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Dale JB, Aranha MP, Penfound TA, Salehi S, Smith JC. Structure-guided design of a broadly cross-reactive multivalent group a streptococcal vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:5841-5847. [PMID: 37596198 PMCID: PMC10529471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The M protein of group A streptococci (Strep A) is a major virulence determinant and protective antigen. The N-terminal region of the M protein is variable in sequence, defines the M/emm type, and contains epitopes that elicit opsonic antibodies that protect animals from challenge infections. Although there are >200 M types of Strep A, there is now evidence that structurally related M proteins can be grouped into clusters and that immunity may be cluster-specific in addition to M type-specific. This observation has led to recent studies of structure-based design of multivalent M peptide vaccines to select peptides predicted to cross-react with heterologous M types to improve vaccine coverage. In the current study, we have applied a refined series of peptide structural algorithms to predict immunological cross-reactivity among 117 N-terminal M peptides representing the most prevalent M types of Strep A. Based on the results of the structural analyses, in combination with global M type prevalence data, we constructed a 32-valent vaccine containing 19 cross-reactive vaccine candidates predicted to cross-react with 37 heterologous M peptides to which were added 13 type-specific M peptides. The 4-protein recombinant vaccine was immunogenic in rabbits and elicited significant levels of antibodies against 31/32 (97%) vaccine peptides and 28/37 (76%) peptides predicted to cross-react. The vaccine antisera also promoted opsonophagocytic killing of vaccine and cross-reactive M types of Strep A. Based on a recent analysis of M type prevalence of Strep A, the potential global coverage of the 32-valent vaccine is ∼90%, ranging from 68% in Africa to 95% in North America. Our results indicate the utility of structure-based design that may be applied to future studies of broadly protective M peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Michelle P Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
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2
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Christodoulides M, Humbert MV, Heckels JE. The potential utility of liposomes for Neisseria vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1235-1256. [PMID: 34524062 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1981865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Neisseria are important global pathogens. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) causes meningitis and sepsis. Liposomes are self-assembled spheres of phospholipid bilayers enclosing a central aqueous space, and they have attracted much interest and use as a delivery vehicle for Neisseria vaccine antigens. AREAS COVERED A brief background on Neisseria infections and the success of licensed meningococcal vaccines are provided. The absence of a gonococcal vaccine is highlighted. The use of liposomes for delivering Neisseria antigens and adjuvants, for the purposes of generating specific immune responses, is reviewed. The use of other lipid-based systems for antigen and adjuvant delivery is examined briefly. EXPERT OPINION With renewed interest in developing a gonococcal vaccine, liposomes remain an attractive option for delivering antigens. The discipline of nanotechnology provides additional nanoparticle-based options for gonococcal vaccine development. Future work would be needed to tailor the composition of liposomes and other nanoparticles to the specific vaccine antigen(s), in order to generate optimal anti-gonococcal immune responses. The potential use of liposomes and other nanoparticles to deliver anti-gonococcal compounds to treat infections also should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Victoria Humbert
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - John E Heckels
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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3
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Aranha MP, Penfound TA, Salehi S, Botteaux A, Smeesters P, Dale JB, Smith JC. Design of Broadly Cross-Reactive M Protein-Based Group A Streptococcal Vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1138-1149. [PMID: 34341168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcal infections are a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. A leading vaccine candidate is the surface M protein, a major virulence determinant and protective Ag. One obstacle to the development of M protein-based vaccines is the >200 different M types defined by the N-terminal sequences that contain protective epitopes. Despite sequence variability, M proteins share coiled-coil structural motifs that bind host proteins required for virulence. In this study, we exploit this potential Achilles heel of conserved structure to predict cross-reactive M peptides that could serve as broadly protective vaccine Ags. Combining sequences with structural predictions, six heterologous M peptides in a sequence-related cluster were predicted to elicit cross-reactive Abs with the remaining five nonvaccine M types in the cluster. The six-valent vaccine elicited Abs in rabbits that reacted with all 11 M peptides in the cluster and functional opsonic Abs against vaccine and nonvaccine M types in the cluster. We next immunized mice with four sequence-unrelated M peptides predicted to contain different coiled-coil propensities and tested the antisera for cross-reactivity against 41 heterologous M peptides. Based on these results, we developed an improved algorithm to select cross-reactive peptide pairs using additional parameters of coiled-coil length and propensity. The revised algorithm accurately predicted cross-reactive Ab binding, improving the Matthews correlation coefficient from 0.42 to 0.74. These results form the basis for selecting the minimum number of N-terminal M peptides to include in potentially broadly efficacious multivalent vaccines that could impact the overall global burden of group A streptococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; .,Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Anne Botteaux
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Smeesters
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Academic Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium; and.,Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN;
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN; .,Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
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4
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Wilde S, Johnson AF, LaRock CN. Playing With Fire: Proinflammatory Virulence Mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:704099. [PMID: 34295841 PMCID: PMC8290871 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.704099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is an obligate human pathogen that is a major cause of infectious morbidity and mortality. It has a natural tropism for the oropharynx and skin, where it causes infections with excessive inflammation due to its expression of proinflammatory toxins and other virulence factors. Inflammation directly contributes to the severity of invasive infections, toxic shock syndrome, and the induction of severe post-infection autoimmune disease caused by autoreactive antibodies. This review discusses what is known about how the virulence factors of Group A Streptococcus induce inflammation and how this inflammation can promote disease. Understanding of streptococcal pathogenesis and the role of hyper-immune activation during infection may provide new therapeutic targets to treat the often-fatal outcome of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anders F Johnson
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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5
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Bakkari MA, Valiveti CK, Kaushik RS, Tummala H. Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4) Agonist-Based Intranasal Nanovaccine Delivery System for Inducing Systemic and Mucosal Immunity. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2233-2241. [PMID: 34010002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eliciting a robust immune response at mucosal sites is critical in preventing the entry of mucosal pathogens such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This task is challenging to achieve without the inclusion of a strong and safe mucosal adjuvant. Previously, inulin acetate (InAc), a plant-based polymer, is shown to activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and elicit a robust systemic immune response as a vaccine adjuvant. This study investigates the potential of nanoparticles prepared with InAc (InAc-NPs) as an intranasal vaccine delivery system to generate both mucosal and systemic immune responses. InAc-NPs (∼250 nm in diameter) activated wild-type (WT) macrophages but failed to activate macrophages from TLR4 knockout mice or WT macrophages when pretreated with a TLR4 antagonist (lipopolysaccharide-RS (LPS-RS)), which indicates the selective nature of a InAc-based nanodelivery system as a TLR4 agonist. Intranasal immunization using antigen-loaded InAc-NPs generated ∼65-fold and 19-fold higher serum IgG1 and IgG2a titers against the antigen, respectively, as compared to PLGA-NPs as a delivery system. InAc-NPs have also stimulated the secretion of sIgA at various mucosal sites, including nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs), lungs, and intestine, and produced a strong memory response indicative of both humoral and cellular immune activation. Overall, by stimulating both systemic and mucosal immunity, InAc-NPs laid a basis for a potential intranasal delivery system for mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Bakkari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States.,College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chaitanya K Valiveti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota57007, United States
| | - Hemachand Tummala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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Spencer JA, Penfound T, Salehi S, Aranha MP, Wade LE, Agarwal R, Smith JC, Dale JB, Baudry J. Cross-reactive immunogenicity of group A streptococcal vaccines designed using a recurrent neural network to identify conserved M protein linear epitopes. Vaccine 2021; 39:1773-1779. [PMID: 33642159 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The M protein of group A streptococci (Strep A) is a major virulence determinant and protective antigen. The N-terminal sequence of the protein defines the more than 200 M types of Strep A and also contains epitopes that elicit opsonic antibodies, some of which cross-react with heterologous M types. Current efforts to develop broadly protective M protein-based vaccines are directed at identifying potential cross-protective epitopes located in the N-terminal regions of cluster-related M proteins for use as vaccine antigens. In this study, we have used a comprehensive approach using the recurrent neural network ABCpred and IEDB epitope conservancy analysis tools to predict 16 residue linear B-cell epitopes from 117 clinically relevant M types of Strep A (~88% of global Strep A infections). To examine the immunogenicity of these epitope-based vaccines, nine peptides that together shared ≥60% sequence identity with 37 heterologous M proteins were incorporated into two recombinant hybrid protein vaccines, in which the epitopes were repeated 2 or 3 times, respectively. The combined immune responses of immunized rabbits showed that the vaccines elicited significant levels of antibodies against all nine vaccine epitopes present in homologous N-terminal 1-50 amino acid synthetic M peptides, as well as cross-reactive antibodies against 16 of 37 heterologous M peptides predicted to contain similar epitopes. The epitope-specificity of the cross-reactive antibodies was confirmed by ELISA inhibition assays and functional opsonic activity was assayed in HL-60-based bactericidal assays. The results provide important information for the future design of broadly protective M protein-based Strep A vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, United States
| | - Tom Penfound
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Michelle P Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Lauren E Wade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Rupesh Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, United States
| | - James B Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jerome Baudry
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, United States.
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7
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Herrera AL, Van Hove C, Hanson M, Dale JB, Tweten RK, Huber VC, Diel D, Chaussee MS. Immunotherapy targeting the Streptococcus pyogenes M protein or streptolysin O to treat or prevent influenza A superinfection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235139. [PMID: 32574205 PMCID: PMC7310742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections complicated by a bacterial infection are typically referred to as coinfections or superinfections. Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus (GAS), is not the most common bacteria associated with influenza A virus (IAV) superinfections but did cause significant mortality during the 2009 influenza pandemic even though all isolates are susceptible to penicillin. One approach to improve the outcome of these infections is to use passive immunization targeting GAS. To test this idea, we assessed the efficacy of passive immunotherapy using antisera against either the streptococcal M protein or streptolysin O (SLO) in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection. Prophylactic treatment of mice with antiserum to either SLO or the M protein decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera; however, neither significantly decreased mortality. Therapeutic use of antisera to SLO decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera but neither antisera significantly reduced mortality. Overall, the results suggest that further development of antibodies targeting the M protein or SLO may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of invasive GAS diseases, including IAV-GAS superinfections, which may be particularly important during influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Christopher Van Hove
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Mary Hanson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
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8
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Pastural É, McNeil SA, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Ye L, Langley JM, Stewart R, Martin LH, Hurley GJ, Salehi S, Penfound TA, Halperin S, Dale JB. Safety and immunogenicity of a 30-valent M protein-based group a streptococcal vaccine in healthy adult volunteers: A randomized, controlled phase I study. Vaccine 2019; 38:1384-1392. [PMID: 31843270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, Strep A) is a widespread pathogen that continues to pose a significant threat to human health. The development of a Strep A vaccine remains an unmet global health need. One of the major vaccine strategies is the use of M protein, which is a primary virulence determinant and protective antigen. Multivalent recombinant M protein vaccines are being developed with N-terminal M peptides that contain opsonic epitopes but do not contain human tissue cross-reactive epitopes. METHODS We completed a Phase I trial of a recombinant 30-valent M protein-based Strep A vaccine (Strep A vaccine, StreptAnova™) comprised of four recombinant proteins containing N-terminal peptides from 30 M proteins of common pharyngitis and invasive and/or rheumatogenic serotypes, adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide. The trial was observer-blinded and randomized in a 2:1 ratio for intramuscular administration of Strep A vaccine or an alum-based comparator in healthy adult volunteers, at 0, 30 and 180 days. Primary outcome measures were assessments of safety, including assays for antibodies that cross-reacted with host tissues, and immunogenicity assessed by ELISA with the individual vaccine peptides and by opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) assays in human blood. RESULTS Twenty-three Strep A-vaccinated participants and 13 controls completed the study. The Strep A vaccine was well-tolerated and there was no clinical evidence of autoimmunity and no laboratory evidence of tissue cross-reactive antibodies. The vaccine was immunogenic and elicited significant increases in geometric mean antibody levels to 24 of the 30 component M antigens by ELISA. Vaccine-induced OPK activity was observed against selected M types of Strep A in vaccinated participants that seroconverted to specific M peptides. CONCLUSION The Strep A vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in healthy adults, providing strong support for further clinical development. [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02564237].
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie Pastural
- Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise Inc. (PREVENT), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shelly A McNeil
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Donna MacKinnon-Cameron
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lingyun Ye
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Stewart
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Luis H Martin
- Pan-Provincial Vaccine Enterprise Inc. (PREVENT), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gregory J Hurley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanaz Salehi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James B Dale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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The Streptococcus pyogenes fibronectin/tenascin-binding protein PrtF.2 contributes to virulence in an influenza superinfection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12126. [PMID: 30108238 PMCID: PMC6092322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) and Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A Streptococcus; GAS) are important contributors to viral-bacterial superinfections, which result from incompletely defined mechanisms. We identified changes in gene expression following IAV infection of A549 cells. Changes included an increase in transcripts encoding proteins with fibronectin-type III (FnIII) domains, such as fibronectin (Fn), tenascin N (TNN), and tenascin C (TNC). We tested the idea that increased expression of TNC may affect the outcome of an IAV-GAS superinfection. To do so, we created a GAS strain that lacked the Fn-binding protein PrtF.2. We found that the wild-type GAS strain, but not the mutant, co-localized with TNC and bound to purified TNC. In addition, adherence of the wild-type strain to IAV-infected A549 cells was greater compared to the prtF.2 mutant. The wild-type strain was also more abundant in the lungs of mice 24 hours after superinfection compared to the mutant strain. Finally, all mice infected with IAV and the prtF.2 mutant strain survived superinfection compared to only 42% infected with IAV and the parental GAS strain, indicating that PrtF.2 contributes to virulence in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection.
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10
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Herrera AL, Suso K, Allison S, Simon A, Schlenker E, Huber VC, Chaussee MS. Binding host proteins to the M protein contributes to the mortality associated with influenza- Streptococcus pyogenes superinfections. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1445-1456. [PMID: 28942759 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mortality associated with influenza A virus (IAV) is often due to the development of secondary bacterial infections known as superinfections. The group A streptococcus (GAS) is a relatively uncommon cause of IAV superinfections, but the mortality of these infections is high. We used a murine model to determine whether the surface-localized GAS M protein contributes to the outcome of IAV-GAS superinfections. A comparison between wild-type GAS and an M protein mutant strain (emm3) showed that the M3 protein was essential to virulence. To determine whether the binding, or recruitment, of host proteins to the bacterial surface contributed to virulence, GAS was suspended with BALF collected from mice that had recovered from a sub-lethal infection with IAV. Following intranasal inoculation of naïve mice, the mortality associated with the wild-type strain, but not the emm3 mutant strain, was greater compared to mice inoculated with GAS suspended with either BALF from uninfected mice or PBS. Further analyses showed that both albumin and fibrinogen (Fg) were more abundant in the respiratory tract 8 days after IAV infection, that M3 bound both proteins to the bacterial surface, and that suspension of GAS with either protein increased GAS virulence in the absence of antecedent IAV infection. Overall, the results showed that M3 is essential to the virulence of GAS in an IAV superinfection and suggested that increased abundance of albumin and Fg in the respiratory tract following IAV infection enhanced host susceptibility to secondary GAS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Kuta Suso
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Stephanie Allison
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Abby Simon
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Evelyn Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Michael S Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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11
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Hysmith ND, Kaplan EL, Cleary PP, Johnson DR, Penfound TA, Dale JB. Prospective Longitudinal Analysis of Immune Responses in Pediatric Subjects After Pharyngeal Acquisition of Group A Streptococci. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:187-196. [PMID: 28204534 PMCID: PMC7207265 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Despite the significant burden of disease associated with infection by group A streptococcus (GAS), little is known about the human immune response to GAS antigens after natural infection. METHODS. We evaluated 195 serum samples obtained prospectively over a consecutive 24-month period from 41 pediatric subjects who experienced a new pharyngeal GAS acquisition. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine the kinetics and antigen specificity of antibodies against 13 shared GAS antigens and 18 type-specific M peptides. The majority of the antigens tested are currently being considered as vaccine candidates. RESULTS. Twelve M types of GAS were recovered from 41 subjects who experienced 51 new GAS acquisitions that elicited antibody responses against at least 1 of the 31 antigens tested (immunologically significant new GAS acquisitions). The immune responses to the 13 shared antigens were highly variable. Increases in antibody levels were detected against a mean of 3.5 shared antigens (range, 1-8). Antibody responses to the homologous M peptide were observed in 32 (63%) of the 51 episodes. Seven subjects acquired more than 1 M type of GAS. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of an M type against which the subject had preexisting antibodies to the homologous M peptide. Of the subjects with new GAS acquisition, 65% were asymptomatic, yet immune responses were detected against 1 or more GAS antigens. Immune responses to streptolysin O and/or deoxyribonuclease B were observed after 67% of the new GAS acquisitions. Persistently positive (>12 weeks) throat culture results were returned for 20% of the 41 subjects despite immune responses to homologous M peptides and/or shared antigens. CONCLUSIONS. The availability of throat culture results, GAS isolates, and serial serum samples collected prospectively over a 2-year period of observation provided a unique opportunity for us to assess the serologic status of pediatric subjects before and after new pharyngeal acquisitions of GAS. With the exception of antibody responses to the homologous M peptides, no clear pattern of immune responses against the remaining GAS antigens was seen. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of emm types of GAS against which the subjects had preexisting elevated levels of antibodies against the homologous M peptide. The observation that 65% of new GAS acquisitions caused no symptoms yet were immunologically significant suggests that the majority of infections are not detected, which would result in missed opportunities for primary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Hysmith
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;,St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Penfound
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
| | - James B. Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
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12
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Mortensen R, Christensen D, Hansen LB, Christensen JP, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Local Th17/IgA immunity correlate with protection against intranasal infection with Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175707. [PMID: 28414746 PMCID: PMC5393599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) is responsible for a wide array of infections. Respiratory transmission via droplets is the most common mode of transmission but it may also infect the host via other routes such as lesions in the skin. To advance the development of a future vaccine against GAS, it is therefore important to investigate how protective immunity is related to the route of vaccine administration. To explore this, we examined whether a parenterally administered anti-GAS vaccine could protect against an intranasal GAS infection or if this would require locally primed immunity. We foundd that a parenteral CAF01 adjuvanted GAS vaccine offered no protection against intranasal infection despite inducing strong systemic Th1/Th17/IgG immunity that efficiently protected against an intraperitoneal GAS infection. However, the same vaccine administered via the intranasal route was able to induce protection against repeated intranasal GAS infections in a murine challenge model. The lack of intranasal protection induced by the parenteral vaccine correlated with a reduced mucosal recall response at the site of infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that locally primed immunity is important for the defense against intranasal infection with Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Mortensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Bøllehuus Hansen
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mucosal Vaccine Development Based on Liposome Technology. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5482087. [PMID: 28127567 PMCID: PMC5227169 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5482087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection against infectious diseases is most effective if located at the portal of entry of the pathogen. Hence, there is an increasing demand for vaccine formulations that can induce strong protective immunity following oral, respiratory, or genital tract administration. At present, only few mucosal vaccines are found on the market, but recent technological advancements and a better understanding of the principles that govern priming of mucosal immune responses have contributed to a more optimistic view on the future of mucosal vaccines. Compared to live attenuated vaccines, subcomponent vaccines, most often protein-based, are considered safer, more stable, and less complicated to manufacture, but they require the addition of nontoxic and clinically safe adjuvants to be effective. In addition, another limiting factor is the large antigen dose that usually is required for mucosal vaccines. Therefore, the combination of mucosal adjuvants with the recent progress in nanoparticle technology provides an attractive solution to these problems. In particular, the liposome technology is ideal for combining protein antigen and adjuvant into an effective mucosal vaccine. Here, we describe and discuss recent progress in nanoparticle formulations using various types of liposomes that convey strong promise for the successful development of the next generation of mucosal vaccines.
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14
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Seth A, Kong IG, Lee SH, Yang JY, Lee YS, Kim Y, Wibowo N, Middelberg AP, Lua LH, Kweon MN. Modular virus-like particles for sublingual vaccination against group A streptococcus. Vaccine 2016; 34:6472-6480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Mortensen R, Nissen TN, Blauenfeldt T, Christensen JP, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Adaptive Immunity against Streptococcus pyogenes in Adults Involves Increased IFN-γ and IgG3 Responses Compared with Children. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1657-64. [PMID: 26163588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year, millions of people are infected with Streptococcus pyogenes, leading to an estimated 500,000 annual deaths worldwide. For unknown reasons, school-aged children have substantially higher infection rates than adults. The goal for this study was to provide, to our knowledge, the first detailed characterization of the human adaptive immune response against S. pyogenes in both children and adults. We report that all adults in our study, as well as most children, showed immunity against the two conserved group A streptococci (GAS) Ags, streptococcal C5a peptidase and immunogenic secreted protein. The response primarily consisted of three subsets of Th1 T cells, in which the TNF-α(+) and IL-2(+)TNF-α(+) subsets were most frequent. Humoral immunity was dominated by IgG1 and IgG3, whereas the Th2-associated IgG4 isotype was only detected at very low amounts. IgG3 levels correlated significantly with IFN-γ, but not with IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, or TNF-α. Interestingly, children showed a similar pattern of Ag-specific cytokine release, but displayed significantly lower levels of IgG3 and IFN-γ compared with adults. Thus, human immune responses against S. pyogenes consist of a robust Th1 cellular memory response in combination with IgG1/IgG3-dominated humoral immunity that increase with age. The significance of these data regarding both the increased GAS infection rate in children and the development of protective GAS vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; and
| | | | - Thomas Blauenfeldt
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; and
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
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16
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Correlates of Protection for M Protein-Based Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:167089. [PMID: 26101780 PMCID: PMC4458553 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is known to cause a broad spectrum of illness, from pharyngitis and impetigo, to autoimmune sequelae such as rheumatic heart disease, and invasive diseases. It is a significant cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide, but no efficacious vaccine is currently available. Progress in GAS vaccine development has been hindered by a number of obstacles, including a lack of standardization in immunoassays and the need to define human correlates of protection. In this review, we have examined the current immunoassays used in both GAS and other organisms, and explored the various challenges in their implementation in order to propose potential future directions to identify a correlate of protection and facilitate the development of M protein-based vaccines, which are currently the main GAS vaccine candidates.
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17
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18
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Gupta VK, Sekhar S, Dhanda V, Toor D, Kumar R, Chakraborti A. Immune response against M protein-conserved region peptides from prevalent group A Streptococcus in a North Indian population. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:352-8. [PMID: 25087198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A streptococci (GAS) cause infections with a high prevalence in most developing countries. A GAS vaccine under trial that is based on the amino-terminus of the M protein provides type-specific immunity, and hence seems ineffective in India because of heterogeneous emm types. However, the conserved C-terminal region of the M protein protects against multiple serotypes. In this paper, the immune response generated against the conserved C-repeat region of the M protein was checked in an Indian population to establish their vaccine candidature. METHODS When screened for GAS, patients with pharyngitis, rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease (RF/RHD), and invasive disease showed heterogeneous emm types, out of which five prevalent types (1-2, 11, 49, 75 and 112) were selected for the study. The C-terminal region of their M proteins showed conserved C1-, C2-, and C3-repeats. The C1-repeat was more diverse and had two different J14-like sequences. Peptides to these C-terminal regions (J14.1 and J14-R6) were designed. Antibodies against these peptides were analyzed using the sera of 130 GAS-infected volunteers. RESULTS Serum antibodies were significantly higher in patients with acute rheumatic fever, RHD, and invasive disease than in patients with pharyngitis or the healthy controls. The serum antibodies to these peptides was higher in teenagers and adults than in children. CONCLUSION Results showed an association between streptococcal disease progression and the age-related development of immunity to the conserved regions. Hence, these peptides could be considered protective in impeding streptococcal infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K Gupta
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sasank Sekhar
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vanita Dhanda
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devinder Toor
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Klonoski JM, Hurtig HR, Juber BA, Schuneman MJ, Bickett TE, Svendsen JM, Burum B, Penfound TA, Sereda G, Dale JB, Chaussee MS, Huber VC. Vaccination against the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes prevents death after influenza virus: S. pyogenes super-infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:5241-9. [PMID: 25077423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are associated with a significant number of illnesses and deaths on an annual basis. Many of the deaths are due to complications from secondary bacterial invaders, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The β-hemolytic bacteria S. pyogenes colonizes both skin and respiratory surfaces, and frequently presents clinically as strep throat or impetigo. However, when these bacteria gain access to normally sterile sites, they can cause deadly diseases including sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, and pneumonia. We previously developed a model of influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection, which we used to demonstrate that vaccination against influenza virus can limit deaths associated with a secondary bacterial infection, but this protection was not complete. In the current study, we evaluated the efficacy of a vaccine that targets the M protein of S. pyogenes to determine whether immunity toward the bacteria alone would allow the host to survive an influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection. Our data demonstrate that vaccination against the M protein induces IgG antibodies, in particular those of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, and that these antibodies can interact with macrophages. Ultimately, this vaccine-induced immunity eliminated death within our influenza virus:S. pyogenes super-infection model, despite the fact that all M protein-vaccinated mice showed signs of illness following influenza virus inoculation. These findings identify immunity against bacteria as an important component of protection against influenza virus:bacteria super-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Klonoski
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Heather R Hurtig
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Brian A Juber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Margaret J Schuneman
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Thomas E Bickett
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Joshua M Svendsen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Brandon Burum
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Thomas A Penfound
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Grigoriy Sereda
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - James B Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Michael S Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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20
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A novel live vector group A streptococcal emm type 9 vaccine delivered intranasally protects mice against challenge infection with emm type 9 group A streptococci. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1343-9. [PMID: 25056362 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00330-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The availability of a protective vaccine against Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]) is a priority for public health worldwide. Here, we have generated six live vaccine strains, each engineered to express an N-terminal M protein peptide from one of six of the most prevalent emm types of GAS (M1, M2, M4, M9, M12, and M28). The vaccine strains are based on a food-grade Lactococcus lactis strain and do not bear any antibiotic resistance. Mice immunized with the vaccine strain expressing the M9 peptide (termed here the L. lactis M9 strain) showed high titers of serum antibodies when delivered intranasally. Mice immunized with the L. lactis M9 strain were protected against infection after intranasal challenge with type 9 streptococci. Several parameters of disease, such as weight loss, body temperature, colony counts in mouth washes, and lung histology, were significantly improved in immunized mice compared to naive control mice. Our results indicate that intranasal delivery of the L. lactis M9 strain live bacterial vaccine induced GAS-specific IgG titers, prevented pharyngeal colonization of GAS, and protected mice from disease upon challenge. The design of this vaccine prototype may provide a lower cost alternative to vaccines comprised of purified recombinant proteins.
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21
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Xu Y, Yuen PW, Lam JKW. Intranasal DNA Vaccine for Protection against Respiratory Infectious Diseases: The Delivery Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2014; 6:378-415. [PMID: 25014738 PMCID: PMC4190526 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics6030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of DNA vaccines has become a popular research area recently. It offers some distinguished advantages over parenteral and other routes of vaccine administration. Nasal mucosa as site of vaccine administration can stimulate respiratory mucosal immunity by interacting with the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Different kinds of DNA vaccines are investigated to provide protection against respiratory infectious diseases including tuberculosis, coronavirus, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) etc. DNA vaccines have several attractive development potential, such as producing cross-protection towards different virus subtypes, enabling the possibility of mass manufacture in a relatively short time and a better safety profile. The biggest obstacle to DNA vaccines is low immunogenicity. One of the approaches to enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccine is to improve DNA delivery efficiency. This review provides insight on the development of intranasal DNA vaccine for respiratory infections, with special attention paid to the strategies to improve the delivery of DNA vaccines using non-viral delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Pak-Wai Yuen
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jenny Ka-Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Kumar A, Pandey AN, Jain SK. Nasal-nanotechnology: revolution for efficient therapeutics delivery. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:681-93. [PMID: 24901207 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.920431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In recent years, nanotechnology-based delivery systems have gained interest to overcome the problems of restricted absorption of therapeutic agents from the nasal cavity, depending upon the physicochemical properties of the drug and physiological properties of the human nose. OBJECTIVE The well-tolerated and non-invasive nasal drug delivery when combined with the nanotechnology-based novel formulations and carriers, opens the way for the effective systemic and brain targeting delivery of various therapeutic agents. To accomplish competent drug delivery, it is imperative to recognize the interactions among the nanomaterials and the nasal biological environment, targeting cell-surface receptors, drug release, multiple drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents and molecular mechanisms of cell signaling involved in patho-biology of the disease under consideration. METHODS Quite a few systems have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials for intranasal (IN) delivery. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), chitosan, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and PLGA-based nanosystems have also been studied in vitro and in vivo for the delivery of several therapeutic agents which shown promising concentrations in the brain after nasal administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The use of nanomaterials including peptide-based nanotubes and nanogels (NGs) for vaccine delivery via nasal route is a new approach to control the disease progression. In this review, the recent developments in nanotechnology utilized for nasal drug delivery have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrish Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) , Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Aditya Nath Pandey
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) , Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Sunil Kumar Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) , Bilaspur , Chhattisgarh , India
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23
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Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014. [PMID: 24696436 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-13)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), causes mild human infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Furthermore, repeated GAS infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Combined, these diseases account for over half a million deaths per year globally. Genomic and molecular analyses have now characterized a large number of GAS virulence determinants, many of which exhibit overlap and redundancy in the processes of adhesion and colonization, innate immune resistance, and the capacity to facilitate tissue barrier degradation and spread within the human host. This improved understanding of the contribution of individual virulence determinants to the disease process has led to the formulation of models of GAS disease progression, which may lead to better treatment and intervention strategies. While GAS remains sensitive to all penicillins and cephalosporins, rising resistance to other antibiotics used in disease treatment is an increasing worldwide concern. Several GAS vaccine formulations that elicit protective immunity in animal models have shown promise in nonhuman primate and early-stage human trials. The development of a safe and efficacious commercial human vaccine for the prophylaxis of GAS disease remains a high priority.
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Walker MJ, Barnett TC, McArthur JD, Cole JN, Gillen CM, Henningham A, Sriprakash KS, Sanderson-Smith ML, Nizet V. Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:264-301. [PMID: 24696436 PMCID: PMC3993104 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00101-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS), causes mild human infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo and serious infections such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Furthermore, repeated GAS infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, including acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, acute rheumatic fever, and rheumatic heart disease. Combined, these diseases account for over half a million deaths per year globally. Genomic and molecular analyses have now characterized a large number of GAS virulence determinants, many of which exhibit overlap and redundancy in the processes of adhesion and colonization, innate immune resistance, and the capacity to facilitate tissue barrier degradation and spread within the human host. This improved understanding of the contribution of individual virulence determinants to the disease process has led to the formulation of models of GAS disease progression, which may lead to better treatment and intervention strategies. While GAS remains sensitive to all penicillins and cephalosporins, rising resistance to other antibiotics used in disease treatment is an increasing worldwide concern. Several GAS vaccine formulations that elicit protective immunity in animal models have shown promise in nonhuman primate and early-stage human trials. The development of a safe and efficacious commercial human vaccine for the prophylaxis of GAS disease remains a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Barnett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason D. McArthur
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason N. Cole
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christine M. Gillen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and the Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - K. S. Sriprakash
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martina L. Sanderson-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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25
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Georgousakis MM, McMillan DJ, Batzloff MR, Sriprakash KS. Moving forward: a mucosal vaccine against group A streptococcus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:747-60. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Camacho AI, Irache JM, Gamazo C. Recent progress towards development of a Shigella vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:43-55. [PMID: 23256738 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The burden of dysentery due to shigellosis among children in the developing world is still a major concern. A safe and efficacious vaccine against this disease is a priority, since no licensed vaccine is available. This review provides an update of vaccine achievements focusing on subunit vaccine strategies and the forthcoming strategies surrounding this approach. In particular, this review explores several aspects of the pathogenesis of shigellosis and the elicited immune response as being the basis of vaccine requirements. The use of appropriate Shigella antigens, together with the right adjuvants, may offer safety, efficacy and more convenient delivery methods for massive worldwide vaccination campaigns.
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Kotloff KL. Streptococcus group A vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Cole JN, Henningham A, Gillen CM, Ramachandran V, Walker MJ. Human pathogenic streptococcal proteomics and vaccine development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:387-410. [PMID: 21136841 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive streptococci are non-motile, chain-forming bacteria commonly found in the normal oral and bowel flora of warm-blooded animals. Over the past decade, a proteomic approach combining 2-DE and MS has been used to systematically map the cellular, surface-associated and secreted proteins of human pathogenic streptococcal species. The public availability of complete streptococcal genomic sequences and the amalgamation of proteomic, genomic and bioinformatic technologies have recently facilitated the identification of novel streptococcal vaccine candidate antigens and therapeutic agents. The objective of this review is to examine the constituents of the streptococcal cell wall and secreted proteome, the mechanisms of transport of surface and secreted proteins, and describe the current methodologies employed for the identification of novel surface-displayed proteins and potential vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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31
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Ding Y, Ni Q, Liu J, Yu B. Immunogenicity of a divalent group A streptococcal vaccine. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:1013-20. [PMID: 22872049 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We designed and recombined the polypeptide based on the M protein of group A streptococci (GAS)--the causative pathogen of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, which would be a divalent vaccine to prevent and defend the diseases in relation to the different GAS strains. A divalent vaccine comprising three different peptide epitopes of the antiphagocytic M protein of GAS--an aminoterminal specific sequences, respectively, from the M1 and M12 proteins and J14 peptide (ASREAKKQVEKALE) within the highly conserved C-terminal repeat region of the M1 and M12 proteins--was subcutaneously delivered to mice with the adjuvant. Furthermore, the antisera titers of mice inoculated with the divalent vaccine were assayed by ELISA, and then opsonization and percentage killing against two different GAS serotypes were completed. Our data demonstrated that antisera raised against the divalent vaccine containing amino acids and M-protein-conserved C repeat region are able to kill several GAS strains isolated from the Guangzhou population. Therefore, the divalent vaccine can be used to prevent those diseases caused by GAS in an endemic area. We successfully construct the M-protein-based divalent vaccine that can bring out a high-level antisera titer of mice vaccinated with it. So, the vaccine has the potential to be used to prevent diseases caused by GAS in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
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Bauer MJ, Georgousakis MM, Vu T, Henningham A, Hofmann A, Rettel M, Hafner LM, Sriprakash KS, McMillan DJ. Evaluation of novel Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine candidates incorporating multiple conserved sequences from the C-repeat region of the M-protein. Vaccine 2012; 30:2197-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Henningham A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ. Group a streptococcal vaccine candidates: potential for the development of a human vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:207-42. [PMID: 23250780 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype, large variations in the geographical distribution of serotypes, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue which can lead to host auto-immune disease. Cell wall anchored, cell membrane associated, secreted and anchorless proteins have all been targeted as GAS vaccine candidates. As GAS is an exclusively human pathogen, the quest for an efficacious vaccine is further complicated by the lack of an animal model which mimics human disease and can be consistently and reproducibly colonized by multiple GAS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Lannergård J, Gustafsson MCU, Waldemarsson J, Norrby-Teglund A, Stålhammar-Carlemalm M, Lindahl G. The Hypervariable region of Streptococcus pyogenes M protein escapes antibody attack by antigenic variation and weak immunogenicity. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 10:147-57. [PMID: 21843871 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variation of antigenic proteins allows pathogens to evade antibody attack. The variable protein commonly includes a hypervariable region (HVR), which represents a key target for antibodies and is therefore predicted to be immunodominant. To understand the mechanism(s) of antibody evasion, we analyzed the clinically important HVR-containing M proteins of the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. Antibodies elicited by M proteins were directed almost exclusively against the C-terminal part and not against the N-terminal HVR. Similar results were obtained for mice and humans with invasive S. pyogenes infection. Nevertheless, only anti-HVR antibodies protected efficiently against infection, as shown by passive immunizations. The HVR fused to an unrelated protein elicited no antibodies, implying that it is inherently weakly immunogenic. These data indicate that the M protein HVR evades antibody attack not only through antigenic variation but also by weak immunogenicity, a paradoxical observation that may apply to other HVR-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lannergård
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
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35
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Wetzler LM. Innate immune function of the neisserial porins and the relationship to vaccine adjuvant activity. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:749-58. [PMID: 20441547 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria responsible for bacterial meningitis and septicemia. Porins are the most represented outer membrane proteins in the pathogenic Neisseria species, functioning as pores for the exchange of ions, and are characterized by a trimeric beta-barrel structure. Neisserial porins have been shown to act as adjuvants in the immune response via activation of B cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Their effect on the immune response is mediated by upregulation of the costimulatory molecule B7-2 (CD86) on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, an effect that is dependent on Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and MyD88, through a cascade of signal transduction events mediated by direct binding of the porin to the TLR2-TLR1 heterodimer. This article summarizes work carried out investigating the mechanisms of the immune stimulating capacity of the neisserial porins (specifically meningococcal PorB), emphasizing cellular events involved in antigen-presenting cell activation and induction of expression of cell surface molecules involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M Wetzler
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Kotloff KL. The prospect of vaccination against group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010; 10:192-9. [PMID: 18510880 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-008-0032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus is a widespread human pathogen that causes a broad spectrum of human disease. The persistent high burden and severity of illness in developing and industrialized countries speaks to the need for a safe and effective vaccine. Modern approaches to vaccine construction include M protein type-specific vaccines, vaccines utilizing conserved M antigens, and vaccines based on other conserved surface-expressed or secreted antigens. Vaccine candidates in various stages of development offer promise for prevention of Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Penfound TA, Chiang EY, Ahmed EA, Dale JB. Protective efficacy of group A streptococcal vaccines containing type-specific and conserved M protein epitopes. Vaccine 2010; 28:5017-22. [PMID: 20546830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The amino terminal region of group A streptococcal M proteins evokes type-specific immunity while the conserved C-repeat epitopes evoke cross-protective immunity against multiple serotypes. The present studies were undertaken to compare the protective efficacy of vaccines containing either type-specific (hexavalent vaccine) or conserved C-repeat (J14 vaccine) M protein epitopes and to determine if combination vaccines resulted in enhanced levels of protection. Our results indicated that the protective efficacy of the type-specific vaccine was significantly greater than that of J14 and that the addition of J14 to vaccine formulations did not enhance the level of protection achieved with type-specific formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Penfound
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
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Ahmed EA, Penfound TA, Brewer SC, Tennant PA, Chiang EY, Dale JB. Streptococcal protective antigens (Spa): a new family of type-specific proteins of group A streptococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 29:51-7. [PMID: 19865839 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory described a new group A streptococcal protective antigen (Spa) in type 18 streptococci that was distinct from the type 18 M protein. This study was undertaken to identify additional serotypes of group A streptococci that express Spa proteins. PCR techniques were used to identify and clone a new spa gene from type 36 streptococci. The 5' sequence of spa36 was highly variable compared to spa18, while the 3' sequence was conserved. Antisera against Spa36 opsonized type 36 streptococci but not type 18 streptococci, indicating that the opsonic Spa epitopes were type-specific. Antisera against the conserved carboxy-terminal half of Spa18 were used to identify Spa or Spa-like proteins expressed on the surface of 25 of 70 different serotypes of GAS. Spa proteins may represent a new family of type-specific surface antigens that function in concert with M proteins to elicit protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Tseng LP, Liang HJ, Deng MC, Lee KM, Pan RN, Yang JC, Huang YY, Liu DZ. The influence of liposomal adjuvant on intranasal vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease. Vet J 2009; 185:204-10. [PMID: 19570697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant effect of liposomes formulated with three phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine-liposomes (PC-Lip), phosphatidylserine-liposomes (PS-Lip), and stearylamine-liposomes (SA-Lip) was compared with virus alone using inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a model antigen. The difference in adjuvanticity was evaluated using the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a challenge study following intranasal inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens. After two inoculations, a liposomal vaccine consisting of NDV in PC-Lip resulted in a significant increase in HI titre, up to 32-fold higher than a vaccine containing virus alone and 320-fold higher than a vaccine containing NDV in SA-Lip. PC-Lip also elicited a significant mucosal secretary immunoglobulin A response (P<0.05) in tracheal lavages and a serum IgG response (P<0.05). In response to viral challenge, all control animals died, whereas 90% of animals which received PC-Lip survived. The results suggest that PC-Lip may be suitable as an adjuvant for mucosal vaccination against NDV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Conner K, Wuu A, Maldonado V, Bartlett BL, Tyring SK. Vaccines under study: non-HIV vaccines. Dermatol Ther 2009; 22:168-85. [PMID: 19335728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines has been an amazing public health achievement and has resulted in countless lives being saved. Dermatologic therapy has recently been greatly advanced by the licensure of an effective human papillomavirus vaccine and herpes zoster vaccine. Despite these successes, many infectious diseases do not currently have a preventive vaccine. We review potential vaccines against selected infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that have cutaneous and mucocutaneous manifestations. The road to licensure of a new vaccine begins with exhaustive preclinical and clinical studies, and many of these will fail before a successful vaccine candidate is approved. This article focuses on vaccines that have yet to be approved for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Conner
- The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Ulrich RG. Vaccine based on a ubiquitous cysteinyl protease and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A protects against Streptococcus pyogenes sepsis and toxic shock. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2008; 6:8. [PMID: 18976486 PMCID: PMC2585077 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Background The gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes is a common pathogen of humans that causes invasive infections, toxic-shock syndrome, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis and other diseases. Detection of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates has renewed interest in development of new vaccine approaches for control S. pyogenes sepsis. In the study presented, a novel protein vaccine was examined. The vaccine was based on a recombinant protein fusion between streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB), a cysteinyl protease expressed by all clinical isolates, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA), a superantigen produced by a large subset of isolates. Results A novel protein was produced by mutating the catalytic site of SpeB and the receptor binding surface of SpeA in a fusion of the two polypeptides. Vaccination of HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice with the SpeA-SpeB fusion protein protected against a challenge with the wild-type SpeA that was lethal to naïve controls, and vaccinated mice were protected from an otherwise lethal S. pyogenes infection. Conclusion These results suggest that the genetically attenuated SpeA-SpeB fusion protein may be useful for controlling S. pyogenes infections. Vaccination with the SpeA-SpeB fusion protein described in this study may potentially result in protective immunity against multiple isolates of S. pyogenes due to the extensive antibody cross-reactivity previously observed among all sequence variants of SpeB and the high frequency of SpeA-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ulrich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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43
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Kotloff KL. Streptococcus group A vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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44
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Olive C, Schulze K, Sun HK, Ebensen T, Horváth A, Toth I, Guzman CA. Enhanced protection against Streptococcus pyogenes infection by intranasal vaccination with a dual antigen component M protein/SfbI lipid core peptide vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2006; 25:1789-97. [PMID: 17229503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the efficacy of a synthetic Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine targeting two virulence factors using the Lipid Core Peptide (LCP) delivery system. BALB/c mice were immunised intranasally with LCPs containing peptides encompassing T-cell and B-cell epitopes of the conserved C-repeat region of the M protein (J8) or the fibronectin-binding repeats region (FNBR) of SfbI, or a combination formulation containing peptides representing both antigens. LCPs were co-administered with the TLR2/6 agonist MALP-2 as mucosal adjuvant. Humoral and cellular immune responses stimulated at systemic and mucosal levels were strongest in mice immunised with the dual antigen formulation. Mice were completely protected following a respiratory challenge with a lethal dose of a heterologous S. pyogenes strain, whereas there was 70% and 90% survival in mice immunised with LCP-J8 and LCP-FNBR, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the elicitation of better protective immunity by a dual antigen component S. pyogenes vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/genetics
- Adhesins, Bacterial/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lipopeptides
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Streptococcal Infections/immunology
- Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Streptococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Abstract
It is well-established that most pathogens that cause infectious diseases enter the host via mucosal membranes of the respiratory, digestive and genital tracts. Some parenterally administered vaccines induce protection against mucosal pathogens. However, there is increasing evidence that mucosal protection is better afforded by mucosal vaccination, particularly for the induction of memory responses. Mucosal vaccines must pass several difficult hurdles before entering the host and inducing an effective and protective immune response. This review deals with present and past efforts in devising effective mucosal vaccines using delivery systems and immunopotentiating adjuvants for protein-based vaccines. The paper will conclude with the authors' opinion on how the field will or should progress in the future and what will be the required components of ideal future mucosal vaccines that can induce immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vajdy
- Chiron Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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Yoonim N, Olive C, Pruksachatkunakorn C, Pruksakorn S. Bactericidal activity of M protein conserved region antibodies against group A streptococcal isolates from the Northern Thai population. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:71. [PMID: 16895610 PMCID: PMC1557512 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most group A streptococcal (GAS) vaccine strategies have focused on the surface M protein, a major virulence factor of GAS. The amino-terminus of the M protein elicits antibodies, that are both opsonic and protective, but which are type specific. J14, a chimeric peptide that contains 14 amino acids from the M protein conserved C-region at the carboxy-terminus, offers the possibility of a vaccine which will elicit protective opsonic antibodies against multiple different GAS strains. In this study, we searched for J14 and J14-like sequences and the number of their repeats in the C-region of the M protein from GAS strains isolated from the Northern Thai population. Then, we examined the bactericidal activity of J14, J14.1, J14-R1 and J14-R2 antisera against multiple Thai GAS strains. Results The emm genes of GAS isolates were sequenced and grouped as 14 different J14-types. The most diversity of J14-types was found in the C1-repeat. The J14.1 type was the major sequence in the C2 and C3-repeats. We have shown that antisera raised against the M protein conserved C-repeat region peptides, J14, J14.1, J14-R1 and J14-R2, commonly found in GAS isolates from the Northern Thai population, are able to kill GAS of multiple different emm types derived from an endemic area. The mean percent of bactericidal activities for all J14 and J14-like peptide antisera against GAS isolates were more than 70%. The mean percent of bactericidal activity was highest for J14 antisera followed by J14-R2, J14.1 and J14-R1 antisera. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that antisera raised against the M protein conserved C-repeat region are able to kill multiple different strains of GAS isolated from the Northern Thai population. Therefore, the four conserved "J14" peptides have the potential to be used as GAS vaccine candidates to prevent streptococcal infections in an endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonglak Yoonim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Colleen Olive
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - Sumalee Pruksakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Abstract
Necrotising fasciitis is a rare but life-threatening infectious disease emergency. Delays in diagnosis and treatment are common, and mortality rates often exceed 30%. Successful management of this disease requires high clinical suspicion and aggressive action. The mainstays of therapy include early and wide surgical debridement, antibiotics and supportive care, with prompt surgical intervention. Adjunctive modalities, such as protein synthesis inhibitors, hyperbaric oxygen and intravenous immunoglobulin, may have a role, but their effectiveness remains unproven. New rapid diagnostic tools are emerging that promise to revolutionize early detection of necrotising fasciitis. Research into the molecular microbiology, especially regarding group A streptococcus, are providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of necrotising soft tissue infections and identifying future targets for rationally designed interventions.
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48
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Currie BJ. Group A streptococcal infections of the skin: molecular advances but limited therapeutic progress. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006; 19:132-8. [PMID: 16514337 DOI: 10.1097/01.qco.0000216623.82950.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the sequencing of several Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) genomes have come major advances in understanding the pathogenesis of group A Streptococcus-associated diseases. This review focuses on group A Streptococcus skin infections and summarizes data published in the English language medical literature in 2004 and 2005. RECENT FINDINGS Group A Streptococcus shows enormous and evolving molecular diversity driven by horizontal transmission between group A Streptococcus strains and between group A Streptococcus and other streptococci. Acquisition of prophages accounts for much of the diversity, conferring both virulence through phage-associated virulence factors and increased bacterial survival against host defences. Studies of group A Streptococcus isolates outside the US also question the generalizability of classic group A Streptococcus M serotype associations with specific disease entities such as acute rheumatic fever and necrotizing fasciitis. The distinction between throat and skin group A Streptococcus has become blurred. Although there have been few advances in treatment of group A Streptococcus skin infections, developments towards group A Streptococcus vaccines are promising. SUMMARY The diversity of group A Streptococcus remains a challenge for vaccine development. As acute rheumatic fever and streptococcal pyoderma occur predominantly in disadvantaged populations, international funding support will be necessary for any group A Streptococcus vaccine to have a sustained impact on the global burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart J Currie
- Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.
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49
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Young MH, Aronoff DM, Engleberg NC. Necrotizing fasciitis: pathogenesis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 3:279-94. [PMID: 15918785 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.3.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive, life-threatening infection and a true infectious disease emergency. Despite much clinical experience, the management of this disease remains suboptimal, with mortality rates remaining approximately 30%. Necrotizing fasciitis rarely presents with obvious signs and symptoms and delays in diagnosis enhance mortality. Therefore, successful patient care depends on the physician's acumen and index of suspicion. Prompt surgical debridement, intravenous antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte management, and analgesia are mainstays of therapy. Adjunctive clindamycin, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin are frequently employed in the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis, but their efficacy has not been rigorously established. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotizing fasciitis has revealed new targets for rationally designed therapies to improve morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Young
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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50
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Tewodros W, Kronvall G. M protein gene (emm type) analysis of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci from Ethiopia reveals unique patterns. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4369-76. [PMID: 16145079 PMCID: PMC1234087 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4369-4376.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates obtained in 1990 from Ethiopian children with various streptococcal diseases was studied by using emm gene sequence analysis. A total of 217 GAS isolates were included: 155 and 62 isolates from throat and skin, respectively. A total of 78 different emm/st types were detected among the 217 isolates. Of these, 166 (76.5%) belonged to 52 validated reference emm types, 26 (11.9%) belonged to 16 already recognized sequence types (st types) and 25 (11.5%) belonged to 10 undocumented new sequence types. Resistance to tetracycline (148 of 217) was not correlated to emm type. Isolation rate of the classical rheumatogenic and nephritogenic strains was low from cases of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), respectively. Instead, the recently discovered st types were overrepresented among isolates from patients with ARF (3 of 7) and AGN (9 of 16) (P < 0.01) compared to isolates from subjects with tonsillitis and from healthy carriers (10 of 57 and 16 of 90, respectively). In contrast to rheumatogenic strains from the temperate regions, more than half of the isolates from ARF (four of seven) carried the genetic marker for skin preference, emm pattern D, although most of them (six of seven) were isolated from throat. Of 57 tonsillitis-associated isolates, 16 (28%) belonged to emm pattern D compared to <1% in temperate regions. As in other reports emm patterns A to C were strongly associated with throat, whereas emm pattern D did not correlate to skin. This first large-scale emm typing report from Africa has demonstrated a heterogeneous GAS population and contrasting nature of GAS epidemiology in the region.
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