cyp26b1, the T cell-specific family member, in CD4+ T cells. Mice with a conditional knockout of Cyp26b1 in T cells (Cyp26b1−/− mice) displayed normal lymphoid development but showed an increased sensitivity to serum retinoids, which led to increased differentiation under both inducible regulatory T (iTreg) cell- and TH17 cell-polarizing conditions in vitro. Further, Cyp26b1 expression was differentially regulated in iTreg and TH17 cells. Transfer of naïve Cyp26b1−/− CD4+ T cells into Rag1−/− mice resulted in significantly reduced disease in a model of T cell-dependent colitis. Our results show that T cell-specific expression of Cyp26b1 is required for the development of T cell-mediated colitis and may be applicable to the development of therapeutics that target Cyp26b1 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T. Michael Underhill
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Petkovich
- Department of Biomolecular and Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Antignano F, Burrows K, Hughes M, Oudhoff M, Han J, Gold M, McNagny K, Levings M, Zaph C. Epigenetic licensing of Th17 and Treg cell differentiation (P1197). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.50.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Naïve CD4+ T helper (Th) cells acquire a range of fates depending on the cytokine milieu and anatomical location. For example, IL-17 producing Th17 and Foxp3+ regulatory (Treg) cells are dependent upon TGFβ1 and are critical for intestinal homeostasis. G9a is a histone lysine methyltransferase with di-methyl activity towards histone H3 lysine 9. H3K9me2 is a highly conserved histone modification and is commonly linked to transcriptional repression. In this study we examine the role of G9a in the control of Th17 and Treg cell differentiation. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) we found that there is a concomitant loss H3K9me2 and increase in H3K9Ac (an activating histone modification) at lineage specific genes of WT Th17 and Treg cells compared to naive. Meanwhile, naïve G9a-/- T cells have low levels H3K9me2 that results in enhanced sensitivity to TGFβ1 and an increase in the differentiation of both Th17 and Treg cells in vitro. Using the T cell transfer colitis model, we found that transfer of G9a-deficient T cells fails to cause the weight loss and colonic inflammation typical of the model. Furthermore, T effector-cell production of IFNγ was significantly reduced and IL-17 was enhanced when G9a-/- T cells were transferred. In addition, compared to WT controls, a higher proportion of G9a-deficient T cells express Foxp3. We conclude that G9a-dependent H3K9me2 is a homeostatic epigenetic checkpoint that controls the magnitude of Th17 and Treg cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Hughes
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Menno Oudhoff
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Han
- 2Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vanoucver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Gold
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly McNagny
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan Levings
- 2Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vanoucver, BC, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- 1The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mullaly SC, Oudhoff MJ, Min PH, Burrows K, Antignano F, Rattray DG, Chenery A, McNagny KM, Ziltener HJ, Zaph C. Requirement for core 2 O-glycans for optimal resistance to helminth infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60124. [PMID: 23555902 PMCID: PMC3612062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of lymphocytes to the small intestine is controlled by expression of the integrin α4β7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9. However, the molecules that specifically regulate migration to the large intestine remain unclear. Immunity to infection with the large intestinal helminth parasite Trichuris muris is dependent upon CD4+ T cells that migrate to the large intestine. We examine the role of specific chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules and glycosyltransferases in the development of protective immunity to Trichuris. Mice deficient in expression of the chemokine receptors CCR2 or CCR6 were resistant to infection with Trichuris. Similarly, loss of CD34, CD43, CD44 or PSGL-1 had no effect on resistance to infection. In contrast, simultaneous deletion of the Core2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) enzymes C2GnT1 and C2Gnt2 resulted in delayed expulsion of worms. These results suggest that C2GnT-dependent modifications may play a role in migration of protective immune cells to the large intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/metabolism
- Intestine, Large/parasitology
- Leukosialin/genetics
- Leukosialin/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/genetics
- N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Trichuriasis/genetics
- Trichuriasis/metabolism
- Trichuris/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Mullaly
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Menno J. Oudhoff
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul H. Min
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David G. Rattray
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alistair Chenery
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hermann J. Ziltener
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Trichuris muris is a natural pathogen of mice and is biologically and antigenically similar to species of Trichuris that infect humans and livestock. Infective eggs are given by oral gavage, hatch in the distal small intestine, invade the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that line the crypts of the cecum and proximal colon and upon maturation the worms release eggs into the environment. This model is a powerful tool to examine factors that control CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell activation as well as changes in the intestinal epithelium. The immune response that occurs in resistant inbred strains, such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c, is characterized by Th2 polarized cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and expulsion of worms while Th1-associated cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ) promote chronic infections in genetically susceptible AKR/J mice. Th2 cytokines promote physiological changes in the intestinal microenvironment including rapid turnover of IECs, goblet cell differentiation, recruitment and changes in epithelial permeability and smooth muscle contraction, all of which have been implicated in worm expulsion. Here we detail a protocol for propagating Trichuris muris eggs which can be used in subsequent experiments. We also provide a sample experimental harvest with suggestions for post-infection analysis. Overall, this protocol will provide researchers with the basic tools to perform a Trichuris muris mouse infection model which can be used to address questions pertaining to Th proclivity in the gastrointestinal tract as well as immune effector functions of IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia
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Abstract
Background In the intestine, the integrin CD103 is expressed on a subset of T regulatory (Treg) cells and a population of dendritic cells (DCs) that produce retinoic acid and promote immune homeostasis. However, the role of CD103 during intestinal helminth infection has not been tested. Methodology/Principal Findings We demonstrate that CD103 is dispensable for the development of protective immunity to the helminth parasite Trichuris muris. While we observed an increase in the frequency of CD103+ DCs in the lamina propria (LP) following acute high-dose infection with Trichuris, lack of CD103 had no effect on the frequency of CD11c+ DCs in the LP or mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN). CD103-deficient (CD103−/−) mice develop a slightly increased and earlier T cell response but resolve infection with similar kinetics to control mice. Similarly, low-dose chronic infection of CD103−/− mice with Trichuris resulted in no significant difference in immunity or parasite burden. Absence of CD103 also had no effect on the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the mLN or LP. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that CD103 is dispensable for intestinal immunity during helminth infection. Furthermore, lack of CD103 had no effect on DC or Treg recruitment or retention within the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Mullaly
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lehnertz B, Northrop JP, Antignano F, Burrows K, Hadidi S, Mullaly SC, Rossi FM, Zaph C. Activating and inhibitory functions for the histone lysine methyltransferase G9a in T helper cell differentiation and function. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1893oia9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lehnertz B, Northrop JP, Antignano F, Burrows K, Hadidi S, Mullaly SC, Rossi FMV, Zaph C. Activating and inhibitory functions for the histone lysine methyltransferase G9a in T helper cell differentiation and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:915-22. [PMID: 20421388 PMCID: PMC2867284 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the regulation of gene expression by histone lysine methylation is crucial for several biological processes. The histone lysine methyltransferase G9a is responsible for the majority of dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and is required for the efficient repression of developmentally regulated genes during embryonic stem cell differentiation. However, whether G9a plays a similar role in adult cells is still unclear. We identify a critical role for G9a in CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation and function. G9a-deficient Th cells are specifically impaired in their induction of Th2 lineage-specific cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and fail to protect against infection with the intestinal helminth Trichuris muris. Furthermore, G9a-deficient Th cells are characterised by the increased expression of IL-17A, which is associated with a loss of H3K9me2 at the Il17a locus. Collectively, our results establish unpredicted and complex roles for G9a in regulating gene expression during lineage commitment in adult CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lehnertz
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Mullaly S, Maltby S, Burrows K, McNagny K, Zaph C. Dendritic cell-expressed CD103 is required for inhibition of mucosal Th2 cell responses (90.3). The Journal of Immunology 2010. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.90.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulated mucosal CD4 Th2 cell responses are a feature of several inflammatory diseases including asthma, allergies and some forms of inflammatory bowel disease. The integrin CD103 is expressed primarily on a subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that promote regulatory T cell development and intestinal immune homeostasis. However, the role of CD103 in Th2-dependent immunity has not been tested. Using the helminth parasite Trichuris muris, we identify a critical role for CD103 in specifically limiting Th2 responses in vivo. We find that following infection with Trichuris, CD103-deficient (CD103-/-) mice develop an enhanced Th2 response that is associated with decreased levels of IL-10. While in vitro CD4 T cell differentiation was unaffected by CD103 deficiency, bone marrow-derived CD103-/- DCs induce heightened T cell proliferation and increased IL-13 production under Th2 promoting conditions. The inhibitory role of CD103 appears to be specific for Th2 responses, as CD103-/- mice are protected from disease development in a model of chemically-induced colitis. Taken together, these results suggest that CD103 expression on DCs is critically required to specifically regulate Th2 immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mullaly
- 1Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Maltby
- 1Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle Burrows
- 1Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly McNagny
- 1Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- 1Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Rollason J, Bastin L, Hilton A, Pillay D, Worthington T, McKeon C, De P, Burrows K, Lambert P. Epidemiology of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus obtained from the UK West Midlands region. J Hosp Infect 2008; 70:314-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heywood P, Cutler J, Burrows K, Komorowski C, Marshall B, Wang HL. A community outbreak of travel-acquired hepatitis A transmitted by an infected food handler. Can Commun Dis Rep 2007; 33:16-22. [PMID: 18161205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Heywood
- Region of Waterloo Public Health, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Orange K, De P, Pillay D, Raja N, Burrows K. Evaluation of a primary screening method for detection of ESBL/AmpC beta-lactamases in routine urinalysis using a multipoint method. J Infect 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Burrows K, Danjoux C, Bezjak A, Wong F, Wu J, Duncan G, Samant R, Wright J, Wonq R. 202 Research and professional development: Video/phone Conference as a format for advancements in palliative radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80943-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Christensen E, Maddix K, Scott S, Cops F, Burrows K, Wang L, Grabarz D, Wong R. 240 A prospective cohort study to describe the factors predictive of interruption during fluoroscopic simulation for palliative radio-therapy. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to describe a specialist program in a psychiatric mother-baby unit and to review the characteristics (including mothering skills) and outcomes on discharge of 36 women consecutively admitted to the unit over an intensive 6-month observation period. Changes in admissions to the same unit over 10 years were also compared. METHOD Consecutive admissions were studied in terms of demographics, ethnicity, diagnosis, psychiatric history, psychiatric information and mother-infant data. RESULTS The majority of women admitted suffered from schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders, with the second largest diagnostic criteria being depression. For 20 mothers, this was the first psychiatric admission and most admissions were voluntary. The mean length of stay was 21.7 days, representing a highly significant decrease in stay when compared to the past 10 years in the same unit. Mothering skills were found to be incompetent or only passable in 57% of women. A small improvement occurred by discharge, and the majority of women were not separated from their infants. CONCLUSIONS The critical need to support these women and their infants in the long term was highlighted, with recommendations of outpatient and day programs, as well as supported accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Milgrom
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Heidelberg West, Victoria, Australia
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Cuthbert-Allman C, Burrows K. Overcoming obstacles: challenges of caring for an urban pediatric population. Caring 1998; 17:44-7. [PMID: 10180154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
There are many challenges to working with pediatric patients at home, and they are complicated when the family lives in the inner city. The VNA of Boston has overcome many of the challenges through its unique Maternal Child Health team--a good model for any pediatric care team.
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Smock T, Arnold S, Albeck D, Emerson P, Garritano J, Burrows K, Derber W, Sanson C, Marrs K, Weatherly H. A peptidergic circuit for reproductive behavior. Brain Res 1992; 598:138-42. [PMID: 1486476 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90177-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A projection from the medial amygdaloid nucleus to the hippocampus and septum probably uses vasopressin as a transmitter. The nucleus synthesizes vasopressin and activation of the nucleus has a hippocampal effect that is completely blocked by a vasopressin antagonist. The afferent and efferent projections of this peptidergic nucleus suggest a possible role for the system in sexual behavior. Stimulation of the nucleus inhibits the output of the hippocampus in both genders and reorganizes behavior for a period of 15-20 min. In males, the effect of peptidergic activation is to produce a behavior that resembles the post-ejaculatory interval in coitus. This state is characterized by an EEG that resembles slow-wave sleep and by ultrasonic vocalizations at a characteristic frequency of 22 kHz. Castration in either gender causes depletion of the peptide from the target fields and eliminates the peptidergic signal in the hippocampus after about 15 weeks. The effects of castration in males can be reversed by testosterone replacement. The fluctuation of estrogen levels in rat plasma during the estrus cycle happens too quickly to impact the peptidergic system, and thus there is no significant change in the strength of the peptidergic signal among the proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus stages. This fact permits study of the physiology of the system without concern for stage of estrus but does not permit conclusions regarding its function in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Smock
- Howard Hughes Undergraduate Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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Matthews NS, Gleed RD, Short CE, Burrows K. Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic effects of isoxsuprine in the horse. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:2130-3. [PMID: 3777634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoxsuprine (0.6 mg/kg) administered IV to 6 standing horses produced substantial, transient decreases in systemic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. It also produced substantial, transient increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and purposeful movement. Plasma concentrations of isoxsuprine peaked soon after the drug was administered IV and then decreased over a 12-hour period in a biexponential manner, with distribution and elimination half-lives of 14 minutes and 2.67 hours, respectively. Total body clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were calculated to be 53.8 ml/min/kg and 10.5 L/kg, respectively. When a recommended therapeutic dosage regimen (0.6 mg/kg 2 times a day, per os) was used in 4 of these horses, changes were not detected. Isoxsuprine was not detected in plasma after the drug was given orally. We conclude that 0.6 mg of isoxsuprine/kg given orally every 12 hours is not likely to produce cardiovascular changes in the resting horse and that this is probably because plasma concentrations are not high enough to do so.
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Rosenfeldt FL, Lambert R, Burrows K, Stirling GR. Hospital costs and return to work after coronary bypass surgery. Med J Aust 1983; 1:260-3. [PMID: 6402649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A study to assess the cost and some of the benefits of coronary bypass surgery was carried out at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. The minimum cost to the hospital of a typical coronary bypass graft procedure in 1980 was estimated to be $4700. The benefit of the procedure in terms of symptomatic relief and return to work was assessed by means of questionnaires. In the working-age group (55 years and under) of 591 patients, assessed from two to nine years after surgery, 68% of patients were working. In a group of 100 patients, aged 55 years and under, and interviewed from one to two years after surgery, 56 patients were working before surgery, but only 16 of these at full capacity. After surgery, 78 patients were working; 64 of these at full capacity. The cost of a coronary bypass graft operation is considerable, but this is offset in the majority of patients in the working-age group by a return to gainful employment.
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