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Hoshino S, Manya H, Imae R, Kobayashi K, Kanagawa M, Endo T. Endogenous reductase activities for the generation of ribitol-phosphate, a CDP-ribitol precursor, in mammals. J Biochem 2024; 175:418-425. [PMID: 38140954 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The core M3 O-mannosyl glycan on α-dystroglycan serves as the binding epitope for extracellular matrix molecules. Defects in core M3 glycans cause congenital muscular dystrophies that are collectively known as dystroglycanopathies. The core M3 glycan contains a tandem D-ribitol-5-phosphate (Rbo5P) structure, which is synthesized by the Rbo5P-transferases fukutin and fukutin-related protein using CDP-ribitol (CDP-Rbo) as a donor substrate. CDP-Rbo is synthesized from CTP and Rbo5P by CDP-Rbo pyrophosphorylase A. However, the Rbo5P biosynthesis pathway has yet to be elucidated in mammals. Here, we investigated the reductase activities toward four substrates, including ribose, ribulose, ribose-phosphate and ribulose-phosphate, to identify the intracellular Rbo5P production pathway and elucidated the role of the aldo-keto reductases AKR1A1, AKR1B1 and AKR1C1 in those pathways. It was shown that the ribose reduction pathway is the endogenous pathway that contributes most to Rbo5P production in HEK293T cells and that AKR1B1 is the major reductase in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Hoshino
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Manya
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Rieko Imae
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Motoi Kanagawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa 454, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tamao Endo
- Molecular Glycobiology, Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Li J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Fan M, Dai J, Zhu C, Xu K, Cui M, Suo C, Jin L, Jiang Y, Chen X. Metagenomic association analysis of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106081. [PMID: 36931530 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is reportedly involved in neurodegenerative disorders, and exploration of differences in the gut microbiota in different cognitive status could provide clues for early detection and intervention in cognitive impairment. Here, we used data from the Taizhou Imaging Study (N = 516), a community-based cohort, to compare the overall structure of the gut microbiota at the species level through metagenomic sequencing, and to explore associations with cognition. Interestingly, bacteria capable of producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as Bacteroides massiliensis, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans and Eggerthella lenta, that can biotransform polyphenols, were positively associated with better cognitive performance (p < 0.05). Although Diallister invisus and Streptococcus gordonii were not obviously related to cognition, the former was dominant in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), while the later was more abundant in cognitively normal (CN) than MCI groups, and positively associated with cognitive performance (p < 0.05). Functional analysis further supported a potential role of SCFAs and lactic acid in the association between the gut microbiota and cognition. The significant associations persisted after accounting for dietary patterns. Collectively, our results demonstrate an association between the gut microbiota and cognition in the general population, indicating a potential role in cognitive impairment. The findings provide clues for microbiome biomarkers of dementia, and insight for the prevention and treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Fan
- Taixing Disease Control and Prevention Center, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiacheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengkai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelin Xu
- Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Suo
- Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; International Human Phenome Institute (Shanghai), Shanghai, China.
| | - Xingdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China; Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China.
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Cai Y, Zheng L, Lu Y, Zhao X, Sun Y, Tang X, Xiao J, Wang C, Tong C, Zhao L, Xiao Y, Zhao X, Xue H. Inducible Resistance to β-Lactams in Oxacillin-Susceptible mecA1-Positive Staphylococcus sciuri Isolated From Retail Pork. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:721426. [PMID: 34745029 PMCID: PMC8564388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.721426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most isolated strains of Staphylococcus sciuri contain mecA1, the evolutionary origin of mecA, but are sensitive to β-lactams (OS-MRSS, oxacillin-susceptible mecA1-positive S. sciuri). In order to improve the efficacy of antibiotic treatment, it is important to clarify whether the resistance of OS-MRSS to β-lactams is an inducible phenotype. In this study, three OS-MRSS strains with oxacillin MIC = 1 μg/ml were isolated from 29 retail pork samples. The resistance of OS-MRSS to β-lactams (MIC > 256 μg/ml) was found to be induced by oxacillin, and the induced resistance was observed to remain stable within a certain period of time. Interestingly, the induced β-lactam resistance was not caused by mecA1, heterogeneous resistance, or any genetic mutation, but mainly due to increased wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis that thickened the cell wall. The induced strains also showed slower growth rate, as well as decreased adhesion ability and biofilm thickness. These phenotypes were found to be achieved through altered gene expression in associated pathways, such as the citrate cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. The results challenge the traditional antibiotic sensitivity test. In the presence of β-lactam antibiotics, OS-MRSS that was initially sensitive to β-lactams was observed to gradually develop β-lactam resistance in several days. This often-neglected phenomenon in antibiotic sensitivity tests requires further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Liangjun Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yanting Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xingyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jinhe Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Huping Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Structural, Genetic, and Serological Elucidation of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serogroup 24 Serotypes: Discovery of a New Serotype, 24C, with a Variable Capsule Structure. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0054021. [PMID: 33883183 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00540-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal capsules are important in pneumococcal pathogenesis and vaccine development. Although conjugate vaccines have brought about a significant reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by vaccine serotypes, the relative serotype prevalence has shifted with the dramatic emergence of serotype 24F in some countries. Here, we describe 14 isolates (13 IPD and 1 non-IPD) expressing a new capsule type, 24C, which resembles 24F but has a novel serological profile. We also describe the antigenic, biochemical, and genetic basis of 24F and 24C and the related serotypes 24A and 24B. Structural studies show that 24B, 24C, and 24F have identical polysaccharide backbones [β-Ribf-(1→4)-α-Rhap-(1→3)-β-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-β-Rhap-(1→4)-β-Glcp] but with different side chains, as follows: 24F has arabinitol-phosphate and 24B has ribitol-phosphate. 24C has a mixture of 24F and 24B repeating units, with the ratio of ribitol to arabinitol being strain dependent. In contrast, the 24A capsule has a backbone without β-Ribf but with arabinitol-phosphate and phosphocholine side chains. These structures indicate that factor-sera 24d and 24e recognize arabinitol and ribitol, respectively, which explains the serology of serogroup 24, including those of 24C. The structures can be genetically described by the bispecificity of wcxG, which is capable of transferring arabinitol or ribitol when arabinitol is limiting. Arabinitol is likely not produced in 24B but is produced in reduced amounts in 24C due to various mutations in abpA or abpB genes. Our findings demonstrate how pneumococci modulate their capsule structure and immunologic properties with small genetic changes, thereby evading host immune responses. Our findings also suggest a potential for new capsule types within serogroup 24.
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Li FKK, Gale RT, Petrotchenko EV, Borchers CH, Brown ED, Strynadka NCJ. Crystallographic analysis of TarI and TarJ, a cytidylyltransferase and reductase pair for CDP-ribitol synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid biogenesis. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107733. [PMID: 33819634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of many pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria contains ribitol-phosphate wall teichoic acid (WTA), a polymer that is linked to virulence and regulation of essential physiological processes including cell division. CDP-ribitol, the activated precursor for ribitol-phosphate polymerization, is synthesized by a cytidylyltransferase and reductase pair known as TarI and TarJ, respectively. In this study, we present crystal structures of Staphylococcus aureus TarI and TarJ in their apo forms and in complex with substrates and products. The TarI structures illustrate the mechanism of CDP-ribitol synthesis from CTP and ribitol-phosphate and reveal structural changes required for substrate binding and catalysis. Insights into the upstream step of ribulose-phosphate reduction to ribitol-phosphate is provided by the structures of TarJ. Furthermore, we propose a general topology of the enzymes in a heterotetrameric form built using restraints from crosslinking mass spectrometry analysis. Together, our data present molecular details of CDP-ribitol production that may aid in the design of inhibitors against WTA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco K K Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert T Gale
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Evgeniy V Petrotchenko
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 121205, Russia; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3ZS, Canada
| | - Natalie C J Strynadka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Blood Research, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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D'Mello A, Riegler AN, Martínez E, Beno SM, Ricketts TD, Foxman EF, Orihuela CJ, Tettelin H. An in vivo atlas of host-pathogen transcriptomes during Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33507-33518. [PMID: 33318198 PMCID: PMC7777036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010428117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) colonizes the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia. From the lungs it spreads to the bloodstream and causes organ damage. We characterized the in vivo Spn and mouse transcriptomes within the nasopharynx, lungs, blood, heart, and kidneys using three Spn strains. We identified Spn genes highly expressed at all anatomical sites and in an organ-specific manner; highly expressed genes were shown to have vital roles with knockout mutants. The in vivo bacterial transcriptome during colonization/disease was distinct from previously reported in vitro transcriptomes. Distinct Spn and host gene-expression profiles were observed during colonization and disease states, revealing specific genes/operons whereby Spn adapts to and influences host sites in vivo. We identified and experimentally verified host-defense pathways induced by Spn during invasive disease, including proinflammatory responses and the interferon response. These results shed light on the pathogenesis of Spn and identify therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis D'Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ashleigh N Riegler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Eriel Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Sarah M Beno
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Tiffany D Ricketts
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ellen F Foxman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
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Complete Structure of the Enterococcal Polysaccharide Antigen (EPA) of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 Reveals that EPA Decorations Are Teichoic Acids Covalently Linked to a Rhamnopolysaccharide Backbone. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00277-20. [PMID: 32345640 PMCID: PMC7188991 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00277-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens responsible for hospital- and community-acquired infections. All enterococci produce a surface polysaccharide called EPA (enterococcal polysaccharide antigen) required for biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenesis. Despite the critical role of EPA in cell growth and division and as a major virulence factor, no information is available on its structure. Here, we report the complete structure of the EPA polymer produced by the model strain E. faecalis V583. We describe the structure of the EPA backbone, made of a rhamnan hexasaccharide substituted by Glc and GlcNAc residues, and show that teichoic acids are covalently bound to this rhamnan chain, forming the so-called “EPA decorations” essential for host colonization and pathogenesis. This report represents a key step in efforts to identify the structural properties of EPA that are essential for its biological activity and to identify novel targets to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches against enterococci. All enterococci produce a complex polysaccharide called the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (EPA). This polymer is required for normal cell growth and division and for resistance to cephalosporins and plays a critical role in host-pathogen interaction. The EPA contributes to host colonization and is essential for virulence, conferring resistance to phagocytosis during the infection. Recent studies revealed that the “decorations” of the EPA polymer, encoded by genetic loci that are variable between isolates, underpin the biological activity of this surface polysaccharide. In this work, we investigated the structure of the EPA polymer produced by the high-risk enterococcal clonal complex Enterococcus faecalis V583. We analyzed purified EPA from the wild-type strain and a mutant lacking decorations and elucidated the structure of the EPA backbone and decorations. We showed that the rhamnan backbone of EPA is composed of a hexasaccharide repeat unit of C2- and C3-linked rhamnan chains, partially substituted in the C3 position by α-glucose (α-Glc) and in the C2 position by β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-GlcNAc). The so-called “EPA decorations” consist of phosphopolysaccharide chains corresponding to teichoic acids covalently bound to the rhamnan backbone. The elucidation of the complete EPA structure allowed us to propose a biosynthetic pathway, a first essential step toward the design of antimicrobials targeting the synthesis of this virulence factor.
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Vollmer W, Massidda O, Tomasz A. The Cell Wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0018-2018. [PMID: 31172911 PMCID: PMC11026078 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0018-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae has a complex cell wall that plays key roles in cell shape maintenance, growth and cell division, and interactions with components of the human host. The peptidoglycan has a heterogeneous composition with more than 50 subunits (muropeptides)-products of several peptidoglycan-modifying enzymes. The amidation of glutamate residues in the stem peptide is needed for efficient peptide cross-linking, and peptides with a dipeptide branch prevail in some beta-lactam-resistant strains. The glycan strands are modified by deacetylation of N-acetylglucosamine residues and O-acetylation of N-acetylmuramic acid residues, and both modifications contribute to pneumococcal resistance to lysozyme. The glycan strands carry covalently attached wall teichoic acid and capsular polysaccharide. Pneumococci are unique in that the wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid contain the same unusually complex repeating units decorated with phosphoryl choline residues, which anchor the choline-binding proteins. The structures of lipoteichoic acid and the attachment site of wall teichoic acid to peptidoglycan have recently been revised. During growth, pneumococci assemble their cell walls at midcell in coordinated rounds of cell elongation and division, leading to the typical ovococcal cell shape. Cell wall growth depends on the cytoskeletal FtsA and FtsZ proteins and is regulated by several morphogenesis proteins that also show patterns of dynamic localization at midcell. Some of the key regulators are phosphorylated by StkP and dephosphorylated by PhpP to facilitate robust selection of the division site and plane and to maintain cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Vollmer
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Orietta Massidda
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Chellapandi P, Prathiviraj R, Prisilla A. Deciphering structure, function and mechanism of Plasmodium IspD homologs from their evolutionary imprints. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 33:419-436. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Streptococcus pneumoniae two-component regulatory systems: The interplay of the pneumococcus with its environment. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:722-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bonnet J, Durmort C, Mortier-Barrière I, Campo N, Jacq M, Moriscot C, Straume D, Berg KH, Håvarstein L, Wong YS, Vernet T, Di Guilmi AM. Nascent teichoic acids insertion into the cell wall directs the localization and activity of the major pneumococcal autolysin LytA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:24-37. [PMID: 32743129 PMCID: PMC7389264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan which sustains bacterial growth is targeted by b-lactam antibiotics. Spread of antibiotic resistance requires the development of new antibacterial drugs. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria carries teichoic acids and virulence factors. Function and surface localization of virulence factors are regulated by teichoic acids. Anti-bacterial strategy should target the localization of surface virulence factors.
The bacterial cell wall is in part composed of the peptidoglycan (PG) layer that maintains the cell shape and sustains the basic cellular processes of growth and division. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria also carries teichoic acids (TAs). In this work, we investigated how TAs contribute to the structuration of the PG network through the modulation of PG hydrolytic enzymes in the context of the Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. Pneumococcal TAs are decorated by phosphorylcholine residues which serve as anchors for the Choline-Binding Proteins, some of them acting as PG hydrolases, like the major autolysin LytA. Their binding is non covalent and reversible, a property that allows easy manipulation of the system. In this work, we show that the release of LytA occurs independently from its amidase activity. Furthermore, LytA fused to GFP was expressed in pneumococcal cells and showed different localization patterns according to the growth phase. Importantly, we demonstrate that TAs modulate the enzymatic activity of LytA since a low level of TAs present at the cell surface triggers LytA sensitivity in growing pneumococcal cells. We previously developed a method to label nascent TAs in live cells revealing that the insertion of TAs into the cell wall occurs at the mid-cell. In conclusion, we demonstrate that nascent TAs inserted in the cell wall at the division site are the specific receptors of LytA, tuning in this way the positioning of LytA at the appropriate place at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bonnet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - C Durmort
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - I Mortier-Barrière
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - N Campo
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - M Jacq
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - C Moriscot
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - D Straume
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - K H Berg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - L Håvarstein
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Y-S Wong
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire (DPM), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5063 CNRS, ICMG FR 2607, 38 041 Grenoble, France
| | - T Vernet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - A M Di Guilmi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
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12
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Engholm DH, Kilian M, Goodsell DS, Andersen ES, Kjærgaard RS. A visual review of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 41:854-879. [PMID: 29029129 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the principal causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and septicemia, the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global health problem. To highlight the molecular basis of this problem, we have portrayed essential biological processes of the pneumococcal life cycle in eight watercolor paintings. The paintings are done to a consistent nanometer scale based on currently available data from structural biology and proteomics. In this review article, the paintings are used to provide a visual review of protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall synthesis, cell division, teichoic acid synthesis, virulence, transformation and pilus synthesis based on the available scientific literature within the field of pneumococcal biology. Visualization of the molecular details of these processes reveals several scientific questions about how molecular components of the pneumococcal cell are organized to allow biological function to take place. By the presentation of this visual review, we intend to stimulate scientific discussion, aid in the generation of scientific hypotheses and increase public awareness. A narrated video describing the biological processes in the context of a whole-cell illustration accompany this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Høyer Engholm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David S Goodsell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ebbe Sloth Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Heß N, Waldow F, Kohler TP, Rohde M, Kreikemeyer B, Gómez-Mejia A, Hain T, Schwudke D, Vollmer W, Hammerschmidt S, Gisch N. Lipoteichoic acid deficiency permits normal growth but impairs virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2093. [PMID: 29233962 PMCID: PMC5727136 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Teichoic acid (TA), a crucial cell wall constituent of the pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, is bound to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acid, WTA) or to membrane glycolipids (lipoteichoic acid, LTA). Both TA polymers share a common precursor synthesis pathway, but differ in the final transfer of the TA chain to either peptidoglycan or a glycolipid. Here, we show that LTA exhibits a different linkage conformation compared to WTA, and identify TacL (previously known as RafX) as a putative lipoteichoic acid ligase required for LTA assembly. Pneumococcal mutants deficient in TacL lack LTA and show attenuated virulence in mouse models of acute pneumonia and systemic infections, although they grow normally in culture. Hence, LTA is important for S. pneumoniae to establish systemic infections, and TacL represents a potential target for antimicrobial drug development. Teichoic acid is bound to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acid, WTA) or to membrane glycolipids (lipoteichoic acid, LTA) in most Gram-positive bacteria. Here, the authors identify a putative ligase required for the assembly of LTA, but not WTA, and important for Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Heß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Waldow
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, HZI - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- University Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Mejia
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Friedrich Ludwig Jahnstr. 15a, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
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14
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Sheikh MO, Halmo SM, Wells L. Recent advancements in understanding mammalian O-mannosylation. Glycobiology 2017; 27:806-819. [PMID: 28810660 PMCID: PMC6082599 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of select proteins by O-linked mannose (O-mannose or O-man) is a conserved modification from yeast to humans and has been shown to be necessary for proper development and growth. The most well studied O-mannosylated mammalian protein is α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Hypoglycosylation of α-DG results in varying severities of congenital muscular dystrophies, cancer progression and metastasis, and inhibited entry and infection of certain arenaviruses. Defects in the gene products responsible for post-translational modification of α-DG, primarily glycosyltransferases, are the basis for these diseases. The multitude of clinical phenotypes resulting from defective O-mannosylation highlights the biomedical significance of this unique modification. Elucidation of the various O-mannose biosynthetic pathways is imperative to understanding a broad range of human diseases and for the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries delineating the various enzymes, structures and functions associated with O-mannose-initiated glycoproteins. Additionally, we discuss current gaps in our knowledge of mammalian O-mannosylation, discuss the evolution of this pathway, and illustrate the utility and limitations of model systems to study functions of O-mannosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie M Halmo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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Gerin I, Ury B, Breloy I, Bouchet-Seraphin C, Bolsée J, Halbout M, Graff J, Vertommen D, Muccioli GG, Seta N, Cuisset JM, Dabaj I, Quijano-Roy S, Grahn A, Van Schaftingen E, Bommer GT. ISPD produces CDP-ribitol used by FKTN and FKRP to transfer ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11534. [PMID: 27194101 PMCID: PMC4873967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes required for the glycosylation of α-dystroglycan lead to muscle and brain diseases known as dystroglycanopathies. However, the precise structure and biogenesis of the assembled glycan are not completely understood. Here we report that three enzymes mutated in dystroglycanopathies can collaborate to attach ribitol phosphate onto α-dystroglycan. Specifically, we demonstrate that isoprenoid synthase domain-containing protein (ISPD) synthesizes CDP-ribitol, present in muscle, and that both recombinant fukutin (FKTN) and fukutin-related protein (FKRP) can transfer a ribitol phosphate group from CDP-ribitol to α-dystroglycan. We also show that ISPD and FKTN are essential for the incorporation of ribitol into α-dystroglycan in HEK293 cells. Glycosylation of α-dystroglycan in fibroblasts from patients with hypomorphic ISPD mutations is reduced. We observe that in some cases glycosylation can be partially restored by addition of ribitol to the culture medium, suggesting that dietary supplementation with ribitol should be evaluated as a therapy for patients with ISPD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Gerin
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Ury
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Breloy
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Céline Bouchet-Seraphin
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bolsée
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathias Halbout
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Graff
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Seta
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Cellulaire, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Hôpital Roger-Salengro, Service de neuropédiatrie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, CHRU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ivana Dabaj
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- AP-HP, Hôpital R Poincaré, Service de pédiatrie, F-92380 Garches, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires, F-92380 Garches, France.,Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ - INSERM, F-78180 Montigny, France
| | - Ammi Grahn
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- WELBIO and de Duve Institute, Biological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Praissman JL, Willer T, Sheikh MO, Toi A, Chitayat D, Lin YY, Lee H, Stalnaker SH, Wang S, Prabhakar PK, Nelson SF, Stemple DL, Moore SA, Moremen KW, Campbell KP, Wells L. The functional O-mannose glycan on α-dystroglycan contains a phospho-ribitol primed for matriglycan addition. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27130732 PMCID: PMC4924997 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple glycosyltransferases are essential for the proper modification of alpha-dystroglycan, as mutations in the encoding genes cause congenital/limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. Here we elucidate further the structure of an O-mannose-initiated glycan on alpha-dystroglycan that is required to generate its extracellular matrix-binding polysaccharide. This functional glycan contains a novel ribitol structure that links a phosphotrisaccharide to xylose. ISPD is a CDP-ribitol (ribose) pyrophosphorylase that generates the reduced sugar nucleotide for the insertion of ribitol in a phosphodiester linkage to the glycoprotein. TMEM5 is a UDP-xylosyl transferase that elaborates the structure. We demonstrate in a zebrafish model as well as in a human patient that defects in TMEM5 result in muscular dystrophy in combination with abnormal brain development. Thus, we propose a novel structure—a ribitol in a phosphodiester linkage—for the moiety on which TMEM5, B4GAT1, and LARGE act to generate the functional receptor for ECM proteins having LG domains. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14473.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Praissman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Tobias Willer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - M Osman Sheikh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Ants Toi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yung-Yao Lin
- Blizard Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | | | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Moore
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Kevin P Campbell
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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17
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Johnston C, Hauser C, Hermans PWM, Martin B, Polard P, Bootsma HJ, Claverys JP. Fine-tuning of choline metabolism is important for pneumococcal colonization. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:972-88. [PMID: 26919406 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is rare in having a strict requirement for the amino alcohol choline, which decorates pneumococcal teichoic acids. This process relies on the lic locus, containing the lic1 and lic2 operons. These operons produce eight proteins that import and metabolize choline, generate teichoic acid precursors and decorate these with choline. Three promoters control expression of lic operons, with Plic1P1 and Plic1P2 controlling lic1 and Plic2 controlling lic2. To investigate the importance of lic regulation for pneumococci, we assayed the activity of transcriptional fusions of the three lic promoters to the luciferase reporter gene. Plic1P1 , whose activity depends on the response regulator CiaR, responded to fluctuations in extracellular choline, with activity increasing greatly upon choline depletion. We uncovered a complex regulatory mechanism controlling Plic1P1 , involving activity driven by CiaR, repression by putative repressor LicR in the presence of choline, and derepression upon choline depletion mediated by LicC, a choline metabolism enzyme. Finally, the ability to regulate Plic1P1 in response to choline was important for pneumococcal colonization. We suggest that derepression of Plic1P1 upon choline depletion maximizing choline internalization constitutes an adaptive response mechanism allowing pneumococci to optimize growth and survival in environments where choline is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Johnston
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMGM-UMR5100, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Christoph Hauser
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMGM-UMR5100, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter W M Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Martin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMGM-UMR5100, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Polard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMGM-UMR5100, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, F-31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Hester J Bootsma
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Claverys
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LMGM-UMR5100, F-31000, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaires, F-31000, Toulouse, France
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18
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Identification of a Post-translational Modification with Ribitol-Phosphate and Its Defect in Muscular Dystrophy. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2209-2223. [PMID: 26923585 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential post-translational modification that underlies many biological processes and diseases. α-dystroglycan (α-DG) is a receptor for matrix and synaptic proteins that causes muscular dystrophy and lissencephaly upon its abnormal glycosylation (α-dystroglycanopathies). Here we identify the glycan unit ribitol 5-phosphate (Rbo5P), a phosphoric ester of pentose alcohol, in α-DG. Rbo5P forms a tandem repeat and functions as a scaffold for the formation of the ligand-binding moiety. We show that enzyme activities of three major α-dystroglycanopathy-causing proteins are involved in the synthesis of tandem Rbo5P. Isoprenoid synthase domain-containing (ISPD) is cytidine diphosphate ribitol (CDP-Rbo) synthase. Fukutin and fukutin-related protein are sequentially acting Rbo5P transferases that use CDP-Rbo. Consequently, Rbo5P glycosylation is defective in α-dystroglycanopathy models. Supplementation of CDP-Rbo to ISPD-deficient cells restored α-DG glycosylation. These findings establish the molecular basis of mammalian Rbo5P glycosylation and provide insight into pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in α-DG-associated diseases.
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19
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Human ISPD Is a Cytidyltransferase Required for Dystroglycan O-Mannosylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1643-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Solution Structural Studies of GTP:Adenosylcobinamide-Phosphateguanylyl Transferase (CobY) from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141297. [PMID: 26513744 PMCID: PMC4626045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
GTP:adenosylcobinamide-phosphate (AdoCbi-P) guanylyl transferase (CobY) is an enzyme that transfers the GMP moiety of GTP to AdoCbi yielding AdoCbi-GDP in the late steps of the assembly of Ado-cobamides in archaea. The failure of repeated attempts to crystallize ligand-free (apo) CobY prompted us to explore its 3D structure by solution NMR spectroscopy. As reported here, the solution structure has a mixed α/β fold consisting of seven β-strands and five α-helices, which is very similar to a Rossmann fold. Titration of apo-CobY with GTP resulted in large changes in amide proton chemical shifts that indicated major structural perturbations upon complex formation. However, the CobY:GTP complex as followed by 1H-15N HSQC spectra was found to be unstable over time: GTP hydrolyzed and the protein converted slowly to a species with an NMR spectrum similar to that of apo-CobY. The variant CobYG153D, whose GTP complex was studied by X-ray crystallography, yielded NMR spectra similar to those of wild-type CobY in both its apo- state and in complex with GTP. The CobYG153D:GTP complex was also found to be unstable over time.
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21
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Wang L, Jiang YL, Zhang JR, Zhou CZ, Chen Y. Structural and enzymatic characterization of the choline kinase LicA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120467. [PMID: 25781969 PMCID: PMC4364537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LicA plays a key role in the cell-wall phosphorylcholine biosynthesis of Streptococcus pneumonia. Here we determined the crystal structures of apo-form LicA at 1.94 Å and two complex forms LicA-choline and LicA-AMP-MES, at 2.01 and 1.45 Å resolution, respectively. The overall structure adopts a canonical protein kinase-like fold, with the active site located in the crevice of the N- and C-terminal domains. The three structures present distinct poses of the active site, which undergoes an open-closed-open conformational change upon substrate binding and product release. The structure analyses combined with mutageneses and enzymatic assays enabled us to figure out the key residues for the choline kinase activity of LicA. In addition, structural comparison revealed the loop between helices α7 and α8 might modulate the substrate specificity and catalytic activity. These findings shed light on the structure and mechanism of the prokaryotic choline kinase LicA, and might direct the rational design of novel anti-pneumococcal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China,* E-mail: (YLJ); (YC)
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China,* E-mail: (YLJ); (YC)
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22
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Koç C, Gerlach D, Beck S, Peschel A, Xia G, Stehle T. Structural and enzymatic analysis of TarM glycosyltransferase from Staphylococcus aureus reveals an oligomeric protein specific for the glycosylation of wall teichoic acid. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9874-85. [PMID: 25697358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anionic glycopolymers known as wall teichoic acids (WTAs) functionalize the peptidoglycan layers of many Gram-positive bacteria. WTAs play central roles in many fundamental aspects of bacterial physiology, and they are important determinants of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance. A number of enzymes that glycosylate WTA in Staphylococcus aureus have recently been identified. Among these is the glycosyltransferase TarM, a component of the WTA de novo biosynthesis pathway. TarM performs the synthesis of α-O-N-acetylglycosylated poly-5'-phosphoribitol in the WTA structure. We have solved the crystal structure of TarM at 2.4 Å resolution, and we have also determined a structure of the enzyme in complex with its substrate UDP-GlcNAc at 2.8 Å resolution. The protein assembles into a propeller-like homotrimer in which each blade contains a GT-B-type glycosyltransferase domain with a typical Rossmann fold. The enzymatic reaction retains the stereochemistry of the anomeric center of the transferred GlcNAc-moiety on the polyribitol backbone. TarM assembles into a trimer using a novel trimerization domain, here termed the HUB domain. Structure-guided mutagenesis experiments of TarM identify residues critical for enzyme activity, assign a putative role for the HUB in TarM function, and allow us to propose a likely reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Koç
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Gerlach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guoqing Xia
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Section, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Stopford Building, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom, and
| | - Thilo Stehle
- From the Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennesse 37232
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Percy MG, Gründling A. Lipoteichoic Acid Synthesis and Function in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014; 68:81-100. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Percy
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK; ,
| | - Angelika Gründling
- Section of Microbiology and MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK; ,
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Ravi G, Venkatesh YP. Recognition of riboflavin and the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b by antibodies generated to the haptenic epitope D-ribitol. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:247-58. [PMID: 24643482 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
D-Ribitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol, is an important metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway; it is an integral part of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and cell wall polysaccharides in most Gram-positive and a few Gram-negative bacteria. Antibodies specific to D-ribitol were generated in New Zealand white rabbits by using reductively aminated D-ribose-BSA conjugate as the immunogen. MALDI-TOF and amino group analyses of ribitol-BSA conjugate following 120 h reaction showed ~27-30 mol of ribitol conjugated per mole BSA. The presence of sugar alcohol in the conjugates was also confirmed by an increase in molecular mass and a positive periodic acid-Schiff staining in SDS-PAGE. Caprylic acid precipitation of rabbit serum followed by hapten affinity chromatography on ribitol-KLH-Sepharose CL-6B resulted in pure ribitol-specific antibodies (~45-50 μg/mL). The affinity constant of ribitol antibodies was found to be 2.9 × 10(7) M(-1) by non-competitive ELISA. Ribitol antibodies showed 100% specificity towards ribitol, ~800% cross-reactivity towards riboflavin, 10-15% cross-reactivity with sorbitol, xylitol and mannitol, and 5-7% cross-reactivity with L-arabinitol and meso-erythritol. The specificity of antibody to ribitol was further confirmed by its low cross-reactivity (0.4%) with lumichrome. Antibodies to D-ribitol recognized the purified capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, which could be specifically inhibited by ribitol. In conclusion, antibodies specific to D-ribitol have been generated and characterized, which have potential applications in the detection of free riboflavin and ribitol in biological samples, as well as identification of cell-surface macromolecules containing ribitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ravi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, 'Chaluvamba Vilas', KRS Road, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka State, India
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25
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Lipoteichoic acids, phosphate-containing polymers in the envelope of gram-positive bacteria. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:1133-42. [PMID: 24415723 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01155-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) are polymers of alternating units of a polyhydroxy alkane, including glycerol and ribitol, and phosphoric acid, joined to form phosphodiester units that are found in the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. Here we review four different types of LTA that can be distinguished on the basis of their chemical structure and describe recent advances in the biosynthesis pathway for type I LTA, d-alanylated polyglycerol-phosphate linked to di-glucosyl-diacylglycerol. The physiological functions of type I LTA are discussed in the context of inhibitors that block their synthesis and of mutants with discrete synthesis defects. Research on LTA structure and function represents a large frontier that has been investigated in only few Gram-positive bacteria.
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Haemophilus parainfluenzae expresses diverse lipopolysaccharide O-antigens using ABC transporter and Wzy polymerase-dependent mechanisms. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:603-17. [PMID: 24035104 PMCID: PMC3989065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide O-antigens are the basis of serotyping schemes for Gram negative bacteria and help to determine the nature of host–bacterial interactions. Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal commensal of humans but is also an occasional pathogen. The prevalence, diversity and biosynthesis of O-antigens were investigated in this species for the first time. 18/18 commensal H. parainfluenzae isolates contain a O-antigen biosynthesis gene cluster flanked by glnA and pepB, the same position as the hmg locus for tetrasaccharide biosynthesis in Haemophilus influenzae. The O-antigen loci show diverse restriction digest patterns but fall into two main groups: (1) those encoding enzymes for the synthesis and transfer of FucNAc4N in addition to the Wzy-dependent mechanism of O-antigen synthesis and transport and (2) those encoding galactofuranose synthesis/transfer enzymes and an ABC transporter. The other glycosyltransferase genes differ between isolates. Three H. parainfluenzae isolates fell outside these groups and are predicted to synthesise O-antigens containing ribitol phosphate or deoxytalose. Isolates using the ABC transporter system encode a putative O-antigen ligase, required for the synthesis of O-antigen-containing LPS glycoforms, at a separate genomic location. The presence of an O-antigen contributes significantly to H. parainfluenzae resistance to the killing effect of human serum in vitro. The discovery of O-antigens in H. parainfluenzae is striking, as its close relative H. influenzae lacks this cell surface component.
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Utilization of D-ribitol by Lactobacillus casei BL23 requires a mannose-type phosphotransferase system and three catabolic enzymes. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2652-61. [PMID: 23564164 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02276-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei strains 64H and BL23, but not ATCC 334, are able to ferment D-ribitol (also called D-adonitol). However, a BL23-derived ptsI mutant lacking enzyme I of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) was not able to utilize this pentitol, suggesting that strain BL23 transports and phosphorylates D-ribitol via a PTS. We identified an 11-kb region in the genome sequence of L. casei strain BL23 (LCABL_29160 to LCABL_29270) which is absent from strain ATCC 334 and which contains the genes for a GlpR/IolR-like repressor, the four components of a mannose-type PTS, and six metabolic enzymes potentially involved in D-ribitol metabolism. Deletion of the gene encoding the EIIB component of the presumed ribitol PTS indeed prevented D-ribitol fermentation. In addition, we overexpressed the six catabolic genes, purified the encoded enzymes, and determined the activities of four of them. They encode a D-ribitol-5-phosphate (D-ribitol-5-P) 2-dehydrogenase, a D-ribulose-5-P 3-epimerase, a D-ribose-5-P isomerase, and a D-xylulose-5-P phosphoketolase. In the first catabolic step, the protein D-ribitol-5-P 2-dehydrogenase uses NAD(+) to oxidize D-ribitol-5-P formed during PTS-catalyzed transport to D-ribulose-5-P, which, in turn, is converted to D-xylulose-5-P by the enzyme D-ribulose-5-P 3-epimerase. Finally, the resulting D-xylulose-5-P is split by D-xylulose-5-P phosphoketolase in an inorganic phosphate-requiring reaction into acetylphosphate and the glycolytic intermediate D-glyceraldehyde-3-P. The three remaining enzymes, one of which was identified as D-ribose-5-P-isomerase, probably catalyze an alternative ribitol degradation pathway, which might be functional in L. casei strain 64H but not in BL23, because one of the BL23 genes carries a frameshift mutation.
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Cirak S, Foley AR, Herrmann R, Willer T, Yau S, Stevens E, Torelli S, Brodd L, Kamynina A, Vondracek P, Roper H, Longman C, Korinthenberg R, Marrosu G, Nürnberg P, Michele DE, Plagnol V, Hurles M, Moore SA, Sewry CA, Campbell KP, Voit T, Muntoni F. ISPD gene mutations are a common cause of congenital and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:269-81. [PMID: 23288328 PMCID: PMC3562076 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycanopathies are a clinically and genetically diverse group of recessively inherited conditions ranging from the most severe of the congenital muscular dystrophies, Walker-Warburg syndrome, to mild forms of adult-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Their hallmark is a reduction in the functional glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, which can be detected in muscle biopsies. An important part of this glycosylation is a unique O-mannosylation, essential for the interaction of α-dystroglycan with extracellular matrix proteins such as laminin-α2. Mutations in eight genes coding for proteins in the glycosylation pathway are responsible for ∼50% of dystroglycanopathy cases. Despite multiple efforts using traditional positional cloning, the causative genes for unsolved dystroglycanopathy cases have escaped discovery for several years. In a recent collaborative study, we discovered that loss-of-function recessive mutations in a novel gene, called isoprenoid synthase domain containing (ISPD), are a relatively common cause of Walker-Warburg syndrome. In this article, we report the involvement of the ISPD gene in milder dystroglycanopathy phenotypes ranging from congenital muscular dystrophy to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and identified allelic ISPD variants in nine cases belonging to seven families. In two ambulant cases, there was evidence of structural brain involvement, whereas in seven, the clinical manifestation was restricted to a dystrophic skeletal muscle phenotype. Although the function of ISPD in mammals is not yet known, mutations in this gene clearly lead to a reduction in the functional glycosylation of α-dystroglycan, which not only causes the severe Walker-Warburg syndrome but is also a common cause of the milder forms of dystroglycanopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebahattin Cirak
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Abstract
The peptidoglycan layers of many gram-positive bacteria are densely functionalized with anionic glycopolymers known as wall teichoic acids (WTAs). These polymers play crucial roles in cell shape determination, regulation of cell division, and other fundamental aspects of gram-positive bacterial physiology. Additionally, WTAs are important in pathogenesis and play key roles in antibiotic resistance. We provide an overview of WTA structure and biosynthesis, review recent studies on the biological roles of these polymers, and highlight remaining questions. We also discuss prospects for exploiting WTA biosynthesis as a target for new therapies to overcome resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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30
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Chen SC, Yang CS, Lin CT, Chan NL, Chang MC, Chen Y. Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1195-7. [PMID: 23027746 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112035142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
TarI is a ribitol-5-phosphate cytidylyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of CDP-ribitol, which is involved in the biosynthesis of wall teichoic acids, from CTP and ribitol 5-phosphate. TarI from Bacillus subtilis (BsTarI) was purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals diffracted to a resolution of 1.78 Å and belonged to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 103.74, b = 60.97, c = 91.80 Å, β = 113.48°. The initial structural model indicated that the crystals of BsTarI contained a dimer in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chia Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan
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31
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Roscioli T, Kamsteeg EJ, Buysse K, Maystadt I, van Reeuwijk J, van den Elzen C, van Beusekom E, Riemersma M, Pfundt R, Vissers LE, Schraders M, Altunoglu U, Buckley MF, Brunner HG, Grisart B, Zhou H, Veltman JA, Gilissen C, Mancini GM, Delrée P, Willemsen MA, Ramadža DP, Chitayat D, Bennett C, Sheridan E, Peeters EA, Tan-Sindhunata GM, de Die-Smulders CE, Devriendt K, Kayserili H, El-Hashash OAEF, Stemple DL, Lefeber DJ, Lin YY, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in ISPD cause Walker-Warburg syndrome and defective glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Nat Genet 2012; 44:581-5. [PMID: 22522421 PMCID: PMC3378661 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder characterized by complex eye and brain abnormalities with congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) and aberrant a-dystroglycan glycosylation. Here we report mutations in the ISPD gene (encoding isoprenoid synthase domain containing) as the second most common cause of WWS. Bacterial IspD is a nucleotidyl transferase belonging to a large glycosyltransferase family, but the role of the orthologous protein in chordates is obscure to date, as this phylum does not have the corresponding non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Knockdown of ispd in zebrafish recapitulates the human WWS phenotype with hydrocephalus, reduced eye size, muscle degeneration and hypoglycosylated a-dystroglycan. These results implicate ISPD in a-dystroglycan glycosylation in maintaining sarcolemma integrity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Sydney Children’s hospital and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Buysse
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa van den Elzen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek Riemersma
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E.L.M. Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margit Schraders
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael F. Buckley
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Sydney Children’s hospital and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Grisart
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris A. Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Delrée
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michèl A. Willemsen
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Chitayat
- Mount Sinai Hospital, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christopher Bennett
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, Clinical Genetics, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Derek L. Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk J. Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yung-Yao Lin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Acosta F, de Pedro MA, Berenguer J. Homogeneous incorporation of secondary cell wall polysaccharides to the cell wall of Thermus thermophilus HB27. Extremophiles 2012; 16:485-95. [PMID: 22527042 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-012-0448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regular surface protein layers (S-layers) from most Gram-positive bacteria and from the ancestral bacterium Thermus thermophilus attach to pyruvylated polysaccharides (SCWP) covalently bound to the peptidoglycan through their SLH domain. However, it is not known whether the synthesis of SCWP and S-layer is coordinated enough as to follow a similar pattern of incorporation to the cell wall during growth. In this work we analyse the localization of newly synthesized SCWP on the cell wall of T. thermophilus by immunoelectron microscopy. For this, we obtained mutants with a reduced amount of pyruvylated SCWP through mutation of the csaB gene encoding the SCWP-pyruvylating activity, and its upstream gene csaA, a putative sugar transporter. We hypothesized that CsaA would be required for the synthesis of the SCWP. However, we found that csaA mutants showed only a minor decrease in the amount of SCWP immunodetected on the cell walls in comparison with csaB mutants, revealing its irrelevance in the process. Complementation experiments of csaB mutants with CsaB expressed from inducible promoters revealed that newly synthesized SCWP was homogeneously distributed along the cell wall. Fusions with thermostable fluorescent protein revealed that CsaB was distributed also in homogeneous pattern associated with the membrane. These data support that synthesis of SCWP takes place in disperse and homogeneous form all over the cell surface, in contrast to the zonal incorporation at the cell centre recently demonstrated for SlpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de la UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Li L, Zhang H, Fu J, Hu C, Zheng Y, Qiu Y. Enhancement of ribitol production during fermentation of Trichosporonoides oedocephalis ATCC 16958 by optimizing the medium and altering agitation strategies. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Denapaite D, Brückner R, Hakenbeck R, Vollmer W. Biosynthesis of teichoic acids in Streptococcus pneumoniae and closely related species: lessons from genomes. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:344-58. [PMID: 22432701 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae contains an unusually complex wall teichoic acid (WTA), which has identical repeating units as the membrane-anchored lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Both polymers share a common cytoplasmic pathway of precursor synthesis, but several TA enzymes have remained elusive. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of various pneumococcal strains, including choline-independent mutant strains, has allowed us to identify the missing TA genes. We present here the deduced complete pathways of WTA and LTA synthesis in S. pneumoniae and point to the variations occurring in different pneumococcal strains and in closely related species such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis.
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35
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Peptide-regulated gene depletion system developed for use in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5207-15. [PMID: 21804004 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05170-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the study of pneumococcal genes that are essential for viability or normal cell growth, we sought to develop a tightly regulated, titratable gene depletion system that interferes minimally with normal cellular functions. A possible candidate for such a system is the recently discovered signal transduction pathway regulating competence for natural transformation in Streptococcus thermophilus. This pathway, which is unrelated to the ComCDE pathway used for competence regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae, has not been fully elucidated, but it is known to include a short unmodified signaling peptide, ComS*, an oligopeptide transport system, Ami, and a transcriptional activator, ComR. The transcriptional activator is thought to bind to an inverted repeat sequence termed the ECom box. We introduced the ComR protein and the ECom box into the genome of S. pneumoniae R6 and demonstrated that addition of synthetic ComS* peptide induced the transcription of a luciferase gene inserted downstream of the ECom box. To determine whether the ComRS system could be used for gene depletion studies, the licD1 gene was inserted behind the chromosomally located ECom box promoter by using the Janus cassette. Then, the native versions of licD1 and licD2 were deleted, and the resulting mutant was recovered in the presence of ComS*. Cultivation of the licD1 licD2 double mutant in the absence of ComS* gradually affected its ability to grow and propagate, demonstrating that the ComRS system functions as intended. In the present study, the ComRS system was developed for use in S. pneumoniae. In principle, however, it should work equally well in many other Gram-positive species.
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Björkelid C, Bergfors T, Henriksson LM, Stern AL, Unge T, Mowbray SL, Jones TA. Structural and functional studies of mycobacterial IspD enzymes. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2011; 67:403-14. [PMID: 21543842 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911006160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A number of pathogens, including the causative agents of tuberculosis and malaria, synthesize isopentenyl diphosphate via the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway rather than the classical mevalonate pathway found in humans. As part of a structure-based drug-discovery program against tuberculosis, IspD, the enzyme that carries out the third step in the MEP pathway, was targeted. Constructs of both the Mycobacterium smegmatis and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzymes that were suitable for structural and inhibitor-screening studies were engineered. Two crystal structures of the M. smegmatis enzyme were produced, one in complex with CTP and the other in complex with CMP. In addition, the M. tuberculosis enzyme was crystallized in complex with CTP. Here, the structure determination and crystallographic refinement of these crystal forms and the enzymatic characterization of the M. tuberculosis enzyme construct are reported. A comparison with known IspD structures allowed the definition of the structurally conserved core of the enzyme. It indicates potential flexibility in the enzyme and in particular in areas close to the active site. These well behaved constructs provide tools for future target-based screening of potential inhibitors. The conserved nature of the extended active site suggests that any new inhibitor will potentially exhibit broad-spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Björkelid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Crystal structure of Archaeoglobus fulgidus CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, a key enzyme for di-myo-inositol-phosphate synthesis in (hyper)thermophiles. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:2177-85. [PMID: 21378188 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01543-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Archaea and Bacteria isolated from hot, marine environments accumulate di-myo-inositol-phosphate (DIP), primarily in response to heat stress. The biosynthesis of this compatible solute involves the activation of inositol to CDP-inositol via the action of a recently discovered CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (IPCT) activity. In most cases, IPCT is part of a bifunctional enzyme comprising two domains: a cytoplasmic domain with IPCT activity and a membrane domain catalyzing the synthesis of di-myo-inositol-1,3'-phosphate-1'-phosphate from CDP-inositol and L-myo-inositol phosphate. Herein, we describe the first X-ray structure of the IPCT domain of the bifunctional enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSMZ 7324. The structure of the enzyme in the apo form was solved to a 1.9-Å resolution. The enzyme exhibited apparent K(m) values of 0.9 and 0.6 mM for inositol-1-phosphate and CTP, respectively. The optimal temperature for catalysis was in the range 90 to 95°C, and the V(max) determined at 90°C was 62.9 μmol · min(-1) · mg of protein(-1). The structure of IPCT is composed of a central seven-stranded mixed β-sheet, of which six β-strands are parallel, surrounded by six α-helices, a fold reminiscent of the dinucleotide-binding Rossmann fold. The enzyme shares structural homology with other pyrophosphorylases showing the canonical motif G-X-G-T-(R/S)-X(4)-P-K. CTP, L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate, and CDP-inositol were docked into the catalytic site, which provided insights into the binding mode and high specificity of the enzyme for CTP. This work is an important step toward the final goal of understanding the full catalytic route for DIP synthesis in the native, bifunctional enzyme.
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Monedero V, Pérez-Martínez G, Yebra MJ. Perspectives of engineering lactic acid bacteria for biotechnological polyol production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1003-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Obiol-Pardo C, Cordero A, Rubio-Martinez J, Imperial S. Homology modeling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, the third enzyme in the MEP pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. J Mol Model 2009; 16:1061-73. [PMID: 19916033 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases in humans. Discovering new treatments for this disease is urgently required, especially in view of the emergence of multiple drug resistant organisms and to reduce the total duration of current treatments. The synthesis of isoprenoids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been reported as an interesting pathway to target, and particular attention has been focused on the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway comprising the early steps of isoprenoid biosynthesis. In this context we have studied the enzyme 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (CMS), the third enzyme in the MEP pathway, since the lack of a resolved structure of this protein in M. tuberculosis has seriously limited its use as a drug target. We performed homology modeling of M. tuberculosis CMS in order to provide a reliable model for use in structure-based drug design. After evaluating the quality of the model, we performed a thorough study of the catalytic site and the dimerization interface of the model, which suggested the most important sites (conserved and non-conserved) that could be useful for drug discovery and mutagenesis studies. We found that the metal coordination of CDP-methylerythritol in M. tuberculosis CMS differs substantially with respect to the Escherichia coli variant, consistent with the fact that the former is able to utilize several metal ions for catalysis. Moreover, we propose that electrostatic interactions could explain the higher affinity of the MEP substrate compared with the cytosine 5'-triphosphate substrate in the M. tuberculosis enzyme as reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Obiol-Pardo
- Dept. de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Intitut de Recerca en Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Xia G, Kohler T, Peschel A. The wall teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid polymers of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 300:148-54. [PMID: 19896895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci and most other Gram-positive bacteria incorporate complex teichoic acid (TA) polymers into their cell envelopes. Several crucial roles in Staphylococcus aureus fitness and cell wall maintenance have been assigned to these polymers, which are either covalently linked to peptidoglycan (wall teichoic acid, WTA) or to the cytoplasmic membrane (lipoteichoic acid, LTA). However, the exact TA structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways are only superficially understood. Recently, most of the enzymes mediating TA biosynthesis have been identified and mutants lacking or with defined changes in WTA or LTA have become available. Their characterization has revealed crucial roles of TAs in protection against harmful molecules and environmental stresses; in control of enzymes directing cell division or morphogenesis and of cation homeostasis; and in interaction with host or bacteriophage receptors and biomaterials. Accordingly, several in vivo studies have demonstrated the importance of WTA and LTA in S. aureus colonization, infection, and immune evasion. TAs and enzymes required for TA biosynthesis represent attractive candidates for novel vaccines and antibiotics and are targeted by recently developed antibacterial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Xia
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Eberhardt A, Wu LJ, Errington J, Vollmer W, Veening JW. Cellular localization of choline-utilization proteins inStreptococcus pneumoniaeusing novel fluorescent reporter systems. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:395-408. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hakenbeck R, Madhour A, Denapaite D, Brückner R. Versatility of choline metabolism and choline-binding proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae and commensal streptococci. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 33:572-86. [PMID: 19396958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pneumococcal choline-containing teichoic acids are targeted by cholinebinding proteins (CBPs), major surface components implicated in the interaction with host cells and bacterial cell physiology. CBPs also occur in closely related commensal species, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis, and many strains of these species contain choline in their cell wall. Physiologically relevant CBPs including cell wall lytic enzymes are highly conserved between Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. mitis. In contrast, the virulence-associated CBPs, CbpA, PspA and PcpA, are S. pneumoniae specific and are thus relevant for the characteristic properties of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Hakenbeck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Rahman O, Dover LG, Sutcliffe IC. Lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis: two steps forwards, one step sideways? Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:219-25. [PMID: 19464183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) are membrane-anchored molecules in the cell envelopes of Gram-positive bacteria. Until recently, they were considered to be restricted to the Firmicutes, which include important pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Polyanionic LTAs have fundamentally important roles in divalent cation retention within the Gram-positive cell envelope and thereby influence bacterial cell division. Thus, LTA biosynthesis provides an attractive target for the development of novel antimicrobial interventions. Recent studies, notably two investigations of S. aureus and another of Bacillus subtilis, have greatly improved our understanding of the genetic basis of LTA biosynthesis. In addition, reports have revealed that at least some members of the Actinobacteria (another phylum of Gram-positive bacteria) produce LTAs, rather than the lipoglycans previously assumed to be typical of this taxon. The availability of whole bacterial genome sequences has enabled us to perform comparative analyses to shed light on the distribution of putative LTA biosynthetic genes among bacteria. Here, we discuss the results of these genomic analyses, together with the current literature, and propose that LTA biosynthesis in Actinobacteria might be fundamentally different to that in most Firmicutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaidur Rahman
- Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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