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Balde A, Ramya CS, Nazeer RA. A review on current advancement in zebrafish models to study chronic inflammatory diseases and their therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31862. [PMID: 38867970 PMCID: PMC11167310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are caused due to prolonged inflammation at a specific site of the body. Among other inflammatory diseases, bacterial meningitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), atherosclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are primarily focused on because of their adverse effects and fatality rates around the globe in recent times. In order to come up with novel strategies to eradicate these diseases, a clear understanding of the mechanisms of the diseases is needed. Similarly, detailed insight into the mechanisms of commercially available drugs and potent lead compounds from natural sources are also important to establish efficient therapeutic effects. Zebrafish is widely accepted as a model to study drug toxicity and the pharmacokinetic effects of the drug. Moreover, researchers use various inducers to trigger inflammatory cascades and stimulate physiological changes in zebrafish. The effect of these inducers contrasts with the type of zebrafish used in the investigation. Hence, a thorough analysis is required to study the current advancements in the zebrafish model for chronic inflammatory disease suppression. This review presents the most common inflammatory diseases, commercially available drugs, novel therapeutics, and their mechanisms of action for disease suppression. The review also provides a detailed description of various zebrafish models for these diseases. Finally, the future prospects and challenges for the same are described, which can help the researchers understand the potency of the zebrafish model and its further exploration for disease attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshad Balde
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cunnathur Saravanan Ramya
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rasool Abdul Nazeer
- Biopharmaceuticals Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Roodsant TJ, van der Putten B, Brizuela J, Coolen JPM, Baltussen TJH, Schipper K, Pannekoek Y, van der Ark KCH, Schultsz C. The streptococcal phase-variable type I restriction modification system SsuCC20p dictates the methylome of Streptococcus suis impacting the transcriptome and virulence in a zebrafish larvae infection model. mBio 2024; 15:e0225923. [PMID: 38063379 PMCID: PMC10790761 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02259-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Phase variation allows a single strain to produce phenotypic diverse subpopulations. Phase-variable restriction modification (RM) systems are systems that allow for such phase variation via epigenetic regulation of gene expression levels. The phase-variable RM system SsuCC20p was found in multiple streptococcal species and was acquired by an emerging zoonotic lineage of Streptococcus suis. We show that the phase variability of SsuCC20p is dependent on a recombinase encoded within the SsuCC20p locus. We characterized the genome methylation profiles of the different phases of SsuCC20p and demonstrated the consequential impact on the transcriptome and virulence in a zebrafish infection model. Acquiring mobile genetic elements containing epigenetic regulatory systems, like phase-variable RM systems, enables bacterial pathogens to produce diverse phenotypic subpopulations that are better adapted to specific (host) environments encountered during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Roodsant
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boas van der Putten
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaime Brizuela
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy P. M. Coolen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. H. Baltussen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees C. H. van der Ark
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Misner E, Zhang M, Sapi E. Establishing a Zebrafish Model for Borrelia burgdorferi Infection Using Immersion and Microinjection Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2742:131-149. [PMID: 38165621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3561-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochetal bacterium that causes Lyme disease. Even though antimicrobial sensitivity of B. burgdorferi has been widely studied, there is still a need to develop an affordable, practical, high-throughput in vivo model which can be used to find effective antibiotic therapies, especially for the recently discovered persister and biofilm forms. Here, we describe the immersion and microinjection methods to introduce B. burgdorferi spirochetes into zebrafish larvae. The B. burgdorferi-zebrafish model can be produced by immersing 5-day post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish in a B. burgdorferi culture, or by injecting B. burgdorferi into the hindbrain of zebrafish at 28 h post-fertilization (hpf). To demonstrate that B. burgdorferi indeed infect the fish, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), live fluorescence imaging, histological staining, and wholemount immunohistochemical (IHC) methods can be used on B. burgdorferi-infected zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Misner
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Lyme Disease Research Group, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Lyme Disease Research Group, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Criminal Justice, Coppin State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eva Sapi
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Lyme Disease Research Group, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
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Unnikrishnan VK, Sundaramoorthy NS, Nair VG, Ramaiah KB, Roy JS, Rajendran M, Srinath S, Kumar S, S PS, S SM, Nagarajan S. Genome analysis of triple phages that curtails MDR E. coli with ML based host receptor prediction and its evaluation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23040. [PMID: 38155176 PMCID: PMC10754912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) are becoming increasingly difficult to treat and alternative approaches like phage therapy, which is unhindered by drug resistance, are urgently needed to tackle MDR bacterial infections. During phage therapy phage cocktails targeting different receptors are likely to be more effective than monophages. In the present study, phages targeting carbapenem resistant clinical isolate of E. coli U1007 was isolated from Ganges River (U1G), Cooum River (CR) and Hospital waste water (M). Capsid architecture discerned using TEM identified the phage families as Podoviridae for U1G, Myoviridae for CR and Siphoviridae for M phage. Genome sequencing showed the phage genomes varied in size U1G (73,275 bp) CR (45,236 bp) and M (45,294 bp). All three genomes lacked genes encoding tRNA sequence, antibiotic resistant or virulent genes. A machine learning (ML) based multi-class classification model using Random Forest, Logistic Regression, and Decision Tree were employed to predict the host receptor targeted by receptor binding protein of all 3 phages and the best performing algorithm Random Forest predicted LPS O antigen, LamB or OmpC for U1G; FhuA, OmpC for CR phage; and FhuA, LamB, TonB or OmpF for the M phage. OmpC was validated as receptor for U1G by physiological experiments. In vivo intramuscular infection study in zebrafish showed that cocktail of dual phages (U1G + M) along with colsitin resulted in a significant 3.5 log decline in cell counts. Our study highlights the potential of ML tool to predict host receptor and proves the utility of phage cocktail to restrict E. coli U1007 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha K Unnikrishnan
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
- Antimicrobial Resistance Lab, ASK-I-312, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Niranjana Sri Sundaramoorthy
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
- Translational Health Sciences Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Veena G Nair
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
- Antimicrobial Resistance Lab, ASK-I-312, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kavi Bharathi Ramaiah
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
- Antimicrobial Resistance Lab, ASK-I-312, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jean Sophy Roy
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Malarvizhi Rajendran
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Sneha Srinath
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Prakash Sankaran S
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Suma Mohan S
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research On Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
- Antimicrobial Resistance Lab, ASK-I-312, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wang X, Li T, Zhou L, Tu F, Rui X, Xu Z, Liu J, Cao F. Adult zebrafish infected by clinically isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae with different virulence showed increased intestinal inflammation and disturbed intestinal microbial biodiversity. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:899. [PMID: 38129788 PMCID: PMC10740243 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae is a pathogen that often infects patients in clinical practice. Due to its high virulent and drug resistance, infected patients are difficult to treat. In clinical practice, Klebsiella pneumoniae can infect patients' intestines, intestines, blood, etc., causing pathological changes. However, there is relatively little information on the impact of Klebsiella pneumoniae on intestinal inflammation and microbial populations. Zebrafish is an excellent biomedical model that has been successfully applied to the virulence assessment of Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS In this study, three clinically isolated representative strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (high virulence non-resistant, high virulence resistant, and low virulence resistant) were used to infect zebrafish, and their effects on intestinal colonization, inflammation, pathology, and microbial diversity were tested. RESULTS Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae significantly increased levels of the cytokines interleukin-1α (Il-1α), interleukin-1β (Il-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), which increased inflammatory symptoms. Hematoxylin eosin staining(H&S) showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae treatment caused intestinal lesions in zebrafish, in which KP1053 exposure significantly decreased the number of goblet cells, KP1195 caused epithelial dissolution and exfoliation. In addition, Klebsiella pneumoniae disturbed the composition of intestinal microbiota, and the Shannon index increased, which increased the number of harmful bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Klebsiella pneumoniae infection can lead to intestinal colonization, inflammation, pathological changes, and changes in microbial biodiversity. This study provides a reference for the intestinal pathology of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi No.8 People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Fan Tu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China
| | - Xiaohong Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China
| | - Ze Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi Fifth Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214005, China.
| | - Futao Cao
- Emergency Department, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, China.
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Subramani RM, Lotha R, Shamprasad BR, Sridharan S, Natesan R, Nagarajan S, Sivasubramanian A. BBD optimized antioxidants of Crotalaria candicans and its nanoconjugates, exert potent in vivo anti-biofilm effects against MRSA. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16407. [PMID: 37775527 PMCID: PMC10541877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotalaria genus is extensively dispersed in tropical and subtropical provinces, and it is found to harbor antioxidant flavonoids. Response surface methodology-based optimization was carried out for the purpose of efficient extraction involving a suitable solvent which can maximize the yield along with higher total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC). Optimization conditions for extraction of C.candicans flavonoids (CCF) based on variables such as solvent, solid-solvent ratio and extraction temperature were evaluated. The optimized conditions were found as Solvent i.e., Aqueous-ethanol (53.42%), Solid-solvent ratio (1:15.83 w/v) and temperature (44.42 °C) and resulted to obtain the TFC as 176.23 mg QRET/g C. candicans extract with the yield 27.42 mg CCF/g (C. candicans dry weight). LC-MS analysis of CCF, revealed the presence of seven major flavonoids. The antioxidant flavonoids were further used to functionalize the zero-valent silver (ZVAgF) and copper (ZVCuF) nanoparticles. The ZVAgF and ZVCuF were investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry to confirm the presence of the zero valent metals and possible functional groups which capped the elemental metal. Further transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering method and zeta-potential studies were done to understand their respective structural and morphological properties. The efficacy of the as-prepared ZVAgF/ZVCuF as antibiofilm agents on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the mechanism studies have been explored. The MRSA-colony count from the infection zebrafish (in vivo) model, portrayed a reduction of > 1.9 fold for ZVCuF and > twofold for ZVAgF, with no alteration in liver morphology when treated with ZVAgF, implying that the nanoparticles were safe and biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya M Subramani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert Lotha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bhanuvalli R Shamprasad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sriram Sridharan
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Natesan
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arvind Sivasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Huang J, Dai X, Wu Z, Hu X, Sun J, Tang Y, Zhang W, Han P, Zhao J, Liu G, Wang X, Mao S, Wang Y, Call DR, Liu J, Wang L. Conjugative transfer of streptococcal prophages harboring antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:1467-1481. [PMID: 37369704 PMCID: PMC10432423 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Prophages play important roles in the transduction of various functional traits, including virulence factors, but remain debatable in harboring and transmitting antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Herein we characterize a prevalent family of prophages in Streptococcus, designated SMphages, which harbor twenty-five ARGs that collectively confer resistance to ten antimicrobial classes, including vanG-type vancomycin resistance locus and oxazolidinone resistance gene optrA. SMphages integrate into four chromosome attachment sites by utilizing three types of integration modules and undergo excision in response to phage induction. Moreover, we characterize four subtypes of Alp-related surface proteins within SMphages, the lethal effects of which are extensively validated in cell and animal models. SMphages transfer via high-frequency conjugation that is facilitated by integrative and conjugative elements from either donors or recipients. Our findings explain the widespread of SMphages and the rapid dissemination of ARGs observed in members of the Streptococcus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xingyang Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Junjie Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanqiu Zhang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peizhao Han
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jinxin Liu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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Nayak SPRR, Boopathi S, Priya PS, Pasupuleti M, Pachaiappan R, Almutairi BO, Arokiyaraj S, Arockiaraj J. Luteolin, a promising quorum quencher mitigates virulence factors production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa - In vitro and in vivo approach. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106123. [PMID: 37088400 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes healthcare-associated infection and high mortality in immunocompromised patients. It produces several virulence factors through quorum sensing (QS) mechanisms that is essential for subverting host immune system. Even front-line antibiotics are unable to control PA pathogenicity due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Luteolin is a naturally derived compound that has proven to be the effective drug to annihilate pathogens through quorum quenching mechanism. In this study, the protective effect of luteolin against the PA-mediated inflammation was demonstrated using zebrafish model. Luteolin protects zebrafish from PA infection and increases their survival rate. It was found that PA-mediated ROS, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis were also significantly reduced in luteolin-treated zebrafish larvae. Open field test (OFT) reveals that luteolin rescued PA-infected zebrafish from retarded swimming behavior. Furthermore, luteolin increases SOD and CAT levels and decreases LDH and NO levels in PA-infected zebrafish compare to control group. Histological and gene expression analysis reveals that luteolin protects PA-infected zebrafish by decreasing gut inflammation and altering the expression of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and antioxidant markers (iNOS, SOD, CAT). Thus, luteolin was found to have dual effect in protecting PA-infected zebrafish by decreasing virulence factors production in PA and stimulating host immune system. This is the first study demonstrating the protective effect of luteolin using animal model. Hence, luteolin could be used as a future therapeutic drug to control multi-drug resistant PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ramya Ranjan Nayak
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seenivasan Boopathi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Division of Molecular Immunology & Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Raman Pachaiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bader O Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Mehmood Khan F, Manohar P, Singh Gondil V, Mehra N, Kayode Oyejobi G, Odiwuor N, Ahmad T, Huang G. The applications of animal models in phage therapy: An update. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2175519. [PMID: 36935353 PMCID: PMC10072079 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2175519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in antibiotic resistance presents a dire situation necessitating the need for alternative therapeutic agents. Among the current alternative therapies, phage therapy (PT) is promising. This review extensively summarizes preclinical PT approaches in various in-vivo models. PT has been evaluated in several recent clinical trials. However, there are still several unanswered concerns due to a lack of appropriate regulation and pharmacokinetic data regarding the application of phages in human therapeutic procedures. In this review, we also presented the current state of PT and considered how animal models can be used to adapt these therapies for humans. The development of realistic solutions to circumvent these constraints is critical for advancing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mehmood Khan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Prasanth Manohar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Vijay Singh Gondil
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Mehra
- Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Greater Kayode Oyejobi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Microbiology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nelson Odiwuor
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Microbiology, Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangtao Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Bai L, Zhou Y, Sheng C, Yin Y, Chen Y, Ding X, Yu G, Yang G, Chen L. Common carp Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (CcPGRP2) plays a role in innate immunity for defense against bacterial infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108564. [PMID: 36690267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PGRP is a family of pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system. PGRPs are conserved from insects to mammals and have diverse functions in antimicrobial defense. Here we cloned a common carp PGRP ortholog, CcPGRP2 containing a conserved C-terminal PGRP domain. We tested the expression levels of CcPGRP2 in the liver, spleen, kidney, foregut, midgut, and hindgut of the highest level in the liver. The expression of CcPGRP2 upregulated in common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Recombinant CcPGRP2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) system and the purified CcPGRP2 could maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosa of common carp infected with A. hydrophila. In addition, CcPGRP2 could agglutinate or bind both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in a Zn2+-dependent manner. CcPGRP2 has a stronger agglutination and bacterial binding ability in gram-positive bacteria than in gram-negative bacteria. It is perhaps because CcPGRP2 could bind peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). And CcPGRP2 shows antimicrobial activities in the presence of Zn2+. Our results of CcPGRP2 provided new insight into the function of PGRP in the innate immunity of the common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Chen Sheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yizhi Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Xinli Ding
- Department of Food Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, No.4516 Lvyou Road, Jinan, 250103, PR China
| | - Guanliu Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China.
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12
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Wang L, Yu Y, Wang L, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Gao P, Ma J, Chen G, Kong X. The collectin subfamily member 11 (Ca-Colec11) from Qihe crucian carp (Carassius auratus) agglutinates and inhibits Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108543. [PMID: 36669601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The collectin subfamily member 11 (Colec11), plays an important role in innate immunity as a pattern recognition molecule. In the present study, a colec11 homolog was identified and characterised from Qihe crucian carp, namely, Ca-colec11. The full-length cDNA of Ca-colec11 was composed of 1129 bp, with a 99 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), 816 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 271-aa protein and 214 bp 3'-UTR with a polyadenylation signal sequence (aataaa) and a poly(A) tail. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ca-Colec11 contained a si gnal peptide, collagen domain, neck region and carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD), which had four conserved cysteine residues (Cys170-Cys256 and Cys242-Cys264) and an EPN/WND motif required for carbohydrate-binding specificity. Tissue expression profile analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that Ca-colec11 was ubiquitously distributed in the tested tissues and highly expressed in the liver. The gene expression levels of Ca-colec11 were evidently up-regulated in the liver, spleen, kidney and head kidney after infection with A. hydrophila and S. aureus. The recombinant Ca-Colec11 (rCa-Colec11) purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) could agglutinate A. hydrophila and S. aureus, and it possessed haemagglutination activity against rabbit erythrocytes, which was inhibited by various carbohydrates, including d-Mannose, N-Acetyl-d-mannosamine, l-Fucose, d-Glucose, N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine, d-Galactose, LPS and PGN. Furthermore, rCa-Colec11 could inhibit the growth of A. hydrophila and S. aureus. These findings collectively demonstrated that Ca-Colec11, as a PRR, could play a role in the immune defence of Qihe crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Station in Biological Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Biological Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
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13
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Ochocki AJ, Kenney JW. A gelatin-based feed for precise and non-invasive drug delivery to adult zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286278. [PMID: 36606734 PMCID: PMC10165467 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of adult zebrafish as a model organism has increased in recent years, there is room to refine methods, such as drug delivery, to make them less invasive and more precise. Here, we describe the development of a non-invasive gelatin-based feed method that is tailored to animals based on their body mass. The feed was readily eaten by zebrafish (<1 min) with minimal leaching of compound when placed in water (<5% in 5 min). As a proof of principle, we fed fish a NMDA receptor antagonist (MK-801, 4 mg kg-1) prior to the novel tank test. We found that MK-801 caused a general decrease in predator-avoidance/anxiety-like behavior (bottom dwelling) and an increase in locomotion in male fish, but not females. Our simple, easy to prepare and individually tailored gelatin-based feed enables precisely dosed, non-invasive drug delivery to adult-stage zebrafish for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander J Ochocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Justin W Kenney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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14
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Characterization of the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010586. [PMID: 36622851 PMCID: PMC9858863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most frequent causes of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in humans, and an important cause of mortality among children and the elderly. We have previously reported the suitability of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval model for the study of the host-pathogen interactions in pneumococcal infection. In the present study, we characterized the zebrafish innate immune response to pneumococcus in detail through a whole-genome level transcriptome analysis and revealed a well-conserved response to this human pathogen in challenged larvae. In addition, to gain understanding of the genetic factors associated with the increased risk for severe pneumococcal infection in humans, we carried out a medium-scale forward genetic screen in zebrafish. In the screen, we identified a mutant fish line which showed compromised resistance to pneumococcus in the septic larval infection model. The transcriptome analysis of the mutant zebrafish larvae revealed deficient expression of a gene homologous for human C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, knockout of one of the six zebrafish crp genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis predisposed zebrafish larvae to a more severe pneumococcal infection, and the phenotype was further augmented by concomitant knockdown of a gene for another Crp isoform. This suggests a conserved function of C-reactive protein in anti-pneumococcal immunity in zebrafish. Altogether, this study highlights the similarity of the host response to pneumococcus in zebrafish and humans, gives evidence of the conserved role of C-reactive protein in the defense against pneumococcus, and suggests novel host genes associated with pneumococcal infection.
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15
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Wang J, Liang P, Sun H, Wu Z, Gottschalk M, Qi K, Zheng H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveal genes involved in the pathogenicity increase of Streptococcus suis epidemic strains. Virulence 2022; 13:1455-1470. [PMID: 36031944 PMCID: PMC9423846 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis epidemic strains were responsible for two outbreaks in China and possessed increased pathogenicity which was featured prominently by inducing an excessive inflammatory response at the early phase of infection. To discover the critical genes responsible for the pathogenicity increase of S. suis epidemic strains, the genome-wide transcriptional profiles of epidemic strain SC84 were investigated at the early phase of interaction with BV2 cells. The overall low expression levels of 89K pathogenicity island (PAI) and 129 known virulence genes in the SC84 interaction groups indicated that its pathogenicity increase should be attributed to novel mechanisms. Using highly pathogenic strain P1/7 and intermediately pathogenic strain 89–1591 as controls, 11 pathogenicity increase crucial genes (PICGs) and 38 pathogenicity increase-related genes (PIRGs) were identified in the SC84 incubation groups. The PICGs encoded proteins related to the methionine biosynthesis/uptake pathway and played critical roles in the pathogenicity increase of epidemic strains. A high proportion of PIRGs encoded surface proteins related to host cell adherence and immune escape, which may be conducive to the pathogenicity increase of epidemic strains by rapidly initiating infection. The fact that none of PICGs and PIRGs belonged to epidemic strain-specific gene indicated that the pathogenicity increase of epidemic strain may be determined by the expression level of genes, rather than the presence of them. Our results deepened the understanding on the mechanism of the pathogenicity increase of S. suis epidemic strains and provided novel approaches to control the life-threatening infections of S. suis epidemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kexin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
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16
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Mrinalini R, Tamilanban T, Naveen Kumar V, Manasa K. Zebrafish - The Neurobehavioural Model in Trend. Neuroscience 2022; 520:95-118. [PMID: 36549602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is currently in vogue as a prevalently used experimental model for studies concerning neurobehavioural disorders and associated fields. Since the 1960s, this model has succeeded in breaking most barriers faced in the hunt for an experimental model. From its appearance to its high parity with human beings genetically, this model renders itself as an advantageous experimental lab animal. Neurobehavioural disorders have always posed an arduous task in terms of their detection as well as in determining their exact etiology. They are still, in most cases, diseases of interest for inventing or discovering novel pharmacological interventions. Thus, the need for a harbinger experimental model for studying neurobehaviours is escalating. Ensuring the same model is used for studying several neuro-studies conserves the results from inter-species variations. For this, we need a model that satisfies all the pre-requisite conditions to be made the final choice of model for neurobehavioural studies. This review recapitulates the progress of zebrafish as an experimental model with its most up-to-the-minute advances in the area. Various tests, assays, and responses employed using zebrafish in screening neuroactive drugs have been tabulated effectively. The tools, techniques, protocols, and apparatuses that bolster zebrafish studies are discussed. The probable research that can be done using zebrafish has also been briefly outlined. The various breeding and maintenance methods employed, along with the information on various strains available and most commonly used, are also elaborated upon, supplementing Zebrafish's use in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mrinalini
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India - 603203
| | - T Tamilanban
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India - 603203
| | - V Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India - 603203.
| | - K Manasa
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India - 603203
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17
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Topić Popović N, Kazazić S, Bilić B, Babić S, Bojanić K, Bujak M, Tartaro Bujak I, Jadan M, Strunjak-Perović I, Kepec S, Čož-Rakovac R. Shewanella spp. from wastewater treatment plant-affected environment: isolation and characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:82986-83003. [PMID: 35761132 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Shewanella are inhabitants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, recognized fish spoilage bacteria, but less known as fish disease agents. Shewanella spp. isolated from fish living in waters close to effluents of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were not previously characterized. We have tested Shewanella isolates from WWTP-affected waters and related fish. Genotypic characterization identified most strains as S. baltica and S. oneidensis. In order to investigate the sensibility and accuracy of their MALDI-TOF MS identification, they were grown on two culture media enriched by various NaCl concentrations, incubated at different temperatures and duration. We analyzed their antimicrobial susceptibility on a panel of antimicrobial drugs and capacity for biofilm production. With a view to demonstrate their capacity to produce fatty acids, we assessed the impact of different culture media on their lipid profile. We performed zebrafish embryotoxicity tests to simulate the environmental infection of the earliest life stages in S. baltica-contaminated waters. The best MALDI-TOF MS identification scores were for strains cultivated on TSA for 24 h at 22 °C and with supplementation of 1.5% NaCl. Less than 17% of isolates demonstrated antimicrobial resistance. Most isolates were weak biofilm producers. Strain-to-strain variation of MIC and MBC was low. The major fatty acids were C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:1, and iC15:0. Exposure of Danio rerio to different S. baltica concentrations induced severe effects on zebrafish development: decreased heartbeat rate, locomotor activity, and melanin pigmentation. S. baltica passed through chorionic pores of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Kazazić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branka Bilić
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Bojanić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maro Bujak
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Tartaro Bujak
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Margita Jadan
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavko Kepec
- Virkom d.o.o., Public Water Supply and Wastewater Services, 33 000, Virovitica, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Chowdhury S, Saikia SK. Use of Zebrafish as a Model Organism to Study Oxidative Stress: A Review. Zebrafish 2022; 19:165-176. [PMID: 36049069 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxygen is an integral part of every living organism, but its concentration varies from organ to organ. Production of metabolites from dioxygen may result in oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress has the potential to damage various biomolecules in the cell, therefore, it has presently become an active field of research. Oxidative stress has been studied in a wide range of model organisms from vertebrates to invertebrates, from rodents to piscine organisms, and from in vivo to in vitro models. But zebrafish (adults, larvae, or embryonic stage) emerged out to be the most promising vertebrate model organism to study oxidative stress because of its vast advantages (transparent embryo, cost-effectiveness, similarity to human genome, easy developmental processes, numerous offspring per spawning, and many more). This is evidenced by voluminous number of researches on oxidative stress in zebrafish exposed to chemicals, radiations, nanoparticles, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. On these backgrounds, this review attempts to highlight the potentiality of zebrafish as model of oxidative stress compared with other companion models. Several areas, from biomedical to environmental research, have been covered to explain it as a more convenient and reliable animal model for experimental research on oxidative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarna Chowdhury
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Surjya Kumar Saikia
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
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19
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Encapsulation of the septal cell wall protects Streptococcus pneumoniae from its major peptidoglycan hydrolase and host defenses. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010516. [PMID: 35731836 PMCID: PMC9216600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of the capsular polysaccharide, a major virulence factor for many pathogenic bacteria, is required for bacterial survival within the infected host. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, Wze, an autophosphorylating tyrosine kinase, and Wzd, a membrane protein required for Wze autophosphorylation, co-localize at the division septum and guarantee the presence of capsule at this subcellular location. To determine how bacteria regulate capsule synthesis, we studied pneumococcal proteins that interact with Wzd and Wze using bacterial two hybrid assays and fluorescence microscopy. We found that Wzd interacts with Wzg, the putative ligase that attaches capsule to the bacterial cell wall, and recruits it to the septal area. This interaction required residue V56 of Wzd and both the transmembrane regions and DNA-PPF domain of Wzg. When compared to the wild type, Wzd null pneumococci lack capsule at midcell, bind the peptidoglycan hydrolase LytA better and are more susceptible to LytA-induced lysis, and are less virulent in a zebrafish embryo infection model. In this manuscript, we propose that the Wzd/Wze pair guarantees full encapsulation of pneumococcal bacteria by recruiting Wzg to the division septum, ensuring that capsule attachment is coordinated with peptidoglycan synthesis. Impairing the encapsulation process, at localized subcellular sites, may facilitate elimination of bacteria by strategies that target the pneumococcal peptidoglycan.
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20
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Mocho JP, Collymore C, Farmer SC, Leguay E, Murray KN, Pereira N. FELASA-AALAS Recommendations for Monitoring and Reporting of Laboratory Fish Diseases and Health Status, with an Emphasis on Zebrafish ( Danio Rerio). Comp Med 2022; 72:127-148. [PMID: 35513000 PMCID: PMC9334007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The exchange of fish for research may expose an aquatic laboratory to pathogen contamination as incoming fish can introduce bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses capable of affecting both experimental results and fish and personnel health and welfare. To develop risk mitigation strategies, FELASA and AALAS established a joint working group to recommend good practices for health monitoring of laboratory fish. The recommendations address all fish species used for research, with a particular focus on zebrafish (Danio rerio). First, the background of the working group and key definitions are provided. Next, fish diseases of high impact are described. Third, recommendations are made for health monitoring of laboratory fishes. The recommendations emphasize the importance of daily observation of the fish and strategies to determine fish colony health status. Finally, report templates are proposed for historical screening data and aquatic facility description to facilitate biohazard risk assessment when exchanging fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chereen Collymore
- Veterinary Care and Services, Charles River Laboratories, Senneville, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan C Farmer
- Zebrafish Research Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Katrina N Murray
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Nuno Pereira
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Lisbon; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal; Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiras. Portugal; ISPA - University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences, Lisbon, Portugal; Lisbon Oceanarium, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Su FJ, Periyasamy T, Chen MM. Comparative Transcriptomic Immune Responses of Mullet (Mugil cephalus) Infected by Planktonic and Biofilm Lactococcus Garvieae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887921. [PMID: 35677656 PMCID: PMC9168659 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus garvieae is an important pathogen of fish, associated with high rates of mortality and infection recurrence in summer or stressful conditions. Chronic infection and disease recurrence have also been reported to be associated with biofilms. However, the impact of biofilm and planktonic bacterial infection on fish immune responses remains unclear. In this study, de novo sequencing was used to compare differences of the spleen transcriptome in planktonic- and biofilm-infected mullets. Among the 181,024 unigenes obtained, 3,392 unigenes were associated with immune response genes. Comparative analysis of the gene expression between infection with the L. garvieae planktonic type and biofilm type identified a total of 3,120 and 3,489 differentially expressed genes in response to planktonic and biofilm infection, respectively, of which 1,366 and 1,458 genes were upregulated, and 1,754 and 1,458 genes were downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of immune genes identified genes involved in the complement system, toll-like receptor signaling, and antigen processing, which were further verified by qPCR. Additionally, genes encoding TLR2, IL-1β, TNF-α, C7, and MHC class II peptides were downregulated in response to biofilm infection. Importantly, the results show that biofilm infection induces a different immune pathway response compared with planktonic bacterial infection and, furthermore, illustrates that the prevention of biofilm formation may be a necessary and new strategy for controlling bacterial infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Meei-Mei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Meei-Mei Chen,
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22
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Metal nanoparticles functionalized with nutraceutical Kaempferitrin from edible Crotalaria juncea, exert potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7061. [PMID: 35487931 PMCID: PMC9055053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaempferitrin (KF), a flavonol glycoside, was isolated from the edible plant Crotalaria juncea. Optimization for the synthesis of silver (AgNPs) and copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles using C. juncea extract and kaempferitrin were attempted for the first time. A detailed study on size and stability analysis have been reported. Efficacy of KF@AgNPs and KF@CuNPs against biofilm formation and planktonic mode of growth on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) along with possible mechanisms has been explored. Release of Cu(II) upon prolonged treatment with KF@CuNPs in the presence of MRSA was quantified through Alizarin red test, indicating the antibacterial effect is initiated by the CuNPs itself. Time kill curve depicted both the NPs have similar kill kinetics to curtail the pathogen and imaging with Crystal violet assay, Fluorescent live dead imaging and SEM analysis revealed a 60% reduction in biofilm formation at the Sub-MIC concentration of KF@AgNPs and KF@CuNPs. Furthermore, the membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity were altered in the presence of both the NPs. The colony count from the in vivo infection zebrafish model in the treatment group showed a decline of > 1.8 fold for KF@AgNPs and > two fold for KF@CuNPs. Toxicity studies did not reveal any abnormality in liver and brain enzyme levels. Liver morphology images show no severe cytological alterations when treated with KF@AgNPs and were almost similar to the normal liver. Thus, KF@AgNPs was nontoxic and caused significant reduction in biofilm formation in MRSA, also reduced bacterial bioburden in the infected zebrafish, which has the potential to be explored in higher animal models.
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23
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Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila Phage AhMtk13a and Evaluation of Its Therapeutic Potential on Simulated Aeromonas Infection in Danio rerio. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020412. [PMID: 35216005 PMCID: PMC8876716 DOI: 10.3390/v14020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage therapy can be an effective alternative to standard antimicrobial chemotherapy for control of Aeromonas hydrophila infections in aquaculture. Aeromonas hydrophila-specific phages AhMtk13a and AhMtk13b were studied for basic biological properties and genome characteristics. Phage AhMtk13a (Myovirus, 163,879 bp genome, 41.21% CG content) was selected based on broad lytic spectrum and physiologic parameters indicating its lytic nature. The therapeutic potential of phage AhMtk13a was evaluated in experimental studies in zebrafish challenged with A. hydrophila GW3-10 via intraperitoneal injection and passive immersion in aquaria water. In experimental series 1 with single introduction of AhMtk13a phage to aquaria water at phage–bacteria ratio 10:1, cumulative mortality 44% and 62% was registered in fish exposed to phage immediately and in 4 h after bacterial challenge, correspondingly, compared to 78% mortality in the group with no added phage. In experimental series 2 with triple application of AhMtk13a phage at ratio 100:1, the mortality comprised 15% in phage-treated group compared to the 55% in the control group. Aeromonas hydrophila GW3-10 was not detectable in aquaria water from day 9 but still present in fish at low concentration. AhMtk13a phage was maintained in fish and water throughout the experiment at the higher concentration in infected fish.
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24
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Genome analysis provides insight into hyper-virulence of Streptococcus suis LSM178, a human strain with a novel sequence type 1005. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23919. [PMID: 34907269 PMCID: PMC8671398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis has been well-recognized as a zoonotic pathogen worldwide, and the diversity and unpredictable adaptive potential of sporadic human strains represent a great risk to the public health. In this study, S. suis LSM178, isolated from a patient in contact with pigs and raw pork, was assessed as a hyper-virulent strain and interpreted for the virulence based on its genetic information. The strain was more invasive for Caco-2 cells than two other S. suis strains, SC19 and P1/7. Sequence analysis designated LSM178 with serotype 2 and a novel sequence type 1005. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LSM178 clustered with highly virulent strains including all human strains and epidemic strains. Compared with other strains, these S. suis have the most and the same virulent factors and a type I-89 K pathogenicity island. Further, groups of genes were identified to distinguish these highly virulent strains from other generally virulent strains, emphasizing the key roles of genes modeling transcription, cell barrier, replication, recombination and repair on virulence regulation. Additionally, LSM178 contains a novel prophage conducive potentially to pathogenicity.
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25
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Rashidian G, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Mirnejad R, Mohammadi Azad Z. Supplementation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) diet using a short antimicrobial peptide: Evaluation of growth performance, immunomodulatory function, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:42-50. [PMID: 34597813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain bioactive peptides are new and promising antimicrobial, immune moderating, and antioxidant agents. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of CM11, a short antimicrobial peptide (AMP), against Streptococcus iniae and Yersinia ruckeri as fish pathogenic bacteria using standard disk diffusion and microdilution assays. In addition, in vivo effects of CM11 on fish growth, immunity, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. For in vivo study, based on in vitro susceptibility results, four diets were designed to include zero (as control), 10, 20, and 50 μg of CM11 per g diet referred to as control, P1, P2, and P3 treatments, respectively. After eight weeks of dietary trial, fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae, and the survival rate was calculated for a period of two weeks. Results showed that CM11 effectively inhibited the growth of S. iniae and Y. ruckeri on agar plates at a concentration of eight μg/ml. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of CM11 were measured at 8 and 32 μg/ml for S. iniae and 16 and 64 μg/ml Y. ruckeri, respectively. In vivo results showed no noticeable effects on fish growth parameters, however, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found lower in P3 and P2 compared to control (P < 0.05). Immunological and antioxidant responses were found strongly affected by CM11 in all treatment groups in which the highest values were found in the P3 treated group. Key immune and antioxidant genes were up-regulated particularly in fish receiving the highest level of CM11 (P3). Fish receiving the CM11 peptide showed better survival when challenged with S. iniae. These findings suggest the potential of CM11 for use in aquaculture as an antibacterial and immunostimulant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rashidian
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 64414-356, Noor, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohammadi Azad
- Department of Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Garg A, Singh A, Kumar A. Selective estrogen receptor modulators against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: an experimental study. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:987-1001. [PMID: 34406075 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was conducted to explore the antibacterial potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Materials & methods: The percentage growth retardation, bacterial growth kinetics, biofilm, checkerboard and bacterial burden assays were conducted to check antibacterial potential of SERMs. Finally, docking study was also conducted to predict possible antibacterial mechanism of SERMs. Results: In vitro and in vivo studies have shown the antibacterial activity of SERMs against different tested strains of bacteria. The synergistic activity of SERMs in combination with standard antibacterial agents was also observed and tested further under in vivo conditions. In vivo results have shown decreased bacterial bioburden. Docking studies have predicted the multimodal antibacterial mechanism of SERMs. Conclusion: SERMs can be considered as promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.,Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Research, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India
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27
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Jhanji R, Singh A, Kumar A. Antibacterial potential of selected phytomolecules: An experimental study. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:325-332. [PMID: 33930208 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a snowballing international threat. Some of the antibiotics have lost their effectiveness due to overuse and underuse. Thus, there is an urgent need to tackle this global challenge, either by inhibiting the resistance mechanisms or by the development of new chemical entities. Thus, in the current study, the antibacterial activity of selected phytomolecules was investigated against bacterial strains, alone and in combination, with standard drugs. The antibacterial potential of these phytomolecules was explored using in vitro assays (microtiter assay, bacterial growth kinetics, percentage retardation of growth, and antimicrobial synergy study) and in vivo studies (zebrafish infection model). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising antibacterial effects against, both, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, a cell viability assay also indicated the cytoprotective effect of these phytomolecules in combination with standard antibiotics (SABX). Thus, these phytomolecules could be a promising broad-spectrum antibacterial agent in combination with standard antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jhanji
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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28
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Dong X, Chao Y, Zhou Y, Zhou R, Zhang W, Fischetti VA, Wang X, Feng Y, Li J. The global emergence of a novel Streptococcus suis clade associated with human infections. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13810. [PMID: 34137500 PMCID: PMC8261479 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a ubiquitous bacterial colonizer in pigs, has recently extended host range to humans, leading to a global surge of deadly human infections and three large outbreaks since 1998. To better understand the mechanisms for the emergence of cross-species transmission and virulence in human, we have sequenced 366 S. suis human and pig isolates from 2005 to 2016 and performed a large-scale phylogenomic analysis on 1,634 isolates from 14 countries over 36 years. We show the formation of a novel human-associated clade (HAC) diversified from swine S. suis isolates. Phylogeographic analysis identified Europe as the origin of HAC, coinciding with the exportation of European swine breeds between 1960s and 1970s. HAC is composed of three sub-lineages and contains several healthy-pig isolates that display high virulence in experimental infections, suggesting healthy-pig carriers as a potential source for human infection. New HAC-specific genes are identified as promising markers for pathogen detection and surveillance. Our discovery of a human-associated S. suis clade provides insights into the evolution of this emerging human pathogen and extend our understanding of S. suis epidemics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative DietologyInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteCollege of Food Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National R&D Center for Se‐rich Agricultural Products ProcessingHubei Engineering Research Center for Deep Processing of Green Se‐rich Agricultural ProductsSchool of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and EngineeringWuhan Polytechnic UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanjie Chao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health (CMDH)CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyInstitut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of FisheriesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and ImmunologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative DietologyInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteCollege of Food Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ye Feng
- Institute of Translational MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jinquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative DietologyInterdisciplinary Sciences InstituteCollege of Food Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and ImmunologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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29
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Guzmán-Soto I, McTiernan C, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Ross A, Gupta K, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Griffith M, Alarcon EI. Mimicking biofilm formation and development: Recent progress in in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. iScience 2021; 24:102443. [PMID: 34013169 PMCID: PMC8113887 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation in living organisms is associated to tissue and implant infections, and it has also been linked to the contribution of antibiotic resistance. Thus, understanding biofilm development and being able to mimic such processes is vital for the successful development of antibiofilm treatments and therapies. Several decades of research have contributed to building the foundation for developing in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. However, no such thing as an "all fit" in vitro or in vivo biofilm models is currently available. In this review, in addition to presenting an updated overview of biofilm formation, we critically revise recent approaches for the improvement of in vitro and in vivo biofilm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Soto
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Christopher McTiernan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Mayte Gonzalez-Gomez
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Alex Ross
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Keshav Gupta
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J. Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Thien-Fah Mah
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - May Griffith
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Emilio I. Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
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30
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Gao Y, Chen Z, Yao W, Li D, Fu X. Gentamicin Combined With Hypoionic Shock Rapidly Eradicates Aquaculture Bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641846. [PMID: 33889141 PMCID: PMC8055967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are a major cause of infectious diseases in aquatic animals. The abuse of antibiotics in the aquatic industry has led to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. It is therefore essential to develop more effective and safer strategies to increase the efficacy and extend the life span of the antibiotics used in aquaculture. In this study, we show that six aquaculture bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio fluvialis) in the stationary phase can be rapidly killed after immersion in gentamicin- or neomycin-containing, ion-free solutions for a few minutes. Such hypoionic shock treatment enhances the bacterial uptake of gentamicin in an ATP-dependent manner. Importantly, we demonstrate, as a proof of concept, that gentamicin under hypoionic shock conditions can effectively kill A. hydrophila in vivo in a skin infection model of zebrafish (Danio rerio), completely curing the infected fish. Given that pathogenic bacteria generally adhere to the skin surface and gills of aquatic animals, our strategy is of potential significance for bacterial infection control, especially for small-scale economic fish farming and ornamental fish farming. Further, the combined treatment can be completed within 5 min with a relatively small volume of solution, thus minimizing the amount of residual antibiotics in both animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinmiao Fu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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31
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Rojas AM, Shiau CE. Brain-localized and Intravenous Microinjections in the Larval Zebrafish to Assess Innate Immune Response. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3978. [PMID: 33889672 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a robust and controlled infection model is imperative for studying the innate immune response. Leveraging the particular strengths of the zebrafish model system, such as optical transparency, ex utero development, and large clutch size, allows for the development of methods that yield consistent and reproducible results. We created a robust model for activation of innate immunity by microinjecting bacterial particles or live bacteria into larval zebrafish, unlike previous studies which largely restricted such manipulations to embryonic stages of zebrafish. The ability to introduce stimuli locally or systemically at larval stages provides significant advantages to examine host response in more mature tissues as well as the possibility to interrogate adaptive immunity at older larval stages. This protocol describes two distinct modes of microinjection to introduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bacteria into the living larval zebrafish: one localized to the brain, and another into the bloodstream via the caudal vein plexus. Graphic abstract: Schematic shows the two distinct modes of larval zebrafish microinjection, either in the brain parenchyma or in the blood stream intravenously. Reagents introduced into the zebrafish to assess immune response are depicted in the "injection components" as described in the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Rojas
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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32
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Wang Z, Guo M, Kong L, Gao Y, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Sun J. TLR4 Agonist Combined with Trivalent Protein JointS of Streptococcus suis Provides Immunological Protection in Animals. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020184. [PMID: 33671673 PMCID: PMC7926372 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) serotype 2 (SS2) is the causative agent of swine streptococcosis and can cause severe diseases in both pigs and humans. Although the traditional inactive vaccine can protect pigs from SS2 infection, novel vaccine candidates are needed to overcome its shortcomings. Three infection-associated proteins in S. suis—muramidase-released protein (MRP), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and DLD, a novel putative dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase—have been previously identified by immunoproteomic assays. In this study, the effective immune protection of the recombinant trivalent protein GAPDH-MRP-DLD (JointS) against SS2, SS7, and SS9 was determined in zebrafish. To improve the immune efficacy of JointS, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as a TLR4 agonist adjuvant, which induces a strong innate immune response in the immune cells of mice and pigs, was combined with JointS to immunize the mice. The results showed that immunized mice could induce the production of a high titer of anti-S. suis antibodies; as a result, 100% of mice survived after SS2 infection. Furthermore, JointS provides good protection against virulent SS2 strain infections in piglets. Given the above, there is potential to develop JointS as a novel subunit vaccine for piglets to prevent infection by SS2 and other S. suis serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mengting Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Licheng Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Henan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Z.W.); (M.G.); (L.K.); (Y.G.); (J.M.); (Y.C.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-3420-6926
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Sundaramoorthy NS, Thothathri S, Bhaskaran M, GaneshPrasad A, Nagarajan S. Phages from Ganges River curtail in vitro biofilms and planktonic growth of drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a zebrafish infection model. AMB Express 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 33587215 PMCID: PMC7884498 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are a promising alternative for curtailing infections caused by multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The objective of the present study is to evaluate phage populations from water bodies to inhibit planktonic and biofilm mode of growth of drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and curtail planktonic growth in vivo in a zebrafish model. Phage specific to K. pneumoniae (MTCC 432) was isolated from Ganges River (designated as KpG). One-step growth curve, in vitro time kill curve study and in vivo infection model were performed to evaluate the ability of phage to curtail planktonic growth. Crystal violet assay and colony biofilm assay were performed to determine the action of phages on biofilms. KpG phages had a greater burst size, better bactericidal potential and enhanced inhibitory effect against biofilms formed at liquid air and solid air interfaces. In vitro time kill assay showed a 3 log decline and a 6 log decline in K. pneumoniae colony counts, when phages were administered individually and in combination with streptomycin, respectively. In vivo injection of KpG phages revealed that it did not pose any toxicity to zebrafish as evidenced by liver/brain enzyme profiles and by histopathological analysis. The muscle tissue of zebrafish, infected with K. pneumoniae and treated with KpG phages alone and in combination with streptomycin showed a significant 77.7% and 97.2% decline in CFU/ml, respectively, relative to untreated control. Our study reveals that KpG phages has the potential to curtail plantonic and biofilm mode of growth in higher animal models.
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Nakata M, Kreikemeyer B. Genetics, Structure, and Function of Group A Streptococcal Pili. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616508. [PMID: 33633705 PMCID: PMC7900414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is an exclusively human pathogen. This bacterial species is responsible for a large variety of infections, ranging from purulent but mostly self-limiting oropharynx/skin diseases to streptococcal sequelae, including glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, as well as life-threatening streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome. GAS displays a wide array of surface proteins, with antigenicity of the M protein and pili utilized for M- and T-serotyping, respectively. Since the discovery of GAS pili in 2005, their genetic features, including regulation of expression, and structural features, including assembly mechanisms and protein conformation, as well as their functional role in GAS pathogenesis have been intensively examined. Moreover, their potential as vaccine antigens has been studied in detail. Pilus biogenesis-related genes are located in a discrete section of the GAS genome encoding fibronectin and collagen binding proteins and trypsin-resistant antigens (FCT region). Based on the heterogeneity of genetic composition and DNA sequences, this region is currently classified into nine distinguishable forms. Pili and fibronectin-binding proteins encoded in the FCT region are known to be correlated with infection sites, such as the skin and throat, possibly contributing to tissue tropism. As also found for pili of other Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, GAS pilin proteins polymerize via isopeptide bonds, while intramolecular isopeptide bonds present in the pilin provide increased resistance to degradation by proteases. As supported by findings showing that the main subunit is primarily responsible for T-serotyping antigenicity, pilus functions and gene expression modes are divergent. GAS pili serve as adhesins for tonsillar tissues and keratinocyte cell lines. Of note, a minor subunit is considered to have a harpoon function by which covalent thioester bonds with host ligands are formed. Additionally, GAS pili participate in biofilm formation and evasion of the immune system in a serotype/strain-specific manner. These multiple functions highlight crucial roles of pili during the onset of GAS infection. This review summarizes the current state of the art regarding GAS pili, including a new mode of host-GAS interaction mediated by pili, along with insights into pilus expression in terms of tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Zakaria F, Akhtar MT, Wan Ibrahim WN, Abu Bakar N, Muhamad A, Shohaimi S, Maulidiani M, Ahmad H, Ismail IS, Shaari K. Perturbations in Amino Acid Metabolism in Reserpine-Treated Zebrafish Brain Detected by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics. Zebrafish 2021; 18:42-54. [PMID: 33538644 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex and disabling psychiatric disorder, which is expected to be a leading cause for disability by 2030. According to World Health Organization, about 350 million people are suffering with mental health disorders around the globe, especially depression. However, the mechanisms involved in stress-induced depression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a stress-like state was pharmacologically induced in zebrafish using reserpine, a drug widely used to mediate depression in experimental animal models. Zebrafish received single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg body weight reserpine doses and were subjected to open-field test at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the treatment. Along with observed changes in behavior and measurement of cortisol levels, the fish were further examined for perturbations in their brain metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. We found a significant increase in freezing duration, whereas total distance travelled was decreased 24 h after single intraperitoneal injection of reserpine. Cortisol level was also found to be higher after 48 h of reserpine treatment. The 1H NMR data showed that the levels of metabolites such as glutamate, glutamine, histamine, valine, leucine and histidine, lactate, l-fucose, betaine and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), β-hydroxyisovalerate, and glutathione were significantly decreased in the reserpine-treated group. This study provided some insights into the molecular nature of stress that could contribute toward a better understanding of depression disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziahanim Zakaria
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Akhtar
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wan Norhamidah Wan Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abu Bakar
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Azira Muhamad
- Malaysia Genome Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Shamarina Shohaimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maulidiani Maulidiani
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hafandi Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Li J, Chen Y, Gu W, Xu F, Li H, Shan S, Sun X, Yin M, Yang G, Chen L. Characterization of a common carp intelectin gene with bacterial binding and agglutination activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 108:32-41. [PMID: 33249124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin (ITLN) is a type of glycan-binding lectin involved in many physiological processes and some human diseases. Here we report a common carp intelectin (cITLN). Like other orthologs, cITLN also contains a conserved fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and a unique intelectin domain, expresses in all the tissues tested with the highest level in the hindgut, and responds to bacterial challenge in the acute phase. We also expressed cITLN in Escherichia coli (E. coli) system, and the purified recombinant cITLN could neither affect the surface of bacteria nor inhibit the growth of bacteria, but it can agglutinate both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in a calcium-dependent manner. The cITLN's ability of agglutination of gram-positive bacteria is stronger than that of gram-negative bacteria. This is probably because recombinant cITLN could binding peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results of cITLN provided new insight into the function of intelectin in the intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Microecological Preparation, Shandong Baolai-Leelai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, No.28th, Chuangye Street, Taishan District, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Fojiao Xu
- Ramon V. del Rosario College of Business, G/F Faculty Center, 2401 Taft Avenue, 1004, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Shijuan Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Miao Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, PR China.
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Samaraweera AV, Liyanage D, Omeka W, Yang H, Priyathilaka TT, Lee J. Molecular insights into peroxiredoxin 4 (HaPrx4) from the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis): Molecular characteristics, functional activity and transcriptional responses against immune stimulants. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 250:110481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
Vibrio is a large and diverse genus of bacteria, of which most are nonpathogenic species found in the aquatic environment. However, a subset of the Vibrio genus includes several species that are highly pathogenic, either to humans or to aquatic animals. In recent years, Danio rerio, commonly known as the zebrafish, has emerged as a major animal model used for studying nearly every aspect of biology, including infectious diseases. Zebrafish are especially useful because the embryos are transparent, larvae are small and facilitate imaging studies, and numerous transgenic fish strains have been constructed. Zebrafish models for several pathogenic Vibrio species have been described, and indeed a fish model is highly relevant for the study of aquatic bacterial pathogens. Here, we summarize the zebrafish models that have been used to study pathogenic Vibrio species to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dustin A Farr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison G Walton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Withey
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Serial Passage of Cryptococcus neoformans in Galleria mellonella Results in Increased Capsule and Intracellular Replication in Hemocytes, but Not Increased Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090732. [PMID: 32899539 PMCID: PMC7559301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into how pathogens adapt to new hosts, Cryptococcus neoformans (H99W) was serially passaged in Galleria mellonella. The phenotypic characteristics of the passaged strain (P15) and H99W were evaluated. P15 grew faster in hemolymph than H99W, in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that adaptation had occurred. However, P15 was more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide in vitro, killed fewer mouse macrophages, and had less fungal burden in human ex vivo macrophages than H99W. Analysis of gene expression changes during Galleria infection showed only a few different genes involved in the reactive oxygen species response. As P15 sheds more GXM than H99W, P15 may have adapted by downregulating hemocyte hydrogen peroxide production, possibly through increased capsular glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) shedding. Hemocytes infected with P15 produced less hydrogen peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide production in response to GXM-shedding mutants was correlated with shed GXM. Histopathological examination of infected larvae showed increased numbers and sizes of immune nodules for P15 compared to H99W, suggesting an enhanced, but functionally defective, response to P15. These results could explain why this infection model does not always correlate with murine models. Overall, C. neoformans’ serial passage in G. mellonella resulted in a better understanding of how this yeast evolves under selection.
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Soh KY, Loh JMS, Hall C, Proft T. Functional Analysis of Two Novel Streptococcus iniae Virulence Factors Using a Zebrafish Infection Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1361. [PMID: 32899555 PMCID: PMC7564053 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen that contributes to large annual losses in the aquaculture industry, exceeding US$100 million. It is also reported to cause opportunistic infections in humans. We have recently identified two novel S. iniae virulence factors, an extracellular nuclease (SpnAi) and a secreted nucleotidase (S5nAi), and verified their predicted enzymatic activities using recombinant proteins. Here, we report the generation of green fluorescent S. iniae spnAi and s5nAi deletion mutants and their evaluation in a transgenic zebrafish infection model. Our results show nuclease and nucleotidase activities in S. iniae could be attributed to SpnAi and S5nAi, respectively. Consistent with this, larvae infected with the deletion mutants demonstrated enhanced survival and bacterial clearance, compared to those infected with wild-type (WT) S. iniae. Deletion of spnAi and s5nAi resulted in sustained recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages, respectively, to the site of infection. We also show that recombinant SpnAi is able to degrade neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) isolated from zebrafish kidney tissue. Our results suggest that both enzymes play an important role in S. iniae immune evasion and might present potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Yan Soh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.Y.S.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jacelyn Mei San Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.Y.S.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.Y.S.); (J.M.S.L.)
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (K.Y.S.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discoveries, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Nguyen DT, Marancik D, Soto E. Intracoelomic- and Intramuscular-Injection Challenge Model of Piscine Streptococcosis in White Sturgeon Fingerlings. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:133-138. [PMID: 32845532 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, S. iniae infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30-50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of infection that most closely mimics the natural disease, fingerlings were challenged with a single dose of 1.3 × 108 cells/fish of S. iniae that was administered via intracoelomic/intraperitoneal (IC) or intramuscular (IM) routes. Acute mortalities were present only in the IM-challenged fish, with first mortality occurring 4 d postchallenge and the mortality rate reaching 18.3% after 9 d. The challenged fish presented erratic swimming, ulcerative skin lesions, and hemorrhages in the liver and swim bladder. Streptococcus iniae was recovered from the kidney and brain tissues of moribund and dead fish. Histopathologic analysis of fish that died acutely revealed massive proliferation of bacteria in the muscle at the injection site and within vascular organs such as the heart and spleen, with variable amounts of tissue necrosis including a necrotizing myositis. Fish that died closer to 9 d postchallenge demonstrated more pronounced multifocal to locally extensive granulomatous inflammation of skeletal muscle at the injection site, liver, kidney, and spleen. No mortality, clinical signs, or gross changes were observed in the control or IC-challenged fish. Postmortem evaluation of 10 survivors in each treatment was performed to determine carrier status in the brain and posterior kidney tissues. The prevalence of S. iniae in survivors was 10% and 0% in the IM- and IC-challenged groups, respectively. The results from this study suggest that IM-injection challenge methods are suitable for inducing streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and they may be the preferred method for studying the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada
| | - David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, St. George's University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grenada
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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Kaito C, Murakami K, Imai L, Furuta K. Animal infection models using non-mammals. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:585-592. [PMID: 32757288 PMCID: PMC7590188 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of non-human animal models for infection experiments is important for investigating the infectious processes of human pathogenic bacteria at the molecular level. Mammals, such as mice and rabbits, are also utilized as animal infection models, but large numbers of animals are needed for these experiments, which is costly, and fraught with ethical issues. Various non-mammalian animal infection models have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of various human pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This review discusses the desirable characteristics of non-mammalian infection models and describes recent non-mammalian infection models that utilize Caenorhabditis elegans, silkworm, fruit fly, zebrafish, two-spotted cricket, hornworm, and waxworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kaito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kanade Murakami
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lina Imai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Brix A, Cafora M, Aureli M, Pistocchi A. Animal Models to Translate Phage Therapy to Human Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103715. [PMID: 32466194 PMCID: PMC7279175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagotherapy, the use of bacteriophages to fight bacterial infections as an alternative to antibiotic treatments, has become of increasing interest in the last years. This is mainly due to the diffusion of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections that constitute a serious issue for public health. Phage therapy is gaining favor due to its success in agriculture and veterinary treatments and its extensive utilization for human therapeutic protocols in the Eastern world. In the last decades, some clinical trials and compassionate treatments have also been performed in the Western world, indicating that phage therapy is getting closer to its introduction in standard therapy protocols. However, several questions concerning the use of phages in human therapeutic treatments are still present and need to be addressed. In this review, we illustrate the state of art of phage therapy and examine the role of animal models to translate these treatments to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Brix
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Cafora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.A.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milano, Italy; (A.B.); (M.C.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
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de Sousa Melo B, Fernandes BHV, Lopes-Ferreira MVA, Henrique C, Piazza RMF, Luz D. Zebrafish embryo sensitivity test as in vivo platform to anti-Shiga toxin compound screening. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1021-1027. [PMID: 32449119 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) pathotype secretes two types of AB5 cytotoxins (Stx1 and Stx2), responsible for complications such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in infected patients, which could lead to sequels and death. Currently, there is no effective treatment against the cytotoxic effect of these toxins. However, in order to approve any therapy molecule, an animal experiment is required in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapeutic approaches. The use of alternative small host models is growing among human infectious disease studies, particularly the vertebrate zebrafish model, since relevant results have been described for pathogen-host interaction. In this sense, the present work aimed to analyze the toxic effect of Shiga toxins in zebrafish embryo model in order to standardize this method in the future to be used as a fast, simple, and efficient methodology for the screening of therapeutic molecules. Herein, we demonstrated that the embryos were sensitive in a dose-dependent manner to both Stx toxins, with LD50 of 22 μg/mL for Stx1 and 33 μg/mL for Stx2, and the use of anti-Stx polyclonal antibody abolished the toxic effect. Therefore, this methodology can be a rapid alternative method for selecting promising compounds against Stx toxins, such as recombinant antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Helena Ventura Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle Genético e Sanitário Animal, Unidade Zebrafish, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Monoclonais, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Talim, 330, São José dos Campos, SP, 12231-280, Brazil.
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45
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Streptococcus suis Uptakes Carbohydrate Source from Host Glycoproteins by N-glycans Degradation System for Optimal Survival and Full Virulence during Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050387. [PMID: 32443590 PMCID: PMC7281376 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the epidemic virulent strain of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) can cause septicemia in swine and humans, leading to pneumonia, meningitis and even cytokine storm of Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. Despite some progress concerning the contribution of bacterial adhesion, biofilm, toxicity and stress response to the SS2 systemic infection, the precise mechanism underlying bacterial survival and growth within the host bloodstream remains elusive. Here, we reported the SS2 virulent strains with a more than 20 kb endoSS-related insertion region that showed significantly higher proliferative ability in swine serum than low-virulent strains. Further study identified a complete N-glycans degradation system encoded within this insertion region, and found that both GH92 and EndoSS contribute to bacterial virulence, but that only DndoSS was required for optimal growth of SS2 in host serum. The supplement of hydrolyzed high-mannose-containing glycoprotein by GH92 and EndoSS could completely restore the growth deficiency of endoSS deletion mutant in swine serum. EndoSS only hydrolyzed a part of the model glycoprotein RNase B with high-mannose N-linked glycoforms into a low molecular weight form, and the solo activity of GH92 could not show any changes comparing with the blank control in SDS-PAGE gel. However, complete hydrolyzation was observed under the co-incubation of EndoSS and GH92, suggesting GH92 may degrade the high-mannose arms of N-glycans to generate a substrate for EndoSS. In summary, these findings provide compelling evidences that EndoSS-related N-glycans degradation system may enable SS2 to adapt to host serum-specific availability of carbon sources from glycoforms, and be required for optimal colonization and full virulence during systemic infection.
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Avendaño-Herrera R, Benavides I, Espina JA, Soto-Comte D, Poblete-Morales M, Valdés JA, Feijóo CG, Reyes AE. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model for bath infection by Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:561-570. [PMID: 32196708 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout syndrome in freshwater salmonid fish worldwide, generating injuries and high mortality rates. Despite several studies on this bacterium, the infection mechanism remains unknown due to limitations in the employed animal models. In this work, we propose using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for studying bacterial pathogenicity. To substantiate this proposal, zebrafish infection by F. psychrophilum strain JIP 02/86 was characterized. Zebrafish larvae were infected using the bath method, and morphological changes and innate immune system activation were monitored using transgenic fish. Salmonid-like infection phenotypes were observed in 4.74% of treated larvae, as manifested by fin, muscle and caudal peduncle damage. Symptomatic and dead larvae accounted for 1.35% of all challenged larvae. Interestingly, infected larvae with no infection phenotypes showed stronger innate immune system activation than specimens with phenotypes. A failure of function assay for myeloid factor pu.1 resulted in more infected larvae (up to 43.5%), suggesting that low infection rates by F. psychrophilum would be due to the protective actions of the innate immune system against this bacterium in zebrafish larvae. Our results support the use of zebrafish as an infection model for studying F. psychrophilum. Furthermore, the percentage of infected fish can be modulated by disturbing, to varying extents, the differentiation of myeloid cells. Using this evidence as a starting point, different aspects of the infection mechanism of F. psychrophilum could be studied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Isabella Benavides
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Soto-Comte
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel E Reyes
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Liu S, Ning XH, Guan XL, Li XP, Sun L. Characterization of Streptococcus iniae-induced microRNA profiles in Paralichthys olivaceus and identification of pol-3p-10740_175 as a regulator of antibacterial immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:860-867. [PMID: 31756455 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many biological activities including immune defense against pathogens. In this study, we applied high-throughput sequencing technology to examine miRNAs in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with Streptococcus iniae at different times. A total of 1038 miRNAs were identified, of which, 249 were novel miRNAs, and 81 showed differential expression (named DEmiRNAs) after S. iniae infection. Of the 81 DEmiRNAs identified, 34 and 58 occurred at 6 h and 24 h post-infection, respectively; most DEmiRNAs were strongly time-specific, and only 13.6% of the DEmiRNAs were shared between the two time points. A total of 9582 target genes were predicted for the 81 DEmiRNAs. The putative target genes were enriched in various GO and KEGG pathways of biological processes and molecular/cellular functions, in particular endocytosis, regulation of transcription, lysososme, and the signaling pathways of MAPK, ErbB, and AMPK. One of the DEmiRNAs, pol-3p-10740_175, was found to target dual specificity phosphatase 6 (Dusp6) and repress the expression of the latter. Transfection of flounder FG cells with pol-3p-10740_175 caused a significant inhibition on S. iniae invasion. The results of this study provided the first S. iniae-induced miRNA profile in Japanese flounder and indicated that flounder miRNAs play an important role in antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian-Hui Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Peng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Chin YK, Ina-Salwany MY, Zamri-Saad M, Amal MNA, Mohamad A, Lee JY, Annas S, Al-Saari N. Effects of skin abrasion in immersion challenge with Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass Lates calcarifer fingerlings. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 137:167-173. [PMID: 31942862 DOI: 10.3354/dao03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Skin abrasions often occur in farmed fish following handling by labourers, injury by farm facilities, cannibalism and ectoparasites. Vibrio spp. are opportunistic pathogens that can invade host fish through damaged tissues and cause outbreaks of vibriosis. This study describes the effect of skin abrasions on the infectivity of V. harveyi using Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) fingerlings as a case example and compares bacterial load and fish survival following immersion challenge with different doses. In total, 315 fish (6.67 ± 1.8 g) were divided into 3 treatments: skin abrasion followed by immersion infection, immersion infection only and an uninfected, uninjured control. Fish in the infection treatments were divided into 3 subgroups and exposed in triplicate to a 7 d immersion challenge with 106, 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 of live V. harveyi. No mortalities were observed in the control and immersion infection groups. However, fish in the skin abrasion treatment group that were infected with 108 CFU ml-1 of live V. harveyi showed signs of progressing disease throughout the experiment, which resulted in mortalities. Significantly higher bacterial loads (p < 0.05) were recorded in the intestine, liver and gills of the fish in this group. Fish in the skin abrasion treatment that were exposed to 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 of V. harveyi showed 100% mortality by Days 5 and 4, respectively. These findings confirm that skin injuries increase the susceptibility of seabass fingerlings to V. harveyi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chin
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology (MARSLAB), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Sundaramoorthy NS, Suresh P, Selva Ganesan S, GaneshPrasad A, Nagarajan S. Restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant E. coli: Combinatorial use of MarR inhibitor with efflux pump inhibitor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19845. [PMID: 31882661 PMCID: PMC6934491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics like colistin are the last resort to deal with infections by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CREB). Resistance to colistin severely restricts therapeutic options. To tackle this dire situation, urgent measures to restore colistin sensitivity are needed. In this study, whole-genome sequencing of colistin-resistant E. coli strain was performed and the genome analysis revealed that the strain belonged to the sequence type ST405. Multiple mutations were observed in genes implicated in colistin resistance, especially those related to the L-Ara-4-N pathway but mgrB was unmutated and mcr1-9 genes were missing. MarR inhibitor salicylate was used to re-sensitize this strain to colistin, which increased the negative charge on the cell surface especially in colistin resistant E. coli (U3790 strain) and thereby facilitated a decrease in colistin MIC by 8 fold. It is indeed well known that MarR inhibition by salicylate triggers the expression of AcrAB efflux pumps through MarA. So, in order to fully restore colistin sensitivity, a potent efflux pump inhibitor (BC1), identified earlier by this group was employed. The combination of colistin with both salicylate and BC1 caused a remarkable 6 log reduction in cell counts of U3790 in time-kill assay. Infection of muscle tissue of zebrafish with U3790 followed by various treatments showed that the combination of colistin + salicylate + BC1 was highly effective in reducing bioburden in infected muscle tissue by 4 log fold. Thus, our study shows that a combination of MarR inhibitor to enhance colistin binding and efflux pump inhibitor to reduce colistin extrusion was highly effective in restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Sri Sundaramoorthy
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavithira Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniapillai Selva Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - ArunKumar GaneshPrasad
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saisubramanian Nagarajan
- Center for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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50
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Mei F, Rolain M, Zhou XY, Singh PK, Thummel R, Kumar A. Zebrafish are Resistant to Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040207. [PMID: 31717750 PMCID: PMC6963345 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria remain the leading cause of endophthalmitis, a blinding infectious disease of the eye. Murine models have been widely used for understanding the pathogenesis of bacterial endophthalmitis. In this study, we sought to develop an alternative zebrafish (Danio rerio) model for Staphylococcus aureus and compare the disease pathobiology to a murine model. Endophthalmitis was induced in zebrafish and C57BL/6 mice through the intravitreal injection of S. aureus. Disease progression was monitored by assessing corneal haze, opacity, bacterial burden, and retinal histology. Our results demonstrated that, unlike the murine models, zebrafish maintained ocular integrity, corneal transparency, and retinal architecture. We found that the zebrafish was capable of clearing S. aureus from the eye via transport through retinal vessels and the optic nerve and by mounting a monocyte/macrophage response beginning at 8 hour post-infection (hpi). The bacterial burden increased up to 8 hpi and significantly decreased thereafter. An assessment of the innate retinal response revealed the induced expression of Il-1β and Il-6 transcripts. Collectively, our study shows that unlike the murine model, zebrafish do not develop endophthalmitis and rapidly clear the pathogen. Hence, a better understanding of the zebrafish protective ocular innate response may provide new insights into the pathobiology of bacterial endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mei
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (F.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Matthew Rolain
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (F.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Xiao Yi Zhou
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (F.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Ryan Thummel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (A.K.)
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