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Bao X, Sun M, Meng L, Zhang H, Yi X, Zhang P. Applications of pyroptosis activators in tumor immunotherapy. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101191. [PMID: 39221221 PMCID: PMC11363858 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Contemporary progress in tumor immunotherapy has solidified its role as an effective approach in combating cancer. Nonetheless, the prevalent "immune cold" state within the tumor microenvironment poses a substantial barrier to its efficacy. Addressing this, pyroptosis-a gasdermin-mediated programmed cell death characterized by its inflammatory profile-emerges as a crucial mechanism. It catalyzes the release of vast quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunogens, potentially transforming immunosuppressive "cold" tumors into reactive "hot" ones. Herein, we will initially present an overview of pyroptosis as a distinct form of cell death, along with its molecular mechanisms. Subsequently, we will focus on introducing how pyroptosis activators are utilized in the field of tumor immunotherapy. Insights gained from applications of pyroptosis activators in tumor immunotherapy could lead to the development of safe and efficient pyroptosis activators, significantly enriching the arsenal for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bao
- Department of Thyroid, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Department of Thyroid, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Lingfei Meng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Thyroid, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Xuan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Kalfas S, Pour ZK, Claesson R, Johansson A. Leukotoxin A Production and Release by JP2 and Non-JP2 Genotype Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Relation to Culture Conditions. Pathogens 2024; 13:569. [PMID: 39057796 PMCID: PMC11279835 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggressive forms of periodontitis, especially in young patients, are often associated with an increased proportion of the Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans of the microbiota of the affected periodontal sites. One of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans is a leukotoxin (LtxA) that induces a pro-inflammatory cell death process in leukocytes. A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibits a large genetic diversity and different genotypes vary in LtxA production capacity. The genotype JP2 is a heavy LtxA producer due to a 530-base pair deletion in the promoter for the toxin genes, and this trait has been associated with an increased pathogenic potential. The present study focused on the production and release of LtxA by different A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes and serotypes under various growth conditions. Four different strains of this bacterium were cultured in two different culture broths, and the amount of LtxA bound to the bacterial surface or released into the broths was determined. The cultures were examined during the logarithmic and the early stationary phases of growth. The JP2 genotype exhibited the highest LtxA production among the strains tested, and production was not affected by the growth phase. The opposite was observed with the other strains. The composition of the culture broth had no effect on the growth pattern of the tested strains. However, the abundant release of LtxA from the bacterial surface into the culture broth was found in the presence of horse serum. Besides confirming the enhanced leucotoxicity of the JP2 genotype, the study provides new data on LtxA production in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth and the effect of media composition on the release of the toxin from the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Kalfas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Zahra Khayyat Pour
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
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3
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Zhou Y, Meyle J, Groeger S. Periodontal pathogens and cancer development. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38965193 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a significant association between periodontal disease and the occurrence of various cancers. The carcinogenic potential of several periodontal pathogens has been substantiated in vitro and in vivo. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms employed by different periodontal pathogens in the development of cancer. These mechanisms induce chronic inflammation, inhibit the host's immune system, activate cell invasion and proliferation, possess anti-apoptotic activity, and produce carcinogenic substances. Elucidating these mechanisms might provide new insights for developing novel approaches for tumor prevention, therapeutic purposes, and survival improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Guarnieri R, Reda R, Di Nardo D, Miccoli G, Pagnoni F, Zanza A, Testarelli L. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and a-MMP-8 in sites with healthy conditions and with periodontal and peri-implant diseases: A case-control study. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2024; 18:135-142. [PMID: 39071212 PMCID: PMC11282203 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.40958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and Peri- implant crevicular fluid (PICF) concentrations of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and active metalloproteinase-8 (a-MMP-8) in sites with healthy conditions vs. sites affected by periodontitis (PER) and peri-implantitis (PIM). Methods Periodontally healthy (PH) sites with PER, sites with peri-implant health (PIH), and sites with PIM were investigated intra-individually, according to the inclusion criteria of each group. Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index, gingival index, and the presence or absence of bleeding on probing (BoP) were evaluated. In GCF and PICF samples, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA Duoset® kit in combination with Ultramark® micro-ELISA digital reader; a-MMP8 concentration was analyzed by a chairside test (Perio/ImplantSafe®) in combination with a digital reader (ORALyzer®). Results The concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1β, TNF-α, and a-MMP-8 were significantly higher in the PIM and PER sites compared to healthy sites (P<0.05). Significantly higher concentrations of IL-1β and a-MMP-8 were found in PIM vs. PER sites (P<0.05), while the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α did not differ between the PIM and PER groups (P>0.05). Conclusion aMMP-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α presented higher GCF/PICF concentrations in diseased periodontal and peri-implant sites. However, only the concentrations of IL-1β and a-MMP-8 were significantly higher in PIM than in PER sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Guarnieri
- Private Practice, Treviso, Italy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Reda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Dario Di Nardo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Dentistry, Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico Foundation, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Miccoli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pagnoni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Zanza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kırmızıgül ÖA, Sabanci A, Dişli F, Yıldız S, Milward MR, Aral K. Evaluation of the role of mitofusin-1 and mitofusin-2 in periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2024; 95:64-73. [PMID: 37436713 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are key cellular organelles and create contact sites (mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact [MERC]), which plays a major role in calcium metabolism, apoptotic processes, and inflammation. Previously, proteins that have been associated with these MERC contact sites mitofusin-1 (MFN1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) have been found to be downregulated in periodontal disease in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate MFN1 and MFN2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontal disease compared with healthy controls clinically. METHODS A total of 48 participants were divided into three groups including periodontally healthy (n = 16), patients with gingivitis (n = 16), and patients with stage 3 grade B periodontitis (n = 16). GCF levels of MFN1, MFN2, calcium (Ca), caspase-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were calculated as total amount and concentration. RESULTS MFN1 levels (total amount) were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis when compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). However, concentration levels of MFN1, MFN2, Ca, caspase-1, TNF-α significantly decreased in periodontal disease groups compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was detected among all evaluated markers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MERC protein MFN1 may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease due to its increase in GCF of patients with periodontitis and gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arife Sabanci
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Faruk Dişli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yıldız
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Michael R Milward
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kübra Aral
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Alamri MM, Williams B, Le Guennec A, Mainas G, Santamaria P, Moyes DL, Nibali L. Metabolomics analysis in saliva from periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:1272-1280. [PMID: 37787434 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate metabolomics markers in the saliva of patients with periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis. BACKGROUND The use of metabolomics for diagnosing and monitoring periodontitis is promising. Although several metabolites have been reported to be altered by inflammation, few studies have examined metabolomics in saliva collected from patients with different periodontal phenotypes. METHODS Saliva samples collected from a total of 63 patients were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) followed by ELISA for interleukin (IL)-1β. The patient sample, well-characterised clinically, included periodontal health (n = 8), gingivitis (n = 19) and periodontitis (n = 36) cases, all non-smokers and not diabetic. RESULTS Periodontal diagnosis (healthy/gingivitis/periodontitis) was not associated with any salivary metabolites in this exploratory study. Periodontal staging showed nominal associations with acetoin (p = .030) and citrulline (p = .047). Among other investigated variables, the use of systemic antibiotics in the previous 3 months was associated with higher values of the amino acids taurine, glycine and ornithine (p = .002, p = .05 and p = .005, respectively, at linear regression adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index and staging). CONCLUSION While periodontal staging was marginally associated with some salivary metabolites, other factors such as systemic antibiotic use may have a much more profound effect on the microbial metabolites in saliva. Metabolomics in periodontal disease is still an underresearched area that requires further observational studies on large cohorts of patients, aiming to obtain data to be used for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaad M Alamri
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Williams
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adrien Le Guennec
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy, King's College London, London, UK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mainas
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pasquale Santamaria
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David L Moyes
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Patil P, Doshi G. Deciphering the Role of Pyroptosis Impact on Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1166-1183. [PMID: 38164730 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501267496231102114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis has become a noteworthy area of focus in recent years due to its association with inflammatory diseases. Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death accompanied by an inflammatory response, and the discovery of the gasdermin family has expanded the study of pyroptosis. The primary characteristics of pyroptosis include cell expansion, membrane penetration, and the ejection of cell contents. In healthy physiology, pyroptosis is an essential part of the host's defence against pathogen infection. Excessive Pyroptosis, however, can lead to unchecked and persistent inflammatory responses, including the emergence of inflammatory diseases. More precisely, gasdermin family members have a role in the creation of membrane holes during pyroptosis, which leads to cell lysis. It is also related to how pro-inflammatory intracellular substances, including IL-1, IL-18, and High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), are used. Two different signalling pathways, one of which is regulated by caspase-1 and the other by caspase-4/5/11, are the primary causes of pyroptosis. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with cell death and acute or chronic inflammation, making this area of research particularly relevant. In this review, we first systematically summarize recent findings related to Pyroptosis, exploring its characteristics and the signalling pathway mechanisms, as well as various treatment strategies based on its modulation that has emerged from the studies. Some of these strategies are currently undergoing clinical trials. Additionally, the article elaborates on the scientific evidence indicating the role of Pyroptosis in various cardiovascular diseases. As a whole, this should shed insight into future paths and present innovative ideas for employing Pyroptosis as a strong disease-fighting weapon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, VLM Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, VLM Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Pan Y, Cai W, Huang J, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Jia R. Pyroptosis in development, inflammation and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991044. [PMID: 36189207 PMCID: PMC9522910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 2000s, caspase-1, an important molecule that has been shown to be involved in the regulation of inflammation, cell survival and diseases, was given a new function: regulating a new mode of cell death that was later defined as pyroptosis. Since then, the inflammasome, the inflammatory caspases (caspase-4/5/11) and their substrate gasdermins (gasdermin A, B, C, D, E and DFNB59) has also been reported to be involved in the pyroptotic pathway, and this pathway is closely related to the development of various diseases. In addition, important apoptotic effectors caspase-3/8 and granzymes have also been reported to b involved in the induction of pyroptosis. In our article, we summarize findings that help define the roles of inflammasomes, inflammatory caspases, gasdermins, and other mediators of pyroptosis, and how they determine cell fate and regulate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Cai
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng, ; Renyong Jia,
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng, ; Renyong Jia,
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Krutyhołowa A, Strzelec K, Dziedzic A, Bereta GP, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Potempa J, Gawron K. Host and bacterial factors linking periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980805. [PMID: 36091038 PMCID: PMC9453162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Observations from numerous clinical, epidemiological and serological studies link periodontitis with severity and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The strong association is observed despite totally different aetiology of these two diseases, periodontitis being driven by dysbiotic microbial flora on the tooth surface below the gum line, while rheumatoid arthritis being the autoimmune disease powered by anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Here we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors underlying development of both diseases with special emphasis on bacteria implicated in pathogenicity of periodontitis. Individual periodontal pathogens and their virulence factors are argued as potentially contributing to putative causative link between periodontal infection and initiation of a chain of events leading to breakdown of immunotolerance and development of ACPAs. In this respect peptidylarginine deiminase, an enzyme unique among prokaryotes for Porphyromonas gingivalis, is elaborated as a potential mechanistic link between this major periodontal pathogen and initiation of rheumatoid arthritis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krutyhołowa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Strzelec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz P. Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland,*Correspondence: Katarzyna Gawron, ; Jan Potempa,
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Cell-to-Cell Communication. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020159. [PMID: 35215102 PMCID: PMC8877716 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carriers of highly leukotoxic genotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are at high risk for rapid degradation of tooth-supporting tissues. The leukotoxin (LtxA) expressed by this bacterium induces a rapid pro-inflammatory response in leukocytes that results in cell death. The aim of the present study was to increase the understanding of LtxA-induced leukocyte activation mechanisms and of possible associated osteoclast differentiation. The effect of LtxA on activation of the inflammasome complex was studied in THP-1 wild type and in NLRP3- and ASC knockout cells. Cell-to-cell communication was assessed by fluorescent parachute assays, and THP-1 differentiation into osteoclast-like cells was investigated microscopically. The results showed that LtxA induced inflammatory cell death, which involved activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and gap junction cell-to-cell communication. THP-1 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LtxA together differentiated into an osteoclast-like phenotype. Here, LPS prevented LtxA-mediated cell death but failed to induce osteoclast differentiation on its own. However, pit formation was not significantly enhanced by LtxA. We conclude that A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxicity mediates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cell-to-cell communication in the induced pro-inflammatory cell death. In addition, LtxA stimulated differentiation towards osteoclasts-like cells in LPS-treated THP-1 cells.
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11
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Pyroptosis-Mediated Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010372. [PMID: 35008798 PMCID: PMC8745163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a caspase-dependent process relevant to the understanding of beneficial host responses and medical conditions for which inflammation is central to the pathophysiology of the disease. Pyroptosis has been recently suggested as one of the pathways of exacerbated inflammation of periodontal tissues. Hence, this focused review aims to discuss pyroptosis as a pathological mechanism in the cause of periodontitis. The included articles presented similarities regarding methods, type of cells applied, and cell stimulation, as the outcomes also point to the same direction considering the cellular events. The collected data indicate that virulence factors present in the diseased periodontal tissues initiate the inflammasome route of tissue destruction with caspase activation, cleavage of gasdermin D, and secretion of interleukins IL-1β and IL-18. Consequently, removing periopathogens’ virulence factors that trigger pyroptosis is a potential strategy to combat periodontal disease and regain tissue homeostasis.
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12
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Huang J, Fan P, Liu M, Weng C, Fan G, Zhang T, Duan X, Wu Y, Tang L, Yang G, Liu Y. Famotidine promotes inflammation by triggering cell pyroptosis in gastric cancer cells. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:62. [PMID: 34686215 PMCID: PMC8539739 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell pyroptosis has been characterized by cell swelling and pro-inflammatory factors release to aggravate inflammatory reaction., such as interlukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interlukin18 (IL-18). However, the function of famotidine, an antagonist of histamine H2-receptor antagonists, in cell pyroptosis remained unknown. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting (WB), LDH release assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) combined with inhibitor were performed to analyze the effect of famotidine on cell pyroptosis-related gene expression. RESULTS In this study, we found that famotidine (300 μm) treatment led to a phenomenon of cell pyroptosis as confirmed by LDH assay. Further results showed that famotidine triggered cell pyroptosis in gastric cancer cells by activation of NLPR3 inflammasomes including ASC, Caspase-1 and NLRP, leading to enhanced IL-18, not IL-1β, mature and secretion. What's more, the results also showed GSDME, not GSDMD, was increased in response to famotidine stimulation in BGC823 and AGS cells. Mechanically, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was drastically enhanced in present with famotidine treatment, while inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by U0126 could reverse the promotion of famotidine in IL-18 secretion. CONCLUSION These findings revealed a novel role of famotidine in cell pyroptosis in patients with gastric cancer, a comprehensive consideration is needed in treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Pingsheng Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengtao Weng
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Gaofei Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Tengyue Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohong Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Guohong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China
| | - Yabei Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(West), Heifei, Anhui, China.
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13
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Yu P, Zhang X, Liu N, Tang L, Peng C, Chen X. Pyroptosis: mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:128. [PMID: 33776057 PMCID: PMC8005494 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 322.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease. The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family. A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors. The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. In this review, we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis, explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors, and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment. In addition, we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis. In brief, pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors. The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors, and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Yu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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14
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Al-Badrani M, Saha P, Mondal A, Seth RK, Sarkar S, Kimono D, Bose D, Porter DE, Scott GI, Brooks B, Raychoudhury S, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chatterjee S. Early microcystin-LR exposure-linked inflammasome activation in mice causes development of fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103457. [PMID: 32687983 PMCID: PMC7609636 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from pediatric studies show that infants and children are at risk for early exposure to microcystin. The present report tests the hypothesis that early life exposure to microcystin (MC), a principal component of harmful algal blooms followed by a juvenile exposure to high-fat diet feeding potentiate the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease phenotype in adulthood. Results showed classical symptoms of early NAFLD linked inflammation. Cytokines and chemokines such as CD68, IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α, as well as α-SMA were increased in the groups that were exposed to MC-LR with the high-fat diet compared to the vehicle group. Also, mechanistically, NLRP3 KO mice showed a significant decrease in the inflammation and NAFLD phenotype and resisted the metabolic changes such as insulin resistance and glucose metabolism in the liver. The data suggested that MC-LR exposure and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in childhood could impact liver health in juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Al-Badrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Punnag Saha
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ayan Mondal
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Diana Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoff I Scott
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Bryan Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Samir Raychoudhury
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Health Science, Benedict College, Columbia, SC, 29204, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Cheng R, Wu Z, Li M, Shao M, Hu T. Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:2. [PMID: 31900383 PMCID: PMC6949296 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin(IL)-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, was elevated and participates in periodontitis. Not only the link between IL-1β and periodontitis was proved by clinical evidence, but also the increased IL-1β triggers a series of inflammatory reactions and promotes bone resorption. Currently, IL-1β blockage has been therapeutic strategies for autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, gout and type II diabetes mellitus. It is speculated that IL-1β be a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis. The review focuses on the production, mechanism, present treatments and future potential strategies for IL-1β in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Shao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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17
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Cranberry Proanthocyanidins Neutralize the Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110662. [PMID: 31739483 PMCID: PMC6891731 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been strongly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The capacity of A. actinomycetemcomitans to produce a leukotoxin (LtxA) that activates pyroptosis in macrophages and induces the release of endogenous danger signals is thought to play a key role in the disease process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) on gene expression and cytotoxic activities of LtxA. We showed that cranberry PACs dose-dependently attenuate the expression of genes making up the leukotoxin operon, including ltxB and ltxC, in the two strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans tested. Cranberry PACs (≥62.5 µg/mL) protected macrophages against the cytotoxic effect of purified LtxA. Moreover, cranberry PACs reduced caspase-1 activation in LtxA-treated macrophages and consequently decreased the release of both IL-1β and IL-18, which are known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and contribute to the progression of periodontitis by increasing cell migration and osteoclastogenesis. In addition, cranberry PACs reduced the expression of genes encoding the P2X7 receptor and NALP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3), which play key roles in pore formation and cell death. Lastly, cranberry PACs blocked the binding of LtxA to macrophages and consequently reduced the LtxA-mediated cytotoxicity. In summary, the present study showed that cranberry PACs reduced LtxA gene expression in A. actinomycetemcomitans and neutralized the cytolytic and pro-inflammatory responses of human macrophages treated with LtxA. Given these properties, cranberry PACs may represent promising molecules for prevention and treatment of the aggressive form of periodontitis caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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18
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Vega BA, Belinka BA, Kachlany SC. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera ®): Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11090489. [PMID: 31454891 PMCID: PMC6784247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral pathogen that produces the RTX toxin, leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera®). A. actinomycetemcomitans is strongly associated with the development of localized aggressive periodontitis. LtxA acts as a virulence factor for A. actinomycetemcomitans to subvert the host immune response by binding to the β2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) on white blood cells (WBCs), causing cell death. In this paper, we reviewed the state of knowledge on LtxA interaction with WBCs and the subsequent mechanisms of induced cell death. Finally, we touched on the potential therapeutic applications of LtxA (trade name Leukothera®) toxin therapy for the treatment of hematological malignancies and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Vega
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Actinobac Biomed, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | | | - Scott C Kachlany
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Actinobac Biomed, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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19
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Zhou CB, Fang JY. The role of pyroptosis in gastrointestinal cancer and immune responses to intestinal microbial infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin (LtxA) Requires Death Receptor Fas, in Addition to LFA-1, To Trigger Cell Death in T Lymphocytes. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00309-19. [PMID: 31109948 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00309-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotoxin (LtxA) (trade name, Leukothera) is a protein secreted by the oral bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans A. actinomycetemcomitans is an oral pathogen strongly associated with development of localized aggressive periodontitis. LtxA acts as a virulence factor for A. actinomycetemcomitans by binding to the β2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18) on white blood cells (WBCs) and causing cell death. In addition, because of its specificity for malignant and activated WBCs, LtxA is being investigated as a therapeutic agent for treatment of hematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Here, we report the successful generation and characterization of Jurkat T lymphocytes with deletions in CD18, CD11a, and Fas that were engineered using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Using these clones, we demonstrate the specificity of LtxA for cells expressing LFA-1. We also demonstrate the requirement of the cell death receptor Fas for LtxA-mediated cell death in T lymphocytes. We show that LFA-1 and Fas are early events in the LtxA-mediated cell death cascade as caspase activation and mitochondrial perturbation do not occur in the absence of either receptor. To our knowledge, LtxA is the first molecule, other than FasL, known to require the Fas death receptor to initiate cell death. Knowledge of the mechanism of cell death induced by LtxA will facilitate the understanding of LtxA as a bacterial virulence factor and development of it as a potential therapeutic agent.
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21
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Lv K, Wang G, Shen C, Zhang X, Yao H. Role and mechanism of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome in oral disease. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:1-11. [PMID: 30315987 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize evidence and data from experimental studies regarding the role and mechanism of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of several representative oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search of PubMed and EBSCO was performed. The literature was searched using a combination of keywords, e.g., NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammation, microorganisms, oral inflammatory diseases, and oral immunological diseases. RESULTS The initiation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several representative oral diseases, including periodontitis, oral lichen planus, dental pulp disease, and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. The possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several oral diseases, including not only periodontitis and pulpitis but also mucosal diseases and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, may involve the aberrant regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary because the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Lv
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Chenlu Shen
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Yinzhou People Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
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22
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Fawzy El-Sayed K, Graetz C, Köhnlein T, Mekhemar M, Dörfer C. Effect of total sonicated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans fragments on gingival stem/progenitor cells. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e569-e578. [PMID: 30148477 PMCID: PMC6167108 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggregatibacter-actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans) are strongly associated with localized-aggressive-periodontitis (LAgP). The study’s aim was to test for the first time the effect of total sonicated A.actinomycetemcomitans-bacterial-fragments on gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells’ (G-MSCs) proliferation and regenerative gene expression in-vitro. Material and Methods G-MSCs were isolated, characterized, expanded and stimulated by total sonicated A.actinomycetemcomitans-bacterial-fragments (0 (negative-control), 15, 60, 120 and 240µg/ml; serovar-b; n=6/group). Cellular proliferation and NF-κβ (NFKB1), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALPL), Collagen-I (COL1A1), Collagen-III (COL3A1), Osteonectin (SPARC) and Osteopontin (SPP1) m-RNA expression were assessed via reverse-transcription-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) at 24, 48 and 72 hours and CFUs-ability evaluated at twelve days. Results G-MSCs demonstrated stem/progenitor cells’ characteristics. A.actinomycetemcomitans-bacterial-fragments (up to 72 hours) resulted in marked G-MSCs’ proliferation over-time (p<0.001) and elevated NFKB1 (p=0.017), COL1A1 (p=0.025), SPARC (p=0.025), decreased ALPL (p=0.017), with no significant differences for COL3A1 and SPP1 expression or stimulation times (p>0.05; Friedman-test). Longer-term stimulation for twelve days reduced G-MSCs’ CFUs. Conclusions Sonicated A.actinomycetemcomitans-bacterial-fragments’ exert beneficial short-term effects on G-MSCs’ proliferative and non-mineralized tissue forming aptitude. Results shed new light on the importance of periodontal treatment for LAgP patients, using power driven sonic/ultrasonic devices, which, in addition to reducing the subgingival microbial load, produces cell-stimulatory A.actinomycetemcomitans-bacterial-fragments, with positive attributes on tissue reparative/regenerative responses of tissue resident stem/progenitor cells in their niche. Key words:Ultrasonic, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, stem cells, gingiva, Aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fawzy El-Sayed
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 26, 24105 Kiel, Germany,
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23
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Tsai CC, Ho YP, Chou YS, Ho KY, Wu YM, Lin YC. Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actimycetemcomitans leukotoxin and human periodontitis - A historic review with emphasis on JP2. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2018; 34:186-193. [PMID: 29655406 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actimycetemcomitans (Aa) is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity and is causative agent for localized aggressive (juvenile) periodontitis (AgP). In the middle of 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of Aa with highly leukotoxicity (leukotoxin, LtxA) able to kill human immune cells was isolated. JP2 clone of Aa was strongly associated with in particularly in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone of Aa is transmitted through close contacts. Therefore, AgP patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontitis lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. More importantly, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of Aa by microbial diagnosis testing and/or preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ping Ho
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Chou
- Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yen Ho
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Wu
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Division of Periodontics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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24
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Oral pathogenesis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:303-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Nędzi-Góra M, Kowalski J, Górska R. The Immune Response in Periodontal Tissues. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:421-429. [PMID: 28589230 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The uniqueness of periodontal diseases is caused by several factors. This group of diseases is caused by numerous bacterial species formed in the dental biofilm, and one cannot distinguish the specific pathogen that is responsible for the disease initiation or progress (though Gram-negative anaerobic rods are associated with the advanced form of the disease). The disease is both infectious and inflammatory in its nature, and in the state of health there is always a subclinical level of inflammatory response, caused by the so-called harmless bacteria. Negligence in oral hygiene may result in maturation of the biofilm and trigger host response, manifesting clinically as gingivitis or-later and in susceptible subjects-as periodontitis. The article presents the contemporary knowledge of the inflammatory reaction occurring in tissues surrounding the tooth during periodontal inflammation. The most important mechanisms are described, together with implications for clinicists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nędzi-Góra
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa 18, Warsaw, 00-246, Poland.
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa 18, Warsaw, 00-246, Poland
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa 18, Warsaw, 00-246, Poland
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26
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Yilmaz Ö, Lee KL. The inflammasome and danger molecule signaling: at the crossroads of inflammation and pathogen persistence in the oral cavity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:83-95. [PMID: 26252403 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an oligomeric assembly of multiprotein complexes that activate the caspase-1-dependent maturation and the subsequent secretion of inflammatory interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18 cytokines in response to a 'danger signal' in vertebrates. The assessment of their significance continues to grow rapidly as the complex biology of various chronic inflammatory conditions is better dissected. Increasing evidence strongly links inflammasomes and host-derived small 'danger molecule ATP' signaling with the modulation of the host immune response by microbial colonizers as well as with potential altering of the microbiome structure and intermicrobial interactions in the host. All of these factors eventually lead to the destructive chronic inflammatory disease state. In the oral cavity, a highly dynamic and multifaceted interplay takes place between the signaling of endogenous danger molecules and colonizing microbes on the mucosal surfaces. This interaction may redirect the local microenvironment to favor the conversion of the resident microbiome toward pathogenicity. This review outlines the major components of the known inflammasome complexes/mechanisms and highlights their regulation, in particular, by oral microorganisms, in relation to periodontal disease pathology. Better characterization of the cellular and molecular biology of the inflammasome will probably identify important potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, as well as for other debilitating chronic diseases.
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27
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Hirschfeld J, Roberts HM, Chapple ILC, Parčina M, Jepsen S, Johansson A, Claesson R. Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on neutrophil migration and extracellular trap formation. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:33070. [PMID: 27834173 PMCID: PMC5103672 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.33070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive periodontitis is associated with the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a leukotoxin (Ltx)-producing periodontal pathogen. Ltx has the ability to lyse white blood cells including neutrophils. Objectives This study was aimed at investigating the interactions between neutrophils and Ltx with regard to the chemotactic properties of Ltx and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Methods Neutrophils from healthy blood donors were isolated and incubated for 30 min and 3 h with increasing concentrations of Ltx (1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) as well as with A. actinomycetemcomitans strains (NCTC 9710 and HK 1651) producing different levels of Ltx. Formation of NETs and cell lysis were assessed by microscopy, fluorescence-based assays, and measurement of released lactate dehydrogenase. Neutrophil migration in response to different Ltx gradients was monitored by real-time video microscopy, and image analysis was performed using ImageJ software. Results Although Ltx (10 and 100 ng/mL) and the leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strain HK 1651 lysed some neutrophils, other cells were still capable of performing NETosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Low doses of Ltx and the weakly leukotoxic strain NCTC 9710 did not lead to neutrophil lysis, but did induce some NETosis. Furthermore, all three concentrations of Ltx enhanced random neutrophil movement; however, low directional accuracy was observed compared with the positive control (fMLP). Conclusions The results indicate that Ltx acts both as a neutrophil activator and also causes cell death. In addition, Ltx directly induces NETosis in neutrophils prior to cell lysis. In future studies, the underlying pathways involved in Ltx-meditated neutrophil activation and NETosis need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Hirschfeld
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
| | - Helen M Roberts
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Iain L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, Birmingham Dental School & Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anders Johansson
- Section Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Section Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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28
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Inhibition of P2X Receptors Protects Human Monocytes against Damage by Leukotoxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and α-Hemolysin from Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3114-3130. [PMID: 27528275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00674-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli and leukotoxin A (LtxA) from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are important virulence factors in ascending urinary tract infections and aggressive periodontitis, respectively. The extracellular signaling molecule ATP is released immediately after insertion of the toxins into plasma membranes and, via P2X receptors, is essential for the erythrocyte damage inflicted by these toxins. Moreover, ATP signaling is required for the ensuing recognition and phagocytosis of damaged erythrocytes by the monocytic cell line THP-1. Here, we investigate how these toxins affect THP-1 monocyte function. We demonstrate that both toxins trigger early ATP release and a following increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in THP-1 monocytes. The HlyA- and LtxA-induced [Ca2+]i response is diminished by the P2 receptor antagonist in a pattern that fits the functional P2 receptor expression in these cells. Both toxins are capable of lysing THP-1 cells, with LtxA being more aggressive. Either desensitization or blockage of P2X1, P2X4, or P2X7 receptors markedly reduces toxin-induced cytolysis. This pattern is paralleled in freshly isolated human monocytes from healthy volunteers. Interestingly, only a minor fraction of the toxin-damaged THP-1 monocytes eventually lyse. P2X7 receptor inhibition generally prevents cell damage, except from a distinct cell shrinkage that prevails in response to the toxins. Moreover, we find that preexposure to HlyA preserves the capacity of THP-1 monocytes to phagocytose damaged erythrocytes and may induce readiness to discriminate between damaged and healthy erythrocytes. These findings suggest a new pharmacological target for protecting monocytes during exposure to pore-forming cytolysins during infection or injury.
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29
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Sun Q, Scott MJ. Caspase-1 as a multifunctional inflammatory mediator: noncytokine maturation roles. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:961-967. [PMID: 27450556 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0516-224r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 is an inflammatory caspase that is activated through formation of inflammasome complexes in response to both pathogen-derived and endogenous mediators. The most well-known function of active caspase-1 is to cleave the proforms of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and -18 into their active forms in response to inflammatory stimuli in immune cells. However, recent evidence suggests that caspase-1 has multiple functions in addition to this cytokine maturation role and that it is at the center of many cell responses to stress and inflammation. The current review focuses on roles for caspase-1, and the closely related caspase-11, in inflammatory forms of cell death and protein cleavage and also in protein secretion. These alternative caspase-1 functions can influence inflammatory responses, not just in immune cells but in other cell types, such as epithelia, where inflammatory cytokine production may not be a primary cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative microbe involved in periodontitis. Strains with varying degrees of virulence have been identified, in healthy and periodontally compromised individuals alike. Hosts mount differential immune responses to its various serotypes and virulence factors. Studies have explored host immune response in terms of antibody titers, leukocyte responses, and specific inflammatory mediators, questioning the ways in which the infectious microorganism survives. This mini-review will identify the key themes in immune response patterns of individuals both affected by and free from aggressive periodontal disease, thereby using it to understand various forms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Shahabuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Departments of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Edward T Lally
- Departments of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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31
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Pettersson M, Kelk P, Belibasakis GN, Bylund D, Molin Thorén M, Johansson A. Titanium ions form particles that activate and execute interleukin-1β release from lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:21-32. [PMID: 26987886 PMCID: PMC5297875 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Peri-implantitis is a destructive inflammatory process characterized by destruction of the implant-supporting bone. Inflammasomes are large intracellular multiprotein complexes that play a central role in innate immunity by activating the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Although inflammasome activation has previously been linked to periodontal inflammation, there is still no information on a potential association with peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to examine cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects, including inflammasome activation, of metals used in dental implants, in an in vitro model, as well as from clinical tissue samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human macrophages were exposed to different metals [titanium (Ti), cobalt, chromium and molybdenum] in a cell-culture assay. Cytotoxicity was determined using the neutral red uptake assay. Cytokine secretion was quantified using an ELISA, and the expression of genes of various inflammasome components was analysed using quantitative PCR. In addition, the concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Ti in mucosal tissue samples taken in the vicinity of dental implants were determined using ELISA and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Ti ions in physiological solutions stimulated inflammasome activation in human macrophages and consequently IL-1β release. This effect was further enhanced by macrophages that have been exposed to lipopolysaccharides. The proinflammatory activation caused by Ti ions disappeared after filtration (0.22 μm), which indicates an effect of particles. Ti ions alone did not stimulate transcription of the inflammasome components. The Ti levels of tissue samples obtained in the vicinity of Ti implants were sufficiently high (≥ 40 μm) to stimulate secretion of IL-1β from human macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSION Ti ions form particles that act as secondary stimuli for a proinflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pettersson
- Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Kelk
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - G N Belibasakis
- Section of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Bylund
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - M Molin Thorén
- Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Johansson
- Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Åberg CH, Kelk P, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence 2016; 6:188-95. [PMID: 25494963 PMCID: PMC4601274 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.982428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-induced inflammatory disease that causes loss of the tooth supporting tissues. Much focus has been put on comparison of the microbial biofilm in the healthy periodontium with the diseased one. The information arising from such studies is limited due to difficulties to compare the microbial composition in these two completely different ecological niches. A few longitudinal studies have contributed with information that makes it possible to predict which individuals who might have an increased risk of developing aggressive forms of periodontitis, and the predictors are either microbial or/and host-derived factors. The most conspicuous condition that is associated with disease risk is the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans at the individual level. This Gram-negative bacterium has a great genetic variation with a number of virulence factors. In this review we focus in particular on the leukotoxin that, based on resent knowledge, might be one of the most important virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Höglund Åberg
- a Division of Molecular Periodontology; Department of Odontology; Faculty of Medicine; Umeå University ; Umeå , Sweden
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33
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Herbert BA, Novince CM, Kirkwood KL. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26197893 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a perio-pathogenic bacteria that has long been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The mechanisms of its pathogenicity have been studied in humans and preclinical experimental models. Although different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans have differential virulence factor expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), leukotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been most extensively studied in the context of modulating the host immune response. Following colonization and attachment in the oral cavity, A. actinomycetemcomitans employs CDT, leukotoxin, and LPS to evade host innate defense mechanisms and drive a pathophysiologic inflammatory response. This supra-physiologic immune response state perturbs normal periodontal tissue remodeling/turnover and ultimately has catabolic effects on periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this review, we have divided the host response into two systems: non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic. Non-hematopoietic barriers include epithelium and fibroblasts that initiate the innate immune host response. The hematopoietic system contains lymphoid and myeloid-derived cell lineages that are responsible for expanding the immune response and driving the pathophysiologic inflammatory state in the local periodontal microenvironment. Effector systems and signaling transduction pathways activated and utilized in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans will be discussed to further delineate immune cell mechanisms during A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Finally, we will discuss the osteo-immunomodulatory effects induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans and dissect the catabolic disruption of balanced osteoclast-osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling, which subsequently leads to net alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Herbert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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DiFranco KM, Johnson-Farley N, Bertino JR, Elson D, Vega BA, Belinka BA, Kachlany SC. LFA-1-targeting Leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera®) causes lymphoma tumor regression in a humanized mouse model and requires caspase-8 and Fas to kill malignant lymphocytes. Leuk Res 2015; 39:649-56. [PMID: 25850729 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leukotoxin (LtxA) is a protein secreted from the oral bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. LtxA binds to the β2 integrin lymphocyte-associated function antigen-1 (LFA-1) on human white blood cells (WBCs), resulting in cell death. LtxA is currently under investigation as a novel therapy (Leukothera(®)) for treating hematologic malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We show here that LtxA has potent in vivo anti-lymphoma activity in mice. LtxA caused complete regression of B-cell tumors and promoted long-term survival of mice. The mechanism of LtxA-mediated killing of malignant lymphocytes was further examined. We found that LtxA kills malignant lymphocytes by a novel mechanism requiring the death receptor Fas and caspase-8, but not Fas ligand (FasL) or caspase-9. We also determined that LFA-1 and Fas are closely associated on the cell surface and this proximity of LFA-1 and Fas could explain how signaling through an integrin can lead to cell death. In addition to LFA-1, this work reveals a second surface protein, Fas, that is critical for LtxA-mediated cell death. Knowledge of the mechanism of cell death induced by LtxA will facilitate the development and understanding of this potent experimental therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M DiFranco
- From the Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | | | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
| | - David Elson
- From the Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Brian A Vega
- From the Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | | | - Scott C Kachlany
- From the Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Actinobac Biomed, Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, United States.
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35
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Okinaga T, Ariyoshi W, Nishihara T. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Invasion Induces Interleukin-1β Production Through Reactive Oxygen Species and Cathepsin B. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:431-40. [PMID: 25789553 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokines, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 play a crucial role in inflammatory responses in a variety of diseases including periodontitis. In this study, the periodontopathic bacterial pathogen, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, induced cell death and cytokine release in macrophages. Cell viability was reduced by A. actinomycetemcomitans invasion using (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The production of IL-1β in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded macrophage cells was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with a caspase-1 inhibitor and silencing of the caspase-1 gene had no effect on IL-1β secretion induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans invasion. Pattern recognition receptor, NLRP3 was upregulated in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded macrophages. However, NLRP3 knockdown had no effect on the secretion of IL-1β in A. actinomycetemcomitans-invaded RAW 264 cells. In addition, A. actinomycetemcomitans invasion induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of cathepsin B in RAW 264 cells. Interestingly, CA074-Me, a cathepsin B inhibitor, and N-Acetyl-l-cysteine, a ROS inhibitor, prevented the production of IL-1β induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Taken together, these results suggest A. actinomycetemcomitans induce IL-1β production in RAW 264 cells through the production of ROS and cathepsin B, but not through the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Okinaga
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University , Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University , Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University , Kitakyushu, Japan
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36
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Yang Y, Jiang G, Zhang P, Fan J. Programmed cell death and its role in inflammation. Mil Med Res 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 26045969 PMCID: PMC4455968 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation and may be the result of inflammation. The maintenance of tissue homeostasis necessitates both the recognition and removal of invading microbial pathogens as well as the clearance of dying cells. In the past few decades, emerging knowledge on cell death and inflammation has enriched our molecular understanding of the signaling pathways that mediate various programs of cell death and multiple types of inflammatory responses. This review provides an overview of the major types of cell death related to inflammation. Modification of cell death pathways is likely to be a logical therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA ; Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240 USA
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37
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Haubek D, Johansson A. Pathogenicity of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its geographic dissemination and role in aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23980. [PMID: 25206940 PMCID: PMC4139931 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. In the middle of the 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans and having a number of other characteristics, was found to be strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, particularly in North Africa. Although several longitudinal studies still point to the bacterial species, A. actinomycetemcomitans as a risk factor of aggressive periodontitis, it is now also widely accepted that the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone strains are highly prevalent in human populations living in Northern and Western parts of Africa. These strains are also prevalent in geographically widespread populations that have originated from the Northwest Africa. Only sporadic signs of a dissemination of the JP2 clone strains to non-African populations have been found despite Africans living geographically widespread for hundreds of years. It remains an unanswered question if a particular host tropism exists as a possible explanation for the frequent colonization of the Northwest African population with the JP2 clone. Two exotoxins of A. actinomycetemcomitans are known, leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). LtxA is able to kill human immune cells, and Cdt can block cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Whereas the leukotoxin production is enhanced in JP2 clone strains thus increasing the virulence potential of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it has not been possible so far to demonstrate such a role for Cdt. Lines of evidence have led to the understanding of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological factor of aggressive periodontitis. Patients, who are colonized with the JP2 clone, are likely to share this clone with several family members because the clone is transmitted through close contacts. This is a challenge to the clinicians. The patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontal lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, in some cases including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. Preferably, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial diagnostic testing and/or by preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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38
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Höglund Åberg C, Haubek D, Kwamin F, Johansson A, Claesson R. Leukotoxic activity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and periodontal attachment loss. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104095. [PMID: 25093857 PMCID: PMC4122431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative periodontitis-associated bacterium that expresses a toxin that selectively affects leukocytes. This leukotoxin is encoded by an operon belonging to the core genome of this bacterial species. Variations in the expression of the leukotoxin have been reported, and a well-characterized specific clonal type (JP2) of this bacterium with enhanced leukotoxin expression has been isolated. In particular, the presence of the JP2 genotype significantly increases the risk for the progression of periodontal attachment loss (AL). Based on these findings we hypothesized that variations in the leukotoxicity are linked to disease progression in infected individuals. In the present study, the leukotoxicity of 239 clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans was analysed with different bioassays, and the genetic peculiarities of the isolates were related to their leukotoxicity based on examination with molecular techniques. The periodontal status of the individuals sampled for the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was examined longitudinally, and the importance of the observed variations in leukotoxicity was evaluated in relation to disease progression. Our data show that high leukotoxicity correlates with an enhanced risk for the progression of AL. The JP2 genotype isolates were all highly leukotoxic, while the isolates with an intact leukotoxin promoter (non-JP2 genotypes) showed substantial variation in leukotoxicity. Genetic characterization of the non-JP2 genotype isolates indicated the presence of highly leukotoxic genotypes of serotype b with similarities to the JP2 genotype. Based on these results, we conclude that A. actinomycetemcomitans harbours other highly virulent genotypes besides the previously described JP2 genotype. In addition, the results from the present study further highlight the importance of the leukotoxin as a key virulence factor in aggressive forms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Höglund Åberg
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Johansson
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Zeidán-Chuliá F, Gursoy M, de Oliveira BHN, Gelain DP, Könönen E, Gursoy UK, Moreira JCF, Uitto VJ. Focussed microarray analysis of apoptosis in periodontitis and its potential pharmacological targeting by carvacrol. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:461-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Paino A, Ahlstrand T, Nuutila J, Navickaite I, Lahti M, Tuominen H, Välimaa H, Lamminmäki U, Pöllänen MT, Ihalin R. Identification of a novel bacterial outer membrane interleukin-1Β-binding protein from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70509. [PMID: 23936223 PMCID: PMC3729834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative opportunistic oral pathogen. It is frequently associated with subgingival biofilms of both chronic and aggressive periodontitis, and the diseased sites of the periodontium exhibit increased levels of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-1β. Some bacterial species can alter their physiological properties as a result of sensing IL-1β. We have recently shown that this cytokine localizes to the cytoplasm of A. actinomycetemcomitans in co-cultures with organotypic gingival mucosa. However, current knowledge about the mechanism underlying bacterial IL-1β sensing is still limited. In this study, we characterized the interaction of A. actinomycetemcomitans total membrane protein with IL-1β through electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The interacting protein, which we have designated bacterial interleukin receptor I (BilRI), was identified through mass spectrometry and was found to be Pasteurellaceae specific. Based on the results obtained using protein function prediction tools, this protein localizes to the outer membrane and contains a typical lipoprotein signal sequence. All six tested biofilm cultures of clinical A. actinomycetemcomitans strains expressed the protein according to phage display-derived antibody detection. Moreover, proteinase K treatment of whole A. actinomycetemcomitans cells eliminated BilRI forms that were outer membrane specific, as determined through immunoblotting. The protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli in both the outer membrane-associated form and a soluble cytoplasmic form. When assessed using flow cytometry, the BilRI-overexpressing E. coli cells were observed to bind 2.5 times more biotinylated-IL-1β than the control cells, as detected with avidin-FITC. Overexpression of BilRI did not cause binding of a biotinylated negative control protein. In a microplate assay, soluble BilRI bound to IL-1β, but this binding was not specific, as a control protein for IL-1β also interacted with BilRI. Our findings suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans expresses an IL-1β-binding surface-exposed lipoprotein that may be part of the bacterial IL-1β-sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Paino
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuuli Ahlstrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Nuutila
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indre Navickaite
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Lahti
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Tuominen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannamari Välimaa
- Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Riikka Ihalin
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Dietmann A, Millonig A, Combes V, Couraud PO, Kachlany SC, Grau GE. Effects of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2013; 61-62:43-50. [PMID: 23665198 PMCID: PMC3885975 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a human pathogen that produces leukotoxin (LtxA) as a major virulence factor. In this study the effect of LtxA on microvascular endothelial cell viability and phenotype was studied. High doses of single LtxA treatment (500 ng/ml to 5 μg/ml) significantly and irreversibly decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, as assessed by tetrazolium salt and annexin V assay, respectively. Apoptosis was partially inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk. LtxA caused a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase after 72 h. Between 500 ng/ml and 5 μg/ml, after long- or short-term stimulation LtxA increased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as the percentages of endothelial cells expressing these adhesion molecules. Thus, A. actinomycetemcomitans LtxA has substantial pro-inflammatory effects on human brain endothelial cells by upregulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Furthermore, LtxA in higher concentration was found to decrease proliferation and induces apoptosis in microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia Dietmann
- Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, 92-94 Parramatta Rd, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia.
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Belibasakis GN, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans targets NLRP3 and NLRP6 inflammasome expression in human mononuclear leukocytes. Cytokine 2012; 59:124-30. [PMID: 22503597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues, as a result of local bacterial infection. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic species, highly associated with aggressive periodontitis. Periodontal inflammation is dominated by cytokines of the Interleukin (IL)-1 family. Prior to their secretion by mononuclear cells, IL-1 cytokines are processed by intracellular protein complexes, known as "inflammasomes", which can sense the bacterial challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate which inflammasomes are regulated in mononuclear cells in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans. The D7SS strain and its derivative leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin knock-out mutant strains were used to infect human mononuclear cells at a 1:10 cell: bacteria ratio, for 3 h. The expression of various inflammasome components in the cells was investigated by TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The expressions of NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP)1, NLRP2 and Absent In Melanoma (AIM)2 inflammasome sensors, as well as their effector Caspase-1 were not affected. However, NLRP3 was up-regulated, while NLRP6 was down-regulated. This effect was not dependent on the leukotoxin or the cytolethal distending toxin, as demonstrated by the use of specific gene knock-out mutant strains. IL-1β and IL-18 expressions were also up-regulated by the bacterial challenge. In conclusion, A. actinomycetemcomitans enhances NLRP3 and reduces NLRP6 inflammasome expression, irrespective of its major virulence factors, confirming the high pathogenic profile of this species, and providing further insights to the mechanisms of periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
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DiFranco KM, Gupta A, Galusha LE, Perez J, Nguyen TVK, Fineza CD, Kachlany SC. Leukotoxin (Leukothera®) targets active leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) protein and triggers a lysosomal mediated cell death pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17618-17627. [PMID: 22467872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotoxin (LtxA) is a protein toxin that is secreted from the oral bacterium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. LtxA targets specifically the β(2) integrin, leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) on white blood cells (WBCs) and causes cell death. LtxA preferentially targets activated WBCs and is being developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of WBC diseases such as hematologic malignancies and autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism by which interaction between LtxA and LFA-1 results in cell death is not well understood. Furthermore, how LtxA preferentially recognizes activated WBCs is not known. We show here that LtxA interacts specifically with LFA-1 in the active (exposed) conformation. In THP-1 monocytes, LtxA caused rapid activation of caspases, but LtxA could overcome the inhibition of caspases and still intoxicate. In contrast, inhibiting the vesicular trafficking pathway or cathepsin D release from the lysosome resulted in significant inhibition of LtxA-mediated cytotoxicity, indicating a more potent, lysosomal mediated cell death pathway. LtxA caused rapid disruption of the lysosomal membrane and release of lysosomal contents into the cytosol. Binding of LtxA to LFA-1 resulted in the internalization of both LtxA and LFA-1, with LtxA localizing specifically to the lysosomal compartment. To our knowledge, LtxA represents the first bacterial toxin shown to localize to the lysosome where it induces rapid cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M DiFranco
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Anukriti Gupta
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Lindsey E Galusha
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jarelys Perez
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - To-Vy K Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Camille D Fineza
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Scott C Kachlany
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Actinobac Biomed, Inc., North Brunswick, New Jersey 08902.
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Brown AC, Boesze-Battaglia K, Du Y, Stefano FP, Kieba IR, Epand RF, Kakalis L, Yeagle PL, Epand RM, Lally ET. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin cytotoxicity occurs through bilayer destabilization. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:869-81. [PMID: 22309134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, is a common inhabitant of the human upper aerodigestive tract. The organism produces an RTX (Repeats in ToXin) toxin (LtxA) that kills human white blood cells. LtxA is believed to be a membrane-damaging toxin, but details of the cell surface interaction for this and several other RTX toxins have yet to be elucidated. Initial morphological studies suggested that LtxA was bending the target cell membrane. Because the ability of a membrane to bend is a function of its lipid composition, we assessed the proficiency of LtxA to release of a fluorescent dye from a panel of liposomes composed of various lipids. Liposomes composed of lipids that form nonlamellar phases were susceptible to LtxA-induced damage while liposomes composed of lipids that do not form non-bilayer structures were not. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that the toxin decreased the temperature at which the lipid transitions from a bilayer to a nonlamellar phase, while (31) P nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the LtxA-induced transition from a bilayer to an inverted hexagonal phase occurs through the formation of an isotropic intermediate phase. These results indicate that LtxA cytotoxicity occurs through a process of membrane destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Bezerra BDB, Andriankaja O, Kang J, Pacios S, Bae HJ, Li Y, Tsiagbe V, Schreiner H, Fine DH, Graves DT. A.actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease promotes systemic and local responses in rat periodontium. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:333-41. [PMID: 22313458 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the histologic and cellular response to A. actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) infection. MATERIAL & METHODS Wistar rats infected with Aa were evaluated for antibody response, oral Aa colonization, loss of attachment, PMN recruitment, TNF-α in the junctional epithelium and connective tissue, osteoclasts and adaptive immune response in local lymph nodes at baseline and 4, 5 or 6 weeks after infection. Some groups were given antibacterial treatment at 4 weeks. RESULTS An antibody response against Aa occurred within 4 weeks of infection, and 78% of inoculated rats had detectable Aa in the oral cavity (p < 0.05). Aa infection significantly increased loss of attachment that was reversed by antibacterial treatment (p < 0.05). TNF-α expression in the junctional epithelium followed the same pattern. Aa stimulated high osteoclast formation and TNF-α expression in the connective tissue (p < 0.05). PMN recruitment significantly increased after Aa infection (p < 0.05). Aa also increased the number of CD8(+) T cells (p < 0.05), but not CD4(+) T cells or regulatory T cells (Tregs) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Aa infection stimulated a local response that increased numbers of PMNs and TNF-α expression in the junctional epithelium and loss of attachment. Both TNF-α expression in JE and loss of attachment was reversed by antibiotic treatment. Aa infection also increased TNF-α in the connective tissue, osteoclast numbers and CD8(+) T cells in lymph nodes. The results link Aa infection with important characteristics of periodontal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Brito Bezerra
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Motani K, Kushiyama H, Imamura R, Kinoshita T, Nishiuchi T, Suda T. Caspase-1 protein induces apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)-mediated necrosis independently of its catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33963-72. [PMID: 21832064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), connects pathogen/danger sensors such as NLRP3 and NLRC4 with caspases and is involved in inflammation and cell death. We have found that ASC activation induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis or CA-074Me (cathepsin B inhibitor)-inhibitable necrosis depending on the cell type. Unlike necroptosis, another necrotic cell death, ASC-mediated necrosis, was neither RIP3-dependent nor necrostatin-1-inhibitable. Although acetyl-YVAD-chloromethylketone (Ac-YVAD-CMK) (caspase-1 inhibitor) did not inhibit ASC-mediated necrosis, comprehensive gene expression analyses indicated that caspase-1 expression coincided with the necrosis type. Furthermore, caspase-1 knockdown converted necrosis-type cells to apoptosis-type cells, whereas exogenous expression of either wild-type or catalytically inactive caspase-1 did the opposite. Knockdown of caspase-1, but not Ac-YVAD-CMK, suppressed the monocyte necrosis induced by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas infection. Thus, the catalytic activity of caspase-1 is dispensable for necrosis induction. Intriguingly, a short period of caspase-1 knockdown inhibited IL-1β production but not necrosis, although longer knockdown suppressed both responses. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Motani
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Furugen R, Hayashida H, Yoshii Y, Saito T. Neutrophil-derived resistin release induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 321:175-82. [PMID: 21658109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin is an adipokine that induces insulin resistance in mice. In humans, resistin is not produced in adipocytes, but in various leukocytes instead, and it acts as a proinflammatory molecule. The present investigation demonstrated high levels of resistin in culture supernatants of neutrophils that are stimulated by a highly leukotoxic strain of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In contrast, the level of resistin was remarkably low when neutrophils were exposed to two other strains that produce minimal levels of leukotoxin and a further isogenic mutant strain incapable of producing leukotoxin. Pretreatment of neutrophils with a monoclonal antibody to CD18, β chain of lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1 (LFA-1), or an Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor before incubation with the highly leukotoxic strain inhibited the release of resistin. These results show that A. actinomycetemcomitans-expressed leukotoxin induces extracellular release of human neutrophil-derived resistin by interacting with LFA-1 on the surface of neutrophils and, consequently, activating Src family tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Furugen
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin: a powerful tool with capacity to cause imbalance in the host inflammatory response. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:242-59. [PMID: 22069708 PMCID: PMC3202821 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been described as a member of the indigenous oral microbiota of humans, and is involved in the pathology of periodontitis and various non-oral infections. This bacterium selectively kills human leukocytes through expression of leukotoxin, a large pore-forming protein that belongs to the Repeat in Toxin (RTX) family. The specificity of the toxin is related to its prerequisite for a specific target cell receptor, LFA-1, which is solely expressed on leukocytes. The leukotoxin causes death of different leukocyte populations in a variety of ways. It activates a rapid release of lysosomal enzymes and MMPs from neutrophils and causes apoptosis in lymphocytes. In the monocytes/macrophages, the toxin activates caspase-1, a cysteine proteinase, which causes a proinflammatory response by the activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. A specific clone (JP2) of A. actinomycetemcomitans with enhanced leukotoxin expression significantly correlates to disease onset in infected individuals. Taken together, the mechanisms by which this toxin kills leukocytes are closely related to the pathogenic mechanisms of inflammatory disorders, such as periodontitis. Therapeutic strategies targeting the cellular and molecular inflammatory host response in periodontal diseases might be a future treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden.
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Kelk P, Abd H, Claesson R, Sandström G, Sjöstedt A, Johansson A. Cellular and molecular response of human macrophages exposed to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e126. [PMID: 21390060 PMCID: PMC3101819 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacterium associated with severe forms of periodontitis. A leukotoxin, which belongs to the repeats-in-toxin family, is believed to be one of its virulence factors and to have an important role in the bacterium's pathogenicity. This toxin selectively kills human leukocytes by inducing apoptosis and lysis. Here, we report that leukotoxin-induced cell death of macrophages proceeded through a process that differs from the classical characteristics of apoptosis and necrosis. A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin-induced several cellular and molecular mechanisms in human macrophages that led to a specific and excessive pro-inflammatory response with particular secretion of both interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. In addition, this pro-inflammatory cell death was inhibited by oxidized ATP, which indicates involvement of the purinergic receptor P2X(7) in this process. This novel virulence mechanism of the leukotoxin may have an important role in the pathogenic potential of this bacterium and can be a target for future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kelk
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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50
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Johansson A, Eriksson M, Ahrén AM, Boman K, Jansson JH, Hallmans G, Johansson I. Prevalence of systemic immunoreactivity to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in relation to the incidence of myocardial infarction. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:55. [PMID: 21362180 PMCID: PMC3053232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic infections and associated inflammatory markers are suggested risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1β, is suggested to play a role in the regulation of local inflammatory responses in both CVD and periodontitis. The leukotoxin from the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has recently been shown to cause abundant secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of systemic immunoreactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in myocardial infarction (MI) cases (n = 532) and matched controls (n = 1,000) in a population-based case and referents study in northern Sweden. Methods Capacity to neutralize A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin was analyzed in a bioassay with leukocytes, purified leukotoxin, and plasma. Plasma samples that inhibited lactate-dehydrogenase release from leukotoxin-lysed cells by ≥50% were classified as positive. Results Neutralizing capacity against A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin was detected in 53.3% of the plasma samples. The ability to neutralize leukotoxin was correlated to increasing age in men (n = 1,082) but not in women (n = 450). There was no correlation between presence of systemic leukotoxin-neutralization capacity and the incidence of MI, except for women (n = 146). Women with a low neutralizing capacity had a significantly higher incidence of MI than those who had a high neutralizing capacity. Conclusion Systemic immunoreactivity against A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin was found at a high prevalence in the analyzed population of adults from northern Sweden. The results from the present study do not support the hypothesis that systemic leukotoxin-neutralizing capacity can decrease the risk for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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