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Hintzen JCJ, Abujubara H, Tietze D, Tietze AA. The Complete Assessment of Small Molecule and Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Sortase A Towards Antivirulence Treatment. Chemistry 2024:e202401103. [PMID: 38716707 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This review covers the most recent advances in the development of inhibitors for the bacterial enzyme sortase A (SrtA). Sortase A (SrtA) is a critical virulence factor, present ubiquitously in Gram-positive bacteria of which many are pathogenic. Sortases are key enzymes regulating bacterial adherence to host cells, by anchoring extracellular matrix-binding proteins to the bacterial outer cell wall. By targeting virulence factors, effective treatment can be achieved, without inducing antibiotic resistance to the treatment. This is a potentially more sustainable, long-term approach to treating bacterial infections, including ones that display multiple resistance to current therapeutics. There are many promising approaches available for SrtA inhibition, some of which have the potential to advance into further clinical development, with peptidomimetic and in vivo active small molecules being among the most promising. There are currently no approved drugs on the market targeting SrtA, despite its promise, adding to the relevance of this review article, as it extends to the pharmaceutical industry additionally to academic researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi C J Hintzen
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helal Abujubara
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Tietze
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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Franco EM, Alves LA, Naveed H, Freitas VAA, Bastos DC, Mattos-Graner RO. Amyloid Fibrils Produced by Streptococcus sanguinis Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15686. [PMID: 37958670 PMCID: PMC10647432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface proteins assembled into amyloids contribute to biofilm formation and host immune evasion. Streptococcus sanguinis, a pioneer colonizer of teeth commonly involved in cardiovascular infections, expresses about thirty-three proteins anchored to the cell wall by sortase A. Here, we characterized the production of amyloid in S. sanguinis strains differing in biofilm and immune evasion phenotypes and investigated the role of sortase A in amyloidogenesis. Amyloid was identified in biofilms formed by nine strains, using Congo red (CR) staining and cross-polarized light microscopy. Additionally, EGCG, an amyloid inhibitor, impaired biofilm maturation in a strain-specific fashion. The amounts of amyloid-like components quantified in culture fluids of nine strains using thioflavin T and fluorimetry negatively correlated with bacterial binding to complement-activating proteins (SAP, C1q), C3b deposition and rates of opsonophagocytosis in PMNs, implying amyloid production in immune evasion. The deletion of the sortase A gene (srtA) in strain SK36 compromised amyloid production and sucrose-independent biofilm maturation. The srtA mutant further showed increased susceptibility to C3b deposition and altered interactions with PMNs as well as reduced persistence in human blood. These findings highlight the contribution of amyloids to biofilm formation and host immune evasion in S. sanguinis strains, further indicating the participation of sortase A substrates in amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M. Franco
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Lívia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
- School of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Victor A. A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil;
- São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
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Dindhoria K, Kumar S, Baliyan N, Raphel S, Halami PM, Kumar R. Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 genome sequencing and functional annotation for providing genetic evidence for probiotic gut adhesion properties and its applicability as a bio-preservative agent. Gene 2022; 840:146744. [PMID: 35863717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis is a well-known probiotic that can be found in a variety of foods. The strain Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 was previously characterized by our group for its bio-physiological capabilities establishing it as a promising probiotic, but information on the genetic evidence for its attributes was lacking. In the current study, whole genome analysis identified the underlying molecular determinants responsible for its probiotic potential. The circular genome of MCC 2514 was 4,230,480 bp with 46.2% GC content, 24 rRNA, and 83 tRNA genes. The pangenome analysis between B. licheniformis MCC 2514 and 12 other B. licheniformis strains revealed a pangenome of 6008 genes and core genome of 3775 genes. Genome mining revealed NRPS and bacteriocins producing gene clusters indicating its biocontrol properties. Several genes encoding carbohydrate degrading enzymes, which aid in proper food degradation in the intestine, were also observed. Stress tolerance, vitamin, and essential amino acids biosynthesis related genes were found, which are important characteristics of a probiotic strain. Additionally, vital genes responsible for gut adhesion and biofilm formation were observed in its genome. The bacterium has been shown to improve the shelf life of idli batter by preventing whey separation, CO2, and odour production while maintaining the pH of 3.96-4.29, especially at cold temperatures. It has significantly reduced coliform contamination at both room and low temperatures, demonstrating its bio-preservative ability, which is also corroborated by the presence of the NRPS and bacteriocin gene clusters in its genome. The present study helped to understand both, the ability of B. licheniformis MCC 2514 to adapt the intestinal gut environment and its probiotic functionality for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dindhoria
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Neha Baliyan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Steji Raphel
- Department of Microbiology & Fermentation Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Prakash M Halami
- Department of Microbiology & Fermentation Technology, CSIR- Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
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Cho E, Hwang JY, Park JS, Oh D, Oh DC, Park HG, Shin J, Oh KB. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adhesion and biofilm formation with small-molecule inhibitors of sortase A from Juniperus chinensis. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2088937. [PMID: 35756538 PMCID: PMC9225741 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2088937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus mutans, an important Gram-positive pathogen in dental caries, uses sortase A (SrtA) to anchor surface proteins to the bacterial cell wall, thereby promoting biofilm formation and attachment to the tooth surface. Design Based on activity-guided separation, inhibitors of S. mutans SrtA were isolated from Juniperus chinensis and identified through combined spectroscopic analysis. Further effects of isolated SrtA inhibitor on S. mutans were evaluated on bacterial aggregation, adherence and biofilm formation. Results Six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the dried heartwood of J. chinensis. A novel compound designated 3’,3”-dihydroxy-(−)-matairesinol (1) was identified, which exhibited potent inhibitory activity toward S. mutans SrtA (IC50 = 16.1 μM) without affecting microbial viability (minimum inhibitory concentration > 300 μM). The results of subsequent bioassays using compound 1 indicated that this compound inhibits S. mutans aggregation, adhesion and biofilm formation on solid surfaces by inhibiting SrtA activity. The onset and magnitude of inhibition of adherence and biofilm formation in S. mutans treated with compound 1 at 4× the SrtA IC50 are comparable to the behaviors of the untreated srtA-deletion mutant. Conclusion Our findings suggest that small-molecule inhibitors of S. mutans SrtA may be useful for the prevention of dental plaque and treatment of dental microbial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyun Oh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung-Geun Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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In Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of CAPE and Caffeamide Derivatives against Oral Microbes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084099. [PMID: 35456916 PMCID: PMC9026214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural component isolated from propolis and used in traditional medicine. We aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties and action mechanism of CAPE and caffeamide derivatives (26G and 36M) against oral disease microbes. We resolved the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 26G and 36M and their stability at different temperatures and pH. We also evaluated their effect on biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance gene expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Our results revealed that 26G and 36M showed the best anticancer and antimicrobial activities, respectively, compared with the other four caffeamide derivatives. Both 26G and 36M showed heat-dependent decreases in antimicrobial activity. The 36M derivative was stable irrespective of pH, whereas 26G was not stable under high pH conditions. Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance-related gene expression were consistent with their respective phenotypes. This study provides evidence for the potential application of CAPE and caffeamide derivatives in dental medicine to cure or prevent oral diseases.
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Katsumata T, Nguyen-Tra Le M, Kawada-Matsuo M, Taniguchi Y, Ouhara K, Oogai Y, Nakata M, Mizuno N, Nishitani Y, Komatsuzawa H. KATSUMATA et al.Comprehensive characterization of sortase A-dependent surface proteins in Streptococcus mutansComprehensive characterization of sortase A-dependent surface proteins in Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:145-156. [PMID: 34888908 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic pathogen, adheres to the tooth surface and forms a biofilm. Bacterial cell surface proteins are associated with adherence to substrates. Sortase A (SrtA) mediates the localization of proteins with an LPXTG motif-containing proteins to the cell surface by covalent binding to peptidoglycan. In S. mutans UA159, 6 SrtA-dependent proteins, SpaP, WapA, WapE, DexA, FruA, and GbpC, were identified. Although some of these proteins were characterized, a comprehensive analysis of the 6 proteins has not been reported. In this study, we constructed mutants deficient in each of these proteins and the SrtA-deficient mutant. The SrtA-deficient mutant showed drastically decreased binding to salivary components, biofilm formation, bacterial coaggregation activity, hydrophobicity, and cellular matrix binding (collagen type I, fibronectin, and laminin). The SpaP-deficient mutant showed significantly reduced binding to salivary components and partially increased coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and decreased hydrophobicity, and collagen binding. The WapA-deficient mutant showed slightly decreased coaggregation with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although the SrtA-deficient mutant showed drastically altered phenotypes, all SrtA-dependent protein-deficient mutants, except the SpaP-deficient mutant, did not show considerable alterations in binding to salivary components. These results indicate that the 6 proteins may coordinately contribute to these activities. In addition, using genomic data of 125 S. mutans strains, we compared the amino acid sequences of each surface protein and found many variations among strains, which may affect the phenotype of cell surface proteins in S. mutans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Katsumata
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mi Nguyen-Tra Le
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuri Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Amyloid Aggregation of Streptococcus mutans Cnm Influences Its Collagen-Binding Activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0114921. [PMID: 34406827 PMCID: PMC8516039 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01149-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cnm gene, coding for the glycosylated collagen- and laminin-binding surface adhesin Cnm, is found in the genomes of approximately 20% of Streptococcus mutans clinical isolates and is associated with systemic infections and increased caries risk. Other surface-associated collagen-binding proteins of S. mutans, such as P1 and WapA, have been demonstrated to form an amyloid quaternary structure with functional implications within biofilms. In silico analysis predicted that the β-sheet-rich N-terminal collagen-binding domain (CBD) of Cnm has a propensity for amyloid aggregation, whereas the threonine-rich C-terminal domain was predicted to be disorganized. In this study, thioflavin-T fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to show that Cnm forms amyloids in either its native glycosylated or recombinant nonglycosylated form and that the CBD of Cnm is the main amyloidogenic unit of Cnm. We then performed a series of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays to characterize the amylogenic properties of Cnm. In addition, Congo red birefringence indicated that Cnm is a major amyloidogenic protein of S. mutans biofilms. Competitive binding assays using collagen-coated microtiter plates and dental roots, a substrate rich in collagen, revealed that Cnm monomers inhibit S. mutans binding to collagenous substrates, whereas Cnm amyloid aggregates lose this property. Thus, while Cnm contributes to recognition and initial binding of S. mutans to collagen-rich surfaces, amyloid formation by Cnm might act as a negative regulatory mechanism to modulate collagen-binding activity within S. mutans biofilms and warrants further investigation. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans is a keystone pathogen that promotes caries by acidifying the dental biofilm milieu. The collagen- and laminin-binding glycoprotein Cnm is a virulence factor of S. mutans. Expression of Cnm by S. mutans is hypothesized to contribute to niche expansion, allowing colonization of multiple sites in the body, including collagen-rich surfaces such as dentin and heart valves. Here, we suggest that Cnm function might be modulated by its aggregation status. As a monomer, its primary function is to promote attachment to collagenous substrates via its collagen-binding domain (CBD). However, in later stages of biofilm maturation, the same CBD of Cnm could self-assemble into amyloid fibrils, losing the ability to bind to collagen and likely becoming a component of the biofilm matrix. Our findings shed light on the role of functional amyloids in S. mutans pathobiology and ecology.
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Sapra R, Rajora AK, Kumar P, Maurya GP, Pant N, Haridas V. Chemical Biology of Sortase A Inhibition: A Gateway to Anti-infective Therapeutic Agents. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13097-13130. [PMID: 34516107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections. The enzyme sortase A, present on the cell surface of S. aureus, plays a key role in bacterial virulence without affecting the bacterial viability. Inhibition of sortase A activity offers a powerful but clinically less explored therapeutic strategy, as it offers the possibility of not inducing any selective pressure on the bacteria to evolve drug-resistant strains. In this Perspective, we offer a chemical space narrative for the design of sortase A inhibitors, as delineated into three broad domains: peptidomimetics, natural products, and synthetic small molecules. This provides immense opportunities for medicinal chemists to alleviate the ever-growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Sapra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit K Rajora
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Pushpendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Govind P Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nalin Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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Hu P, Lv B, Yang K, Lu Z, Ma J. Discovery of myricetin as an inhibitor against Streptococcus mutans and an anti-adhesion approach to biofilm formation. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151512. [PMID: 33971542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) are cariogenic microorganisms. Sortase A (SrtA) is a transpeptidase that attaches Pac to the cell surface. The biofilm formation of S. mutans is promoted by SrtA regulated Pac. Myricetin (Myr) has a variety of pharmacological properties, including inhibiting SrtA activity of Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this research was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Myr on SrtA of S. mutans and its subsequent influence on the biofilm formation. Here, Myr was discovered as a potent inhibitor of S. mutans SrtA, with an IC50 of 48.66 ± 1.48 μM, which was lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 512 ug/mL. Additionally, immunoblot and biofilm assays demonstrated that Myr at a sub-MIC level could reduce adhesion and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The reduction of biofilm was possibly caused by the decreased amount of Pac on the cells' surface by releasing Pac into the medium via inhibiting SrtA activity. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis assays suggested that Met123, Ile191, and Arg213 of SrtA were pivotal for the interaction of SrtA and Myr. Our findings indicate that Myr is a promising candidate for the control of dental caries by modulating Pac-involved adhesive mechanisms without developing drug resistance to S.mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bibo Lv
- Pediatric Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Xiangyang Stomatological Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 6, Jianhua Road, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongxi Yang
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095, Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Multifunctional Amyloids in the Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122020. [PMID: 33348645 PMCID: PMC7766987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since they were discovered, amyloids have proven to be versatile proteins able to participate in a variety of cellular functions across all kingdoms of life. This multitask trait seems to reside in their ability to coexist as monomers, aggregates or fibrillar entities, with morphological and biochemical peculiarities. It is precisely this common molecular behaviour that allows amyloids to cross react with one another, triggering heterologous aggregation. In bacteria, many of these functional amyloids are devoted to the assembly of biofilms by organizing the matrix scaffold that keeps cells together. However, consistent with their notion of multifunctional proteins, functional amyloids participate in other biological roles within the same organisms, and emerging unprecedented functions are being discovered. In this review, we focus on functional amyloids reported in gram-positive bacteria, which are diverse in their assembly mechanisms and remarkably specific in their biological functions that they perform. Finally, we consider cross-seeding between functional amyloids as an emerging theme in interspecies interactions that contributes to the diversification of bacterial biology.
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Morales-Aparicio JC, Lara Vasquez P, Mishra S, Barrán-Berdón AL, Kamat M, Basso KB, Wen ZT, Brady LJ. The Impacts of Sortase A and the 4'-Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Homolog Sfp on Streptococcus mutans Extracellular Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:570219. [PMID: 33193163 PMCID: PMC7649765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.570219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) are produced by many Gram-positive organisms, but information regarding vesiculogenesis is incomplete. We used single gene deletions to evaluate the impacts on Streptococcus mutans EMV biogenesis of Sortase A (SrtA), which affects S. mutans EMV composition, and Sfp, a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase that affects Bacillus subtilis EMV stability. ΔsrtA EMVs were notably larger than Δsfp and wild-type (WT) EMVs. EMV proteins identified from all three strains are known to be involved in cell wall biogenesis and cell architecture, bacterial adhesion, biofilm cell density and matrix development, and microbial competition. Notably, the AtlA autolysin was not processed to its mature active form in the ΔsrtA mutant. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of all three strains revealed multiple dissimilarities between vesicular and corresponding cytoplasmic membranes (CMs). A higher proportion of EMV proteins are predicted substrates of the general secretion pathway (GSP). Accordingly, the GSP component SecA was identified as a prominent EMV-associated protein. In contrast, CMs contained more multi-pass transmembrane (TM) protein substrates of co-translational transport machineries than EMVs. EMVs from the WT, but not the mutant strains, were enriched in cardiolipin compared to CMs, and all EMVs were over-represented in polyketide flavonoids. EMVs and CMs were rich in long-chain saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, except for Δsfp EMVs that contained exclusively polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipoproteins were less prevalent in EMVs of all three strains compared to their CMs. This study provides insight into biophysical characteristics of S. mutans EMVs and indicates discrete partitioning of protein and lipid components between EMVs and corresponding CMs of WT, ΔsrtA, and Δsfp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Surabhi Mishra
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ana L. Barrán-Berdón
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kari B. Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zezhang T. Wen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - L. Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Chiu KC, Shih YH, Wang TH, Lan WC, Li PJ, Jhuang HS, Hsia SM, Shen YW, Yuan-Chien Chen M, Shieh TM. In vitro antimicrobial and antipro-inflammation potential of honokiol and magnolol against oral pathogens and macrophages. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:827-837. [PMID: 32978046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Honokiol and magnolol are natural components isolated from Magnolia bark that is used in traditional Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine. These two isomers are used as a component of dietary supplements and cosmetic products. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of honokiol and magnolol on pathogens causing oral diseases, their mechanism of action in biofilm formation and drug resistance of oral pathogens, and inflammatory regulation in mammalian cells. METHODS We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of honokiol and magnolol, and their stability at different temperatures and pH. We also evaluated their effect on biofilm formation, antibiotic-resistance gene expression in MRSA, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in mammalian cells. RESULTS Honokiol showed better antimicrobial activity than magnolol. Both honokiol and magnolol showed stable bacterial inhibitory activity over a wide range of temperature and pH, reduced biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance in oral pathogens. The biofilm formation- and antibiotic resistance-related gene expression was consistent with the respective phenotypes. Furthermore, these two isomers repressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of the potential application of honokiol and magnolol in dental medicine to cure or prevent oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of Oral Diagnosis and Family Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linko, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Li
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Syu Jhuang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Shen
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Yuan-Chien Chen
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dental Hygiene, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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13
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Lamba GS, Dufour D, Nainar SMH, Cioffi I, Lévesque CM, Gong SG. Association of Streptococcus mutans collagen binding genes with severe childhood caries. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3467-3475. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Sujitha S, Vishnu US, Karthikeyan R, Sankarasubramanian J, Gunasekaran P, Rajendhran J. Genome Investigation of a Cariogenic Pathogen with Implications in Cardiovascular Diseases. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:451-459. [PMID: 31762508 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00823-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proportion of people suffering from cardiovascular diseases has risen by 34% in the last 15 years in India. Cardiomyopathy is among the many forms of CVD s present. Infection of heart muscles is the suspected etiological agent for the same. Oral pathogens gaining entry into the bloodstream are responsible for such infections. Streptococcus mutans is an oral pathogen with implications in cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown certain strains of S. mutans are found predominantly within atherosclerotic plaques and extirpated valves. To decipher the genetic differences responsible for endothelial cell invasion, we have sequenced the genome of Streptococcus mutans B14. Pan-genome analysis, search for adhesion proteins through a special algorithm, and protein-protein interactions search through HPIDB have been done. Pan-genome analysis of 187 whole genomes, assemblies revealed 6965 genes in total and 918 genes forming the core gene cluster. Adhesion to the endothelial cell is a critical virulence factor distinguishing virulent and non-virulent strains. Overall, 4% of the total proteins in S. mutans B14 were categorized as adhesion proteins. Protein-protein interaction between putative adhesion proteins and Human extracellular matrix components was predicted, revealing novel interactions. A conserved gene catalyzing the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids in S. mutans B14 shows possible interaction with isoforms of cathepsin protein of the ECM. This genome sequence analysis indicates towards other proteins in the S. mutans genome, which might have a specific role to play in host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sujitha
- 1Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021 India
| | - Udayakumar S Vishnu
- 1Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021 India
| | - Raman Karthikeyan
- 1Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021 India
| | - Jagadesan Sankarasubramanian
- 1Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021 India
| | | | - Jeyaprakash Rajendhran
- 1Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625021 India
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15
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Chen X, Liu C, Peng X, He Y, Liu H, Song Y, Xiong K, Zou L. Sortase A‐mediated modification of the
Streptococcus mutans
transcriptome and virulence traits. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:219-233. [PMID: 31342653 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Periodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanli He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Ying Song
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Kaixin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Conservation Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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16
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Scharnow AM, Solinski AE, Wuest WM. Targeting S. mutans biofilms: a perspective on preventing dental caries. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1057-1067. [PMID: 31391878 PMCID: PMC6644389 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of biofilm diseases, and dental caries in particular, have encouraged extensive research on S. mutans biofilms, including methods of preventing its formation. Numerous small molecules with specific anti-biofilm activity against this pathogen have been isolated and synthesized. Generally, these molecules can be characterized into three categories: sucrose-dependent anti-adhesion, sucrose-independent anti-adhesion and cellular signaling interference. This review aims to provide an overview of the current small molecule strategies used for targeting S. mutans biofilms, and a perspective of the future for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Scharnow
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - Amy E Solinski
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
| | - William M Wuest
- Emory University , Chemistry Department , 1515 Dickey Dr , Atlanta , GA 30322 , USA .
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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18
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Redundant and Distinct Roles of Secreted Protein Eap and Cell Wall-Anchored Protein SasG in Biofilm Formation and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00894-18. [PMID: 30670553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00894-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and fatal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are sometimes associated with biofilm formation. Secreted proteins and cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) are important for the development of polysaccharide-independent biofilms, but functional relationships between these proteins are unclear. In the present study, we report the roles of the extracellular adherence protein Eap and the surface CWAP SasG in S. aureus MR23, a clinical methicillin-resistant isolate that forms a robust protein-dependent biofilm and accumulates a large amount of Eap in the extracellular matrix. Double deletion of eap and sasG, but not single eap or sasG deletion, reduced the biomass of the formed biofilm. Mutational analysis demonstrated that cell wall anchorage is essential for the role of SasG in biofilm formation. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that MR23 formed a rugged and thick biofilm; deletion of both eap and sasG reduced biofilm ruggedness and thickness. Although sasG deletion did not affect either of these features, eap deletion reduced the ruggedness but not the thickness of the biofilm. This indicated that Eap contributes to the rough irregular surface structure of the MR23 biofilm and that both Eap and SasG play roles in biofilm thickness. The level of pathogenicity of the Δeap ΔsasG strain in a silkworm larval infection model was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the wild type and single-deletion mutants. Collectively, these findings highlight the redundant and distinct roles of a secreted protein and a CWAP in biofilm formation and pathogenicity of S. aureus and may inform new strategies to control staphylococcal biofilm infections.
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19
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Sadiq FA, Flint S, Sakandar HA, He G. Molecular regulation of adhesion and biofilm formation in high and low biofilm producers of Bacillus licheniformis using RNA-Seq. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:143-158. [PMID: 30884970 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1575960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA sequencing was used to reveal transcriptional changes during the motile-to-sessile switch in high and low biofilm-forming dairy strains of B. licheniformis isolated from Chinese milk powders. A significant part of the whole gene content was affected during this transition in both strains. In terms of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, seven metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated in the planktonic state compared to the biofilm state in both strains. Lipid and sugar metabolism seemed to play an important role in matrix production. Several genes involved in adhesion, matrix production and the matrix coating were either absent or less expressed in the biofilm state of the low biofilm producer compared to the high biofilm producer. Genes related to sporulation and the production of extracellular polymeric substances were concomitantly expressed in the biofilm state of both strains. These comprehensive insights will be helpful for future research into mechanisms and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
- b College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Steve Flint
- c School of Food and Nutrition , Massey University , Private Bag 11 222 , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Hafiz Arbab Sakandar
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , PR China
- d Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - GuoQing He
- b College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
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20
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Astilbin Inhibits the Activity of Sortase A from Streptococcus mutans. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030465. [PMID: 30696091 PMCID: PMC6384703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the primary etiological agent of dental caries. The S. mutans enzyme sortase A (SrtA) is responsible for anchoring bacterial cell wall surface proteins involved in host cell attachment and biofilm formation. Thus, SrtA is an attractive target for inhibiting dental caries caused by S. mutans-associated acid fermentation. In this study, we observed that astilbin, a flavanone compound extracted from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, has potent inhibitory activity against the S. mutans SrtA, with an IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL. In addition, astilbin was proven to reduce the formation of biofilm while without affecting the growth of S. mutans. The results of a molecular dynamics simulation and a mutation analysis revealed that the Arg213, Leu111, and Leu116 of SrtA are important for the interaction between SrtA and astilbin. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of using astilbin as a nonbactericidal agent to modulate pathogenicity of S. mutans by inhibiting the activity of SrtA.
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21
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Song Y, Zhou JL, He YL, Li W, Zou L. [Link between sortase A function and cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans: a preliminary metabolomics analysis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:360-366. [PMID: 30182561 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study intends to explore the mechanism underlying the support of sortase A (SrtA) of the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). METHODS We performed a metabonomics study based on ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), in which we compared the extracellular metabolites of wild-type S. mutans UA159 with those of its SrtA-deficient strain. Metabolite differences among strains were identified using a combination of principal component analysis and orthogonality partial least square discriminant analysis. RESULTS Several differences corresponding mostly to unknown metabolites were identified. Some amino acids such as leucine and valine (δ 0.92×10⁻⁶-1.20×10⁻⁶), lactic acid ( δ1.28×10⁻⁶), oxoglutaric acid (δ 3.00×10⁻⁶), and glycine (δ 3.60×10⁻⁶) differed among strains. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes the feasibility of using ¹H NMR-based metabonomics to provide leads for research into molecular factors that promote caries. The database of microbial metabolites should be also improved in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences,Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Jing-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan-Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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22
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Zhou Y, Millhouse E, Shaw T, Lappin DF, Rajendran R, Bagg J, Lin H, Ramage G. Evaluating Streptococcus mutans Strain Dependent Characteristics in a Polymicrobial Biofilm Community. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1498. [PMID: 30083138 PMCID: PMC6064717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate strain dependent differences of the cariogenic biofilm forming Streptococcus mutans within both simple and complex communities. Methods: A mono-species containing representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), and a multispecies in vitro caries biofilm model containing Lactobacillus casei, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Actinomyces naeslundii, and either of two representative S. mutans clinical isolates (caries and non-caries), was developed as a comparison model. Compositional analysis of total and live bacteria within biofilms, and transcriptional analysis of biofilm associated virulence factors were evaluated by live/dead PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the architecture of biofilm. One-way analysis of variance and t-tests were used to investigate significant differences between independent groups of data. Results: Within a mono-species biofilm, different S. mutans strains responded similarly to one another during biofilm formation in different carbohydrate sources, with sucrose showing the highest levels of biofilm biomass and galactose showing the lowest. Within the polymicrobial biofilm system, compositional analysis of the bacteria within the biofilm showed that S. mutans derived from a caries-free patient was preferentially composed of both total and viable L. casei, whereas S. mutans derived from a caries patient was dominated by both total and viable S. mutans (p < 0.001). Normalized gene expression analysis of srtA, gtfB, ftf, spaP, gbpB, and luxS, showed a general upregulation within the S. mutans dominant biofilm. Conclusion: We were able to demonstrate that individual strains derived from different patients exhibited altered biofilm characteristics, which were not obvious within a simple mono-species biofilm model. Influencing the environmental conditions changed the composition and functionality S. mutans within the polymicrobial biofilm. The biofilm model described herein provides a novel and reproducible method of assessing the impact on the biofilm microbiome upon different environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emma Millhouse
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Shaw
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David F Lappin
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Bagg
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,ESCMID Study Group for Biofilms, Basel, Switzerland
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Li B, Li X, Lin H, Zhou Y. Curcumin as a Promising Antibacterial Agent: Effects on Metabolism and Biofilm Formation in S. mutans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4508709. [PMID: 29682545 PMCID: PMC5851298 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4508709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been proved to be the main aetiological factor in dental caries. Curcumin, a natural product, has been shown to exhibit therapeutic antibacterial activity, suggesting that curcumin may be of clinical interest. The objective of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory effects of curcumin on metabolism and biofilm formation in S. mutans using a vitro biofilm model in an artificial oral environment. S. mutans biofilms were treated with varying concentrations of curcumin. The biofilm metabolism and biofilm biomass were assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and the crystal violet assay. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to analyse the composition and extracellular polysaccharide content of S. mutans biofilm after curcumin treatment. The biofilm structure was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The gene expression of virulence-related factors was assessed by real-time PCR. The antibiofilm effect of curcumin was compared with that of chlorhexidine. The sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC50%) of curcumin against S. mutans biofilm was 500 μM. Curcumin reduced the biofilm metabolism from 5 min to 24 h. Curcumin inhibited the quantity of live bacteria and total bacteria in both the short term (5 min) and the long term. Moreover, curcumin decreased the production of extracellular polysaccharide in the short term. The expression of genes related to extracellular polysaccharide synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, adherence, and the two-component transduction system decreased after curcumin treatment. The chlorhexidine-treated group showed similar results. We speculate that curcumin has the capacity to be developed as an alternative agent with the potential to reduce the pathogenic traits of S. mutans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchun Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
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24
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Xuan C, Haixia L, Xian P, Ling Z. [Construction of srtA-deletion mutant of Streptococcus mutans by an in-frame deletion system]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:588-592. [PMID: 29333770 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct srtA-gene deletion mutant of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) UA159 with IFDC2 cassette through overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allelic homologous recombination. METHODS First, the upstream and downstream fragments surrounding the srtA and IFDC2 cassette were PCR amplified and ligated through overlapping PCR. The resulting amplicon was transformed into UA159, and positive transformants were selected on BHI plates containing erythromycin. Second, upstream and downstream fragments of srtA with overlap regions were generated by PCR and were overlapped to create upΔ-down amplicon. Then, the upΔ-down amplicon was transformed into the aforementioned positive transformants and selected on BHI plates containing p-Cl-Phe. RESULTS The PCR analysis and DNA sequencing results indicated that the coding region of the srtA was completely deleted, and the upstream and downstream regions flanking the srtA were ligated seamlessly. CONCLUSIONS The markerless srtA-deletion mutant of S. mutans was constructed successfully, which laid a foundation for further study of its biological function and influence on the biofilm formation of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liu Haixia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zou Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lapirattanakul J, Takashima Y, Tantivitayakul P, Maudcheingka T, Leelataweewud P, Nakano K, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans clinical isolates with sortase defects. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:7-14. [PMID: 28458044 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive pathogen of dental caries, several surface proteins are anchored by the activity of sortase enzyme. Although various reports have shown that constructed S. mutans mutants deficient of sortase as well as laboratory reference strains with a sortase gene mutation have low cariogenic potential, no known studies have investigated clinical isolates with sortase defects. Here, we examined the cariogenic properties of S. mutans clinical isolates with sortase defects as well as caries status in humans harboring such defective isolates. DESIGN Sortase-defective clinical isolates were evaluated for biofilm formation, sucrose-dependent adhesion, stress-induced dextran-dependent aggregation, acid production, and acid tolerance. Additionally, caries indices of subjects possessing such defective isolates were determined. RESULTS Our in vitro results indicated that biofilm with a lower quantity was formed by sortase-defective as compared to non-defective isolates. Moreover, impairments of sucrose-dependent adhesion and stress-induced dextran-dependent aggregation were found among the isolates with defects, whereas no alterations were seen in regard to acid production or tolerance. Furthermore, glucan-binding protein C, a surface protein anchored by sortase activity, was predominantly detected in culture supernatants of all sortase-defective S. mutans isolates. Although the sortase-defective isolates showed lower cariogenic potential because of a reduction in some cariogenic properties, deft/DMFT indices revealed that all subjects harboring those isolates had caries experience. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the impairment of cariogenic properties in S. mutans clinical isolates with sortase defects, though the detection of these defective isolates seemed not to imply low caries risk in the subjects harboring them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Yukiko Takashima
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Pornpen Tantivitayakul
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thaniya Maudcheingka
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
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26
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Besingi RN, Wenderska IB, Senadheera DB, Cvitkovitch DG, Long JR, Wen ZT, Brady LJ. Functional amyloids in Streptococcus mutans, their use as targets of biofilm inhibition and initial characterization of SMU_63c. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:488-501. [PMID: 28141493 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amyloids have been identified as functional components of the extracellular matrix of bacterial biofilms. Streptococcus mutans is an established aetiologic agent of dental caries and a biofilm dweller. In addition to the previously identified amyloidogenic adhesin P1 (also known as AgI/II, PAc), we show that the naturally occurring antigen A derivative of S. mutans wall-associated protein A (WapA) and the secreted protein SMU_63c can also form amyloid fibrils. P1, WapA and SMU_63c were found to significantly influence biofilm development and architecture, and all three proteins were shown by immunogold electron microscopy to reside within the fibrillar extracellular matrix of the biofilms. We also showed that SMU_63c functions as a negative regulator of biofilm cell density and genetic competence. In addition, the naturally occurring C-terminal cleavage product of P1, C123 (also known as AgII), was shown to represent the amyloidogenic moiety of this protein. Thus, P1 and WapA both represent sortase substrates that are processed to amyloidogenic truncation derivatives. Our current results suggest a novel mechanism by which certain cell surface adhesins are processed and contribute to the amyloidogenic capability of S. mutans. We further demonstrate that the polyphenolic small molecules tannic acid and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and the benzoquinone derivative AA-861, which all inhibit amyloid fibrillization of C123 and antigen A in vitro, also inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation via P1- and WapA-dependent mechanisms, indicating that these proteins serve as therapeutic targets of anti-amyloid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Besingi
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Iwona B Wenderska
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dilani B Senadheera
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis G Cvitkovitch
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joanna R Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zezhang T Wen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry and Biomaterials and Center of Excellence in Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Ansari JM, Abraham NM, Massaro J, Murphy K, Smith-Carpenter J, Fikrig E. Anti-Biofilm Activity of a Self-Aggregating Peptide against Streptococcus mutans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:488. [PMID: 28392782 PMCID: PMC5364132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the primary agent of dental cavities, in large part due to its ability to adhere to teeth and create a molecular scaffold of glucan polysaccharides on the tooth surface. Disrupting the architecture of S. mutans biofilms could help undermine the establishment of biofilm communities that cause cavities and tooth decay. Here we present a synthetic peptide P1, derived from a tick antifreeze protein, which significantly reduces S. mutans biofilm formation. Incubating cells with this peptide decreased biofilm biomass by approximately 75% in both a crystal violet microplate assay and an in vitro tooth model using saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. Bacteria treated with peptide P1 formed irregular biofilms with disconnected aggregates of cells and exopolymeric matrix that readily detached from surfaces. Peptide P1 can bind directly to S. mutans cells but does not possess bactericidal activity. Anti-biofilm activity was correlated with peptide aggregation and β-sheet formation in solution, and alternative synthetic peptides of different lengths or charge distribution did not inhibit biofilms. This anti-biofilm peptide interferes with S. mutans biofilm formation and architecture, and may have future applications in preventing bacterial buildup on teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabil M Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New HavenCT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy ChaseMD, USA
| | - Jenna Massaro
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield CT, USA
| | - Kelsey Murphy
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield CT, USA
| | | | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New HavenCT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy ChaseMD, USA
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28
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Das S, Pawale VS, Dadireddy V, Singh AK, Ramakumar S, Roy RP. Structure and specificity of a new class of Ca 2+-independent housekeeping sortase from Streptomyces avermitilis provide insights into its non-canonical substrate preference. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7244-7257. [PMID: 28270507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface proteins in Gram-positive bacteria are incorporated into the cell wall through a peptide ligation reaction catalyzed by transpeptidase sortase. Six main classes (A-F) of sortase have been identified of which class A sortase is meant for housekeeping functions. The prototypic housekeeping sortase A (SaSrtA) from Staphylococcus aureus cleaves LPXTG-containing proteins at the scissile T-G peptide bond and ligates protein-LPXT to the terminal Gly residue of the nascent cross-bridge of peptidoglycan lipid II precursor. Sortase-mediated ligation ("sortagging") of LPXTG-containing substrates and Gly-terminated nucleophiles occurs in vitro as well as in cellulo in the presence of Ca2+ and has been applied extensively for protein conjugations. Although the majority of applications emanate from SaSrtA, low catalytic efficiency, LPXTG specificity restriction, and Ca2+ requirement (particularly for in cellulo applications) remain a drawback. Given that Gram-positive bacteria genomes encode a variety of sortases, natural sortase mining can be a viable complementary approach akin to engineering of wild-type SaSrtA. Here, we describe the structure and specificity of a new class E sortase (SavSrtE) annotated to perform housekeeping roles in Streptomyces avermitilis Biochemical experiments define the attributes of an optimum peptide substrate, demonstrate Ca2+-independent activity, and provide insights about contrasting functional characteristics of SavSrtE and SaSrtA. Crystal structure, substrate docking, and mutagenesis experiments have identified a critical residue that dictates the preference for a non-canonical LAXTG recognition motif over LPXTG. These results have implications for rational tailoring of substrate tolerance in sortases. Besides, Ca2+-independent orthogonal specificity of SavSrtE is likely to expand the sortagging toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetama Das
- From the Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajendra P Roy
- the National Institute of Immunology, Delhi 110067, India
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29
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Miao X, Wang D, Xu L, Wang J, Zeng D, Lin S, Huang C, Liu X, Jiang X. The response of human osteoblasts, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and oral bacteria to nanostructured titanium surfaces: a systematic study. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:1415-1430. [PMID: 28260888 PMCID: PMC5325133 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s126760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotopography modification is a major focus of interest in current titanium surface design; however, the influence of the nanostructured surface on human cell/bacterium behavior has rarely been systematically evaluated. In this study, a homogeneous nanofiber structure was prepared on a titanium surface (Nano) by alkali-hydrothermal treatment, and the effects of this Nano surface on the behaviors of human MG-63 osteoblasts, human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were evaluated in comparison with a smooth titanium surface (Smooth) by polishing and a micro-rough titanium surface (Micro) by sandblasting and acid etching. In addition, the impacts of these different surface morphologies on human THP-1 macrophage polarization and Streptococcus mutans attachment were also assessed. Our findings showed that the nanostructured surface enhanced the osteogenic activity of MG-63 cells (Nano=Micro>Smooth) at the same time that it improved the attachment of HGECs (Nano>Smooth>Micro) and HGFs (Nano=Micro>Smooth). Furthermore, the surface with nanotexture did not affect macrophage polarization (Nano=Micro=Smooth), but did reduce initial bacterial adhesion (Nano
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Miao
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Lianyi Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Deliang Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Shuxian Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Cui Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBM), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics
- Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
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30
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Guo L, Shokeen B, He X, Shi W, Lux R. Streptococcus mutans SpaP binds to RadD of Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. polymorphum. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:355-364. [PMID: 27976528 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adhesin-mediated bacterial interspecies interactions are important elements in oral biofilm formation. They often occur on a species-specific level, which could determine health or disease association of a biofilm community. Among the key players involved in these processes are the ubiquitous fusobacteria that have been recognized for their ability to interact with numerous different binding partners. Fusobacterial interactions with Streptococcus mutans, an important oral cariogenic pathogen, have previously been described but most studies focused on binding to non-mutans streptococci and specific cognate adhesin pairs remain to be identified. Here, we demonstrated differential binding of oral fusobacteria to S. mutans. Screening of existing mutant derivatives indicated SpaP as the major S. mutans adhesin specific for binding to Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. polymorphum but none of the other oral fusobacteria tested. We inactivated RadD, a known adhesin of F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum for interaction with a number of gram-positive species, in F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum and used a Lactococcus lactis heterologous SpaP expression system to demonstrate SpaP interaction with RadD of F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum. This is a novel function for SpaP, which has mainly been characterized as an adhesin for binding to host proteins including salivary glycoproteins. In conclusion, we describe an additional role for SpaP as adhesin in interspecies adherence with RadD-SpaP as the interacting adhesin pair for binding between S. mutans and F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum. Furthermore, S. mutans attachment to oral fusobacteria appears to involve species- and subspecies-dependent adhesin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Guo
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bhumika Shokeen
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Castro J, França A, Bradwell KR, Serrano MG, Jefferson KK, Cerca N. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms vs. planktonic cultures using RNA-seq. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:3. [PMID: 28649404 PMCID: PMC5460279 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis is the most common gynecological disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Bacterial vaginosis is frequently associated with the development of a Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm. Recent data indicates that G. vaginalis biofilms are more tolerant to antibiotics and are able to incorporate other bacterial vaginosis -associated species, yielding a multi-species biofilm. However, despite its apparent role in bacterial vaginosis, little is known regarding the molecular determinants involved in biofilm formation by G. vaginalis. To gain insight into the role of G. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis, we carried out comparative transcriptomic analysis between planktonic and biofilm phenotypes, using RNA-sequencing. Significant differences were found in the expression levels of 815 genes. A detailed analysis of the results obtained was performed based on direct and functional gene interactions. Similar to other bacterial species, expression of genes involved in antimicrobial resistance were elevated in biofilm cells. In addition, our data indicate that G. vaginalis biofilms assume a characteristic response to stress and starvation conditions. The abundance of transcripts encoding proteins involved in glucose and carbon metabolism was reduced in biofilms. Surprisingly, transcript levels of vaginolysin were reduced in biofilms relative to planktonic cultures. Overall, our data revealed that gene-regulated processes in G. vaginalis biofilms resulted in a protected form of bacterial growth, characterized by low metabolic activity. This phenotype may contribute towards the chronic and recurrent nature of bacterial vaginosis. This suggests that G. vaginalis is capable of drastically adjusting its phenotype through an extensive change of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Castro
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678c USA
| | - Angela França
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Katie R. Bradwell
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Myrna G. Serrano
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284 USA
| | - Kimberly K. Jefferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0678c USA
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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32
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Li H, Lu Y, Xiang J, Jiang H, Zhong Y, Lu Y. Enhancement of immunogenic response and protection in model rats by CSTM nanoparticles anticaries DNA vaccine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1407-16. [PMID: 27221078 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To construct anticaries DNA vaccine and evaluate its ability to elicit mucosal and systemic immune responses in rats. MATERIALS & METHODS wapA fragment was cloned into pVAX1 plasmid to generate pVAX1-wapA. The pVAX1-wapA/trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by complex coacervation method. RESULTS Significantly higher specific IgG antibody titers were observed in rats immunized with nanoparticles compared with rats immunized with naked pVAX1-wapA. Anti-WapA IgA and IgG antibody levels after intranasal immunization were significantly higher than those following intramuscular delivery of nanoparticles or naked pVAX1-wapA. Furthermore, fewer enamel, slight dentin and dentin moderate lesions were observed in rats immunized with nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The results implicate WapA as an excellent candidate for anticaries vaccine development and nanoparticles as an effective delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Li
- Changhai Hospital, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingjie Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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33
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Zhuang PL, Yu LX, Tao Y, Zhou Y, Zhi QH, Lin HC. Effects of missense mutations in sortase A gene on enzyme activity in Streptococcus mutans. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:47. [PMID: 27068451 PMCID: PMC4827206 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the major aetiological agent of dental caries, and the transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) plays a major role in cariogenicity. The T168G and G470A missense mutations in the srtA gene may be linked to caries susceptibility, as demonstrated in our previous studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these missense mutations of the srtA gene on SrtA enzyme activity in S. mutans. Methods The point mutated recombinant S.mutans T168G and G470A sortases were expressed in expression plasmid pET32a. S. mutans UA159 sortase coding gene srtA was used as the template for point mutation. Enzymatic activity was assessed by quantifying increases in the fluorescence intensity generated when a substrate Dabcyl-QALPNTGEE-Edans was cleaved by SrtA. The kinetic constants were calculated based on the curve fit for the Michaelis-Menten equation. Results SrtA△N40(UA159) and the mutant enzymes, SrtA△N40(D56E) and SrtA△N40(R157H), were expressed and purified. A kinetic analysis showed that the affinity of SrtA△N40(D56E) and SrtA△N40(R157H) remained approximately equal to the affinity of SrtA△N40(UA159), as determined by the Michaelis constant (Km). However, the catalytic rate constant (kcat) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of SrtA△N40(D56E) were reduced compared with those of SrtA△N40(R157H) and SrtA△N40(UA159), whereas the kcat and kcat/Km values of SrtA△N40(R157H) were slightly lower than those of SrtA△N40(UA159). Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that the T168G missense mutation of the srtA gene results in a significant reduction in enzymatic activity compared with S. mutans UA159, suggesting that the T168G missense mutation of the srtA gene may be related to low cariogenicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0204-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Zhuang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Road West, Guangzhou, China
| | - L X Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q H Zhi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H C Lin
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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34
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Quercitrin-nanocoated titanium surfaces favour gingival cells against oral bacteria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22444. [PMID: 26925553 PMCID: PMC4772538 DOI: 10.1038/srep22444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dental implants fail due to the infection and inflammation that walk hand in hand with poor healing and soft tissue integration. Titanium surfaces were nanocoated with quercitrin, a natural flavonoid, with the aim to improve soft tissue integration and increase dental implants success. Streptococcus mutans attachment and biofilm formation was analysed. Then, the anti-inflammatory properties and the potential of quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces to boost soft tissue regeneration were tested using human gingival fibroblasts. An inflammatory situation was mimicked using interleulin-1-beta. We found that quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces decreased initial bacterial adhesion while increasing human gingival fibroblasts attachment. Furthermore, quercitrin-nanocoated Ti increased collagen mRNA levels and decreased matrix metalloproteinase-1/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinanse-1 mRNA ratio, which is related to a reduced metalloproteinase-mediated collagen degradation, while also decreasing the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 release under basal and inflammatory conditions. These results suggest that quercitrin-nanocoated surfaces could enhance the soft tissue integration and increase dental implants success.
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35
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Li Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Su QP, Xue B, Shao S, Zhu Y, Xu X, Wei S, Sun Y. Live-cell and super-resolution imaging reveal that the distribution of wall-associated protein A is correlated with the cell chain integrity of Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:376-83. [PMID: 25891147 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a primary pathogen responsible for dental caries. It has an outstanding ability to form biofilm, which is vital for virulence. Previous studies have shown that knockout of Wall-associated protein A (WapA) affects cell chain and biofilm formation of S. mutans. As a surface protein, the distribution of WapA remains unknown, but it is important to understand the mechanism underlying the function of WapA. This study applied the fluorescence protein mCherry as a reporter gene to characterize the dynamic distribution of WapA in S. mutans via time-lapse and super-resolution fluorescence imaging. The results revealed interesting subcellular distribution patterns of WapA in single, dividing and long chains of S. mutans cells. It appears at the middle of the cell and moves to the poles as the cell grows and divides. In a cell chain, after each round of cell division, such dynamic relocation results in WapA distribution at the previous cell division sites, resulting in a pattern where WapA is located at the boundary of two adjacent cell pairs. This WapA distribution pattern corresponds to the breaking segmentation of wapA deletion cell chains. The dynamic relocation of WapA through the cell cycle increases our understanding of the mechanism of WapA in maintaining cell chain integrity and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Z Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Q P Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - B Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - S Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - S Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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36
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Morphological and proteomic analyses of the biofilms generated by Streptococcus mutans isolated from caries-active and caries-free adults. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Streptococcus mutans sortase A inhibitory metabolites from the flowers of Sophora japonica. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1394-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sullan RMA, Li JK, Crowley PJ, Brady LJ, Dufrêne YF. Binding forces of Streptococcus mutans P1 adhesin. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1448-60. [PMID: 25671413 PMCID: PMC4369792 DOI: 10.1021/nn5058886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive oral bacterium that is a primary etiological agent associated with human dental caries. In the oral cavity, S. mutans adheres to immobilized salivary agglutinin (SAG) contained within the salivary pellicle on the tooth surface. Binding to SAG is mediated by cell surface P1, a multifunctional adhesin that is also capable of interacting with extracellular matrix proteins. This may be of particular importance outside of the oral cavity as S. mutans has been associated with infective endocarditis and detected in atherosclerotic plaque. Despite the biomedical importance of P1, its binding mechanisms are not completely understood. In this work, we use atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule and single-cell force spectroscopy to quantify the nanoscale forces driving P1-mediated adhesion. Single-molecule experiments show that full-length P1, as well as fragments containing only the P1 globular head or C-terminal region, binds to SAG with relatively weak forces (∼50 pN). In contrast, single-cell analyses reveal that adhesion of a single S. mutans cell to SAG is mediated by strong (∼500 pN) and long-range (up to 6000 nm) forces. This is likely due to the binding of multiple P1 adhesins to self-associated gp340 glycoproteins. Such a cooperative, long-range character of the S. mutans-SAG interaction would therefore dramatically increase the strength and duration of cell adhesion. We also demonstrate, at single-molecule and single-cell levels, the interaction of P1 with fibronectin and collagen, as well as with hydrophobic, but not hydrophilic, substrates. The binding mechanism (strong forces, cooperativity, broad specificity) of P1 provides a molecular basis for its multifunctional adhesion properties. Our methodology represents a valuable approach to probe the binding forces of bacterial adhesins and offers a tractable methodology to assess anti-adhesion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby May A. Sullan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium B-1348
| | - James K. Li
- Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
| | - Paula J. Crowley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - L. Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium B-1348
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Selvaraj C, Priya RB, Lee JK, Singh SK. Mechanistic insights of SrtA–LPXTG blockers targeting the transpeptidase mechanism in Streptococcus mutans. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SrtA–LPXTG interaction plays a key role in transpeptidation reaction, cell wall and biofilm formations. This study explains the blocking of LEU interactions with SrtA will results as SrtA inhibitors through MD simulation and energy calculations methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramanathan Bharathi Priya
- Department of Bioinformatics
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630003
- India
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630003
- India
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40
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Hooper SL, Burstein HJ. Minimization of extracellular space as a driving force in prokaryote association and the origin of eukaryotes. Biol Direct 2014; 9:24. [PMID: 25406691 PMCID: PMC4289276 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalization-based hypotheses of eukaryotic origin require close physical association of host and symbiont. Prior hypotheses of how these associations arose include chance, specific metabolic couplings between partners, and prey-predator/parasite interactions. Since these hypotheses were proposed, it has become apparent that mixed-species, close-association assemblages (biofilms) are widespread and predominant components of prokaryotic ecology. Which forces drove prokaryotes to evolve the ability to form these assemblages are uncertain. Bacteria and archaea have also been found to form membrane-lined interconnections (nanotubes) through which proteins and RNA pass. These observations, combined with the structure of the nuclear envelope and an energetic benefit of close association (see below), lead us to propose a novel hypothesis of the driving force underlying prokaryotic close association and the origin of eukaryotes. RESULTS Respiratory proton transport does not alter external pH when external volume is effectively infinite. Close physical association decreases external volume. For small external volumes, proton transport decreases external pH, resulting in each transported proton increasing proton motor force to a greater extent. We calculate here that in biofilms this effect could substantially decrease how many protons need to be transported to achieve a given proton motor force. Based as it is solely on geometry, this energetic benefit would occur for all prokaryotes using proton-based respiration. CONCLUSIONS This benefit may be a driving force in biofilm formation. Under this hypothesis a very wide range of prokaryotic species combinations could serve as eukaryotic progenitors. We use this observation and the discovery of prokaryotic nanotubes to propose that eukaryotes arose from physically distinct, functionally specialized (energy factory, protein factory, DNA repository/RNA factory), obligatorily symbiotic prokaryotes in which the protein factory and DNA repository/RNA factory cells were coupled by nanotubes and the protein factory ultimately internalized the other two. This hypothesis naturally explains many aspects of eukaryotic physiology, including the nuclear envelope being a folded single membrane repeatedly pierced by membrane-bound tubules (the nuclear pores), suggests that species analogous or homologous to eukaryotic progenitors are likely unculturable as monocultures, and makes a large number of testable predictions. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Purificación López-García and Toni Gabaldón.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Hooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Helaine J Burstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
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Schneewind O, Missiakas D. Sec-secretion and sortase-mediated anchoring of proteins in Gram-positive bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:1687-97. [PMID: 24269844 PMCID: PMC4031296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptide-driven secretion of precursor proteins directs polypeptides across the plasma membrane of bacteria. Two pathways, Sec- and SRP-dependent, converge at the SecYEG translocon to thread unfolded precursor proteins across the membrane, whereas folded preproteins are routed via the Tat secretion pathway. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane and are surrounded by a rigid layer of peptidoglycan. Interactions with their environment are mediated by proteins that are retained in the cell wall, often through covalent attachment to the peptidoglycan. In this review, we describe the mechanisms for both Sec-dependent secretion and sortase-dependent assembly of proteins in the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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42
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Examine the characterization of biofilm formation and inhibition by targeting SrtA mechanism in Bacillus subtilis: a combined experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2364. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Sudhakar P, Reck M, Wang W, He FQ, Wagner-Döbler I, Dobler IW, Zeng AP. Construction and verification of the transcriptional regulatory response network of Streptococcus mutans upon treatment with the biofilm inhibitor carolacton. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:362. [PMID: 24884510 PMCID: PMC4048456 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carolacton is a newly identified secondary metabolite causing altered cell morphology and death of Streptococcus mutans biofilm cells. To unravel key regulators mediating these effects, the transcriptional regulatory response network of S. mutans biofilms upon carolacton treatment was constructed and analyzed. A systems biological approach integrating time-resolved transcriptomic data, reverse engineering, transcription factor binding sites, and experimental validation was carried out. Results The co-expression response network constructed from transcriptomic data using the reverse engineering algorithm called the Trend Correlation method consisted of 8284 gene pairs. The regulatory response network inferred by superimposing transcription factor binding site information into the co-expression network comprised 329 putative transcriptional regulatory interactions and could be classified into 27 sub-networks each co-regulated by a transcription factor. These sub-networks were significantly enriched with genes sharing common functions. The regulatory response network displayed global hierarchy and network motifs as observed in model organisms. The sub-networks modulated by the pyrimidine biosynthesis regulator PyrR, the glutamine synthetase repressor GlnR, the cysteine metabolism regulator CysR, global regulators CcpA and CodY and the two component system response regulators VicR and MbrC among others could putatively be related to the physiological effect of carolacton. The predicted interactions from the regulatory network between MbrC, known to be involved in cell envelope stress response, and the murMN-SMU_718c genes encoding peptidoglycan biosynthetic enzymes were experimentally confirmed using Electro Mobility Shift Assays. Furthermore, gene deletion mutants of five predicted key regulators from the response networks were constructed and their sensitivities towards carolacton were investigated. Deletion of cysR, the node having the highest connectivity among the regulators chosen from the regulatory network, resulted in a mutant which was insensitive to carolacton thus demonstrating not only the essentiality of cysR for the response of S. mutans biofilms to carolacton but also the relevance of the predicted network. Conclusion The network approach used in this study revealed important regulators and interactions as part of the response mechanisms of S. mutans biofilm cells to carolacton. It also opens a door for further studies into novel drug targets against streptococci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-362) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene W Dobler
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Streptococcus mutans extracellular DNA is upregulated during growth in biofilms, actively released via membrane vesicles, and influenced by components of the protein secretion machinery. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2355-66. [PMID: 24748612 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01493-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of human dental caries, lives primarily on the tooth surface in biofilms. Limited information is available concerning the extracellular DNA (eDNA) as a scaffolding matrix in S. mutans biofilms. This study demonstrates that S. mutans produces eDNA by multiple avenues, including lysis-independent membrane vesicles. Unlike eDNAs from cell lysis that were abundant and mainly concentrated around broken cells or cell debris with floating open ends, eDNAs produced via the lysis-independent pathway appeared scattered but in a structured network under scanning electron microscopy. Compared to eDNA production of planktonic cultures, eDNA production in 5- and 24-h biofilms was increased by >3- and >1.6-fold, respectively. The addition of DNase I to growth medium significantly reduced biofilm formation. In an in vitro adherence assay, added chromosomal DNA alone had a limited effect on S. mutans adherence to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite beads, but in conjunction with glucans synthesized using purified glucosyltransferase B, the adherence was significantly enhanced. Deletion of sortase A, the transpeptidase that covalently couples multiple surface-associated proteins to the cell wall peptidoglycan, significantly reduced eDNA in both planktonic and biofilm cultures. Sortase A deficiency did not have a significant effect on membrane vesicle production; however, the protein profile of the mutant membrane vesicles was significantly altered, including reduction of adhesin P1 and glucan-binding proteins B and C. Relative to the wild type, deficiency of protein secretion and membrane protein insertion machinery components, including Ffh, YidC1, and YidC2, also caused significant reductions in eDNA.
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45
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Selvaraj C, Sivakamavalli J, Vaseeharan B, Singh P, Singh SK. Structural elucidation of SrtA enzyme in Enterococcus faecalis: an emphasis on screening of potential inhibitors against the biofilm formation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1775-89. [PMID: 24718729 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70613c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a pathogenic Gram-positive bacterium, which mainly infects humans through urinary tract infections. SrtA is an essential enzyme for survival of E. faecalis, and inhibition of this particular enzyme will reduce the virulence of biofilm formation. It is proved to be associated with the microbial surface protein embedded signal transduction mechanism and promising as a suitable anti-microbial drug target for E. faecalis. The present work gives an inclusive description of SrtA isolated from E. faecalis through computational and experimental methodologies. For exploring the mechanism of SrtA and to screen potential leads against E. faecalis, we have generated three-dimensional models through homology modeling. The 3D model showed conformational stability over time, confirming the quality of the starting 3D model. Large scale 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations show the intramolecular changes occurring in SrtA, and multiple conformations of structure based screening elucidate potential leads against this pathogen. Experimental results showed that the screened compounds are active showing anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity, as SrtA is known to play an important role in E. faecalis biofilm formation. Experimental results also suggest that SrtA specific screened compounds have better anti-biofilm activity than the available inhibitors. Therefore, we believe that development of these compounds would be an impetus to design the novel chief SrtA inhibitors against E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Hasan S, Singh K, Danisuddin M, Verma PK, Khan AU. Inhibition of major virulence pathways of Streptococcus mutans by quercitrin and deoxynojirimycin: a synergistic approach of infection control. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91736. [PMID: 24622055 PMCID: PMC3951425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the synergistic effect of Quercitrin and Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) together with their individual inhibitory effect against virulence pathways of Streptococcus mutans. METHODOLOGY MICs of both the compounds were determined by the microdilution method, followed by their in vitrosynergy using checkerboard and time kill assay. The nature of interaction was classified as synergistic on the basis of fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) value of ≤0.5. Furthermore, the activity of Quercitrin and DNJ was evaluated individually and in combination against various cariogenic properties of S. mutans UA159 such as acidogenesis, aciduracity, glucan production, hydrophobicity, biofilm and adherence. Moreover, expression of virulent genes in S. mutans was analysed by quantitative RT- PCR (qRT-PCR) and inhibition of F1F0-ATPase, lactate dehydrogenase and enolase was also evaluated. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate structural obliteration of biofilm. RESULTS The in vitro synergism between Quercitrin and DNJ was observed, with a FICI of 0.313. Their MIC values were found to be 64 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml respectively. The synergistic combination consistently showed best activity against all the virulence factors as compared to Quercitrin and DNJ individually. A reduction in glucan synthesis and biofilm formation was observed at different phases of growth. The qRT-PCR revealed significant downregulation of various virulent genes. Electron micrographs depicted the obliteration of biofilm as compared to control and the activity of cariogenic enzymes was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS The whole study reflects a prospective role of Quercitrin and DNJ in combination as a potent anticariogenic agent against S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Hasan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Kunal Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Danisuddin
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Praveen K. Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Asad U. Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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47
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Signoretto C, Marchi A, Bertoncelli A, Burlacchini G, Papetti A, Pruzzo C, Zaura E, Lingström P, Ofek I, Pratten J, Spratt DA, Wilson M, Canepari P. The anti-adhesive mode of action of a purified mushroom (Lentinus edodes) extract with anticaries and antigingivitis properties in two oral bacterial phatogens. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:75. [PMID: 24564835 PMCID: PMC3938644 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background In previous works we have shown that a low-molecular-mass (LMM) fraction from mushroom (Lentinus edodes) homogenate interferes with binding of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite and Prevotella intermedia to gingival cells. Additionally, inhibition of biofilm formation of both odonto- and periodonto-pathogenic bacteria and detachment from preformed biofilms have been described for this compound. Further purification of mushroom extract has been recently achieved and a sub-fraction (i.e. # 5) has been identified as containing the majority of the mentioned biological activities. The aim of this study was to characterise the bacterial receptors for the purified mushroom sub-fraction #5 in order to better elucidate the mode of action of this compound when interfering with bacterial adhesion to host surfaces or with bacteria-bacteria interactions in the biofilm state. Methods Candidate bacterial molecules to act as target of this compound were bacterial surface molecules involved in cell adhesion and biofilm formation, and, thus, we have considered cell wall associated proteins (CWPs), teichoic acid (TA) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of S. mutans, and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. intermedia. Results Fifteen S. mutans CWPs and TA were capable of binding sub-fraction #5, while LTA did not. As far as P. intermedia is concerned, we show that five OMPs interact with sub-fraction # 5. Capacity of binding to P. intermedia LPS was also studied but in this case negative results were obtained. Conclusions Binding sub-fraction # 5 to surface molecules of S. mutans or P. intermedia may result in inactivation of their physiological functions. As a whole, these results indicate, at molecular level, the bacterial surface alterations affecting adhesion and biofim formation. For these antimicrobial properties, the compound may find use in daily oral hygiene.
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48
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Morin Inhibits Sortase A and Subsequent Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus mutans. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:47-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Malik S, Petrova MI, Claes IJJ, Verhoeven TLA, Busschaert P, Vaneechoutte M, Lievens B, Lambrichts I, Siezen RJ, Balzarini J, Vanderleyden J, Lebeer S. The highly autoaggregative and adhesive phenotype of the vaginal Lactobacillus plantarum strain CMPG5300 is sortase dependent. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4576-85. [PMID: 23709503 PMCID: PMC3719525 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00926-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are important for the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem in the human vagina. Various mechanisms are postulated but so far are poorly substantiated by molecular studies, such as mutant analysis. Bacterial autoaggregation is an interesting phenomenon that can promote adhesion to host cells and displacement of pathogens. In this study, we report on the identification of a human vaginal isolate, Lactobacillus plantarum strain CMPG5300, which shows high autoaggregative and adhesive capacity. To investigate the importance of sortase-dependent proteins (SDPs) in these phenotypes, a gene deletion mutant was constructed for srtA, the gene encoding the housekeeping sortase that covalently anchors these SDPs to the cell surface. This mutant lost the capacity to autoaggregate, showed a decrease in adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells, and lost biofilm-forming capacity under the conditions tested. These results indicate that the housekeeping sortase SrtA of CMPG5300 is a key determinant of the peculiar surface properties of this vaginal Lactobacillus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Malik
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mariya I. Petrova
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingmar J. J. Claes
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Busschaert
- KU Leuven Association, Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Campus De Nayer, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Lievens
- KU Leuven Association, Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Campus De Nayer, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- University Hasselt, Laboratory of Histology, Biomed Research Institute, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Roland J. Siezen
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Balzarini
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- KU Leuven, Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Antwerp, Belgium
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50
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Curcumin inhibits the Sortase A activity of the Streptococcus mutans UA159. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:396-402. [PMID: 23842671 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) forms part of the commensal microflora and is deemed to be the major pathogen responsible for the generation of dental caries. The enzyme, sortase A enzyme, modulates the surface properties and cariogenicity of S. mutans. Curcumin has been reported to be an inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus sortase A. In this study, inhibition of a purified S. mutans UA159 sortase A by curcumin was evaluated. Curcumin exerted strong inhibitory activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10.2 ± 0.7 μM which was lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration of 175 μM and the minimum bactericidal concentration of 350 μM. These results indicated that curcumin is a S. mutans UA159 sortase A inhibitor and therefore represents as a promising anticaries agent.
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