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Bouyahya A, Bakrim S, Chamkhi I, Taha D, El Omari N, El Mneyiy N, El Hachlafi N, El-Shazly M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Goh KW, Ming LC, Goh BH, Aanniz T. Bioactive substances of cyanobacteria and microalgae: Sources, metabolism, and anticancer mechanism insights. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115989. [PMID: 38103309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and microalgae contain various phytochemicals, including bioactive components in the form of secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and tannins, with remarkable anticancer effects. This review highlights the recent advances in bioactive compounds, with potential anticancer activity, produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae. Previous in vitro investigations showed that many of these bioactive compounds exhibit potent effects against different human cancer types, such as leukemia and breast cancers. Multiple mechanisms implicated in the antitumor effect of these compounds were elucidated, including their ability to target cellular, subcellular, and molecular checkpoints linked to cancer development and promotion. Recent findings have highlighted various mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria and microalgae, including induction of autophagy and apoptosis, inhibition of telomerase and protein kinases, as well as modulation of epigenetic modifications. In vivo investigations have demonstrated a potent anti-angiogenesis effect on solid tumors, as well as a reduction in tumor volume. Some of these compounds were examined in clinical investigations for certain types of cancers, making them potent candidates/scaffolds for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnologies, and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Douae Taha
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et Environnement, CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10106, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Mneyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34025 Taouanate, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Fez 30003, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, Cairo 11432, Egypt
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Sunway City, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Simple, fast and accurate method for the determination of glycogen in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105686. [PMID: 31400361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly soluble branched polymer composed of glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds that represents, together with starch, one of the main energy storage compounds in living organisms. While starch is present in plant cells, glycogen is present in bacteria, protozoa, fungi and animal cells. Due to its essential function, it has been the subject of intense research for almost two centuries. Different procedures for the isolation and quantification of glycogen, according to the origin of the sample and/or the purpose of the study, have been reported in the literature. The objective of this study is to optimize the methodology for the determination of glycogen in cyanobacteria, as the interest in cyanobacterial glycogen has increased in recent years due to the biotechnological application of these microorganisms. In the present work, the methodology reported for the quantification of glycogen in cyanobacteria has been reviewed and an extensive empirical analysis has been performed showing how this methodology can be optimized significantly to reduce time and improve reliability and reproducibility. Based on these results, a simple and fast protocol for quantification of glycogen in the model unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is presented, which could also be successfully adapted to other cyanobacteria.
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Nagy G, Veličković D, Chu RK, Carrell AA, Weston DJ, Ibrahim YM, Anderton CR, Smith RD. Towards resolving the spatial metabolome with unambiguous molecular annotations in complex biological systems by coupling mass spectrometry imaging with structures for lossless ion manipulations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:306-309. [PMID: 30534702 PMCID: PMC6537888 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coupling of liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) to structures for lossless ion manipulations in conjunction with serpentine ultralong path with extending routing (SLIM SUPER) ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for the unambiguous annotation of important isomeric glycoforms in carbon-fixing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Gaignard C, Gargouch N, Dubessay P, Delattre C, Pierre G, Laroche C, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, Michaud P. New horizons in culture and valorization of red microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:193-222. [PMID: 30500354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on marine microalgae has been abundantly published and patented these last years leading to the production and/or the characterization of some biomolecules such as pigments, proteins, enzymes, biofuels, polyunsaturated fatty acids, enzymes and hydrocolloids. This literature focusing on metabolic pathways, structural characterization of biomolecules, taxonomy, optimization of culture conditions, biorefinery and downstream process is often optimistic considering the valorization of these biocompounds. However, the accumulation of knowledge associated with the development of processes and technologies for biomass production and its treatment has sometimes led to success in the commercial arena. In the history of the microalgae market, red marine microalgae are well positioned particularly for applications in the field of high value pigment and hydrocolloid productions. This review aims to establish the state of the art of the diversity of red marine microalgae, the advances in characterization of their metabolites and the developments of bioprocesses to produce this biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gaignard
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nesrine Gargouch
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cedric Delattre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Celine Laroche
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées à l'amélioration des cultures, Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Unité de Biotechnologie des Algues, Biological Engineering Department, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Michaud
- CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Holkenbrink C, Hoiczyk E, Kahnt J, Higgs PI. Synthesis and assembly of a novel glycan layer in Myxococcus xanthus spores. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32364-32378. [PMID: 25271164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxococcus xanthus is a Gram-negative deltaproteobacterium that has evolved the ability to differentiate into metabolically quiescent spores that are resistant to heat and desiccation. An essential feature of the differentiation processes is the assembly of a rigid, cell wall-like spore coat on the surface of the outer membrane. In this study, we characterize the spore coat composition and describe the machinery necessary for secretion of spore coat material and its subsequent assembly into a stress-bearing matrix. Chemical analyses of isolated spore coat material indicate that the spore coat consists primarily of short 1-4- and 1-3-linked GalNAc polymers that lack significant glycosidic branching and may be connected by glycine peptides. We show that 1-4-linked glucose (Glc) is likely a minor component of the spore coat with the majority of the Glc arising from contamination with extracellular polysaccharides, O-antigen, or storage compounds. Neither of these structures is required for the formation of resistant spores. Our analyses indicate the GalNAc/Glc polymer and glycine are exported by the ExoA-I system, a Wzy-like polysaccharide synthesis and export machinery. Arrangement of the capsular-like polysaccharides into a rigid spore coat requires the NfsA-H proteins, members of which reside in either the cytoplasmic membrane (NfsD, -E, and -G) or outer membrane (NfsA, -B, and -C). The Nfs proteins function together to modulate the chain length of the surface polysaccharides, which is apparently necessary for their assembly into a stress-bearing matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Holkenbrink
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Hoiczyk
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Penelope I Higgs
- Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany,; Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202.
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Glycogen synthase isoforms in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803: identification of different roles to produce glycogen by targeted mutagenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91524. [PMID: 24637565 PMCID: PMC3956634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 belongs to cyanobacteria which carry out photosynthesis and has recently become of interest due to the evolutionary link between bacteria and plant species. Similar to other bacteria, the primary carbohydrate storage source of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is glycogen. While most bacteria are not known to have any isoforms of glycogen synthase, analysis of the genomic DNA sequence of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 predicts that this strain encodes two isoforms of glycogen synthase (GS) for synthesizing glycogen structure. To examine the functions of the putative GS genes, each gene (sll1393 or sll0945) was disrupted by double cross-over homologous recombination. Zymogram analysis of the two GS disruption mutants allowed the identification of a protein band corresponding to each GS isoform. Results showed that two GS isoforms (GSI and GSII) are present in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, and both are involved in glycogen biosynthesis with different elongation properties: GSI is processive and GSII is distributive. Total GS activities in the mutant strains were not affected and were compensated by the remaining isoform. Analysis of the branch-structure of glycogen revealed that the sll1393− mutant (GSI−) produced glycogen containing more intermediate-length chains (DP 8–18) at the expense of shorter and longer chains compared with the wild-type strain. The sll0945− mutant (GSII−) produced glycogen similar to the wild-type, with only a slightly higher proportion of short chains (DP 4–11). The current study suggests that GS isoforms in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 have different elongation specificities in the biosynthesis of glycogen, combined with ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen branching enzyme.
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Algal Polysaccharides and Health. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_24-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Liu L, Hu H, Gao H, Xu X. Role of two phosphohexomutase genes in glycogen synthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L. Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 66:75-145. [PMID: 22909979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional food, both freshwater and marine algal products with their possible promotional health effects, increases also in regions where algae are considered as rather exotic food. Increased attention about algae as an abundant source of many nutrients and dietary fiber from the nutrition point of view, as well as from the scientific approaches to explore new nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, is based on the presence of many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides extracted from algal matter. Diverse chemical composition of dietary fiber polysaccharides is responsible for their different physicochemical properties, such as their ability to be fermented by the human colonic microbiota resulted in health benefit effects. Fundamental seaweed polysaccharides are presented by alginates, agars, carrageenans, ulvanes, and fucoidans, which are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and also in other branches of industry. Moreover, freshwater algae and seaweed polysaccharides have emerged as an important source of bioactive natural compounds which are responsible for their possible physiological effects. Especially, sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses. Generally, biological activity of sulfate polysaccharides is related to their different composition and mainly to the extent of the sulfation of their molecules. Significant attention has been recently focused on the use of both freshwater algae and seaweed for developing functional food by reason of a great variety of nutrients that are essential for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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Wang L, Wise MJ. Glycogen with short average chain length enhances bacterial durability. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Structural characterization of the uncommon polysaccharides obtained from Peltigera canina photobiont Nostoc muscorum. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Streb S, Delatte T, Umhang M, Eicke S, Schorderet M, Reinhardt D, Zeeman SC. Starch granule biosynthesis in Arabidopsis is abolished by removal of all debranching enzymes but restored by the subsequent removal of an endoamylase. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:3448-66. [PMID: 19074683 PMCID: PMC2630441 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.063487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that debranching enzymes (DBEs) are involved in the biosynthesis of amylopectin, the major constituent of starch granules. Our systematic analysis of all DBE mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrates that when any DBE activity remains, starch granules are still synthesized, albeit with altered amylopectin structure. Quadruple mutants lacking all four DBE proteins (Isoamylase1 [ISA1], ISA2, and ISA3, and Limit-Dextrinase) are devoid of starch granules and instead accumulate highly branched glucans, distinct from amylopectin and from previously described phytoglycogen. A fraction of these glucans are present as discrete, insoluble, nanometer-scale particles, but the structure and properties of this material are radically altered compared with wild-type amylopectin. Superficially, these data support the hypothesis that debranching is required for amylopectin synthesis. However, our analyses show that soluble glucans in the quadruple DBE mutant are degraded by alpha- and beta-amylases during periods of net accumulation, giving rise to maltose and branched malto-oligosaccharides. The additional loss of the chloroplastic alpha-amylase AMY3 partially reverts the phenotype of the quadruple DBE mutant, restoring starch granule biosynthesis. We propose that DBEs function in normal amylopectin synthesis by promoting amylopectin crystallization but conclude that they are not mandatory for starch granule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yoo SH, Keppel C, Spalding M, Jane JL. Effects of growth condition on the structure of glycogen produced in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 40:498-504. [PMID: 17175020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Growth and glycogen production were characterized for Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 grown under continuous fluorescent light in four variations of BG-11 medium: either with (G+) or without (G-) 5mM glucose, and with a normal (N+, 1.5 g sodium nitrate/L) or a reduced (N-, 0.084 g sodium nitrate/L) nitrogen concentration. Glucose-supplemented BG-11 with a normal nitrogen concentration (N+G+) produced the highest growth rate and the greatest cell density. Although the maximum cell mass production was observed in the N+G+ medium, the highest glycogen yield (19.0mg/g wet cell mass) was achieved under the glucose-supplemented, nitrogen-limiting condition (N-G+). The addition of glucose enhanced cell growth, while nitrogen limitation apparently directed carbon flux into glycogen accumulation rather than cell growth. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that, under nitrogen-limiting conditions (N-G+), glycogen particles accumulated in large amounts and filled the cytosol of the cells. Analysis by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography further revealed that the glycogen produced in N-G+ medium had the longest average branch chain-length (DP10.4) among the conditions tested. When the yield and structure of glycogen were examined in different growth phases, the greatest yield (36.6 mg/g wet cell mass) and the longest branch chain-length (DP10.7) were observed 2 days after the fully grown cells in the N+G+ medium were transferred to the growth restricting (N-G+) medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Nostoc muscorum: a regioselective biocatalyst for 17-carbonyl reduction of androst-4-en-3,17-dione and androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Yoo SH, Spalding MH, Jane JL. Characterization of cyanobacterial glycogen isolated from the wild type and from a mutant lacking of branching enzyme. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:2195-203. [PMID: 12433483 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce glycogen as their primary form of carbohydrate storage. The genomic DNA sequence of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 indicates that this strain encodes one glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) and two isoforms of glycogen synthase (GS). To confirm the putative GBE and to demonstrate the presence of only one GBE gene, we generated a mutant lacking the putative GBE gene, sll0158, by replacing it with a kanamycin resistance gene through homologous recombination. GBE in sll0158(-) mutant was eliminated; the mutant strain produced less glucan, equivalent to 48% of that produced by the wild type. In contrast to the wild-type strain that had 74% of the glucan being water-soluble, the mutant had only 14% of the glucan water-soluble. Molecular structures of glucans produced by the mutant and the wild type were characterized by using high-performance size-exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography. The glycogen produced by the wild type displayed a molecular mass of 6.6 x 10(7) daltons (degree of polymerization (DP) 40700) and 10% branch linkages, and the alpha-D-glucan produced by the mutant displayed a molecular mass of 4.7-5.6 x 10(3) daltons (DP 29-35) with slight branch linkages. The results indicated that sll0158 was the major functional GBE gene in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 2312 Food Science Building, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Schneegurt MA, Sherman DM, Nayar S, Sherman LA. Oscillating behavior of carbohydrate granule formation and dinitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1586-97. [PMID: 8132452 PMCID: PMC205243 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.6.1586-1597.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that some aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacteria temporally separate photosynthetic O2 evolution and oxygen-sensitive N2 fixation. Cyanothece sp. ATCC strain 51142 is an aerobic, unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium that fixes N2 during discrete periods of its cell cycle. When the bacteria are maintained under diurnal light-dark cycles, N2 fixation occurs in the dark. Similar cycling is observed in continuous light, implicating a circadian rhythm. Under N2-fixing conditions, large inclusion granules form between the thylakoid membranes. Maximum granulation, as observed by electron microscopy, occurs before the onset of N2 fixation, and the granules decrease in number during the period of N2 fixation. The granules can be purified from cell homogenates by differential centrifugation. Biochemical analyses of the granules indicate that these structures are primarily carbohydrate, with some protein. Further analyses of the carbohydrate have shown that it is a glucose polymer with some characteristics of glycogen. It is proposed that N2 fixation is driven by energy and reducing power stored in these inclusion granules. Cyanothece sp. strain ATCC 51142 represents an excellent experimental organism for the study of the protective mechanisms of nitrogenase, metabolic events in cyanobacteria under normal and stress conditions, the partitioning of resources between growth and storage, and biological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schneegurt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Nierzwicki-Bauer SA, Aulfinger H. Occurrence and ultrastructural characterization of bacteria in association with and isolated from Azolla caroliniana. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:3629-36. [PMID: 1785935 PMCID: PMC184024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.12.3629-3636.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and ultrastructure of bacteria in leaf cavities of symbiotic Azolla caroliniana were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Bacteria were observed in all leaf cavities of Azolla cultures. Five ultrastructurally distinct types of bacteria were observed in each individual leaf cavity. Features used to characterize the bacteria included morphology, cell wall structure, and cytoplasmic organization. At least one gram-positive and as many as four gram-negative types of bacteria reside in leaf cavities of A. caroliniana. The morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the gram-positive bacterium suggest that it is an Arthrobacter sp. The gram-negative bacteria could not be cultured; therefore, they have not been classified further. Bacterial cell shape and cell wall structure were similar in leaf cavities of different ages, but cell size and cytoplasmic composition varied. The relative contributions of each bacterial type to the total community within individual leaves was determined. Ultrastructural characteristics of bacterial isolates cultured from A. caroliniana in a free-living state were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Nierzwicki-Bauer
- Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180-3590
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Ultrastructural characterization of eubacteria residing within leaf cavities of symbiotic and cyanobiont-freeAzolla mexicana. Curr Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nitrogen fixation activity of a filamentous, nonheterocystous cyanobacterium in the presence and absence of exogenous, organic substrates. Arch Microbiol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kropinski AM, Ghiorse WC, Greenberg EP. The intracellular polyglucose storage granules of Spirochaeta aurantia. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarma T, Khattar J. Accumulation of Cyanophycin and Glycogen during Sporulation in the Blue-green Alga Anabaena torulosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(86)80046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nierzwicki-Bauer SA, Balkwill DL, Stevens SE. Heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus. J Bacteriol 1984; 157:514-25. [PMID: 6420391 PMCID: PMC215277 DOI: 10.1128/jb.157.2.514-525.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological and ultrastructural aspects of heterocyst differentiation in the branching, filamentous cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus were examined with light and electron microscopy. The earliest differentiation stages involved cytoplasmic changes, including (i) rapid degradation of carboxysomes, (ii) degradation of polysaccharide granules, and (iii) accumulation of electron-dense ribosomal or protein material (or both). Intermediate differentiation stages involved synthesis of a homogeneous extra wall layer, development of necks leading to adjacent cells, and elaboration of a complex system of intracytoplasmic membranes. Late differentiation stages included further development of necks and continued elaboration of membranes. Mature heterocysts possessed a uniformly electron-dense cytoplasm that contained large numbers of closely packed membranes, some of which were arranged in lamellar stacks. Mature heterocysts lacked all of the inclusion bodies present in undifferentiated vegetative cells, but contained a number of unusual spherical inclusions of variable electron density. Cells in both narrow and wide filaments were capable of differentiating. No regular heterocyst spacing pattern was observed in the narrow filaments; the number of vegetative cells between consecutive heterocysts of any given filament varied by a factor of 10. Heterocysts developed at a variety of locations in the wide, branching filaments, although the majority of them were situated adjacent to branch points. M. laminosus displayed a marked tendency to produce sets of adjacent heterocysts or proheterocysts (or both) that were not separated from each other by vegetative cells. Groups of four or more adjacent heterocysts or proheterocysts occurred frequently in wide filaments, and in some of these filaments virtually all of the cells appeared to be capable of differentiating into heterocysts.
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Nierzwicki-Bauer SA, Balkwill DL, Stevens SE. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of a unicellular cyanobacterium. J Cell Biol 1983; 97:713-22. [PMID: 6411738 PMCID: PMC2112578 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.97.3.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first complete three-dimensional ultrastructural reconstruction of a cyanobacterium was accomplished with high-voltage electron microscopy and computer-aided assembly of serial sections. The precise arrangement of subcellular features within the cell body was very consistent from one cell to another. Specialized inclusion bodies always occupied specific intracellular locations. The photosynthetic thylakoid membranes entirely surrounded the central portion of the cytoplasm, thereby compartmentalizing it from the rest of the cell. The thylakoid membranes formed an interconnecting network of concentric shells, merging only at the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. The thylakoids were in contact with the cytoplasmic membrane at several locations, apparently to maintain the overall configuration of the thylakoid system. These results clarified several unresolved issues regarding structure-function relationships in cyanobacteria.
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Doolittle WF. The cyanobacterial genome, its expression, and the control of that expression. Adv Microb Physiol 1980; 20:1-102. [PMID: 119432 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sarma TA, Kanta S. Biochemical studies on sporulation in blue-green algae. I. Glycogen accumulation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1979; 19:571-5. [PMID: 121000 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630190808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen accumulation in vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. is demonstrated to be a light-dependent process. No glycogen accumulation is found in dark or in cultures supplemented with 10(-5) M DCMU in light. Large quantities of glycogen accumulate in cells undergoing sporulation and the amount increased with the onset of maturation of spores.
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Smith AJ, Hoare DS. Specialist phototrophs, lithotrophs, and methylotrophs: a unity among a diversity of procaryotes? BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1977; 41:419-48. [PMID: 329833 PMCID: PMC414007 DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lehmann M, Wöber G. Accumulation, mobilization and turn-over of glycogen in the blue-green bacterium Anacystis nidulans. Arch Microbiol 1976; 111:93-7. [PMID: 828031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Accumulation of glycogen up to a constant amount per cell was observed during the postexponential phase of growth, in the presence of an excess of a utilizable carbon source. Cell multiplication was reproducibly controlled by growth of the organism in a nitrogen-limiting medium under photoautotrophic conditions (presence of light, air plus CO2). 2. Temporary starvation, i.e. by removal of light or by the addition to an illuminated culture of DCMU, 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1'-dimethylurea, a specific inhibitor of photosystem II, lead to a mobilization of glycogen in the cell. Furthermore, Anacystis nidulans, having accumulated glycogen by virtue of preculture under nitrogen-limiting conditions, will resume cell division when the culture medium is complemented with a nitrogen source. The ability of the organism to use glycogen as an endogenous carbon source for growth was observed by addition of a nitrogen source to nitrogen-starving cells and simultaneous removal of CO2. 3. During the period of constant amount of glycogen per cell the reserve polysaccharide was subject to turnover as demonstrated with a pulse chase-labelling technique. The demonstration of a turnover--for the first time with a bacterial species--indicated a strict balance in the relative rate of synthesis and degradation.
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The glucan of the blue-green algaMicrocystis aeruginosa. Chem Nat Compd 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00564786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Norrman J, Wöber G, Cantino EC. Variation in average unit chain length of glycogen in relation to developmental stage in Blastocladiella emersonii. Mol Cell Biochem 1975; 9:141-8. [PMID: 1196304 DOI: 10.1007/bf01751309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synchronous, single generations of Blastocladiella emersonii were grown along either the ordinary colorless or resistant sporangial plant pathways. Samples of cells were withdrawn at different developmental stages and glycogen was extracted, purified, debranched by isoamylase treatment, and its component unit chains separated by gel permeation chromatography. The elution profiles showed the distribution of unit chains. Average unit chain length was determined for plants at different developmental stages and shown to vary between 9 and 16. Some of these variations were correlated with other developmental events in the fungus.
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Weber M, Wöber G. The fine structure of the branched alpha-D-glucan from the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans: comparison with other bacterial glycogens and phytoglycogen. Carbohydr Res 1975; 39:295-302. [PMID: 806344 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)86139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the glycogen from the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans has been examined. After selective hydrolysis of all (1 yields 6)-alpha-D linkages by a bacterial isoamylase, the resulting mixture of linear chains was subjected to gel permeation chromatography. For purposes of comparison, the glycogens from Escherichia coli and Arthrobacter sp., amylopectin, phytoglycogen from sweet corn, and shell-fish glycogen were treated similarly. The profiles of the unit chains of A nidulans glycogen and phytoglycogen were closely similar. There was no close resemblance in the size distribution of unit chains for A. nidulans glycogen, other bacterial glycogens, and amylopectin.
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Eiserling FA, Glazer AN. Blue-green algal proteins: assembly forms of C-phycocyanin from Synechococcus sp. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1974; 47:16-25. [PMID: 4207314 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(74)90023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Fifteen species of freshwater blue-green algae, including unicellular, filamentous, and colonial forms, were subjected to a variety of fixatives, fixation conditions, and stains for comparison of the preservation of phycobilisomes. Absorption spectra of the corresponding in vivo and released photosynthetic pigments, in 10 of the species that were maintained in culture, demonstrated the presence of phycocyanin in all 10 species and phycoerythrin in only 2 of them. Spectroscope and electron microscope evidence was obtained for localization of phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes of Nostoc muscorum. Phycobilisomes were observed in all species examined in situ, strenghening the hypothesis that phycobilisomes are common to all phycobiliprotein-containing photosynthetic blue-green algae.
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Simon RD. Measurement of the cyanophycin granule polypeptide contained in the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:1213-6. [PMID: 4197270 PMCID: PMC285384 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.3.1213-1216.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An assay was developed to determine the amount of cyanophycin granules in blue-green algae. The amount of this polypeptide in cells of Anabaena cylindrica was measured as a function of culture age and was compared with changes in other proteinaceous cellular components. The data presented support the notion that the cyanophycin granule is a cellular nitrogen reserve.
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Dawes EA, Senior PJ. The role and regulation of energy reserve polymers in micro-organisms. Adv Microb Physiol 1973; 10:135-266. [PMID: 4594739 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Correspondence of cyanophycin granules with structured granules in Anabaena cylindrica. Arch Microbiol 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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