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Yakovlieva L, Fülleborn JA, Walvoort MTC. Opportunities and Challenges of Bacterial Glycosylation for the Development of Novel Antibacterial Strategies. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745702. [PMID: 34630370 PMCID: PMC8498110 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a ubiquitous process that is universally conserved in nature. The various products of glycosylation, such as polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, perform a myriad of intra- and extracellular functions. The multitude of roles performed by these molecules is reflected in the significant diversity of glycan structures and linkages found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Importantly, glycosylation is highly relevant for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. Various surface-associated glycoconjugates have been identified in bacteria that promote infectious behavior and survival in the host through motility, adhesion, molecular mimicry, and immune system manipulation. Interestingly, bacterial glycosylation systems that produce these virulence factors frequently feature rare monosaccharides and unusual glycosylation mechanisms. Owing to their marked difference from human glycosylation, bacterial glycosylation systems constitute promising antibacterial targets. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and depletion of the antibiotic pipeline, novel drug targets are urgently needed. Bacteria-specific glycosylation systems are especially promising for antivirulence therapies that do not eliminate a bacterial population, but rather alleviate its pathogenesis. In this review, we describe a selection of unique glycosylation systems in bacterial pathogens and their role in bacterial homeostasis and infection, with a focus on virulence factors. In addition, recent advances to inhibit the enzymes involved in these glycosylation systems and target the bacterial glycan structures directly will be highlighted. Together, this review provides an overview of the current status and promise for the future of using bacterial glycosylation to develop novel antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Yakovlieva
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Julius A Fülleborn
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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2
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Oldrini D, del Bino L, Arda A, Carboni F, Henriques P, Angiolini F, Quintana JI, Calloni I, Romano MR, Berti F, Jimenez‐Barbero J, Margarit I, Adamo R. Structure-Guided Design of a Group B Streptococcus Type III Synthetic Glycan-Conjugate Vaccine. Chemistry 2020; 26:7018-7025. [PMID: 32058627 PMCID: PMC7317837 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Identification of glycan functional epitopes is of paramount importance for rational design of glycoconjugate vaccines. We recently mapped the structural epitope of the capsular polysaccharide from type III Group B Streptococcus (GBSIII), a major cause of invasive disease in newborns, by using a dimer fragment (composed of two pentasaccharide repeating units) obtained by depolymerization complexed with a protective mAb. Although reported data had suggested a highly complex epitope contained in a helical structure composed of more than four repeating units, we showed that such dimer conjugated to a carrier protein with a proper glycosylation degree elicited functional antibodies comparably to the full-length conjugated polysaccharide. Here, starting from the X-ray crystallographic structure of the polysaccharide fragment-mAb complex, we synthesized a hexasaccharide comprising exclusively the relevant positions involved in binding. Combining competitive surface plasmon resonance and saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy as well as in-silico modeling, we demonstrated that this synthetic glycan was recognized by the mAb similarly to the dimer. The hexasaccharide conjugated to CRM197 , a mutant of diphtheria toxin, elicited a robust functional immune response that was not inferior to the polysaccharide conjugate, indicating that it may suffice as a vaccine antigen. This is the first evidence of an X-ray crystallography-guided design of a synthetic carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Oldrini
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Linda del Bino
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Ana Arda
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park48160DerioSpain
| | - Filippo Carboni
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Pedro Henriques
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | | | - Jon I. Quintana
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park48160DerioSpain
| | - Ilaria Calloni
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park48160DerioSpain
| | - Maria R. Romano
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
| | - Jesus Jimenez‐Barbero
- Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park48160DerioSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science48013BilbaoBizkaiaSpain
- Department Organic Chemistry IIUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | | | - Roberto Adamo
- Research CenterGlaxoSmithKline PlcVia Fiorentina 153100SienaItaly
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Mukherjee MM, Xu P, Stevens ED, Kováč P. Towards the Complete Synthetic O-Antigen of Vibrio cholerae O1, Serotype Inaba: Improved Synthesis of the Conjugation-ready Upstream Terminal Hexasaccharide Determinant. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36440-36454. [PMID: 33791092 PMCID: PMC8009174 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08232h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of the upstream terminal hexasaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba has been improved. The key improvements include but are not limited to optimized conditions for the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions involved and fewer number of synthetic steps, compared to previous approaches. Particularly noteworthy is conducting the glycosylation of the very reactive glycosyl acceptor 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctanol with the fully assembled hexasaccharide trichloroacetimidate under thermodynamic control. It produced the desired α glycoside with an α:β ratio of 7:1, compared with the ratio of 1.1:1, observed when the coupling was conducted conventionally. Several substances, which were previously obtained in purity acceptable only for synthetic intermediates, were now obtained in the analytically pure state and were fully characterized. The structure of the key trisaccharide glycosyl acceptor was confirmed by single-crystal x-ray structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Xu
- LBC, NIDDK, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892-0815USA
| | - Edwin D. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky UniversityBowling GreenKY42101USA
| | - Pavol Kováč
- LBC, NIDDK, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892-0815USA
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Anti-O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) immune responses following vaccination with oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR correlate with protection against cholera after infection with wild-type Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba in North American volunteers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006376. [PMID: 29624592 PMCID: PMC5906022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera is an acute voluminous dehydrating diarrheal disease caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 and occasionally O139. A growing body of evidence indicates that immune responses targeting the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae are involved in mediating protection against cholera. We therefore assessed whether antibody responses against OSP occur after vaccination with live attenuated oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR, and whether such responses correlate with protection against cholera. Methodology We assessed adult North American volunteers (n = 46) who were vaccinated with 5 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR and then orally challenged with approximately 1 × 105 CFU of wild-type V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba strain N16961, either 10 or 90 days post-vaccination. Principal findings Vaccination was associated with induction of significant serum IgM and IgA anti-OSP and vibriocidal antibody responses within 10 days of vaccination. There was significant correlation between anti-OSP and vibriocidal antibody responses. IgM and IgA anti-OSP responses on day 10 following vaccination were associated with lower post-challenge stool volume (r = −0.44, P = 0.002; r = −0.36, P = 0.01; respectively), and none of 27 vaccinees who developed a ≥1.5 fold increase in any antibody isotype targeting OSP on day 10 following vaccination compared to baseline developed moderate or severe cholera following experimental challenge, while 5 of 19 who did not develop such anti-OSP responses did (P = 0.01). Conclusion Oral vaccination with live attenuated cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR induces antibodies that target V. cholerae OSP, and these anti-OSP responses correlate with protection against diarrhea following experimental challenge with V. cholerae O1. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01895855 Cholera is a severe watery diarrheal disease, caused by pathogenic strains of V. cholerae. Protective immunity against cholera is serogroup specific, and serogroup specificity is determined by the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Despite this, no previous work has directly assessed correlation of OSP-immune responses and protection against cholera. In this study, we assessed adult North American volunteer’s antibody responses targeting OSP after vaccination with live attenuated oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR, and we assessed correlation of protection against cholera with such antibody responses. Oral vaccination was associated with the induction of significant IgM and IgA responses against OSP, and these responses correlated with vibriocidal responses. There was significant negative correlation of OSP responses and post-challenge stool volume, and none of the volunteers who developed an anti-OSP antibody responses of any isotype of ≥1.5 fold developed moderate or severe cholera following experimental challenge. In summary, vaccination with live attenuated oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR induces antibodies that target V. cholerae OSP, and these responses highly correlate with protection against cholera.
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Mukherjee MM, Ghosh R. Synthetic Routes toward Acidic Pentasaccharide Related to the O-Antigen of E. coli 120 Using One-Pot Sequential Glycosylation Reactions. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5751-5760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Kushwaha D, Xu P, Kováč P. Carbohydrates as potentially versatile core subcarriers for multivalent immunogens. RSC Adv 2017; 7:7591-7603. [PMID: 28944050 PMCID: PMC5607872 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic multivalent glycoclusters that carry carbohydrate antigen epitopes have been recognized as promising candidates for the development of carbohydrate based vaccines. Here we describe a convergent strategy for the synthesis of conjugation-ready multivalent glycoclusters using sugars as versatile core subcarriers. d-Glucose and gentiobiose were converted into poly-alkyne functionalized cores which were then decorated with an azide bearing model ligand d-glucose using click chemistry, to form structurally well-defined tetra- and heptavalent glycoclusters. Each cluster was conjugated to a model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) by squaric acid chemistry. Carbohydrate clusters can be prepared in a variety of sizes and spatial arrangements by altering the structure and configuration of the core, depending on the mono-, or oligosaccharides used for their assembly. It is suggested that the use of carbohydrate as core subcarriers provides an opportunity to tailor the size and topology of antigens and modify multivalent presentation of immunogens in a way to optimize cluster effect for stronger immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kushwaha
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815 (U.S.A.)
| | - Peng Xu
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815 (U.S.A.)
| | - Pavol Kováč
- NIDDK, LBC, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0815 (U.S.A.)
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Ghosh T, Misra AK. Synthesis of the Heptasaccharide Repeating Unit of the Cell Wall O-Polysaccharide of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O139. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:43-6. [PMID: 27308210 PMCID: PMC4906484 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) like the O139 strain are mostly responsible for traveler's diarrhea and causes diseases in pigs, cattle, and poultry. A convenient synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of the heptasaccharide repeating unit of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of the E. coli O139 strain. The p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group was used as a temporary protecting group which was removed in situ under the glycosylation conditions by changing the reaction temperature during the synthesis of the target compound. All glycosylation steps gave high yields with good stereoselectivity. A (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl group was carried out using a biphasic reaction condition at the late stage of the synthesis. Such synthetic oligosaccharides could later be effectively conjugated with proteins to prepare glycoconjugate derivatives as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamashree Ghosh
- Division of Molecular MedicineBose InstituteP-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII MKolkata700054India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Division of Molecular MedicineBose InstituteP-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII MKolkata700054India
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8
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Reinhardt A, Yang Y, Claus H, Pereira C, Cox A, Vogel U, Anish C, Seeberger P. Antigenic Potential of a Highly Conserved Neisseria meningitidis Lipopolysaccharide Inner Core Structure Defined by Chemical Synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Mandal PK. Synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O117:K98:H4. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2724-8. [PMID: 25550736 PMCID: PMC4273275 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O117:K98:H4 strain has been synthesized using a combination of sequential glycosylations and [3 + 2] block synthetic strategy from the suitably protected monosaccharide intermediates. Thioglycosides and glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivatives have been used as glycosyl donors in the glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
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Karlsson SL, Ax E, Nygren E, Källgård S, Blomquist M, Ekman A, Benktander J, Holmgren J, Lebens M. Development of stable Vibrio cholerae O1 Hikojima type vaccine strains co-expressing the Inaba and Ogawa lipopolysaccharide antigens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108521. [PMID: 25397871 PMCID: PMC4232259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the development of stable classical and El Tor V. cholerae O1 strains of the Hikojima serotype that co–express the Inaba and Ogawa antigens of O1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mutation of the wbeT gene reduced LPS perosamine methylation and thereby gave only partial transformation into Ogawa LPS on the cell surface. The strains express approximately equal amounts of Inaba– and Ogawa–LPS antigens which are preserved after formalin–inactivation of the bacteria. Oral immunizations of both inbred and outbred mice with formalin–inactivated whole–cell vaccine preparations of these strains elicited strong intestinal IgA anti–LPS as well as serum vibriocidal antibody responses against both Inaba and Ogawa that were fully comparable to the responses induced by the licensed Dukoral vaccine. Passive protection studies in infant mice showed that immune sera raised against either of the novel Hikojima vaccine strains protected baby mice against infection with virulent strains of both serotypes. This study illustrates the power of using genetic manipulation to improve the properties of bacteria strains for use in killed whole–cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan L. Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Ax
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Nygren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Källgård
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Blomquist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Annelie Ekman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Holmgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Lebens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Provenzano D, Kovác P, Wade WF. The ABCs (Antibody, B Cells, and Carbohydrate Epitopes) of Cholera Immunity: Considerations for an Improved Vaccine. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:899-927. [PMID: 17179659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholera, a diarrheal disease, is known for explosive epidemics that can quickly kill thousands. Endemic cholera is a seasonal torment that also has a significant mortality. Not all nations with extensive rural communities can achieve the required infrastructure or behavioral changes to prevent epidemic or endemic cholera. For some communities, a single-dose cholera vaccine that protects those at risk is the most efficacious means to reduce morbidity and mortality. It is clear that our understanding of what a protective cholera immune response is has not progressed at the rate our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of cholera infection has. This review addresses V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based immunogens because LPS is the only immunogen proven to induce protective antibody in humans. We discuss the role of anti-LPS antibodies in protection from cholera, the importance and the potential role of B cell subsets in protection that is based on their anatomical location and the intrinsic antigen-receptor specificity of various subsets is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Provenzano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas-Brownsville, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
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Ftacek P, Nelson V, Szu SC. Immunochemical characterization of synthetic hexa-, octa- and decasaccharide conjugate vaccines for Vibrio cholerae O:1 serotype Ogawa with emphasis on antigenic density and chain length. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:871-80. [PMID: 23955520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholera remains to be a global health problem without suitable vaccines for endemic control or outbreak relief. Here we describe a new parenteral vaccine based on neoglyco-conjugate of synthetic fragments of O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa. Hexa-, octa- and decasaccharides of the O-SP with carboxylic acid at the reducing end were chemically synthesized and conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT). The conjugates prepared by a novel linking scheme consisted of 17-atom linker of hydrazide and alkyl bonds elicited robust serum IgG anti-LPS responses with vibriocidal activities in mice. There is a length dependence in immune response with decasaccharide conjugates elicited the highest anti-LPS IgG. There seems to be an indication that regardless of the carbohydrate chain length, a molar ratio of 230 ± 10 monosaccharide units per TT induced high antibody response. The conjugates also elicited cross-reactive antibodies to serotype Inaba. The formulation of the proposed cholera conjugate vaccine, similar to other licensed polysaccharide vaccine, is suitable for children immunization. A parenteral cholera vaccine could overcome the diminishing immunogenicity in most of oral vaccines due to the gastrointestinal complexity and environmental enteropathy in children living in impoverished environment and could be considered for global cholera immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ftacek
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 6, Room 1A06, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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13
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Kang SS, Yang JS, Kim KW, Yun CH, Holmgren J, Czerkinsky C, Han SH. Anti-bacterial and anti-toxic immunity induced by a killed whole-cell-cholera toxin B subunit cholera vaccine is essential for protection against lethal bacterial infection in mouse pulmonary cholera model. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:826-37. [PMID: 23187318 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lack of appropriate animal model for studying protective immunity has limited vaccine development against cholera. Here, we demonstrate a pulmonary cholera model conferred by intranasal administration of mice with live Vibrio cholerae. The bacterial components, but not cholera toxin, caused lethal and acute pneumonia by inducing massive inflammation. Intranasal immunization with Dukoral, comprising killed whole bacteria and recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB), developed both mucosal and systemic antibody responses with protection against the lethal challenge. Either rCTB-free Dukoral or rCTB alone partially protected the mice against the challenge. However, reconstitution of rCTB-free Dukoral with rCTB restored full protection. Parenteral immunization with Dukoral evoked strong systemic immunity without induction of mucosal immunity or protection from the challenge. These results suggest that both anti-bacterial and anti-toxic immunity are required for protection against V. cholerae-induced pneumonia, and this animal model is useful for pre-clinical evaluation of candidate cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-S Kang
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Grandjean C, Wade TK, Ropartz D, Ernst L, Wade WF. Acid-detoxified Inaba lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) is a superior cholera conjugate vaccine immunogen than hydrazine-detoxified lipopolysaccharide and induces vibriocidal and protective antibodies. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:136-58. [PMID: 23620159 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, in endemic areas of cholera, the group most burdened with cholera is children. This is especially vexing as young children (2-5 years of age) do not respond as well, or for as long as adults do, to the current killed oral cholera vaccines (OCV). Conjugate vaccines based on the hapten-carrier paradigm have been developed for several bacterial pathogens that cause widespread and severe diseases in young children. We and others have studied different formulations of Vibrio cholerae (Vc) O1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a T-independent antigen) conjugates. Detoxified LPS is a central component of a LPS-based conjugate vaccine. pmLPS, which is detoxified by acid treatment, is a superior immunogen compared with hydrazine-detoxified LPS (DetAcLPS) that has altered lipid A acyl chains. The other feature of pmLPS is the ability to link carrier proteins to a core region of sugar. pmLPS readily induced vibriocidal antibodies following one intraperitoneal dose in a MPL-type adjuvant One dose of the pmLPS conjugate was suggestive of being protective; a booster resulted in protective antibodies for infant mice challenged with virulent cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Grandjean
- LUNAM Université, Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines, Nantes, France
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16
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Ghosh T, Misra AK. Facile synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell wall O-antigen of Escherichia coli 19ab. Carbohydr Res 2012; 362:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muse M, Grandjean C, Wade TK, Wade WF. A one dose experimental cholera vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:98-115. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terri K. Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Lebanon; NH; USA
| | - William F. Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Lebanon; NH; USA
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Concise synthesis of the pentasaccharide O-antigen corresponding to the Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O171. Bioorg Chem 2010; 38:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Convergent synthesis of a common pentasaccharide-repeating unit corresponding to the O-specific polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O4:K3, O4:K6, and O4:K12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Khan AI, Chowdhury F, Harris JB, Larocque RC, Faruque ASG, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB, Qadri F. Comparison of clinical features and immunological parameters of patients with dehydrating diarrhoea infected with Inaba or Ogawa serotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:48-56. [PMID: 19883159 DOI: 10.3109/00365540903289688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa and Inaba serotypes, both cause severe cholera. We compared clinical and immunological features in patients in Bangladesh infected with these 2 serotypes. Blood was collected from hospitalized Ogawa (N=146) or Inaba (N=191) patients at the acute stage (day 2) and 5 and 19 days later. Ogawa patients were younger than Inaba, presented with shorter duration of diarrhoea, and had more frequent abdominal pain, vomiting and need for intravenous fluids (p<0.05). Inaba patients more frequently had dark-field positive stools (p<0.01). Inaba strains were more susceptible to tetracycline and erythromycin than Ogawa strains (p<0.001). Ogawa infection produced higher plasma vibriocidal as well as IgG responses to cholera toxin B subunit, toxin-coregulated pilus subunit and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); higher IgA responses to LPS in 'antibody in lymphocyte supernatant' (ALS) specimens were also seen. These results suggest that a cholera vaccine based on the Ogawa serotype needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful I Khan
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Multimeric bivalent immunogens from recombinant tetanus toxin HC fragment, synthetic hexasaccharides, and a glycopeptide adjuvant. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:69-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dharmasena MN, Krebs SJ, Taylor RK. Characterization of a novel protective monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope common to Vibrio cholerae Ogawa and Inaba serotypes. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2009; 155:2353-2364. [PMID: 19389772 PMCID: PMC2888117 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.025726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) epitope common between serotypes Ogawa and Inaba of the O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae was characterized and the potential to develop peptide mimics of this protective LPS epitope was investigated. mAb 72.1 recognizes both Ogawa and Inaba LPS and it is vibriocidal and protective in passive immunization against infection by strains of both serotypes. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of mAb 72.1 is closely related to the previously characterized mAb ZAC-3, which is thought to recognize an epitope in the lipid A core region of O1 LPS. In an attempt to develop a peptide mimic-based vaccine against V. cholerae, phage display libraries were screened with mAb 72.1 and 11 peptide mimics were identified. Remarkably, all of the peptide sequences identified from linear phage display libraries contained two cysteine residues, suggesting that mAb 72.1 preferentially binds to peptides constrained with a disulphide bond. One of the peptide mimics was immunologically characterized. Although immunization of mice with this peptide mimic conjugated to KLH elicited antibodies against the peptide itself, these antibodies did not cross-react with Ogawa or Inaba LPS. Effectiveness of a peptide mimic as a vaccine may depend on how well the peptide can mimic the carbohydrate interactions when binding to the anti-carbohydrate antibody. Thus, investigating how peptides and LPS bind to mAb 72.1 may be useful in improving current peptide mimics or designing more effective peptide mimics. Identification and characterization of novel protective anti-LPS antibodies may be useful in studying protective epitopes of LPS, which may help develop LPS-based therapeutics against V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushini N Dharmasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ronald K Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Panchadhayee R, Misra AK. First synthesis of a pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigenic polysaccharide from enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O48:H21. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Rollenhagen JE, Kalsy A, Saksena R, Sheikh A, Alam MM, Qadri F, Calderwood SB, Kovác P, Ryan ET. Transcutaneous immunization with a synthetic hexasaccharide-protein conjugate induces anti-Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:4917-22. [PMID: 19563890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies specific for Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccaride (LPS) are common in humans recovering from cholera, and constitute a primary component of the vibriocidal response, a serum complement-mediated bacteriocidal response correlated with protection against cholera. In order to determine whether transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with a V. cholerae neoglycoconjugate (CHO-BSA) comprised of a synthetic terminal hexasaccharide of the O-specific polysaccharide of V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa) conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) could induce anti-V. cholerae LPS and vibriocidal responses, we applied CHO-BSA transcutaneously in the presence or absence of the immune adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) to mice. Transcutaneously applied neoglycoconjugate elicited prominent V. cholerae specific LPS IgG responses in the presence of CT, but not IgM or IgA responses. CT applied on the skin induced strong IgG and IgA serum responses. TCI with neoglycoconjugate did not elicit detectable vibriocidal responses, protection in a mouse challenge assay, or stool anti-V. cholerae IgA responses, irrespective of the presence or absence of CT. Our results suggest that transcutaneously applied synthetic V. cholerae neoglycoconjugate is safe and immunogenic, but predominantly induces systemic LPS responses of the IgG isotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Gamblin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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Wade TK, Wade WF. Variable gene family usage of protective and non-protective anti-Vibrio cholerae O1 LPS antibody heavy chains. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 52:611-20. [PMID: 19120975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, an enteric disease of humans that is a worldwide problem. The O1 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae contains two predominant serotypes (Inaba and Ogawa) of LPS, a proven protective antigen for humans and experimental animals. We generated B-cell hybridomas from mice immunized with either: (i) two doses of purified Inaba LPS; (ii) two doses of an Inaba hexasaccharide conjugate (terminal six perosamine bound to a protein carrier), (iii) four doses of purified Inaba LPS; or (iv) a low dose of purified Inaba LPS followed by a booster with the Inaba conjugate. We showed previously that the first and third immunization protocols induce vibriocidal antibodies, as does the fourth; the second protocol induces antibodies that bind Inaba and Ogawa LPS but are not vibriocidal. Anti-LPS mAbs derived from hybridomas resulting from each immunization protocol were characterized for binding to Inaba and Ogawa LPS, their vibriocidal or protective capacity, and the variable heavy chain family they expressed. LPS immunogens selected different LPS-specific B cells expressing six different Vh chain families. Protective and non-protective mAbs could express variable regions from the same family. One mAb was specific for Inaba LPS, the other mAbs were cross-reactive with both LPS serotypes. Sequence comparison suggests that the pairing of a specific light chain, somatic mutation, or the specific VDJ recombination can modulate the protective capacity of mAbs that express a common variable heavy chain family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri K Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Grandjean C, Boutonnier A, Dassy B, Fournier JM, Mulard LA. Investigation towards bivalent chemically defined glycoconjugate immunogens prepared from acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Inaba. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:41-55. [PMID: 18648931 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A free amino group present on the acid-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (pmLPS) of V. cholerae O1 serotype Inaba was investigated for site-specific conjugation. Chemoselective pmLPS biotinylation afforded the corresponding mono-functionalized derivative, which retained antigenicity. Thus, pmLPS was bound to carrier proteins using thioether conjugation chemistry. Induction of an anti-LPS antibody (Ab) response in BALB/c mice was observed for all conjugates. Interestingly, the sera had vibriocidal activity against both Ogawa and Inaba strains opening the way to a possible bivalent vaccine. However, the level of this Ab response was strongly affected by both the nature of the linker and of the carrier. Furthermore, no switch from IgM to IgG, i.e. from a T cell-independent to a T cell-dependent immune response was detected, a result tentatively explained by the possible presence of free polysaccharide in the formulation. Taken together, these results encourage further investigation towards the development of potent pmLPS-based neoglycoconjugate immunogens, fully aware of the challenge faced in the development of a cholera vaccine that will provide efficient serogroup coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Grandjean
- Unité de Chimie Organique, URA CNRS 2128, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Concise synthesis of a heptasaccharide antigen found in the cell-wall lipopolysaccharide of Mycobacterium gordonae strain 990. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:817-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Mandal PK, Misra AK. Concise synthesis of the pentasaccharide O-antigen of Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 present in the Colinfant vaccine. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:713-22. [PMID: 18415016 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A block synthetic approach is presented for the synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O83:K24:H31 strain, present in the "Colifant" vaccine. The target pentasaccharide has been synthesized by coupling a disaccharide with a trisaccharide in excellent yield. Yields are quite satisfactory in all intermediate steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Kumar Mandal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Mukherjee C, Misra AK. Total synthesis of an antigenic heptasaccharide motif found in the cell-wall lipooligosaccharide of Mycobacterium gordonae strain 989. Glycoconj J 2008; 25:611-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Blokesch M, Schoolnik GK. Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae in aquatic reservoirs. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e81. [PMID: 17559304 PMCID: PMC1891326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental reservoirs for Vibrio cholerae are natural aquatic habitats, where it colonizes the chitinous exoskeletons of copepod molts. Growth of V. cholerae on a chitin surface induces competence for natural transformation, a mechanism for intra-species gene exchange. The antigenically diverse O-serogroup determinants of V. cholerae are encoded by a genetically variable biosynthetic cluster of genes that is flanked on either side by chromosomal regions that are conserved between different serogroups. To determine whether this genomic motif and chitin-induced natural transformation might enable the exchange of serogroup-specific gene clusters between different O serogroups of V. cholerae, a strain of V. cholerae O1 El Tor was co-cultured with a strain of V. cholerae O139 Bengal within a biofilm on the same chitin surface immersed in seawater, and O1-to-O139 transformants were obtained. Serogroup conversion of the O1 recipient by the O139 donor was demonstrated by comparative genomic hybridization, biochemical and serological characterization of the O-antigenic determinant, and resistance of O1-to-O139 transformants to bacteriolysis by a virulent O1-specific phage. Serogroup conversion was shown to have occurred as a single-step exchange of large fragments of DNA. Crossovers were localized to regions of homology common to other V. cholerae serogroups that flank serogroup-specific encoding sequences. This result and the successful serogroup conversion of an O1 strain by O37 genomic DNA indicate that chitin-induced natural transformation might be a common mechanism for serogroup conversion in aquatic habitats and for the emergence of V. cholerae variants that are better adapted for survival in environmental niches or more pathogenic for humans. The reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae are aquatic environments, where it attaches to the chitin-containing shells of small crustaceans. Chitin serves as a nutrient for V. cholerae and it induces natural transformation, a process by which it acquires new genes from other microbes in the same habitat. The most compelling consequence of a V. cholerae gene acquisition event occurred in 1992 when a vast cholera epidemic erupted in India and Bangladesh and spread through Asia. Genetic analysis showed that this outbreak was due to the acquisition of a gene cluster that converted the ancestral V. cholerae O1 El Tor serogroup to an entirely new serogroup, designated O139 Bengal. This report shows that acquisition of the O139 gene cluster by an O1 El Tor strain can be mediated by natural transformation and that this can occur within a community of bacteria living on a chitin surface. The O139 derivatives of this transformation event were not killed by bacteriophages that attack O1 strains, explaining in part why O139 strains have replaced O1 strains in some Asian water sources. These results also illustrate how a combination of genetic and ecological factors can lead to the emergence of new pathogenic microbes in environmental reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Blokesch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gary K Schoolnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
PROBLEM Cholera is the paradigm for waterborne bacterial diseases. For over a 100 years, scientists have tried to develop a universally effective vaccine for cholera. We are hampered in our efforts because we do not know the details of the basic immune response to Vibrio cholerae antigens. What are the most proactive antigens? What special needs for immunization are engendered by previous exposure to cholera or the age of the individual? How long does immunity last, and is this immunity a classic immunologic memory or re-exposure and continual boosting? METHOD OF STUDY Immunization with synthetic derivatives of the carbohydrate moieties of V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coupled to different carrier proteins (neoglycoconjugates, NGC) has allowed dissection of the response to the disaccharide array of perosamine that represent either the Inaba or the Ogawa serotype. Studying serum anti-LPS endpoint titers and the serum vibriocidal response to NGC provides insight into the importance of LPS serotype-specific B-cell epitopes and how antibody response are influenced by the form of the LPS immunogen. RESULTS We found that murine serum antibody responses to V. cholerae LPS are dynamic. The magnitude of serum anti-LPS antibody titers and the capacity to induced vibriocidal antibodies (immunoglobulin M) are influenced by the initial immunizing serotype of LPS, the structure of the LPS immunogen (native LPS versus NGC), and the order of serotype immunization in a prime boost immunization strategy. The dynamic of the immune response to LPS immunogens is typified by the fact that the host species can affect the immunization response. We found mice do not make vibriocidal antibody to Inaba NGC but rabbits do. This is in contrast to the Ogawa NGC that induced vibriocidal antibody in mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the host's B-cell repertoire can influence the immunization efficacy; therefore, the development of the new generation of NGC V. cholerae vaccines should focus on human volunteers and their ability to mount protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Mulard L. Sucres et vaccins : du polysaccharide purifié au glycoconjugué semi-synthétique. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2007; 65:14-32. [PMID: 17299349 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(07)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, capsular polysaccharides have been successfully used as antibacterial vaccines. Marketing several polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines filled the gap in many areas of children and infant vaccination. By facilitating access to structures of increasing complexity, recent progress in glycochemistry has enabled the design of more and more precisely defined glycoconjugate vaccines using synthetic saccharide components which mimic epitopes naturally implicated in protection. This strategy was recently validated in humans. It opens the way to new perspectives in vaccine research devoted to prophylactic and/or therapeutic applications against bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral infections, and certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mulard
- Unité de Chimie Organique, Ura Cnrs 2128, Institut Pasteur, 28, rue du Dr Roux F 75724 Paris Cedex 15.
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Wade TK, Saksena R, Shiloach J, Kovác P, Wade WF. Immunogenicity of synthetic saccharide fragments of Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa and Inaba) bound to Exotoxin A. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 48:237-51. [PMID: 17010106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant exotoxin A (rEPA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa conjugated to Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype-specific polysaccharides (mono-, di- and hexasaccharide) were immunogenic in mice. Monosaccharide conjugates boosted the humoral responses to the hexasaccharide conjugates. Prior exposure to purified Ogawa lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enabled contra-serotype hexasaccharide conjugates to boost the vibriocidal response, but Inaba LPS did not prime for an enhanced vibriocidal response by a contra-serotype conjugate. Prior exposure to the carrier, and priming B cells with the LPS of either serotype, resulted in enhanced vibriocidal titers if the Ogawa hexasaccharides were used, but a diminished response to the Inaba LPS. These studies demonstrate that the 'functional' B cell epitopes on the LPS differ from those of the neoglycoconjugates and that the order of immunization and the serotype of the boosting conjugate can influence the epitope specificity and function of the antisera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri K Wade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Saksena R, Ma X, Wade TK, Kovác P, Wade WF. Length of the linker and the interval between immunizations influences the efficacy ofVibrio choleraeO1, Ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:116-28. [PMID: 16706794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates induce protective antibodies in mice. Similar Ogawa conjugates but with a longer linker that connects the carrier to shorter saccharides are immunogenic, but generally ineffective at inducing vibriocidal or protective antibodies. The efficacy of Ogawa hexasaccharide neoglycoconjugates of different linker lengths were tested. The majority of mice given immunizations separated by a 14-day gap did not produce vibriocidal or protective antibodies. Mice immunized 28 days apart with immunogens containing the shortest or medium length linker, but not the longest, produced vibriocidal and protective antibodies. A nonprotective, priming dose of purified Ogawa LPS followed 5 days later with a booster of the Ogawa neoglycoconjugates (di-, tetra-, or hexasaccharide) resulted in vibriocidal antibodies at day 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Saksena
- National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Saksena R, Ma X, Wade TK, Kovác P, Wade WF. Effect of saccharide length on the immunogenicity of neoglycoconjugates from synthetic fragments of the O-SP of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2256-69. [PMID: 16098493 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic hexasaccharide, identical to the terminal hexasaccharide of Ogawa LPS, coupled to bovine serum albumin induced protective antibodies in mice. To determine if there was a minimum saccharide length required for immunogenicity and efficacy, shorter (mono- to pentasaccharide) neoglycoconjugates (CHO-BSA) were tested in mice. The Ogawa CHO-BSA was inoculated at either a constant mass but differing moles, or equal moles but differing masses. Humoral responses were essentially the same when mice received 9 microg of the carbohydrate (0.007 mM with the pentasaccharide) in each of the neoglycoconjugates prepared from mono- through the pentasaccharide, or the same molar amount (0.007 mM), proportionally less by weight when going from the penta- to the monosaccharide. These data show that, within this dose range, the responses occurred virtually independently of the amount of immunogen. Humoral antibodies induced by these immunogens were generally not vibriocidal. Selected antisera induced by CHO-BSA immunogens were protective, but the ELISA titers of the sera were not predictive of the protective capacity. Purified, Ogawa LPS induced anti-Ogawa LPS IgM antibody titers similar to those induced by the Ogawa CHO-BSA conjugates. The anti-whole LPS sera were strongly vibriocidal, as were the previously reported sera induced by hexasaccharide conjugates. This suggests either that the shorter oligosaccharides lack a conformational epitope provided by the hexasaccharide or that the LPS has additional B cell epitopes or selects different B cells in the primary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Saksena
- National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chatterjee SN, Chaudhuri K. Lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae: III. Biological functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1762:1-16. [PMID: 16185850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the salient features of the biological functions including the (i) endotoxic activities, (ii) antigenic properties, (iii) immunological responses to and (iv) phage receptor activities of the Vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The biological functions of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of V. cholerae have also been discussed briefly as a relevant topic. The roles of LPS and other extracellular polysaccharides in the (i) intestinal adherence and virulence of the vibrios and (ii) the biofilm formation by the organisms have been analysed on the basis of the available data. Every effort has been made to bring out, wherever applicable, the lacunae in our knowledge. The need for the continuous serogroup surveillance and monitoring of the environmental waters and the role of LPS in the designing of newer cholera vaccines has been discussed briefly in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Chatterjee
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Sector-1, Calcutta-700 064, India.
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Kirn TJ, Taylor RK. TcpF is a soluble colonization factor and protective antigen secreted by El Tor and classical O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae serogroups. Infect Immun 2005; 73:4461-70. [PMID: 16040956 PMCID: PMC1201224 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.8.4461-4470.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhea by colonizing the human small bowel and intoxicating epithelial cells. Colonization is a required step in pathogenesis, and strains defective for colonization are significantly attenuated. The best-characterized V. cholerae colonization factor is the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). It has been demonstrated that TCP is required for V. cholerae colonization in both humans and mice. TCP enhances bacterial interactions that allow microcolony formation and thereby promotes survival in the intestine. We have recently discovered that the TCP biogenesis apparatus also serves as a secretion system, mediating the terminal step in the extracellular secretion pathway of TcpF. TcpF was identified in classical isolates of V. cholerae O1 as a soluble factor essential for colonization in the infant mouse cholera model. In the present study, we expanded our analysis of TcpF to include the O1 El Tor and O139 serogroups and investigated how TCP and TcpF act together to mediate colonization. Additionally, we demonstrated that antibodies generated against TcpF are protective against experimental V. cholerae infection in the infant mouse cholera model. This observation, coupled with the fact that TcpF is a potent mediator of colonization, suggests that TcpF should be considered as a component of a polyvalent cholera vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kirn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Lucas AH, Apicella MA, Taylor CE. Carbohydrate moieties as vaccine candidates. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:705-12. [PMID: 16080094 PMCID: PMC7107877 DOI: 10.1086/432582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate epitopes or glycotopes are structurally diverse, occur in a variety of chemical contexts, and are present on the surfaces of cells in the body and on the surfaces of pathogens. These various structures and modes of presentation affect how they are perceived and processed by the body and dictate the outcome of the immune response directed against them. This review focuses on mechanisms of carbohydrate immunity, with an emphasis on carbohydrate vaccines that have been or are being developed for protection against encapsulated bacterial pathogens. We discuss the cellular basis of carbohydrate immunity, newly identified glycotope processing pathways and recognition capabilities, and the synthetic and microarray technologies that are being developed that will permit new experimental approaches to carbohydrate vaccine development and the exploration of the interaction of the immune system with self and nonself glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher E. Taylor
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
- Reprints or correspondence: Christopher E. Taylor, Bacterial Respiratory Diseases Program, Div. of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 6610 Rockledge Dr., Rm. 5045, Bethesda, MD 20852 ()
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