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Kaplan JB, Cywes-Bentley C, Pier GB, Yakandawala N, Sailer M, Edwards MS, Kridin K. Poly- β-(1→6)- N-acetyl-D-glucosamine mediates surface attachment, biofilm formation, and biocide resistance in Cutibacterium acnes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1386017. [PMID: 38751716 PMCID: PMC11094747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1386017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The commensal skin bacterium Cutibacterium acnes plays a role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris and also causes opportunistic infections of implanted medical devices due to its ability to form biofilms on biomaterial surfaces. Poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) is an extracellular polysaccharide that mediates biofilm formation and biocide resistance in a wide range of bacterial pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine whether C. acnes produces PNAG, and whether PNAG contributes to C. acnes biofilm formation and biocide resistance in vitro. Methods PNAG was detected on the surface of C. acnes cells by fluorescence confocal microscopy using the antigen-specific human IgG1 monoclonal antibody F598. PNAG was detected in C. acnes biofilms by measuring the ability of the PNAG-specific glycosidase dispersin B to inhibit biofilm formation and sensitize biofilms to biocide killing. Results Monoclonal antibody F598 bound to the surface of C. acnes cells. Dispersin B inhibited attachment of C. acnes cells to polystyrene rods, inhibited biofilm formation by C. acnes in glass and polypropylene tubes, and sensitized C. acnes biofilms to killing by benzoyl peroxide and tetracycline. Conclusion C. acnes produces PNAG, and PNAG contributes to C. acnes biofilm formation and biocide resistance in vitro. PNAG may play a role in C. acnes skin colonization, biocide resistance, and virulence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Kaplan
- Department of Biology, American University, Washington, DC, United States
- Laboratory for Skin Research, Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Khalaf Kridin
- Laboratory for Skin Research, Institute for Medical Research, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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2
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Khanna N, Girija A.S S, Priyadharsini J V. Detection of the early putative biofilm marker pgaB among the MDR strains of A.baumannii. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27020. [PMID: 38495170 PMCID: PMC10943332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background pgaB associated biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii enhances the virulence in concert with the high propensity of drug resistance. This research is thus aimed to characterize the pgaB gene molecularly and to examine its co-occurrence with MDR. Methodology MDR strains of A. baumannii (N = 73) were selected to detect the formation of biofilms. Genomic DNA was extracted further and screened for pgaB followed by amplicon sequencing from the representative strains. Frequency of its distribution in different groups of drug resistant strains at a significant p-value of <0.05 was further checked. Results The biofilm assay showed high, low and negative biofilm formers in 58.9%, 31.5% and 0.9% of the strains respectively. The pgaB gene was detected in 14 strains of MDR A. baumannii (19.17%). Co-occurrence of pgaB gene was seen in all the strains that showed resistance to β-lactam inhibitors, cephems, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and folates followed by 96% for the aminoglycosides and 25% in the efflux pump groups. Conclusion The study findings showed the occurrence of biofilms associated with pgaB in MDR A. baumannii strains. The results also suggest to track its role in varying the pattern of drug resistance with further experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077, India
| | - Smiline Girija A.S
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077, India
| | - Vijayashree Priyadharsini J
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, P.H.Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600077, India
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Dehbashi S, Tahmasebi H, Alikhani MY, Shahbazi MA, Arabestani MR. Staphopain mediated virulence and antibiotic resistance alteration in co-infection of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an animal model. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:10. [PMID: 38439037 PMCID: PMC10913572 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial communities lead to worsen the wound infections, due to mixed biofilms, increased antibiotic resistance, and altered virulence production. Promising approaches, including enzymes, may overcome the complicated condition of polymicrobial infections. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate Staphopain A-mediated virulence and resistance alteration in an animal model of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infection. S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were co-cultured on the L-929 cell line and wound infection in an animal model. Then, recombinant staphopain A was purified and used to treat mono- and co-infections. Following the treatment, changes in virulence factors and resistance were investigated through phenotypic methods and RT-PCR. Staphopain A resulted in a notable reduction in the viability of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The biofilm formed in the wound infection in both animal model and cell culture was disrupted remarkably. Moreover, the biofilm-encoding genes, quorum sensing regulating genes, and virulence factors (hemolysin and pyocyanin) controlled by QS were down-regulated in both microorganisms. Furthermore, the resistance to vancomycin and doripenem decreased following treatment with staphopain A. According to this study, staphopain A might promote wound healing and cure co-infection. It seems to be a promising agent to combine with antibiotics to overcome hard-to-cure infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Dehbashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Infectious disease Research center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Campoccia D, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Bua G, Daglia M, Arciola CR. Interactions of Neutrophils with the Polymeric Molecular Components of the Biofilm Matrix in the Context of Implant-Associated Bone and Joint Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17042. [PMID: 38069365 PMCID: PMC10707472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of orthopedic implants, opportunistic pathogens can easily colonize the biomaterial surfaces, forming protective biofilms. Life in biofilm is a central pathogenetic mechanism enabling bacteria to elude the host immune response and survive conventional medical treatments. The formation of mature biofilms is universally recognized as the main cause of septic prosthetic failures. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to be recruited at the site of infection. They are highly efficient in detecting and killing planktonic bacteria. However, the interactions of these fundamental effector cells of the immune system with the biofilm matrix, which is the true interface of a biofilm with the host cells, have only recently started to be unveiled and are still to be fully understood. Biofilm matrix macromolecules consist of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids, teichoic acids, and the most recently described extracellular DNA. The latter can also be stolen from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by bacteria, who use it to strengthen their biofilms. This paper aims to review the specific interactions that neutrophils develop when they physically encounter the matrix of a biofilm and come to interact with its polymeric molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Gloria Bua
- Laboratorio di Patologia Delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.C.); (S.R.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Heo S, Oh SE, Lee G, Lee J, Ha NC, Jeon CO, Jeong K, Lee JH, Jeong DW. Staphylococcus equorum plasmid pKS1030-3 encodes auxiliary biofilm formation and trans-acting gene mobilization systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11108. [PMID: 37429971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The foodborne bacterium Staphylococcus equorum strain KS1030 harbours plasmid pSELNU1, which encodes a lincomycin resistance gene. pSELNU1 undergoes horizontal transfer between bacterial strains, thus spreading antibiotic resistance. However, the genes required for horizontal plasmid transfer are not encoded in pSELNU1. Interestingly, a relaxase gene, a type of gene related to horizontal plasmid transfer, is encoded in another plasmid of S. equorum KS1030, pKS1030-3. The complete genome of pKS1030-3 is 13,583Â bp long and encodes genes for plasmid replication, biofilm formation (the ica operon), and horizontal gene transfer. The replication system of pKS1030-3 possesses the replication protein-encoding gene repB, a double-stranded origin of replication, and two single-stranded origins of replication. The ica operon, relaxase gene, and a mobilization protein-encoding gene were detected in pKS1030-3 strain-specifically. When expressed in S. aureus RN4220, the ica operon and relaxase operon of pKS1030-3 conferred biofilm formation ability and horizontal gene transfer ability, respectively. The results of our analyses show that the horizontal transfer of pSELNU1 of S. equorum strain KS1030 depends on the relaxase encoded by pKS1030-3, which is therefore trans-acting. Genes encoded in pKS1030-3 contribute to important strain-specific properties of S. equorum KS1030. These results could contribute to preventing the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Eun Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Gawon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CALS, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Keuncheol Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, 02748, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Balducci E, Papi F, Capialbi DE, Del Bino L. Polysaccharides' Structures and Functions in Biofilm Architecture of Antimicrobial-Resistant (AMR) Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044030. [PMID: 36835442 PMCID: PMC9965654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi have developed resistance to the existing therapies such as antibiotics and antifungal drugs, and multiple mechanisms are mediating this resistance. Among these, the formation of an extracellular matrix embedding different bacterial cells, called biofilm, is an effective strategy through which bacterial and fungal cells are establishing a relationship in a unique environment. The biofilm provides them the possibility to transfer genes conferring resistance, to prevent them from desiccation and to impede the penetration of antibiotics or antifungal drugs. Biofilms are formed of several constituents including extracellular DNA, proteins and polysaccharides. Depending on the bacteria, different polysaccharides form the biofilm matrix in different microorganisms, some of them involved in the first stage of cells' attachment to surfaces and to each other, and some responsible for giving the biofilm structure resistance and stability. In this review, we describe the structure and the role of different polysaccharides in bacterial and fungal biofilms, we revise the analytical methods to characterize them quantitatively and qualitatively and finally we provide an overview of potential new antimicrobial therapies able to inhibit biofilm formation by targeting exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Eloisa Capialbi
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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7
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Lai SJ, Tu IF, Tseng TS, Tsai YH, Wu SH. The deficiency of poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosamine deacetylase trigger A. baumannii to convert to biofilm-independent colistin-tolerant cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2800. [PMID: 36797306 PMCID: PMC9935895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that can be resistant to antibiotics by rapidly modulating its anti-drug mechanisms. The multidrug-resistant A. baumannii has been considered one of the most threatening pathogens to our society. Biofilm formation and persistent cells within the biofilm matrix are recognized as intractable problems, especially in hospital-acquired infections. Poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) is one of the important building blocks in A. baumannii's biofilm. Here, we discover a protein phosphoryl-regulation on PNAG deacetylase, AbPgaB1, in which residue Ser411 was phosphorylated. The phosphoryl-regulation on AbPgaB1 modulates the product turnover rate in which deacetylated PNAG is produced and reflected in biofilm production. We further uncovered the PgaB deficient A. baumannii strain shows the lowest level of biofilm production but has a high minimal inhibition concentration to antibiotic colistin and tetracycline. Based on bactericidal post-antibiotic effects and time-dependent killing assays with antibacterial drugs, we claim that the PgaB-deficient A. baumannii converts to colistin-tolerant cells. This study utilizes a biofilm-independent colistin-tolerant model of A. baumannii to further investigate its characteristics and mechanisms to better understand clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404333, Taiwan.
| | - I-Fan Tu
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Sheng Tseng
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132 China
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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8
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Pons S, Frapy E, Sereme Y, Gaultier C, Lebreton F, Kropec A, Danilchanka O, Schlemmer L, Schrimpf C, Allain M, Angoulvant F, Lecuyer H, Bonacorsi S, Aschard H, Sokol H, Cywes-Bentley C, Mekalanos JJ, Guillard T, Pier GB, Roux D, Skurnik D. A high-throughput sequencing approach identifies immunotherapeutic targets for bacterial meningitis in neonates. EBioMedicine 2023; 88:104439. [PMID: 36709579 PMCID: PMC9900374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, Escherichia coli is the leading cause of neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis, but full understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is not yet achieved. Moreover, to date, no vaccine is available against bacterial neonatal meningitis. METHODS Here, we used Transposon Sequencing of saturated banks of mutants (TnSeq) to evaluate E. coli K1 genetic fitness in murine neonatal meningitis. We identified E. coli K1 genes encoding for factors important for systemic dissemination and brain infection, and focused on products with a likely outer-membrane or extra-cellular localization, as these are potential vaccine candidates. We used in vitro and in vivo models to study the efficacy of active and passive immunization. RESULTS We selected for further study the conserved surface polysaccharide Poly-β-(1-6)-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (PNAG), as a strong candidate for vaccine development. We found that PNAG was a virulence factor in our animal model. We showed that both passive and active immunization successfully prevented and/or treated meningitis caused by E. coli K1 in neonatal mice. We found an excellent opsonophagocytic killing activity of the antibodies to PNAG and in vitro these antibodies were also able to decrease binding, invasion and crossing of E. coli K1 through two blood brain barrier cell lines. Finally, to reinforce the potential of PNAG as a vaccine candidate in bacterial neonatal meningitis, we demonstrated that Group B Streptococcus, the main cause of neonatal meningitis in developed countries, also produced PNAG and that antibodies to PNAG could protect in vitro and in vivo against this major neonatal pathogen. INTERPRETATION Altogether, these results indicate the utility of a high-throughput DNA sequencing method to identify potential immunotherapy targets for a pathogen, including in this study a potential broad-spectrum target for prevention of neonatal bacterial infections. FUNDINGS ANR Seq-N-Vaq, Charles Hood Foundation, Hearst Foundation, and Groupe Pasteur Mutualité.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Frapy
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Youssouf Sereme
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Gaultier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - François Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrea Kropec
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Schlemmer
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - CĂ©cile Schrimpf
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Margaux Allain
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Angoulvant
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France; INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lecuyer
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- E IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harry Sokol
- Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France; INRA, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy en Josas, France; Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine FHU, Paris, France
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Guillard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé, Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, Reims, France; Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Reims, France
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damien Roux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018 Paris, France; AP-HP, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92700 Colombes, France
| | - David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France.
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Highly pathogenic coronavirus N protein aggravates inflammation by MASP-2-mediated lectin complement pathway overactivation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:318. [PMID: 36100602 PMCID: PMC9470675 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory responses contribute to the pathogenesis and lethality of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the N proteins of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were found to bind MASP-2, a key serine protease in the lectin pathway of complement activation, resulting in excessive complement activation by potentiating MBL-dependent MASP-2 activation, and the deposition of MASP-2, C4b, activated C3 and C5b-9. Aggravated inflammatory lung injury was observed in mice infected with adenovirus expressing the N protein. Complement hyperactivation was also observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Either blocking the N protein:MASP-2 interaction, MASP-2 depletion or suppressing complement activation can significantly alleviate N protein-induced complement hyperactivation and lung injury in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, these data suggested that complement suppression may represent a novel therapeutic approach for pneumonia induced by these highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Genomic Study on Blood Culture Isolates From Patients With Staphylococcus Infection-associated Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:2264-2278. [PMID: 36217522 PMCID: PMC9546744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Morales-Laverde L, Echeverz M, Trobos M, Solano C, Lasa I. Experimental Polymorphism Survey in Intergenic Regions of the icaADBCR Locus in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Periprosthetic Joint Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:600. [PMID: 35336176 PMCID: PMC8955882 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of prosthetic joint infections (PJI) characterized by bacterial biofilm formation and recalcitrance to immune-mediated clearance and antibiotics. The molecular events behind PJI infection are yet to be unraveled. In this sense, identification of polymorphisms in bacterial genomes may help to establish associations between sequence variants and the ability of S. aureus to cause PJI. Here, we report an experimental nucleotide-level survey specifically aimed at the intergenic regions (IGRs) of the icaADBCR locus, which is responsible for the synthesis of the biofilm exopolysaccharide PIA/PNAG, in a collection of strains sampled from PJI and wounds. IGRs of the icaADBCR locus were highly conserved and no PJI-specific SNPs were found. Moreover, polymorphisms in these IGRs did not significantly affect transcription of the icaADBC operon under in vitro laboratory conditions. In contrast, an SNP within the icaR coding region, resulting in a V176E change in the transcriptional repressor IcaR, led to a significant increase in icaADBC operon transcription and PIA/PNAG production and a reduction in S. aureus virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model. In conclusion, SNPs in icaADBCR IGRs of S. aureus isolates from PJI are not associated with icaADBC expression, PIA/PNAG production and adaptation to PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Morales-Laverde
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad PĂşblica de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad PĂşblica de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Margarita Trobos
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Cristina Solano
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad PĂşblica de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad PĂşblica de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.M.-L.); (M.E.); (C.S.)
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12
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Wu S, Zhang J, Peng Q, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. The Role of Staphylococcus aureus YycFG in Gene Regulation, Biofilm Organization and Drug Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121555. [PMID: 34943766 PMCID: PMC8698359 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global health concern that may have significant social and financial consequences. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is responsible for substantial morbidity and leads to the death of 21.8% of infected patients annually. A lack of novel antibiotics has prompted the exploration of therapies targeting bacterial virulence mechanisms. The two-component signal transduction system (TCS) enables microbial cells to regulate gene expression and the subsequent metabolic processes that occur due to environmental changes. The YycFG TCS in S. aureus is essential for bacterial viability, the regulation of cell membrane metabolism, cell wall synthesis and biofilm formation. However, the role of YycFG-associated biofilm organization in S. aureus antimicrobial drug resistance and gene regulation has not been discussed in detail. We reviewed the main molecules involved in YycFG-associated cell wall biosynthesis, biofilm development and polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) accumulation. Two YycFG-associated regulatory mechanisms, accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal accessory regulator (SarA), were also discussed. We highlighted the importance of biofilm formation in the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in S. aureus infections. Data revealed that inhibition of the YycFG pathway reduced PIA production, biofilm formation and bacterial pathogenicity, which provides a potential target for the management of MRSA-induced infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (J.Z.); (Q.P.)
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (J.Z.); (Q.P.)
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (J.Z.); (Q.P.)
| | - Yunjie Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Lei Lei
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (J.Z.); (Q.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (H.Z.)
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13
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Thorn CR, Howell PL, Wozniak DJ, Prestidge CA, Thomas N. Enhancing the therapeutic use of biofilm-dispersing enzymes with smart drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113916. [PMID: 34371086 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-dispersing enzymes degrade the extracellular polymeric matrix surrounding bacterial biofilms, disperse the microbial community and increase their susceptibility to antibiotics and immune cells. Challenges for the clinical translation of biofilm-dispersing enzymes involve their susceptibility to denaturation, degradation, and clearance upon administration in vivo. Drug delivery systems aim to overcome these limitations through encapsulation, stabilization and protection from the exterior environment, thereby maintaining the enzymatic activity. Smart drug delivery systems offer target specificity, releasing payloads at the site of infection while minimizing unnecessary systemic exposure. This review highlights critical advances of biofilm-dispersing enzymes as a novel therapeutic approach for biofilm-associated infections. We explore how smart, bio-responsive delivery systems overcome the limiting factors of biofilm-dispersing enzymes and summarize the key systems designed. This review will guide future developments, focusing on utilizing selective and specific therapies in a targeted fashion to meet the unmet therapeutic needs of biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Thorn
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Biofilm Test Facility, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Departments of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicky Thomas
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; ARC Centre for Excellence in Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Biofilm Test Facility, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Within-Host Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Bovine Mastitis Infection Is Associated with Increased Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168840. [PMID: 34445550 PMCID: PMC8396210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within-host adaptation is a typical feature of chronic, persistent Staphylococcus aureus infections. Research projects addressing adaptive changes due to bacterial in-host evolution increase our understanding of the pathogen’s strategies to survive and persist for a long time in various hosts such as human and bovine. In this study, we investigated the adaptive processes of S. aureus during chronic, persistent bovine mastitis using a previously isolated isogenic strain pair from a dairy cow with chronic, subclinical mastitis, in which the last variant (host-adapted, Sigma factor SigB-deficient) quickly replaced the initial, dominant variant. The strain pair was cultivated under specific in vitro infection-relevant growth-limiting conditions (iron-depleted RPMI under oxygen limitation). We used a combinatory approach of surfaceomics, molecular spectroscopic fingerprinting and in vitro phenotypic assays. Cellular cytotoxicity assays using red blood cells and bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) revealed changes towards a more cytotoxic phenotype in the host-adapted isolate with an increased alpha-hemolysin (α-toxin) secretion, suggesting an improved capacity to penetrate and disseminate the udder tissue. Our results foster the hypothesis that within-host evolved SigB-deficiency favours extracellular persistence in S. aureus infections. Here, we provide new insights into one possible adaptive strategy employed by S. aureus during chronic, bovine mastitis, and we emphasise the need to analyse genotype–phenotype associations under different infection-relevant growth conditions.
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15
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Multisubstituted pyrimidines effectively inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7931. [PMID: 33846401 PMCID: PMC8041844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are multicellular communities of microorganisms that generally attach to surfaces in a self-produced matrix. Unlike planktonic cells, biofilms can withstand conventional antibiotics, causing significant challenges in the healthcare system. Currently, new chemical entities are urgently needed to develop novel anti-biofilm agents. In this study, we designed and synthesized a set of 2,4,5,6-tetrasubstituted pyrimidines and assessed their antibacterial activity against planktonic cells and biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 9e, 10d, and 10e displayed potent activity for inhibiting the onset of biofilm formation as well as for killing pre-formed biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 25923 and Newman strains, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 11.6 to 62.0 µM. These pyrimidines, at 100 µM, not only decreased the number of viable bacteria within the pre-formed biofilm by 2–3 log10 but also reduced the amount of total biomass by 30–50%. Furthermore, these compounds were effective against planktonic cells with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values lower than 60 µM for both staphylococcal strains. Compound 10d inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 25923 in a concentration-dependent manner and displayed a bactericidal anti-staphylococcal activity. Taken together, our study highlights the value of multisubstituted pyrimidines to develop novel anti-biofilm agents.
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Schuler F, Barth PJ, Niemann S, Schaumburg F. A Narrative Review on the Role of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriuria in S. aureus Bacteremia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab158. [PMID: 34189162 PMCID: PMC8233567 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria (SABU) can occur in patients with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB). However, little is known on the (molecular) pathomechanisms of the renal passage of S. aureus. This review discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SABU in patients with SAB and identifies knowledge gaps. The literature search was restricted to the English language. The prevalence of SABU in patients with SAB is 7.8%-39% depending on the study design. The main risk factor for SABU is urinary tract catheterization. SABU in SAB patients is associated with increased mortality. Given present evidence, hematogenous seeding-as seen in animal models-and the development of micro-abscesses best describe the translocation of S. aureus from blood to urine. Virulence factors that might be involved are adhesion factors, sortase A, and coagulase, among others. Other potential routes of bacterial translocation (eg, transcytosis, paracytosis, translocation via "Trojan horses") were identified as knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schuler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital MĂĽnster, MĂĽnster, Germany
| | - Peter J Barth
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital MĂĽnster, MĂĽnster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital MĂĽnster, MĂĽnster, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital MĂĽnster, MĂĽnster, Germany
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Marincola G, Jaschkowitz G, Kieninger AK, Wencker FDR, FeĂźler AT, Schwarz S, Ziebuhr W. Plasmid-Chromosome Crosstalk in Staphylococcus aureus: A Horizontally Acquired Transcription Regulator Controls Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin-Mediated Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:660702. [PMID: 33829001 PMCID: PMC8019970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.660702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) of clonal complex CC398 typically carry various antimicrobial resistance genes, many of them located on plasmids. In the bovine LA-MRSA isolate Rd11, we previously identified plasmid pAFS11 in which resistance genes are co-localized with a novel ica-like gene cluster, harboring genes required for polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-mediated biofilm formation. The ica genes on pAFS11 were acquired in addition to a pre-existing ica locus on the S. aureus Rd11 chromosomal DNA. Both loci consist of an icaADBC operon and icaR, encoding a corresponding icaADBC repressor. Despite carrying two biofilm gene copies, strain Rd11 did not produce PIA and transformation of pAFS11 into another S. aureus strain even slightly diminished PIA-mediated biofilm formation. By focusing on the molecular background of the biofilm-negative phenotype of pAFS11-carrying S. aureus, we identified the pAFS11-borne ica locus copy as functionally fully active. However, transcription of both plasmid- and core genome-derived icaADBC operons were efficiently suppressed involving IcaR. Surprisingly, although being different on the amino acid sequence level, the two IcaR repressor proteins are mutually replaceable and are able to interact with the icaA promoter region of the other copy. We speculate that this regulatory crosstalk causes the biofilm-negative phenotype in S. aureus Rd11. The data shed light on an unexpected regulatory interplay between pre-existing and newly acquired DNA traits in S. aureus. This also raises interesting general questions regarding functional consequences of gene transfer events and their putative implications for the adaptation and evolution of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marincola
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of WĂĽrzburg, WĂĽrzburg, Germany
| | - Greta Jaschkowitz
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of WĂĽrzburg, WĂĽrzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Kieninger
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of WĂĽrzburg, WĂĽrzburg, Germany
| | - Freya D R Wencker
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of WĂĽrzburg, WĂĽrzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea T FeĂźler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of WĂĽrzburg, WĂĽrzburg, Germany
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Eld HMS, Nielsen EM, Johnsen PR, Marengo M, Kamper IW, Frederiksen L, Bonomi F, Frees D, Iametti S, Frøkiær H. Cefoxitin treatment of MRSA leads to a shift in the IL-12/IL-23 production pattern in dendritic cells by a mechanism involving changes in the MAPK signaling. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:1-12. [PMID: 33676343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitute a serious health care problem worldwide. This study addresses the effect of β-lactam treatment on the ability of clinically relevant MRSA strains to induce IL-12 and IL-23. MRSA strains induced a dose-dependent IL-12 response in murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells that was dependent on endocytosis and acidic degradation. Facilitated induction of IL-12 (but not of IL-23) called for activation of the MAP kinase JNK, and was suppressed by p38. Compromised peptidoglycan structure in cefoxitin-treated bacteria - as denoted by increased sensitivity to mutanolysin -caused a shift from IL-12 towards IL-23. Moreover, cefoxitin treatment of MRSA led to a p38 MAPK-dependent early up-regulation of Dual Specificity Phosphatase (DUSP)-1. Compared to common MRSA, characteristics associated with a persister phenotype increased intracellular survival and upon cefoxitin treatment, the peptidoglycan was not equally compromised and the cytokine induction still required phagosomal acidification. Together, these data demonstrate that β-lactam treatment changes the MRSA-induced IL-12/IL-23 pattern determined by the activation of JNK and p38. We suggest that accelerated endosomal degradation of the peptidoglycan in cefoxitin-treated MRSA leads to an early expression of DUSP-1 and accordingly, a reduction in the IL-12/IL-23 ratio in dendritic cells. This may influence the clearance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M S Eld
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie M Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter R Johnsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauro Marengo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida W Kamper
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Frederiksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Bonomi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefania Iametti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Danelli T, Duarte FC, de Oliveira TA, da Silva RS, Frizon Alfieri D, Gonçalves GB, de Oliveira CF, Tavares ER, Yamauchi LM, Perugini MRE, Yamada-Ogatta SF. Nasal Carriage by Staphylococcus aureus among Healthcare Workers and Students Attending a University Hospital in Southern Brazil: Prevalence, Phenotypic, and Molecular Characteristics. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020; 2020:3808036. [PMID: 33343658 PMCID: PMC7732402 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3808036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus can asymptomatically colonize the human anterior nares and skin, and nasal colonization by this bacterium represents a potential risk for development of invasive infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among healthcare workers and students attending a university hospital and to characterize the isolates phenotypically and molecularly. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 324 volunteers. Cultures from nasal samples were obtained and S. aureus isolates were characterized according to their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and four virulence factors-encoding genes. MRSA isolates were characterized regarding their oxacillin/cefoxitin susceptibility, SCCmec, and REP-PCR types. Potential risks for S. aureus and MRSA carriage were analyzed. RESULTS Of 324 nasal samples, 42.9% were identified as S. aureus, of which 28.8% were MRSA. S. aureus carriers were significantly higher in males and students (OR = 2.898, 95%CI 1.553-5.410); however, no variables were associated with MRSA carriage. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and the highest rate of resistance was observed for penicillin (90.6%). All isolates harbored the coa gene, and 97.8%, the icaA gene; 15.8% and 6.5% were positive for tst and lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes, respectively. Among MRSA isolates, 45% carried the mecA gene but were phenotypically susceptible to oxacillin/cefoxitin; two harbored the tst and none had lukS-PV/lukF-PV genes. All MRSAs were distributed into six SCCmec types and type I (62.5%) was the most frequent. REP-PCR typing identified four main clusters among MRSA isolates. CONCLUSION High prevalence of healthcare workers and students were identified as nasal carriers of S. aureus exhibiting different antimicrobial resistance profiles, including mecA-positive oxacillin-susceptible S. aureus (OS-MRSA) and the presence of virulence-encoding genes. Both cohorts may represent potential sources for the emergence of a successful S. aureus strain highly adapted to the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Danelli
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe Crepaldi Duarte
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thilara Alessandra de Oliveira
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Soares da Silva
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Departamento de Patologia, Análises ClĂnicas e ToxicolĂłgicas, Centro de CiĂŞncias da SaĂşde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliandro Reis Tavares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de CiĂŞncias BiolĂłgicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Programa Nacional de PĂłs-Doutorado-CAPES, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de CiĂŞncias BiolĂłgicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Eches Perugini
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Análises ClĂnicas e ToxicolĂłgicas, Centro de CiĂŞncias da SaĂşde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta
- Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Fisiopatologia ClĂnica e Laboratorial, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de CiĂŞncias BiolĂłgicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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20
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The staphylococcal exopolysaccharide PIA - Biosynthesis and role in biofilm formation, colonization, and infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020. [PMID: 33240473 DOI: 10.1016/jcsbj202010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide is a key part of the extracellular matrix that contributes to important mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, most notably biofilm formation and immune evasion. In the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, as well as in many other staphylococcal species, the only exopolysaccharide is polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a cationic, partially deacetylated homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, whose biosynthetic machinery is encoded in the ica locus. PIA production is strongly dependent on environmental conditions and controlled by many regulatory systems. PIA contributes significantly to staphylococcal biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, such as resistance to antimicrobial peptides and ingestion and killing by phagocytes, and presence of the ica genes is associated with infectivity. Due to its role in pathogenesis, PIA has raised considerable interest as a potential vaccine component or target.
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21
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Nguyen HTT, Nguyen TH, Otto M. The staphylococcal exopolysaccharide PIA - Biosynthesis and role in biofilm formation, colonization, and infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3324-3334. [PMID: 33240473 PMCID: PMC7674160 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIA is a key extracellular matrix component in staphylococci and other bacteria. PIA is a cationic, partially deacetylated N-acetylglucosamine polymer. PIA has a major role in bacterial biofilms and biofilm-associated infection.
Exopolysaccharide is a key part of the extracellular matrix that contributes to important mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, most notably biofilm formation and immune evasion. In the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, as well as in many other staphylococcal species, the only exopolysaccharide is polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a cationic, partially deacetylated homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, whose biosynthetic machinery is encoded in the ica locus. PIA production is strongly dependent on environmental conditions and controlled by many regulatory systems. PIA contributes significantly to staphylococcal biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, such as resistance to antimicrobial peptides and ingestion and killing by phagocytes, and presence of the ica genes is associated with infectivity. Due to its role in pathogenesis, PIA has raised considerable interest as a potential vaccine component or target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai T T Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA.,School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Khu Pho 6, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
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Genomic Analysis of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk To Elucidate Diversity and Determine the Distributions of Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes and Their Association with Mastitis. mSystems 2020; 5:5/4/e00063-20. [PMID: 32636332 PMCID: PMC7343304 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00063-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes persistent clinical and subclinical bovine intramammary infections (IMI) worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus in bovine milk in Canada. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 119 Canadian bovine milk S. aureus isolates and determined they belonged to 8 sequence types (ST151, ST352, ST351, ST2187, ST2270, ST126, ST133, and ST8), 5 clonal complexes (CC151, CC97, CC126, CC133, and CC8), and 18 distinct Spa types. Pan-, core, and accessory genomes were composed of 6,340, 1,279, and 2,431 genes, respectively. Based on phenotypic screening for AMR, resistance was common against beta-lactams (19% of isolates) and sulfonamides (7% of isolates), whereas resistance against pirlimycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, and erythromycin and to the combination of penicillin and novobiocin was uncommon (3, 3, 3, 2, and 2% of all isolates, respectively). We also determined distributions of 191 virulence factors (VFs) in 119 S. aureus isolates after classifying them into 5 functional categories (adherence [n = 28], exoenzymes [n = 21], immune evasion [n = 20], iron metabolism [n = 29], and toxins [n = 93]). Additionally, we calculated the pathogenic potential of distinct CCs and STs and determined that CC151 (ST151 and ST351) had the highest pathogenic potential (calculated by subtracting core-VFs from total VFs), followed by CC97 (ST352 and ST2187) and CC126 (ST126 and ST2270), potentially linked to their higher prevalence in bovine IMI worldwide. However, there was no statistically significant link between the presence of VF genes and mastitis.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine intramammary infections, leading to significant economic losses to dairy industry in Canada and worldwide. There is a lack of knowledge regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus isolated from bovine milk in Canada. Based on whole-genome sequencing and genomic analysis, we have determined the phylogeny and diversity of S. aureus in bovine milk and concluded that it had a large accessory genome, limited distribution of AMR genes, variable VF gene profiles and sequence types (ST), and clonal complex (CC)-specific pathogenic potentials. Comprehensive information on the population structure, as well as the virulence and resistance characteristics of S. aureus from bovine milk, will allow for source attribution, risk assessment, and improved therapeutic approaches in cattle.
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Whitfield GB, Marmont LS, Bundalovic-Torma C, Razvi E, Roach EJ, Khursigara CM, Parkinson J, Howell PL. Discovery and characterization of a Gram-positive Pel polysaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008281. [PMID: 32236137 PMCID: PMC7112168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the biofilm matrix components utilized by Gram-positive bacteria, and the signalling pathways that regulate their production are largely unknown. In a companion study, we developed a computational pipeline for the unbiased identification of homologous bacterial operons and applied this algorithm to the analysis of synthase-dependent exopolysaccharide biosynthetic systems. Here, we explore the finding that many species of Gram-positive bacteria have operons with similarity to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pel locus. Our characterization of the pelDEADAFG operon from Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987, presented herein, demonstrates that this locus is required for biofilm formation and produces a polysaccharide structurally similar to Pel. We show that the degenerate GGDEF domain of the B. cereus PelD ortholog binds cyclic-3',5'-dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), and that this binding is required for biofilm formation. Finally, we identify a diguanylate cyclase, CdgF, and a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, CdgE, that reciprocally regulate the production of Pel. The discovery of this novel c-di-GMP regulatory circuit significantly contributes to our limited understanding of c-di-GMP signalling in Gram-positive organisms. Furthermore, conservation of the core pelDEADAFG locus amongst many species of bacilli, clostridia, streptococci, and actinobacteria suggests that Pel may be a common biofilm matrix component in many Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Whitfield
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsey S Marmont
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cedoljub Bundalovic-Torma
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erum Razvi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elyse J Roach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dendritic Cells Internalize Staphylococcus aureus More Efficiently than Staphylococcus epidermidis, but Do Not Differ in Induction of Antigen-Specific T Cell Proliferation. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010019. [PMID: 31861881 PMCID: PMC7022728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are related species which can cause predominantly acute and subacute infections, respectively. Differences in human adaptive immune responses to these two species are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) have an important role in the control and regulation of anti-staphylococcal T cell responses. Therefore, we aimed to compare the ability of S. aureus and S. epidermidis to influence the essential steps in human DC activation and subsequent antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Using multiple strains of both species, we observed that S. aureus was internalized more effectively than S. epidermidis by DCs but that both species were equally potent in activating these host cells, as evidenced by similar induction of DC maturation marker expression and antigen loading onto MHC-II molecules. The DCs stimulated by S. aureus strains not harboring superantigen (SAg) genes or by any of the S. epidermidis strains, induced low, likely physiological levels of T cell proliferation. Only DCs stimulated with S. aureus strains harboring SAg genes induced high levels of T cell proliferation. Taken together, S. aureus and S. epidermidis do not differently affect DC activation and ensuing antigen-specific T cell proliferation, unless a strain has the capacity to produce SAgs.
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The Nature of Antibacterial Adaptive Immune Responses against Staphylococcus aureus Is Dependent on the Growth Phase and Extracellular Peptidoglycan. Infect Immun 2019; 88:IAI.00733-19. [PMID: 31685545 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00733-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved different strategies to evade the immune response, which play an important role in its pathogenesis. The bacteria express and shed various cell wall components and toxins during different stages of growth that may affect the protective T cell responses to extracellular and intracellular S. aureus However, if and how the dendritic cell (DC)-mediated T cell response against S. aureus changes during growth of the bacterium remain elusive. In this study, we show that exponential-phase (EP) S. aureus bacteria were endocytosed very efficiently by human DCs, and these DCs strongly promoted production of the T cell polarizing factor interleukin-12 (IL-12). In contrast, stationary-phase (SP) S. aureus bacteria were endocytosed less efficiently by DCs, and these DCs produced small amounts of IL-12. The high level of IL-12 production induced by EP S. aureus led to the development of a T helper 1 (Th1) cell response, which was inhibited after neutralization of IL-12. Furthermore, preincubation with the staphylococcal cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN), characteristically shed during the exponential growth phase, modulated the DC response to EP S. aureus PGN preincubation appeared to inhibit IL-12p35 expression, leading to downregulation of IL-12 and an increase of IL-23 production by DCs, enhancing Th17 cell development. Taken together, our data indicate that exponential-phase S. aureus bacteria induce a stronger IL-12-dependent Th1 cell response than stationary-phase S. aureus and that this Th1 cell response shifted toward a Th17 cell response in the presence of PGN.
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Structural and Functional Dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms and Biofilm Matrix Proteins on Different Clinical Materials. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120584. [PMID: 31756969 PMCID: PMC6955704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical device-associated staphylococcal infections are a common and challenging problem. However, detailed knowledge of staphylococcal biofilm dynamics on clinically relevant surfaces is still limited. In the present study, biofilm formation of the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strain was studied on clinically relevant materials-borosilicate glass, plexiglass, hydroxyapatite, titanium and polystyrene-at 18, 42 and 66 h. Materials with the highest surface roughness and porosity (hydroxyapatite and plexiglass) did not promote biofilm formation as efficiently as some other selected materials. Matrix-associated poly-N-acetyl-β-(1-6)-glucosamine (PNAG) was considered important in young (18 h) biofilms, whereas proteins appeared to play a more important role at later stages of biofilm development. A total of 460 proteins were identified from biofilm matrices formed on the indicated materials and time points-from which, 66 proteins were proposed to form the core surfaceome. At 18 h, the appearance of several r-proteins and glycolytic adhesive moonlighters, possibly via an autolysin (AtlA)-mediated release, was demonstrated in all materials, whereas classical surface adhesins, resistance- and virulence-associated proteins displayed greater variation in their abundances depending on the used material. Hydroxyapatite-associated biofilms were more susceptible to antibiotics than biofilms formed on titanium, but no clear correlation between the tolerance and biofilm age was observed. Thus, other factors, possibly the adhesive moonlighters, could have contributed to the observed chemotolerant phenotype. In addition, a protein-dependent matrix network was observed to be already well-established at the 18 h time point. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies shedding light into matrix-associated surfaceomes of S. aureus biofilms grown on different clinically relevant materials and at different time points.
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Immunization against poly- N-acetylglucosamine reduces neutrophil activation and GVHD while sparing microbial diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20700-20706. [PMID: 31527267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908549116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial invasion into the intestinal mucosa after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) triggers neutrophil activation and requires antibiotic interventions to prevent sepsis. However, antibiotics lead to a loss of microbiota diversity, which is connected to a higher incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Antimicrobial therapies that eliminate invading bacteria and reduce neutrophil-mediated damage without reducing the diversity of the microbiota are therefore highly desirable. A potential solution would be the use of antimicrobial antibodies that target invading pathogens, ultimately leading to their elimination by innate immune cells. In a mouse model of aGVHD, we investigated the potency of active and passive immunization against the conserved microbial surface polysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) that is expressed on numerous pathogens. Treatment with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to PNAG (anti-PNAG) or vaccination against PNAG reduced aGVHD-related mortality. Anti-PNAG treatment did not change the intestinal microbial diversity as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Anti-PNAG treatment reduced myeloperoxidase activation and proliferation of neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) in the ileum of mice developing GVHD. In vitro, anti-PNAG treatment showed high antimicrobial activity. The functional role of neutrophils was confirmed by using neutrophil-deficient LysM cre Mcl1 fl/fl mice that had no survival advantage under anti-PNAG treatment. In summary, the control of invading bacteria by anti-PNAG treatment could be a novel approach to reduce the uncontrolled neutrophil activation that promotes early GVHD and opens a new avenue to interfere with aGVHD without affecting commensal intestinal microbial diversity.
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Andre C, de Jesus Pimentel-Filho N, de Almeida Costa PM, Vanetti MCD. Changes in the composition and architecture of staphylococcal biofilm by nisin. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:1083-1090. [PMID: 31456169 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are involved in various medical infections and food contamination episodes and, for this reason, it is of great importance to developing new strategies of its prevention and control. The subinhibitory concentration of nisin was determined, and its effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms was evaluated. Results obtained by confocal laser microscopy demonstrated morphological changes in the architecture of the structure of biofilms. The main components (polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNA (eDNA)) of the biofilm matrix were determined by spectrophotometry and showed that the formation of staphylococcal biofilms in the presence of nisin results in a less dense matrix structure with modification in its constituents. These results contribute to increase the knowledge of the composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix of biofilms of S. aureus, as well as evidence that the investigation of alternative products to assist in the control and combat of biofilms is a promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleriane Andre
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Natan de Jesus Pimentel-Filho
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros - SP 189, km 12, Buri, São Paulo, 18290-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mafra de Almeida Costa
- Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus ConcĂłrdia, Rod. SC 283, km 8, ConcĂłrdia, Santa Catarina, 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Cloutier M, Muru K, Ravicoularamin G, Gauthier C. Polysaccharides from Burkholderia species as targets for vaccine development, immunomodulation and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:1251-1293. [PMID: 30023998 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 Burkholderia species are a vast group of human pathogenic, phytopathogenic, and plant- or environment-associated bacteria. B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia complex are the causative agents of melioidosis, glanders, and cystic fibrosis-related infections, respectively, which are fatal diseases in humans and animals. Due to their high resistance to antibiotics, high mortality rates, and increased infectivity via the respiratory tract, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei have been listed as potential bioterrorism agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burkholderia species are able to produce a large network of surface-exposed polysaccharides, i.e., lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides, which are virulence factors, immunomodulators, major biofilm components, and protective antigens, and have crucial implications in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia-associated diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account regarding the structural elucidation and biological activities of surface polysaccharides produced by Burkholderia species. The chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides mimicking Burkholderia polysaccharides is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the recent research efforts toward the development of glycoconjugate vaccines against melioidosis and glanders based on synthetic or native Burkholderia oligo/polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis toward tick protein Salp12 contributes to acquisition. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:1124-1134. [PMID: 31204044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lyme disease is a common tick-borne infection caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.). B. burgdorferi s.s. may utilize chemotaxis, the directional migration towards or away from a chemical stimulus, for transmission, acquisition, and infection. However, the specific signals recognized by the spirochete for these events have not been defined. In this study, we identify an Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein, Salp12, that is a chemoattractant for the spirochete. We demonstrate that Salp12 is expressed in the I. scapularis salivary glands and midgut and expression is not impacted by B. burgdorferi s.s. infection. Knockdown of Salp12 in the salivary glands or passive immunization against Salp12 reduces acquisition of the spirochete by ticks but acquisition is not completely prevented. Knockdown does not impact transmission of B. burgdorferi s.s. This work suggests a new role for chemotaxis in acquisition of the spirochete and suggests that recognition of Salp12 contributes to this phenomenon.
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Fariba Akrami, Amirmorteza Ebrahimzadeh Namvar. Acinetobacter baumannii as Nosocomial Pathogenic Bacteria. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416819020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Ramos Y, Rocha J, Hael AL, van Gestel J, Vlamakis H, Cywes-Bentley C, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Pier GB, Gilmore MS, Kolter R, Morales DK. PolyGlcNAc-containing exopolymers enable surface penetration by non-motile Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007571. [PMID: 30742693 PMCID: PMC6386517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies that enable them to invade tissues and spread within the host. Enterococcus faecalis is a leading cause of local and disseminated multidrug-resistant hospital infections, but the molecular mechanisms used by this non-motile bacterium to penetrate surfaces and translocate through tissues remain largely unexplored. Here we present experimental evidence indicating that E. faecalis generates exopolysaccharides containing β-1,6-linked poly-N-acetylglucosamine (polyGlcNAc) as a mechanism to successfully penetrate semisolid surfaces and translocate through human epithelial cell monolayers. Genetic screening and molecular analyses of mutant strains identified glnA, rpiA and epaX as genes critically required for optimal E. faecalis penetration and translocation. Mechanistically, GlnA and RpiA cooperated to generate uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) that was utilized by EpaX to synthesize polyGlcNAc-containing polymers. Notably, exogenous supplementation with polymeric N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) restored surface penetration by E. faecalis mutants devoid of EpaX. Our study uncovers an unexpected mechanism whereby the RpiA-GlnA-EpaX metabolic axis enables production of polyGlcNAc-containing polysaccharides that endow E. faecalis with the ability to penetrate surfaces. Hence, targeting carbohydrate metabolism or inhibiting biosynthesis of polyGlcNAc-containing exopolymers may represent a new strategy to more effectively confront enterococcal infections in the clinic. Enterococcus faecalis is a microbial inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract that can cause lethal infections. Typically classified as a non-motile bacterium, E. faecalis can readily migrate and translocate across epithelial barriers to invade distant organs. Nevertheless, the molecular pathways driving enterococcal invasive attributes remain poorly understood. In this study, we uncover that E. faecalis produces a polyGlcNAc-containing extracellular glycopolymer to efficiently migrate into semisolid surfaces and translocate through human epithelial cell monolayers. Our work provides evidence that non-motile bacterial pathogens can exploit endogenous carbohydrate metabolic pathways to penetrate surfaces. Thus, targeting glycopolymer biosynthetic programs might be useful to control infections by Gram-positive cocci in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusibeska Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ana L. Hael
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jordi van Gestel
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZĂĽrich, ZĂĽrich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), DĂĽbendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZĂĽrich, ZĂĽrich, Switzerland
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Diana K. Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Staphylococci, with the leading species Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, are the most frequent causes of infections on indwelling medical devices. The biofilm phenotype that those bacteria adopt during device-associated infection facilitates increased resistance to antibiotics and host immune defenses. This review presents and discusses the molecular mechanisms contributing to staphylococcal biofilm development and their in-vivo importance. Furthermore, it summarizes current strategies for the development of therapeutics against staphylococcal biofilm-associated infection.
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Synergistic Removal of Static and Dynamic Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms by Combined Treatment with a Bacteriophage Endolysin and a Polysaccharide Depolymerase. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080438. [PMID: 30126174 PMCID: PMC6116285 DOI: 10.3390/v10080438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen and biofilm former. Biofilms cause problems in clinics and food production and are highly recalcitrant to antibiotics and sanitizers. Bacteriophage endolysins kill bacteria by degrading their cell wall and are therefore deemed promising antimicrobials and anti-biofilm agents. Depolymerases targeting polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix have been suggested as parts of a multi-enzyme approach to eradicate biofilms. The efficacy of endolysins and depolymerases against S. aureus biofilms in static models has been demonstrated. However, there is a lack of studies evaluating their activity against biofilms grown under more realistic conditions. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the endolysin LysK and the poly-N-acetylglucosamine depolymerase DA7 against staphylococcal biofilms in static and dynamic (flow cell-based) models. LysK showed activity against multiple S. aureus strains, and both LysK and DA7 removed static and dynamic biofilms from polystyrene and glass surfaces at low micromolar and nanomolar concentrations, respectively. When combined, the enzymes acted synergistically, as demonstrated by crystal violet staining of static biofilms, significantly reducing viable cell counts compared to individual enzyme treatment in the dynamic model, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Overall, our results suggest that LysK and DA7 are potent anti-biofilm agents, alone and in combination.
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Assessment of in vivo versus in vitro biofilm formation of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from endotracheal tubes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11906. [PMID: 30093624 PMCID: PMC6085380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to demonstrate that biofilm formation in a clinical strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be enhanced by environment exposure in an endotracheal tube (ETT) and to determine how it is affected by systemic treatment and atmospheric conditions. Second, we aimed to assess biofilm production dynamics after extubation. We prospectively analyzed 70 ETT samples obtained from pigs randomized to be untreated (controls, n = 20), or treated with vancomycin (n = 32) or linezolid (n = 18). A clinical MRSA strain (MRSA-in) was inoculated in pigs to create a pneumonia model, before treating with antibiotics. Tracheally intubated pigs with MRSA severe pneumonia, were mechanically ventilated for 69 ± 16 hours. All MRSA isolates retrieved from ETTs (ETT-MRSA) were tested for their in vitro biofilm production by microtiter plate assay. In vitro biofilm production of MRSA isolates was sequentially studied over the next 8 days post-extubation to assess biofilm capability dynamics over time. All experiments were performed under ambient air (O2) or ambient air supplemented with 5% CO2. We collected 52 ETT-MRSA isolates (placebo N = 19, linezolid N = 11, and vancomycin N = 22) that were clonally identical to the MRSA-in. Among the ETT-MRSA isolates, biofilm production more than doubled after extubation in 40% and 50% under 5% CO2 and O2, respectively. Systemic antibiotic treatment during intubation did not affect this outcome. Under both atmospheric conditions, biofilm production for MRSA-in was at least doubled for 9 ETT-MRSA isolates, and assessment of these showed that biofilm production decreased progressively over a 4-day period after extubation. In conclusion, a weak biofilm producer MRSA strain significantly enhances its biofilm production within an ETT, but it is influenced by the ETT environment rather than by the systemic treatment used during intubation or by the atmospheric conditions used for bacterial growth.
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Little DJ, Pfoh R, Le Mauff F, Bamford NC, Notte C, Baker P, Guragain M, Robinson H, Pier GB, Nitz M, Deora R, Sheppard DC, Howell PL. PgaB orthologues contain a glycoside hydrolase domain that cleaves deacetylated poly-β(1,6)-N-acetylglucosamine and can disrupt bacterial biofilms. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006998. [PMID: 29684093 PMCID: PMC5933820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-β(1,6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG) is a major biofilm component of many pathogenic bacteria. The production, modification, and export of PNAG in Escherichia coli and Bordetella species require the protein products encoded by the pgaABCD operon. PgaB is a two-domain periplasmic protein that contains an N-terminal deacetylase domain and a C-terminal PNAG binding domain that is critical for export. However, the exact function of the PgaB C-terminal domain remains unclear. Herein, we show that the C-terminal domains of Bordetella bronchiseptica PgaB (PgaBBb) and E. coli PgaB (PgaBEc) function as glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes hydrolyze purified deacetylated PNAG (dPNAG) from Staphylococcus aureus, disrupt PNAG-dependent biofilms formed by Bordetella pertussis, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and E. coli, and potentiate bacterial killing by gentamicin. Furthermore, we found that PgaBBb was only able to hydrolyze PNAG produced in situ by the E. coli PgaCD synthase complex when an active deacetylase domain was present. Mass spectrometry analysis of the PgaB-hydrolyzed dPNAG substrate showed a GlcN-GlcNAc-GlcNAc motif at the new reducing end of detected fragments. Our 1.76 Å structure of the C-terminal domain of PgaBBb reveals a central cavity within an elongated surface groove that appears ideally suited to recognize the GlcN-GlcNAc-GlcNAc motif. The structure, in conjunction with molecular modeling and site directed mutagenesis led to the identification of the dPNAG binding subsites and D474 as the probable catalytic acid. This work expands the role of PgaB within the PNAG biosynthesis machinery, defines a new glycoside hydrolase family GH153, and identifies PgaB as a possible therapeutic agent for treating PNAG-dependent biofilm infections. From plaque on teeth to infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, biofilms are a serious health concern and difficult to eradicate. One of the key building blocks involved in biofilm formation are polymeric sugar compounds that are secreted by the bacteria. Our work focuses on the biopolymer poly-β(1,6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG), which is produced by numerous pathogenic organisms. Deacetylation of PNAG by the N-terminal domain of PgaB is a critical step in polymer maturation and is required for the formation of robust biofilms. Herein, we show that the C-terminal domain of PgaB is a glycoside hydrolase active on partially deacetylated PNAG, and that the enzyme disrupts PNAG-dependent biofilms and potentiates killing by antibiotics. Only deacetylated PNAG could be cleaved, suggesting that PgaB deacetylates and hydrolyses the polymer in sequential order. Analyzing the chemical structure of the cleaved dPNAG fragments revealed a distinct motif of sugar units. Structural and functional studies identify key amino acids positioned in an elongated polymer-binding groove that potentially recognize the sugar motif during cleavage. Our study provides further insight into the mechanism of periplasmic PNAG modification, and suggests PgaB could be utilized as a therapeutic agent to eliminate biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Little
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roland Pfoh
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - François Le Mauff
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Notte
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manita Guragain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Howard Robinson
- Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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37
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Zeka K, Ruparelia KC, Sansone C, Macchiarelli G, Continenza MA, Arroo RR. New Hydrogels Enriched with Antioxidants from Saffron Crocus Can Find Applications in Wound Treatment and/or Beautification. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:95-98. [DOI: 10.1159/000486135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Surface-attached colonies of bacteria known as biofilms play a major role in the pathogenesis of medical device infections. Biofilm colonies are notorious for their resistance to antibiotics and host defenses, which makes most device infections difficult or impossible to eradicate. Bacterial cells in a biofilm are held together by an extracellular polymeric matrix that is synthesized by the bacteria themselves. Enzymes that degrade biofilm matrix polymers have been shown to inhibit bio film formation, detach established bio film colonies, and render biofilm cells sensitive to killing by antimicrobial agents. This review discusses the potential use of biofilm matrix-degrading enzymes as anti-biofilm agents for the treatment and prevention of device infections. Two enzymes, deoxyribonuclease I and the glycoside hydrolase dispersin B, will be reviewed in detail. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the anti-biofilm activities of these two enzymes will be summarized, and the therapeutic potential and possible drawbacks of using these enzymes as clinical agents will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Kaplan
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ - USA
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39
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The Bordetella Bps Polysaccharide Is Required for Biofilm Formation and Enhances Survival in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Swine. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00261-17. [PMID: 28559403 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00261-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. Additionally, B. bronchiseptica is capable of establishing long-term or chronic infections in swine. Bacterial biofilms are increasingly recognized as important contributors to chronic bacterial infections. Recently the polysaccharide locus bpsABCD has been demonstrated to serve a critical role in the development of mature biofilms formed by the sequenced laboratory strain of B. bronchiseptica We hypothesized that swine isolates would also have the ability to form mature biofilms and the bpsABCD locus would serve a key role in this process. A mutant containing an in-frame deletion of the bpsABCD structural genes was constructed in a wild-type swine isolate and found to be negative for poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)-like material by immunoblot assay. Further, the bpsABCD locus was found to be required for the development and maintenance of the three-dimensional structures under continuous-flow conditions. To investigate the contribution of the bpsABCD locus to the pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica in swine, the KM22Δbps mutant was compared to the wild-type swine isolate for the ability to colonize and cause disease in pigs. The bpsABCD locus was found to not be required for persistence in the upper respiratory tract of swine. Additionally, the bpsABCD locus did not affect the development of anti-Bordetella humoral immunity, did not contribute to disease severity, and did not mediate protection from complement-mediated killing. However, the bpsABCD locus was found to enhance survival in the lower respiratory tract of swine.
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40
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GutiĂ©rrez D, Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, RodrĂguez A, GarcĂa P, Ruas-Madiedo P. Monitoring in Real Time the Formation and Removal of Biofilms from Clinical Related Pathogens Using an Impedance-Based Technology. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 27695058 DOI: 10.1371/journalpone0163966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria found in diverse ecosystems grow in a community of aggregated cells that favors their survival and colonization. Different extracellular polymeric substances are used to entrap this multispecies community forming a biofilm, which can be associated to biotic and abiotic surfaces. This widespread and successful way of bacterial life, however, can lead to negative effects for human activity since many pathogen and spoiling bacteria form biofilms which are not easy to eradicate. Therefore, the search for novel anti-biofilm bio-active molecules is a very active research area for which simple, reliable, and fast screening methods are demanded. In this work we have successfully validated an impedance-based method, initially developed for the study of adherent eukaryotic cells, to monitor the formation of single-species biofilms of three model bacteria in real time. The xCelligence real time cell analyzer (RTCA) equipment uses specific microtiter E-plates coated with gold-microelectrodes that detect the attachment of adherent cells, thus modifying the impedance signal. In the current study, this technology allowed the distinction between biofilm-producers and non-producers of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms only when sucrose was present in the culture medium. Besides, different impedance values permitted discrimination among the biofilm-producing strains tested regardless of the nature of the polymeric biofilm matrix. Finally, we have continuously monitored the inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm formation by the bacteriophage phi-IPLA7 and the bacteriophage-encoded endolysin LysH5, as well as the removal of a preformed biofilm by this last antimicrobial treatment. Results observed with the impedance-based method showed high correlation with those obtained with standard approaches, such as crystal violet staining and bacteria enumeration, as well as with those obtained upon other abiotic surfaces (polystyrene and stainless steel). Therefore, this RTCA technology opens new opportunities in the biofilm research arena and its application could be further explored for other bacterial genera as well as for different bio-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudio Hidalgo-Cantabrana
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana RodrĂguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar GarcĂa
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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41
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Fargašová A, Balzerová A, Prucek R, Sedláková MH, Bogdanová K, Gallo J, Kolář M, Ranc V, Zbořil R. Detection of Prosthetic Joint Infection Based on Magnetically Assisted Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6598-6607. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Fargašová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, Ĺ lechtitelĹŻ
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Balzerová
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, Ĺ lechtitelĹŻ
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Prucek
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, Ĺ lechtitelĹŻ
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Htoutou Sedláková
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, HnÄ›votĂnská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bogdanová
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, HnÄ›votĂnská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřà Gallo
- Department
of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, HnÄ›votĂnská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Ranc
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, Ĺ lechtitelĹŻ
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, PalackĂ˝ University Olomouc, Ĺ lechtitelĹŻ
27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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42
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Gogoi-Tiwari J, Williams V, Waryah CB, Costantino P, Al-Salami H, Mathavan S, Wells K, Tiwari HK, Hegde N, Isloor S, Al-Sallami H, Mukkur T. Mammary Gland Pathology Subsequent to Acute Infection with Strong versus Weak Biofilm Forming Staphylococcus aureus Bovine Mastitis Isolates: A Pilot Study Using Non-Invasive Mouse Mastitis Model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170668. [PMID: 28129375 PMCID: PMC5271311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus is an important virulence attribute because of its potential to induce persistent antibiotic resistance, retard phagocytosis and either attenuate or promote inflammation, depending upon the disease syndrome, in vivo. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential significance of strength of biofilm formation by clinical bovine mastitis-associated S. aureus in mammary tissue damage by using a mouse mastitis model. Methods Two S. aureus strains of the same capsular phenotype with different biofilm forming strengths were used to non-invasively infect mammary glands of lactating mice. Biofilm forming potential of these strains were determined by tissue culture plate method, ica typing and virulence gene profile per detection by PCR. Delivery of the infectious dose of S. aureus was directly through the teat lactiferous duct without invasive scraping of the teat surface. Both bacteriological and histological methods were used for analysis of mammary gland pathology of mice post-infection. Results Histopathological analysis of the infected mammary glands revealed that mice inoculated with the strong biofilm forming S. aureus strain produced marked acute mastitic lesions, showing profuse infiltration predominantly with neutrophils, with evidence of necrosis in the affected mammary glands. In contrast, the damage was significantly less severe in mammary glands of mice infected with the weak biofilm-forming S. aureus strain. Although both IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory biomarkers were produced in infected mice, level of TNF-α produced was significantly higher (p<0.05) in mice inoculated with strong biofilm forming S. aureus than the weak biofilm forming strain. Conclusion This finding suggests an important role of TNF-α in mammary gland pathology post-infection with strong biofilm-forming S. aureus in the acute mouse mastitis model, and offers an opportunity for the development of novel strategies for reduction of mammary tissue damage, with or without use of antimicrobials and/or anti-inflammatory compounds for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Vincent Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charlene Babra Waryah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Costantino
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sangeetha Mathavan
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi Wells
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Harish Kumar Tiwari
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Trilochan Mukkur
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Dotto C, Lombarte Serrat A, Cattelan N, Barbagelata MS, Yantorno OM, Sordelli DO, Ehling-Schulz M, Grunert T, Buzzola FR. The Active Component of Aspirin, Salicylic Acid, Promotes Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation in a PIA-dependent Manner. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:4. [PMID: 28167931 PMCID: PMC5253544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin has provided clear benefits to human health. But salicylic acid (SAL) -the main aspirin biometabolite- exerts several effects on eukaryote and prokaryote cells. SAL can affect, for instance, the expression of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors. SAL can also form complexes with iron cations and it has been shown that different iron chelating molecules diminished the formation of S. aureus biofilm. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the iron content limitation caused by SAL can modify the S. aureus metabolism and/or metabolic regulators thus changing the expression of the main polysaccharides involved in biofilm formation. The exposure of biofilm to 2 mM SAL induced a 27% reduction in the intracellular free Fe2+ concentration compared with the controls. In addition, SAL depleted 23% of the available free Fe2+ cation in culture media. These moderate iron-limited conditions promoted an intensification of biofilms formed by strain Newman and by S. aureus clinical isolates related to the USA300 and USA100 clones. The slight decrease in iron bioavailability generated by SAL was enough to induce the increase of PIA expression in biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant as well as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains. S. aureus did not produce capsular polysaccharide (CP) when it was forming biofilms under any of the experimental conditions tested. Furthermore, SAL diminished aconitase activity and stimulated the lactic fermentation pathway in bacteria forming biofilms. The polysaccharide composition of S. aureus biofilms was examined and FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed a clear impact of SAL in a codY-dependent manner. Moreover, SAL negatively affected codY transcription in mature biofilms thus relieving the CodY repression of the ica operon. Treatment of mice with SAL induced a significant increase of S aureus colonization. It is suggested that the elevated PIA expression induced by SAL might be responsible for the high nasal colonization observed in mice. SAL-induced biofilms may contribute to S. aureus infection persistence in vegetarian individuals as well as in patients that frequently consume aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Dotto
- Departamento de MicrobiologĂa, ParasitologĂa e InmunologĂa, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en MicrobiologĂa y ParasitologĂa MĂ©dica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Lombarte Serrat
- Departamento de MicrobiologĂa, ParasitologĂa e InmunologĂa, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en MicrobiologĂa y ParasitologĂa MĂ©dica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Cattelan
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Centro CientĂfico TechnolĂłgico Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂłcnicas (CTT CONICET La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata, Argentina
| | - MarĂa S Barbagelata
- Departamento de MicrobiologĂa, ParasitologĂa e InmunologĂa, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en MicrobiologĂa y ParasitologĂa MĂ©dica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo M Yantorno
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo de Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Centro CientĂfico TechnolĂłgico Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂłcnicas (CTT CONICET La Plata), Universidad Nacional de La Plata La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel O Sordelli
- Departamento de MicrobiologĂa, ParasitologĂa e InmunologĂa, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en MicrobiologĂa y ParasitologĂa MĂ©dica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Grunert
- Functional Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernanda R Buzzola
- Departamento de MicrobiologĂa, ParasitologĂa e InmunologĂa, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones en MicrobiologĂa y ParasitologĂa MĂ©dica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Parthiban C, Varudharasu D, Shanmugam M, Gopal P, Ragunath C, Thomas L, Nitz M, Ramasubbu N. Structural and functional analysis of de-N-acetylase PgaB from periodontopathogenAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:324-340. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Parthiban
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
| | - D. Varudharasu
- Selvam Structure Based Drug Design Laboratory; Selvam College of Technology; Namakkal Tamilnadu India
| | - M. Shanmugam
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
| | - P. Gopal
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
| | - C. Ragunath
- Scientific Chemical Technologies; Malden MA USA
| | - L. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK USA
| | - M. Nitz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Ramasubbu
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Newark NJ USA
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Detection of the biofilm component polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in Staphylococcus aureus infected cow udders. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:126-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Hu Y, Zou W, Julita V, Ramanathan R, Tabor RF, Nixon-Luke R, Bryant G, Bansal V, Wilkinson BL. Photomodulation of bacterial growth and biofilm formation using carbohydrate-based surfactants. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6628-6634. [PMID: 28567253 PMCID: PMC5450525 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring and synthetic carbohydrate amphiphiles have emerged as a promising class of antimicrobial and antiadhesive agents that act through a number of dynamic and often poorly understood mechanisms. In this paper, we provide the first report on the application of azobenzene trans-cis photoisomerization for effecting spatial and temporal control over bacterial growth and biofilm formation using carbohydrate-based surfactants. Photocontrollable surface tension studies and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) revealed the diverse geometries and dimensions of self-assemblies (micelles) made possible through variation of the head group and UV-visible light irradiation. Using these light-addressable amphiphiles, we demonstrate optical control over the antibacterial activity and formation of biofilms against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. To probe the mechanism of bioactivity further, we evaluated the impact of trans-cis photoisomerization in these surfactants on bacterial motility and revealed photomodulated enhancement in swarming motility in P. aeruginosa. These light-responsive amphiphiles should attract significant interest as a new class of antibacterial agents and as investigational tools for probing the complex mechanisms underpinning bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Hu
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Wenyue Zou
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility , NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory , School of Science , RMIT University , Victoria 3000 , Australia .
| | - Villy Julita
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility , NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory , School of Science , RMIT University , Victoria 3000 , Australia .
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Reece Nixon-Luke
- Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics , School of Science , RMIT University , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics , School of Science , RMIT University , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility , NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory , School of Science , RMIT University , Victoria 3000 , Australia .
| | - Brendan L Wilkinson
- School of Science and Technology , The University of New England , New South Wales 2351 , Australia .
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Waryah CB, Wells K, Ulluwishewa D, Chen-Tan N, Gogoi-Tiwari J, Ravensdale J, Costantino P, Gökçen A, Vilcinskas A, Wiesner J, Mukkur T. In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy of Tobramycin Against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms in Combination With or Without DNase I and/or Dispersin B: A Preliminary Investigation. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:384-390. [PMID: 27754780 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms is highly resistant to the treatment with antibiotics, to which the planktonic cells are susceptible. This is likely to be due to the biofilm creating a protective barrier that prevents antibiotics from accessing the live pathogens buried in the biofilm. S. aureus biofilms consist of an extracellular matrix comprising, but not limited to, extracellular bacterial DNA (eDNA) and poly-β-1, 6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PNAG). Our study revealed that despite inferiority of dispersin B (an enzyme that degrades PNAG) to DNase I that cleaves eDNA, in dispersing the biofilm of S. aureus, both enzymes were equally efficient in enhancing the antibacterial efficiency of tobramycin, a relatively narrow-spectrum antibiotic against infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, including S. aureus, used in this investigation. However, a combination of these two biofilm-degrading enzymes was found to be significantly less effective in enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of tobramycin than the individual application of the enzymes. These findings indicate that combinations of different biofilm-degrading enzymes may compromise the antimicrobial efficacy of antibiotics and need to be carefully assessed in vitro before being used for treating medical devices or in pharmaceutical formulations for use in the treatment of chronic ear or respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Babra Waryah
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia.,2 Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York.,3 Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
| | - Kelsi Wells
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Dulantha Ulluwishewa
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Nigel Chen-Tan
- 4 Curtin Electron Microscope Facility, John de Laeter Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jully Gogoi-Tiwari
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Joshua Ravensdale
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Paul Costantino
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
| | - Anke Gökçen
- 5 Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , GieĂźen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- 5 Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , GieĂźen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wiesner
- 5 Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , GieĂźen, Germany
| | - Trilochan Mukkur
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia
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48
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GutiĂ©rrez D, Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, RodrĂguez A, GarcĂa P, Ruas-Madiedo P. Monitoring in Real Time the Formation and Removal of Biofilms from Clinical Related Pathogens Using an Impedance-Based Technology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163966. [PMID: 27695058 PMCID: PMC5047529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria found in diverse ecosystems grow in a community of aggregated cells that favors their survival and colonization. Different extracellular polymeric substances are used to entrap this multispecies community forming a biofilm, which can be associated to biotic and abiotic surfaces. This widespread and successful way of bacterial life, however, can lead to negative effects for human activity since many pathogen and spoiling bacteria form biofilms which are not easy to eradicate. Therefore, the search for novel anti-biofilm bio-active molecules is a very active research area for which simple, reliable, and fast screening methods are demanded. In this work we have successfully validated an impedance-based method, initially developed for the study of adherent eukaryotic cells, to monitor the formation of single-species biofilms of three model bacteria in real time. The xCelligence real time cell analyzer (RTCA) equipment uses specific microtiter E-plates coated with gold-microelectrodes that detect the attachment of adherent cells, thus modifying the impedance signal. In the current study, this technology allowed the distinction between biofilm-producers and non-producers of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilms only when sucrose was present in the culture medium. Besides, different impedance values permitted discrimination among the biofilm-producing strains tested regardless of the nature of the polymeric biofilm matrix. Finally, we have continuously monitored the inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm formation by the bacteriophage phi-IPLA7 and the bacteriophage-encoded endolysin LysH5, as well as the removal of a preformed biofilm by this last antimicrobial treatment. Results observed with the impedance-based method showed high correlation with those obtained with standard approaches, such as crystal violet staining and bacteria enumeration, as well as with those obtained upon other abiotic surfaces (polystyrene and stainless steel). Therefore, this RTCA technology opens new opportunities in the biofilm research arena and its application could be further explored for other bacterial genera as well as for different bio-active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Claudio Hidalgo-Cantabrana
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana RodrĂguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar GarcĂa
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientĂficas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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49
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Skurnik D, Cywes-Bentley C, Pier GB. The exceptionally broad-based potential of active and passive vaccination targeting the conserved microbial surface polysaccharide PNAG. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1041-53. [PMID: 26918288 PMCID: PMC4985264 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1159135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A challenging component of vaccine development is the large serologic diversity of protective antigens. Remarkably, there is a conserved surface/capsular polysaccharide, one of the most effective vaccine targets, expressed by a large number of bacterial, fungal and eukaryotic pathogens: poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG). Natural antibodies to PNAG are poorly effective at mediating in vitro microbial killing or in vivo protection. Removing most of the acetate substituents to produce a deacetylated glycoform, or using synthetic oligosaccharides of poly-β-1-6-linked glucosamine conjugated to carrier proteins, results in vaccines that elicit high levels of broad-based immunity. A fully human monoclonal antibody is highly active in laboratory and preclinical studies and has been successfully tested in a phase-I setting. Both the synthetic oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine and MAb will be further tested in humans starting in 2016; but, even if effective against only a fraction of the PNAG-producing pathogens, a major advance in vaccine-preventable diseases will occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: 617-525-2269; FAX: 617-525-2510
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50
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Waters NR, Samuels DJ, Behera RK, Livny J, Rhee KY, Sadykov MR, Brinsmade SR. A spectrum of CodY activities drives metabolic reorganization and virulence gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:495-514. [PMID: 27116338 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The global regulator CodY controls the expression of dozens of metabolism and virulence genes in the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus in response to the availability of isoleucine, leucine and valine (ILV), and GTP. Using RNA-Seq transcriptional profiling and partial activity variants, we reveal that S. aureus CodY activity grades metabolic and virulence gene expression as a function of ILV availability, mediating metabolic reorganization and controlling virulence factor production in vitro. Strains lacking CodY regulatory activity produce a PIA-dependent biofilm, but development is restricted under conditions that confer partial CodY activity. CodY regulates the expression of thermonuclease (nuc) via the Sae two-component system, revealing cascading virulence regulation and factor production as CodY activity is reduced. Proteins that mediate the host-pathogen interaction and subvert the immune response are shut off at intermediate levels of CodY activity, while genes coding for enzymes and proteins that extract nutrients from tissue, that kill host cells, and that synthesize amino acids are among the last genes to be derepressed. We conclude that S. aureus uses CodY to limit host damage to only the most severe starvation conditions, providing insight into one potential mechanism by which S. aureus transitions from a commensal bacterium to an invasive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Samuels
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ranjan K Behera
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marat R Sadykov
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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