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Zhu QZ, Wegener G, Hinrichs KU, Elvert M. Activity of Ancillary Heterotrophic Community Members in Anaerobic Methane-Oxidizing Cultures. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:912299. [PMID: 35722308 PMCID: PMC9201399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.912299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria mediate the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in marine sediments. However, even sediment-free cultures contain a substantial number of additional microorganisms not directly related to AOM. To track the heterotrophic activity of these community members and their possible relationship with AOM, we amended meso- (37°C) and thermophilic (50°C) AOM cultures (dominated by ANME-1 archaea and their partner bacteria of the Seep-SRB2 clade or Candidatus Desulfofervidus auxilii) with L-leucine-3-13C (13C-leu). Various microbial lipids incorporated the labeled carbon from this amino acid, independent of the presence of methane as an energy source, specifically bacterial fatty acids, such as iso and anteiso-branched C15:0 and C17:0, as well as unsaturated C18:1ω9 and C18:1ω7. In natural methane-rich environments, these bacterial fatty acids are strongly 13C-depleted. We, therefore, suggest that those fatty acids are produced by ancillary bacteria that grow on 13C-depleted necromass or cell exudates/lysates of the AOM core communities. Candidates that likely benefit from AOM biomass are heterotrophic bacterial members of the Spirochetes and Anaerolineae—known to produce abundant branched fatty acids and present in all the AOM enrichment cultures. For archaeal lipids, we observed minor 13C-incorporation, but still suggesting some 13C-leu anabolism. Based on their relatively high abundance in the culture, the most probable archaeal candidates are Bathyarchaeota, Thermoplasmatales, and Lokiarchaeota. The identified heterotrophic bacterial and archaeal ancillary members are likely key players in organic carbon recycling in anoxic marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zeng Zhu
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gunter Wegener
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Marcus Elvert
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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2
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Schmidpeter PAM, Gao X, Uphadyay V, Rheinberger J, Nimigean CM. Ligand binding and activation properties of the purified bacterial cyclic nucleotide-gated channel SthK. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:821-834. [PMID: 29752414 PMCID: PMC5987880 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SthK is a bacterial cyclic nucleotide–gated ion channel from Spirochaeta thermophila. By optimizing the expression and purification of SthK, Schmidpeter et al. show that cAMP and cGMP bind to the channel with similar affinity but activate it with different efficacy. Cyclic nucleotide–modulated ion channels play several essential physiological roles. They are involved in signal transduction in photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons as well as pacemaking activity in the heart and brain. Investigations of the molecular mechanism of their actions, including structural and electrophysiological characterization, are restricted by the availability of stable, purified protein obtained from accessible systems. Here, we establish that SthK, a cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channel from Spirochaeta thermophila, is an excellent model for investigating the gating of eukaryotic CNG channels at the molecular level. The channel has high sequence similarity with its eukaryotic counterparts and was previously reported to be activated by cyclic nucleotides in patch-clamp experiments with Xenopus laevis oocytes. We optimized protein expression and purification to obtain large quantities of pure, homogeneous, and active recombinant SthK protein from Escherichia coli. A negative-stain electron microscopy (EM) single-particle analysis indicated that this channel is a promising candidate for structural studies with cryo-EM. Using radioactivity and fluorescence flux assays, as well as single-channel recordings in lipid bilayers, we show that the protein is partially activated by micromolar concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and that channel activity is increased by depolarization. Unlike previous studies, we find that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is also able to activate SthK, but with much lower efficiency than cAMP. The distinct sensitivities to different ligands resemble eukaryotic CNG and hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide–modulated channels. Using a fluorescence binding assay, we show that cGMP and cAMP bind to SthK with similar apparent affinities, suggesting that the large difference in channel activation by cAMP or cGMP is caused by the efficacy with which each ligand promotes the conformational changes toward the open state. We conclude that the functional characteristics of SthK reported here will permit future studies to analyze ligand gating and discrimination in CNG channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Vikrant Uphadyay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jan Rheinberger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Crina M Nimigean
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY .,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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3
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Paula Goetting-Minesky M, Guan Z, Castillo-Ramirez S, Córdoba-Castro LA, López-Lara IM, Geiger O, Sohlenkamp C, Christopher Fenno J. 1,2-Diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase catalyzes the final step in the unique Treponema denticola phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway. Mol Microbiol 2017; 103:896-912. [PMID: 28009086 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treponema denticola synthesizes phosphatidylcholine through a licCA-dependent CDP-choline pathway identified only in the genus Treponema. However, the mechanism of conversion of CDP-choline to phosphatidylcholine remained unclear. We report here characterization of TDE0021 (herein designated cpt) encoding a 1,2-diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase homologous to choline phosphotransferases that catalyze the final step of the highly conserved Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis in eukaryotes. T. denticola Cpt catalyzed in vitro phosphatidylcholine formation from CDP-choline and diacylglycerol, and full activity required divalent manganese. Allelic replacement mutagenesis of cpt in T. denticola resulted in abrogation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. T. denticola Cpt complemented a Saccharomyces cerevisiae CPT1 mutant, and expression of the entire T. denticola LicCA-Cpt pathway in E. coli resulted in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Our findings show that T. denticola possesses a unique phosphatidylcholine synthesis pathway combining conserved prokaryotic choline kinase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities with a 1,2-diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase that is common in eukaryotes. Other than in a subset of mammalian host-associated Treponema that includes T. pallidum, this pathway is found in neither bacteria nor Archaea. Molecular dating analysis of the Cpt gene family suggests that a horizontal gene transfer event introduced this gene into an ancestral Treponema well after its divergence from other spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - M Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Santiago Castillo-Ramirez
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Luz América Córdoba-Castro
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Isabel M López-Lara
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
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4
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Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Bacterial membrane lipids: diversity in structures and pathways. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 40:133-59. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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5
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Abt B, Göker M, Scheuner C, Han C, Lu M, Misra M, Lapidus A, Nolan M, Lucas S, Hammon N, Deshpande S, Cheng JF, Tapia R, Goodwin LA, Pitluck S, Liolios K, Pagani I, Ivanova N, Mavromatis K, Mikhailova N, Huntemann M, Pati A, Chen A, Palaniappan K, Land M, Hauser L, Jeffries CD, Rohde M, Spring S, Gronow S, Detter JC, Bristow J, Eisen JA, Markowitz V, Hugenholtz P, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Klenk HP. Genome sequence of the thermophilic fresh-water bacterium Spirochaeta caldaria type strain (H1(T)), reclassification of Spirochaeta caldaria, Spirochaeta stenostrepta, and Spirochaeta zuelzerae in the genus Treponema as Treponema caldaria comb. nov., Treponema stenostrepta comb. nov., and Treponema zuelzerae comb. nov., and emendation of the genus Treponema. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:88-105. [PMID: 23961314 PMCID: PMC3739177 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3096473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirochaeta caldaria Pohlschroeder et al. 1995 is an obligately anaerobic, spiral-shaped bacterium that is motile via periplasmic flagella. The type strain, H1(T), was isolated in 1990 from cyanobacterial mat samples collected at a freshwater hot spring in Oregon, USA, and is of interest because it enhances the degradation of cellulose when grown in co-culture with Clostridium thermocellum. Here we provide a taxonomic re-evaluation for S. caldaria based on phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences and whole genomes, and propose the reclassification of S. caldaria and two other Spirochaeta species as members of the emended genus Treponema. Whereas genera such as Borrelia and Sphaerochaeta possess well-distinguished genomic features related to their divergent lifestyles, the physiological and functional genomic characteristics of Spirochaeta and Treponema appear to be intermixed and are of little taxonomic value. The 3,239,340 bp long genome of strain H1(T) with its 2,869 protein-coding and 59 RNA genes is a part of the G enomic E ncyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Abt
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheuner
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cliff Han
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Megan Lu
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Monica Misra
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alla Lapidus
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Matt Nolan
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Susan Lucas
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Nancy Hammon
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Roxanne Tapia
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lynne A. Goodwin
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sam Pitluck
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | - Ioanna Pagani
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amrita Pati
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Krishna Palaniappan
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Miriam Land
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Loren Hauser
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cynthia D. Jeffries
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Manfred Rohde
- HZI – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Spring
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabine Gronow
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - John C. Detter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - James Bristow
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- University of California Davis Genome Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Victor Markowitz
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Philip Hugenholtz
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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6
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Peng N, Zhong Y, Zhang Q, Zheng M, Zhao W, Jiang H, Yang C, Guo X, Zhao G. Characterization of acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA carboxylases encoded by Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai: an initial biochemical study for leptospiral gluconeogenesis via anaplerotic CO(2) assimilation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2012; 44:692-702. [PMID: 22710261 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is the causative agent of leptospirosis. The in vitro growth of L. interrogans requires CO(2) and a partial 3-hydroxypropionate pathway involving two acyl-CoA carboxylases was suggested by genomic analysis to assimilate CO(2). Either set of the candidate genes heterologously co-expressed in Escherichia coli was able to demonstrate both acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) activities. The tri-subunit holoenzyme (LA_2736-LA_2735 and LA_3803), although failed to be purified, was designated ACC based on its substrate preference toward acetyl-CoA. The partially purified bi-subunit holoenzyme (LA_2432-LA_2433) has a considerably higher activity against propionyl-CoA as the substrate than that of acetyl-CoA, and thus, designated PCC. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that this PCC has a molecular mass of around 669 kDa, suggesting an α(4)β(4) quaternary structure and both structural homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis analysis of its carboxyltransferase subunit (LA_2433) indicated that the A431 residue located at the bottom of the putative substrate binding pocket may play an important role in substrate specificity determination. Both transcriptomic and proteomic data indicated that enzymes involved in the suggested partial 3-hydroxypropionate pathway were expressed in vivo in addition to ACC/PCC and the homologous genes in genomes of other Leptospira species were re-annotated accordingly. However, as the in vitro detected specific activity of ACC in the crude cell extract was too low to account for the growth of the bacterium in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris minimal medium, further systematic analysis is required to unveil the mechanism of gluconeogenesis via anaplerotic CO(2) assimilation in Leptospira species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanqiu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Botté CY, Yamaryo-Botté Y, Janouskovec J, Rupasinghe T, Keeling PJ, Crellin P, Coppel RL, Maréchal E, McConville MJ, McFadden GI. Identification of plant-like galactolipids in Chromera velia, a photosynthetic relative of malaria parasites. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29893-903. [PMID: 21712377 PMCID: PMC3191030 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.254979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa are protist parasites that include Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, responsible for toxoplasmosis. Most Apicomplexa possess a relict plastid, the apicoplast, which was acquired by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga. Despite being nonphotosynthetic, the apicoplast is otherwise metabolically similar to algal and plant plastids and is essential for parasite survival. Previous studies of Toxoplasma gondii identified membrane lipids with some structural features of plastid galactolipids, the major plastid lipid class. However, direct evidence for the plant-like enzymes responsible for galactolipid synthesis in Apicomplexan parasites has not been obtained. Chromera velia is an Apicomplexan relative recently discovered in Australian corals. C. velia retains a photosynthetic plastid, providing a unique model to study the evolution of the apicoplast. Here, we report the unambiguous presence of plant-like monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in C. velia and localize digalactosyldiacylglycerol to the plastid. We also provide evidence for a plant-like biosynthesis pathway and identify candidate galactosyltranferases responsible for galactolipid synthesis. Our study provides new insights in the evolution of these important enzymes in plastid-containing eukaryotes and will help reconstruct the evolution of glycerolipid metabolism in important parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Y Botté
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Ritalahti KM, Justicia-Leon SD, Cusick KD, Ramos-Hernandez N, Rubin M, Dornbush J, Löffler FE. Sphaerochaeta globosa gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sphaerochaeta pleomorpha sp. nov., free-living, spherical spirochaetes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 62:210-216. [PMID: 21398503 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.023986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living bacteria with spherical cells 0.5-2.5 µm in diameter were isolated from freshwater sediment. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the new isolates within the phylum Spirochaetes ('spirochaetes'). The isolates never displayed a helical morphology or motility. Growth occurred in the presence of 100 mg ampicillin l(-1) in complex and defined mineral salts medium amended with vitamins, yeast extract and monosaccharides, disaccharides or soluble starch as fermentable substrates. Two distinct isolates, designated Buddy(T) and Grapes(T), exhibited doubling times of 21±2 and 15±1 h in glucose-amended medium and grew at 15-37 and 15-30 °C. Optimum growth was observed between 25 and 30 °C and pH 6.5-7.5, with no growth below pH 5 or above pH 10. Hexose and pentose fermentation yielded ethanol, acetate and formate as major end products. Growth was strictly fermentative and anaerobic, but the isolates tolerated brief oxygen exposure. Nitrate, sulfate, thiosulfate and carbon dioxide were not used as electron acceptors, but soluble Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) in glucose-amended medium. The DNA G+C base contents of isolates Buddy(T) and Grapes(T) were 45.5-46.4 and 47.0-49.2 mol%, respectively. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles contained large proportions of C(14:0) and C(16:0) straight-chain saturated fatty acids; C(16:1)ω7c and C(16:1)ω9c dominated the mono-unsaturated PLFAs in isolate Grapes(T), whereas isolate Buddy(T) also possessed C(18:1)ω5c, C(18:1)ω7c and C(18:1)ω9c fatty acids. Branched monoenoic acids accounted for up to 12.4 and 30% of the total PLFA in isolates Grapes(T) and Buddy(T), respectively. Based on their unique morphological features and the phylogenetic distance from their closest relatives, we propose the new genus, Sphaerochaeta gen. nov., to accommodate the new isolates within the novel species Sphaerochaeta globosa sp. nov. (type strain Buddy(T) =DSM 22777(T) =ATCC BAA-1886(T)) and Sphaerochaeta pleomorpha sp. nov. (type strain Grapes(T) =DSM 22778(T) =ATCC BAA-1885(T)). Sphaerochaeta globosa is the type species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsti M Ritalahti
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Shandra D Justicia-Leon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Kathleen D Cusick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Natalia Ramos-Hernandez
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Michael Rubin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jessica Dornbush
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Frank E Löffler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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9
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Dubinina G, Grabovich M, Leshcheva N, Rainey FA, Gavrish E. Spirochaeta
perfilievii sp. nov., an oxygen-tolerant, sulfide-oxidizing, sulfur- and thiosulfate-reducing spirochaete isolated from a saline spring. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 61:110-117. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.018333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain of fermenting, aerotolerant, chemo-organoheterotrophic spirochaete designated PT was isolated from a sulfur ‘Thiodendron’ mat in a saline spring at the Staraya Russa resort (Novgorod Region, Russia). Cells of strain PT exhibited a helical shape. The spirochaete required sulfide in the growth medium and was able to oxidize it non-enzymically to elemental sulfur via the interaction of H2O2 with sulfide and deposit it in the periplasmic space. Growth occurred at 4–32 °C (optimum at 28–30 °C), pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5), and in 0.1–1 M NaCl (optimum 0.35 M). The isolate used several sugars and polysaccharides as carbon or energy sources but did not use peptides, amino acids, organic acids or alcohols. The products of glucose fermentation were formate, acetate, ethanol, pyruvate, CO2 and H2. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41.7 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain PT fell within a group of species in the genus Spirochaeta, including Spirochaeta litoralis, S. isovalerica and S. cellobiosiphila, with which it shared less then 89 % sequence similarity. On the basis of its morphology, physiology and other phenotypic properties, as well as its phylogenetic position, the new isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Spirochaeta, for which the name Spirochaeta perfilievii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PT (=DSM 19205T =VKM B-2514T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Dubinina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Margarita Grabovich
- Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya Pl., 1, Voronezh 394893, Russia
| | - Natalia Leshcheva
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow 117312, Russia
| | - Frederick A. Rainey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ekaterina Gavrish
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Stübs G, Fingerle V, Wilske B, Göbel UB, Zähringer U, Schumann RR, Schröder NWJ. Acylated cholesteryl galactosides are specific antigens of borrelia causing lyme disease and frequently induce antibodies in late stages of disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13326-13334. [PMID: 19307181 PMCID: PMC2679432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is the causative agent of Lyme disease (LD), an infectious disease occurring in North America, Europe, and Asia in different clinical stages. B. burgdorferi sensu lato encompasses at least 12 species, with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii being of highest clinical importance. Immunologic testing for LD as well as recent vaccination strategies exclusively refer to proteinaceous antigens. However, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto exhibits glycolipid antigens, including 6-O-acylated cholesteryl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ACGal), and first the data indicated that this compound may act as an immunogen. Here we investigated whether B. garinii and B. afzelii also possess this antigen, and whether antibodies directed against these compounds are abundant among patients suffering from different stages of LD. Gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy showed that both B. garinii and B. afzelii exhibit ACGal in high quantities. In contrast, B. hermsii causing relapsing fever features 6-O-acylated cholesteryl beta-D-glucopyranoside (ACGlc). Sera derived from patients diagnosed for LD contained antibodies against ACGal, with 80% of patients suffering from late stage disease exhibiting this feature. Antibodies reacted with ACGal from all three B. burgdorferi species tested, but not with ACGlc from B. hermsii. These data show that ACGal is present in all clinically important B. burgdorferi species, and that specific antibodies against this compound are frequently found during LD. ACGal may thus be an interesting tool for improving diagnostics as well as for novel vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunthard Stübs
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical Center, 10117 Berlin
| | - Volker Fingerle
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim 85764
| | - Bettina Wilske
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich 80336
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical Center, 10117 Berlin
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Borstel 23845
| | - Ralf R Schumann
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité Medical Center, 10117 Berlin
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11
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Strong IgG antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi glycolipids in patients with Lyme arthritis, a late manifestation of the infection. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:93-102. [PMID: 19342303 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the membrane lipids of B. burgdorferi were separated into 16 fractions; the components in each fraction were identified, and the immunogenicity of each fraction was determined by ELISA using sera from Lyme disease patients. Only the 2 glycolipids, acylated cholesteryl galactoside (ACG, BbGL-I) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MgalD, BbGL-II), were immunogenic. Early in the infection, 24 of 84 patients (29%) who were convalescent from erythema migrans and 19 of the 35 patients (54%) with neuroborreliosis had weak IgG responses to purified MgalD, and a smaller percentage of patients had early responses to synthetic ACG. However, almost all of 75 patients with Lyme arthritis, a late disease manifestation, had strong IgG reactivity with both glycolipids. Thus, almost all patients with Lyme arthritis have strong IgG antibody responses to B. burgdorferi glycolipid antigens.
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12
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Hölzl G, Dörmann P. Structure and function of glycoglycerolipids in plants and bacteria. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:225-43. [PMID: 17599463 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglycerolipids are abundant membrane constituents in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, glycoglycerolipids are the predominant lipids in chloroplasts of plants and eukaryotic algae and in cyanobacteria. Membrane composition in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria is highly conserved, with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGD) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGD) representing the most abundant lipids. The genes encoding enzymes of galactolipid biosynthesis have been isolated from Arabidopsis. Galactolipids are crucial for growth under normal and phosphate limiting conditions. Furthermore, they are indispensable for maximal efficiency of photosynthesis. A wide variety of glycoglycerolipids is found in different bacteria. These lipids contain glucose or galactose, in some cases also mannose or other sugars with different glycosidic linkages in their head group. Some bacterial species produce unusual glycoglycerolipids, such as glycophospholipids or glycoglycerolipids carrying sugar head groups esterified with acyl residues. A number of genes coding for bacterial glycoglycerolipid synthases have been cloned and the enzymes characterized. In contrast to the breadth of information available on their structural diversity, much less is known about functional aspects of bacterial glycoglycerolipids. In some bacteria, glycoglycerolipids are required for membrane bilayer stability, they serve as precursors for the formation of complex membrane components, or they are crucial to support anoxygenic photosynthesis or growth during phosphate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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13
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Wingender G, Kronenberg M. Invariant natural killer T cells in the response to bacteria: the advent of specific antigens. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:325-40. [PMID: 17661645 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.3.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes that have been implicated in diverse immune reactions, ranging from self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity to responses to pathogens and tumors. Although some degree of autoreactivity of iNKT cells has been shown, it remained controversial whether the T-cell antigen receptor expressed by these cells could recognize microbial antigens, hampering the investigation of their physiological role during tolerance and immunity. Several recent publications have now defined natural antigens for the majority of iNKT cells in some Proteobacteria and in Borrelia burgdorferi, demonstrating specificity of these cells for microbes in addition to self-reactivity. The characterization of natural antigens from bacteria, and the iNKT cell response to bacteria containing them, are decisive steps toward the clarification of the natural role of iNKT cells in host defense against pathogens, and will likely spur numerous findings in the near future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Bacteria/immunology
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Models, Immunological
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology (LIAI), Division of Developmental Immunology, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Nordhoff M, Taras D, Macha M, Tedin K, Busse HJ, Wieler LH. Treponema berlinense sp. nov. and Treponema porcinum sp. nov., novel spirochaetes isolated from porcine faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1675-1680. [PMID: 16014500 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Limit-dilution procedures were used to isolate seven, helically coiled bacterial strains from faeces of swine that constituted two unidentified taxa. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed highest similarity values with species of the genus Treponema indicating that the isolates are members of this genus. Strain 7CPL208(T), as well as five further isolates, and 14V28(T) displayed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Treponema pectinovorum ATCC 33768(T) (92.3%) and Treponema parvum OMZ 833(T) (89.9%), respectively. Polar lipid profiles distinguished 7CPL208(T) and 14V28(T) from each other as well as from related species. Based on their phenotypic and genotypic distinctiveness, strains 7CPL208(T) and 14V28(T) are suggested to represent two novel species of the genus Treponema, for which the names Treponema berlinense sp. nov. and Treponema porcinum sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain for Treponema berlinense is 7CPL208(T) (=ATCC BAA-909(T)=CIP 108244(T)=JCM 12341(T)) and for Treponema porcinum 14V28(T) (=ATCC BAA-908(T)=CIP 108245(T)=JCM 12342(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Nordhoff
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Taras
- Institut für Tierernährung, Freie Universität Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Macha
- Institut für Tierernährung, Freie Universität Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Busse
- Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Blanco DR, Champion CI, Dooley A, Cox DL, Whitelegge JP, Faull K, Lovett MA. A monoclonal antibody that conveys in vitro killing and partial protection in experimental syphilis binds a phosphorylcholine surface epitope of Treponema pallidum. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3083-95. [PMID: 15845516 PMCID: PMC1087381 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.3083-3095.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with purified Treponema pallidum outer membrane vesicles (OMV) has previously resulted in high-titer complement-dependent serum bactericidal activity. In this study, OMV immunization resulted in the isolation of a monoclonal antibody, M131, with complement-dependent killing activity. Passive immunization of rabbits with M131 administered intravenously conferred significant immunity demonstrated by the failure of syphilitic lesions to appear at 29% of intradermal challenge sites (7/24) and a mean delay of approximately 8 days to lesion appearance at the remaining sites (17/24). M131 not only bound to OMV and to the surfaces of intact motile T. pallidum cells but also bound to organisms whose outer membranes were removed, indicating both surface and subsurface locations for the killing target. This target was determined to be a T. pallidum lipid. Lipid extracted from T. pallidum and made into liposomes bound M131. Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography separation and fraction collection mass spectrometry (LC-MS+) of T. pallidum lipid showed that the target of M131 was phosphorylcholine. M131 binding required both liposome formation and a critical concentration of phospholipid containing phosphorylcholine, suggesting that the epitope has both a conformational and a compositional requirement. M131 did not react with red blood cells, which have phosphorylcholine-containing lipids in their exterior membrane leaflets, or with Venereal Disease Research Laboratory antigen that also contains phosphorylcholine, further indicating the specificity of M131. This is the first physical demonstration of an antigen on the T. pallidum surface and indication that such a surface antigen can be a target of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Blanco
- A2-087G Center for Health Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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16
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Kent C, Gee P, Lee SY, Bian X, Fenno JC. A CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Treponema denticola. Mol Microbiol 2004; 51:471-81. [PMID: 14756787 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of Treponema denticola and Treponema pallidum contain a gene, licCA, which is predicted to encode a fusion protein containing choline kinase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activities. Because both organisms have been reported to contain phosphatidylcholine, this raises the possibility that they use a CDP-choline pathway for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. This report shows that phosphatidylcholine is a major phospholipid in T. denticola, accounting for 35-40% of total phospholipid. This organism readily incorporated [14C]choline into phosphatidylcholine, indicating the presence of a choline-dependent biosynthetic pathway. The licCA gene was cloned, and recombinant LicCA had choline kinase and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase activity. The licCA gene was disrupted in T. denticola by erythromycin cassette mutagenesis, resulting in a viable mutant. This disruption completely blocked incorporation of either [14C]choline or 32Pi into phosphatidylcholine. The rate of production of another phospholipid in T. denticola, phosphatidylethanolamine, was elevated considerably in the licCA mutant, suggesting that the elevated level of this lipid compensated for the loss of phosphatidylcholine in the membranes. Thus it appears that T. denticola does contain a licCA-dependent CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kent
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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17
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Hashimoto M, Asai Y, Ogawa T. Treponemal phospholipids inhibit innate immune responses induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44205-13. [PMID: 12947124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306735200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Host innate immune responses to microbial components, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are regulated and modified by cellular receptors and serum proteins, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD14, and LPS-binding protein (LBP). We demonstrated that a treponemal membrane lipid inhibited PAMPs-induced immune responses. The chemical structure of the lipid was elucidated as a phosphatidylglycerol (PG) derivative, which is scarce in most mammalian tissues, but relatively abundant in treponemal membrane lipids. Natural and synthetic PG counterparts as well as related natural anionic phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin, also demonstrated an inhibitory effect. Further, we noted that PG inhibited PAMPs-induced immune responses by blocking the binding of PAMPs with LBP and CD14. In addition, PG decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in serum of LPS-injected mice and depressed abscess formation in mice infected with treponemes. These results suggest that treponemal phospholipid interfere the function of LBP/CD14 and act as a modulator of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hashimoto
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major membrane-forming phospholipid in eukaryotes and can be synthesized by either of two pathways, the methylation pathway or the CDP-choline pathway. Many prokaryotes lack PC, but it can be found in significant amounts in membranes of rather diverse bacteria and based on genomic data, we estimate that more than 10% of all bacteria possess PC. Enzymatic methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine via the methylation pathway was thought to be the only biosynthetic pathway to yield PC in bacteria. However, a choline-dependent pathway for PC biosynthesis has been discovered in Sinorhizobium meliloti. In this pathway, PC synthase, condenses choline directly with CDP-diacylglyceride to form PC in one step. A number of symbiotic (Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mesorhizobium loti) and pathogenic (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Brucella melitensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Borrelia burgdorferi and Legionella pneumophila) bacteria seem to possess the PC synthase pathway and we suggest that the respective eukaryotic host functions as the provider of choline for this pathway. Pathogens entering their hosts through epithelia (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) require phosphocholine substitutions on their cell surface components that are biosynthetically also derived from choline supplied by the host. However, the incorporation of choline in these latter cases proceeds via choline phosphate and CDP-choline as intermediates. The occurrence of two intermediates in prokaryotes usually found as intermediates in the eukaryotic CDP-choline pathway for PC biosynthesis raises the question whether some bacteria might form PC via a CDP-choline pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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19
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Hossain H, Wellensiek HJ, Geyer R, Lochnit G. Structural analysis of glycolipids from Borrelia burgdorferi. Biochimie 2001; 83:683-92. [PMID: 11522398 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(01)01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study the lipids of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, were analyzed. Lipids comprise about 25-30% of the cell dry weight. The lipid fraction could be separated by HPTLC into 11 components. Staining of these components revealed two glycolipids and two phospholipids. The glycolipids represented about 50% of the total lipids and comprised only galactose as monosaccharide constituents. By means of mass spectrometric and gas chromatographic analysis both glycolipids could be identified as alpha-galactosyl-diacylglycerolipids with different fatty acid compositions. The phospholipids were identified as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. Immunoassays with sera from patients with Lyme disease showed antibody reactivity only to the glycolipids, which was present in all stages of the disease. Other lipid components seemed to be non-immunogenic in Lyme disease. The glycolipids of B. burgdorferi may be, thus, considered promising candidates for diagnosis and possibly also for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hossain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Berg S, Edman M, Li L, Wikström M, Wieslander A. Sequence properties of the 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase from Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes. Recognition of a large group of lipid glycosyltransferases in eubacteria and archaea. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22056-63. [PMID: 11294844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102576200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of the nonbilayer-prone alpha-monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGlcDAG) is crucial for bilayer packing properties and the lipid surface charge density in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii. The gene for the responsible, membrane-bound glucosyltransferase (alMGS) (EC ) was sequenced and functionally cloned in Escherichia coli, yielding MGlcDAG in the recombinants. Similar amino acid sequences were encoded in the genomes of several Gram-positive bacteria (especially pathogens), thermophiles, archaea, and a few eukaryotes. All of these contained the typical EX(7)E catalytic motif of the CAZy family 4 of alpha-glycosyltransferases. The synthesis of MGlcDAG by a close sequence analog from Streptococcus pneumoniae (spMGS) was verified by polymerase chain reaction cloning, corroborating a connection between sequence and functional similarity for these proteins. However, alMGS and spMGS varied in dependence on anionic phospholipid activators phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, suggesting certain regulatory differences. Fold predictions strongly indicated a similarity for alMGS (and spMGS) with the two-domain structure of the E. coli MurG cell envelope glycosyltransferase and several amphipathic membrane-binding segments in various proteins. On the basis of this structure, the alMGS sequence charge distribution, and anionic phospholipid dependence, a model for the bilayer surface binding and activity is proposed for this regulatory enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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21
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22
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Belisle JT, Brandt ME, Radolf JD, Norgard MV. Fatty acids of Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:2151-7. [PMID: 8157583 PMCID: PMC205333 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.8.2151-2157.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental ultrastructural feature shared by the spirochetal pathogens Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (T. pallidum) and Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agents of venereal syphilis and Lyme disease, respectively, is that their most abundant membrane proteins contain covalently attached fatty acids. In this study, we identified the fatty acids covalently bound to lipoproteins of B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum and examined potential acyl donors to these molecules. Palmitate was the predominant fatty acid of both B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum lipoproteins. T. pallidum lipoproteins also contained substantial amounts of stearate, a fatty acid not typically prevalent in prokaryotic lipoproteins. In both spirochetes, the fatty acids of cellular lipids differed from those of their respective lipoproteins. To characterize phospholipids in these organisms, spirochetes were metabolically labeled with [3H]palmitate or [3H]oleate; B. burgdorferi contained only phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine, while T. pallidum contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and cardiolipin. Although palmitate predominated in the lipoproteins, there were no apparent differences in the incorporation of these two fatty acids into phospholipids (putative acyl donors). Phospholipase A1 and A2 digestion of phosphatidylcholine from B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum labeled with either [3H]palmitate or [3H]oleate also revealed that neither fatty acid was incorporated preferentially into the 1 and 2 positions (potential acyl donor sites) of the glycerol backbone. The combined findings suggest that fatty acid utilization during lipoprotein synthesis is determined largely by the fatty acid specificities of the lipoprotein acyl transferases. These findings also provide the basis for ongoing efforts to elucidate the relationship between lipoprotein acylation and the physiological functions and inflammatory activities of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235
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23
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Bourell KW, Schulz W, Norgard MV, Radolf JD. Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins: analysis of mobility by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1598-608. [PMID: 8132453 PMCID: PMC205244 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.6.1598-1608.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freeze-fracture and deep-etch electron microscopy were used to investigate the molecular architecture of the Treponema pallidum outer membrane (OM). Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of treponemes freshly harvested from rabbit testes revealed that the intramembranous particles (IMPs) in both the concave and convex OM leaflets were distributed into alternating areas of relatively high and low particle density; in many OM fractures, IMPs formed rows that ran either parallel to or obliquely across the fracture faces. Statistical analysis (runs test) confirmed that the IMPs were nonrandomly distributed in both OM leaflets. Examination of deep-etched specimens revealed that the particles observed in freeze-fractured OMs also were surface exposed. Combined analysis of deep-etched and cross-fractured treponemes revealed that the OM particles were located in regions of the OM away from the endoflagella and closely apposed to the cytoplasmic membrane-peptidoglycan complex. When treponemes were incubated for extended periods with heat-inactivated immune rabbit syphilitic serum, no alteration in the distribution of OM IMPs was detected. In further experiments, approximately 1:1 mixtures of T. pallidum and Escherichia coli or separate suspensions of the nonpathogenic Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter were fixed at 34 degrees C or after cooling to 0 degree C (to induce lateral phase separations that would aggregate IMPs). Only particles in the T. pallidum OM failed to aggregate in cells fixed at the lower temperature. The combined data suggest that the mobility of T. pallidum rare OM proteins is limited, perhaps as a result of interactions between their periplasmic domains and components of the peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Bourell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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24
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Spirochaeta caldaria sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium that enhances cellulose degradation by Clostridium thermocellum. Arch Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Sambri V, Massaria F, Ardizzoni M, Stefanelli C, Cevenini R. Glycoprotein patterns in Borrelia spp. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:330-5. [PMID: 8219503 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glycoproteins in several Borrelia species was investigated by the digoxigenin labelling technique. The outer surface proteins A and B of seven isolates of the Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi showed to be major glycosylated proteins. Few minor polypeptides with variable molecular masses were also present, at variance, in B. burgdorferi strains. Minor glycosylated proteins with varying molecular masses have been detected in the relapsing fever borreliae B. hermsii, B. turicatae and B. parkeri. B. turicatae showed also a major glycosylated protein with a molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa. Animal pathogenic borreliae B. anserina and B. coriaceae presented only minor glycosylated proteins with variable molecular masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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26
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García Moncó JC, Wheeler CM, Benach JL, Furie RA, Lukehart SA, Stanek G, Steere AC. Reactivity of neuroborreliosis patients (Lyme disease) to cardiolipin and gangliosides. J Neurol Sci 1993; 117:206-14. [PMID: 8410057 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(93)90175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A subset of patients (50%) with neuroborreliosis (Lyme disease) showed IgG reactivity to cardiolipin in solid phase ELISA. In addition, a subset of patients with neuroborreliosis (29%) and syphilis (59%) had IgM reactivity to gangliosides with a Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac terminal sequence (GM1, GD1b, and asialo GM1). Anti-ganglioside IgM antibodies were significantly more frequent in these two groups of patients compared to patients with cutaneous and articular Lyme disease, primary antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and normal controls. Correlative evidence and adsorption experiments indicated that antibodies to cardiolipin had separate specificities from those directed against the gangliosides. IgM antibodies to Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac gangliosides appeared to have similar specificities since these were positively correlated and inhibitable by cross adsorption assays. Given the clinical associations of patients with neuroborreliosis and syphilis with IgM reactivity to gangliosides sharing the Gal(beta 1-3) GalNac terminus, we suggest that these antibodies could represent a response to injury in neurological disease or a cross reactive event caused by spirochetes.
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Abstract
Oral spirochaetes, which are small-, medium- or large-sized, include species of the genus Treponema, many of which have not yet been cultured. They are found in root canal infections, pericoronitis, gingivitis and periodontitis, constituting up to 10% of the flora in endodontic abscesses, 30% in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and 56% in advanced marginal periodontitis. The strong proteolytic activity of these organisms probably make them causes of infection rather than consequences. Being able to penetrate tissue, they bring their enzymes, metabolic products, and endotoxins, in direct contact with target cells. This may perturb essential functions of host cells and immunoglobulins. Enzyme activities may also help fulfil the complex growth requirements of spirochaetes in vivo. Reaction between infected periodontal tissue and monoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum has suggested that uncharacterized pathogen-related oral spirochaetes have surface structures and functions analogue to this well recognized pathogen. This warrants a more intensified search for the role of spirochaetes in oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Dahle
- Division of Endodontics, University of Oslo, Norway
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Kaneda T. Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55:288-302. [PMID: 1886522 PMCID: PMC372815 DOI: 10.1128/mr.55.2.288-302.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids of the iso and anteiso series occur in many bacteria as the major acyl constituents of membrane lipids. In addition, omega-cyclohexyl and omega-cycloheptyl fatty acids are present in several bacterial species. These two types of fatty acids are synthesized by the repeated condensation of malonyl coenzyme A with one of the branched-chain and cyclic primers by the same enzyme system. The pathway of de novo branched-chain fatty acid synthesis differs only in initial steps of synthesis from that of the common straight-chain fatty acid (palmitic acid) present in most organisms. The cell membranes composed largely of iso-, anteiso-, and omega-alicyclic acids support growth of bacteria, which inhabit normal as well as extreme environments. The occurrence of these types of fatty acids as major cellular fatty acids is an important criterion used to aid identification and classification of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneda
- Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Canada
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29
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Kaneda T. Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55:288-302. [PMID: 1886522 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.55.2.288-302.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain fatty acids of the iso and anteiso series occur in many bacteria as the major acyl constituents of membrane lipids. In addition, omega-cyclohexyl and omega-cycloheptyl fatty acids are present in several bacterial species. These two types of fatty acids are synthesized by the repeated condensation of malonyl coenzyme A with one of the branched-chain and cyclic primers by the same enzyme system. The pathway of de novo branched-chain fatty acid synthesis differs only in initial steps of synthesis from that of the common straight-chain fatty acid (palmitic acid) present in most organisms. The cell membranes composed largely of iso-, anteiso-, and omega-alicyclic acids support growth of bacteria, which inhabit normal as well as extreme environments. The occurrence of these types of fatty acids as major cellular fatty acids is an important criterion used to aid identification and classification of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneda
- Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Canada
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30
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Embley T, Hookey J, Collins M. Isoprenoid quinone and polar lipid composition of Leptospiraceae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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31
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Stanton TB, Cornell CP. Erythrocytes as a source of essential lipids for Treponema hyodysenteriae. Infect Immun 1987; 55:304-8. [PMID: 3804437 PMCID: PMC260326 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.2.304-308.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian erythrocytes were tested as a nutrient source for the spirochete Treponema hyodysenteriae, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery. Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth did not support growth of T. hyodysenteriae B204 or B78. However, BHI broth supplemented with washed bovine erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes, or cholesterol was an excellent culture medium for these strains (4 X 10(8) to 10(9) cells per ml, final population densities). Small amounts of cholesterol (3 to 10 micrograms/ml of medium) were required for maximum cell yields of strain B204. Of various sterols and sterol-like compounds tested, cholestanol and sitosterol could substitute for cholesterol. BHI-dehydrated medium extracted with CHCl3-CH3OH (2:1, vol/vol) to remove lipids was used to prepare lipid-depleted culture broth. Lipid-depleted broth supplemented only with cholesterol did not support T. hyodysenteriae B204 growth. However, this same broth supplemented either with vesicles made from cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine or with washed erythrocytes was a good culture medium for the spirochete. Thus, both cholesterol and a phospholipid are needed for T. hyodysenteriae growth in lipid-depleted broth. Mammalian erythrocytes can be used by the spirochete as a source of these lipids.
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32
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Abstract
The effect of fluoride on the growth of Treponema denticola was studied. Fluoride, at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml, was found to suppress the growth of all three strains tested. Growth was completely inhibited by 40 micrograms of fluoride per ml.
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33
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Fitzgerald TJ, Miller JN, Repesh LA, Rice M, Urquhart A. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to the surface of Treponema pallidum and subsequent effects on complement interactions between antigen and antibody. Genitourin Med 1985; 61:13-20. [PMID: 3936770 PMCID: PMC1011748 DOI: 10.1136/sti.61.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acidified bovine serum albumin (acid BSA) reacts with glycosaminoglycans to form a precipitate. This reaction was adapted to Treponema pallidum to show glycosaminoglycans associated with the surface of the micro-organism. As testicular infection progressed from days 4 to 18, treponemes showed increasing amounts of these surface components. High speed centrifuging effectively removed the glycosaminoglycans, thus indicating that they were loosely bound. The subsequent addition of commercial preparations of hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulphate resulted in their immediate adherence to the surface of the pathogens T pallidum and T pertenue, but not to the non-pathogens T vincenti, T denticola, or T phagedenis. The amount adhering to the treponemal surface varied depending on the concentration added. Intradermal inoculation showed that the virulence of T pallidum was not altered by the glycosaminoglycans associated with its surface. The coating of treponemes with hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulphate did not interfere with neutralising antibodies or antibodies found by radioimmunoassay using whole organisms. In contrast, hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulphate on the treponemal surface did interfere with immobilising antibodies. Results are discussed in terms of the potential role of the treponemal glycosaminoglycans in the infectious process.
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34
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Tornabene TG. 7 Lipid Analysis and the Relationship to Chemotaxonomy. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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35
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Yanagihara Y, Kamisango K, Yasuda S, Kobayashi S, Mifuchi I, Azuma I, Yamamura Y, Johnson RC. Chemical compositions of cell walls and polysaccharide fractions of spirochetes. Microbiol Immunol 1984; 28:535-44. [PMID: 6472134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellular polysaccharide fractions of various representative members of genera of the family Spirochaetaceae were obtained by the ammonium hydroxide extraction method. The sugar composition of the polysaccharide preparations was complex and many kinds of sugars such as rhamnose, fucose, ribose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose were detected in all of the spirochetes tested. Of particular interest was the presence of 4-O-methylmannose as a constituent polysaccharide in members of the genus Leptospira. This sugar was not detected in the polysaccharides of Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema. The chemical compositions of cell wall fractions were also examined. 4-O-Methylmannose was detected in the cell wall polysaccharides of the genus Leptospira but not in cell walls prepared from the Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema. The diaminopimelic acid present in cell wall peptidoglycans of the genus Leptospira was meso-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm). The molar ratios of alanine, glutamic acid, A2pm, glycine, muramic acid, and glucosamine in leptospiral cell walls were found to be approximately 2:1:1:1:1:1. In contrast to the Leptospira, the peptidoglycans of genera Spirochaeta, Borrelia, and Treponema contained ornithine (Orn) but not A2pm. Since 4-O-methylmannose and A2pm were found in the cell wall fractions of genus Leptospira but not in Spirochaeta, Borrelia, or Treponema, it was suggested that the chemical compositions of the cell wall might become an important criterion for the chemotaxonomy of Spirochaetales.
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36
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Abstract
Two strains of the saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovar patoc display reversible and irreversible adhesion at a solid-liquid interface. Both forms of adhesion are enhanced in the presence of 20 microM carbonyl cyanide meta-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), an uncoupler which inhibits motility of the bacteria. Microscopic observations also indicated that motility may have a role in adhesion as only actively motile organisms were seen to detach from the substratum. A dynamic model is proposed for adhesion of these organisms at a solid-liquid interface. It is suggested that the level of reversible adhesion is determined by the comparative rates of attachment (ON phase) and detachment (OFF phase). As reversible adhesion is mediated by weak forces of attraction, bacterial motility or gentle washing could promote the OFF phase. When motility is inhibited, the OFF phase is reduced and the ON phase continues (as motility is not required for the ON phase) causing the level of reversible adhesion to increase. Since reversible adhesion is a prerequisite for irreversible adhesion, then increased reversible adhesion leads directly to increased irreversible adhesion. Reversible adhesion appears to be mediated by the weak attractive forces of the "secondary minimum" whereas the mechanism facilitating irreversible adhesion of leptospires is not known.
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37
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Mayberry WR, Smith PF. Structures and properties of acyl diglucosylcholesterol and galactofuranosyl diacylglycerol from Acholeplasma axanthum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 752:434-43. [PMID: 6871237 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acholeplasma axanthum is one of the few procaryotes, and the only member of the Mollicutes, known to contain phosphosphingolipids. Examination of strain S743 for glycolipids revealed the presence of glucosides of cholesterol and galactosides of glycerol as the predominant glycolipids. The major component is acylated diglucosylcholesterol, followed by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and monoglucosylcholesterol. The glucose residues of the sterol-based compounds appear to be alpha-linked pyranoses, while the galactose of the glycerol-based lipid is an alpha-linked furanose. The "glycolipid' fraction also contained N-(3-hydroxy)acyl sphinganines with varying degrees of O-acylation. None of these ceramide derivatives was linked to carbohydrate. The major glycolipid, tentatively identified as alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-(O-acyl)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-cholesterol, along with its deacylated derivative, appears to be the first reported instance of steryl diglycosides among procaryotes, in contrast to the steryl monoglycosides, which are common to other mycoplasmata and some spirochetes.
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38
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Keyes PH, Rams TE. A rationale for management of periodontal diseases: rapid identification of microbial 'therapeutic targets' with phase-contrast microscopy. J Am Dent Assoc 1983; 106:803-12. [PMID: 6348118 DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1983.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the composition of subgingival flora can provide clinicians with a supplement to periodontal diagnosis and therapy. Conventional bacteriologic culturing may be clinically impractical, but direct microscopy may not.
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39
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Loesche WJ, Syed SA, Laughon BE, Stoll J. The bacteriology of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. J Periodontol 1982; 53:223-30. [PMID: 6122728 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1982.53.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plaque samples from 22 ulcerated sites in eight patients with ANUG were cultured using quantitative anaerobic procedures and were examined microscopically. The partial characterization of the predominant cultivable flora revealed a constant flora comprised of a limited number of bacterial types and a variable flora composed of a heterogeneous array of bacterial types. This constant flora would appear to be pathognomonic of acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) and included the various Treponema and Selenomonas sp., which comprised about 32 and 6%, respectively, of the microscopic count; B. melaninogenicus ssp. intermedius and Fusobacterium sp., which averaged 24 and 3%, respectively, of the viable count. One week of metronidazole treatment caused a prompt resolution of clinical symptoms, which coincided with a significant reduction in the plaque proportions of the Treponema sp., B. melaninogenicus ssp., intermedius and Fusobacterium sp. for at least 2 to 3 months following treatment. Thus, the same anaerobic species which were numerically associated with the ANUG lesion were also selectively reduced in the plaque flora following resolution of the infection. This supports a role for the above species in the ulcerative stage of the lesion but does not demonstrate that these specific anaerobes initiated the infection. although not confirmed by the data, it was proposed that these particular anaerobic species gained ascendency in the plaque as a result of being selected through the availability of host-derived nutrients in individuals who had undergone certain physiological and psychological stresses.
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40
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Goldfine H. Lipids of Prokaryotes–Structure and Distribution. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate- yielding pathways of branched-chain amino acid fermentation by a marine spirochete. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:117-23. [PMID: 6270057 PMCID: PMC216173 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.1.117-123.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic pathways utilized by an obligately anaerobic marine spirochete (strain MA-2) to ferment branched-chain amino acids were studied. The spirochete catabolized l-leucine to isovaleric acid, l-isoleucine to 2-methylbutyric acid, and l-valine to isobutyric acid, with accompanying CO(2) production in each fermentation. Cell extracts of spirochete MA-2 converted l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine to 2-ketoisocaproic, 2-keto-3-methylvaleric, and 2-ketoisovaleric acids, respectively, through mediation of 2-ketoglutarate-dependent aminotransferase activities. The branched-chain keto acids were decarboxylated and oxidized to form isovaleryl coenzyme A, 2-methylbutyryl coenzyme A, and isobutyryl coenzyme A, respectively, in the presence of sulfhydryl coenzyme A and benzyl viologen. The acyl coenzyme A's were converted to acyl phosphates by phosphate branched-chain acyltransferase enzymatic activities. Branched-chain fatty acid kinase activities catalyzed formation of isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric, and isobutyric acids from isovaleryl phosphate, 2-methylbutyryl phosphate, and isobutyryl phosphate, respectively. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate was formed during conversion of branched-chain acyl phosphates to branched-chain fatty acids. The results indicate that conversion of l-leucine, l-isoleucine, and l-valine to branched-chain fatty acids by spirochete MA-2 results in adenosine 5'-triphosphate generation. The metabolic pathways utilized for this conversion involve amino acid amino-transferase, 2-keto acid oxidoreductase, phosphate acyltransferase, and fatty acid kinase activities.
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42
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Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. Branched-chain amino acid fermentation by a marine spirochete: strategy for starvation survival. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:109-16. [PMID: 7287622 PMCID: PMC216172 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.1.109-116.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An anaerobic marine spirochete (strain MA-2) fermented glucose and formed ethanol, acetic acid, CO(2), and H(2) as end products. The organism required carbohydrates as growth substrates. Amino acids did not support the growth of strain MA-2. However, when the spirochete was grown in media containing branched-chain amino acids and glucose, significant quantities of 4- and 5-carbon branched-chain volatile fatty acids were formed in addition to products of glucose fermentation. Smaller quantities of branched-chain alcohols were also formed under these conditions. The spirochete converted l-valine, l-isoleucine, and l-leucine to isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and isovaleric acids, respectively. CO(2) formation accompanied each of these conversions. Spirochete MA-2 did not require branched-chain amino acids for growth, but these compounds could serve as sole sources of nitrogen for the organism. In addition, the survival of starving cells (no growth substrate available) of spirochete MA-2 was prolonged significantly when l-valine, l-isoleucine, and l-leucine were present in starvation media. Starving cells fermented these amino acids, forming adenosine 5'-triphosphate and branched-chain fatty acids. Our findings indicate that energy derived from amino acid fermentation allows the spirochete to survive periods of growth substrate starvation. Apparently, dissimilation of branched-chain amino acids can provide this bacterium with maintenance energy for cell functions not related to growth. In its natural environment spirochete MA-2 may catabolize branched-chain amino acids as a strategy for survival when growth substrates are not available.
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43
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Barbieri JT, Austin FE, Cox CD. Distribution of glucose incorporated into macromolecular material by treponema pallidum. Infect Immun 1981; 31:1071-7. [PMID: 7014454 PMCID: PMC351426 DOI: 10.1128/iai.31.3.1071-1077.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum was observed to incorporate glucose carbons into lipids, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein. Only the glycerol portions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol contained glucose-derived carbons. Incorporation of exogenous choline into phosphatidylcholine was detected. Glucose was incorporated into only the pentoses of nucleic acids. About 50% of the glucose incorporated into protein was present in only one amino acid, aspartate. Evidence suggests that aspartate synthesis could follow the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxalacetic acid by a guanosine 5'-diphosphate-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
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44
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Matthews HM, Yang TK, Jenkin HM. Treponema innocens lipids and further description of an unusual galactolipid of Treponema hyodysenteriae. J Bacteriol 1980; 143:1151-5. [PMID: 7410314 PMCID: PMC294466 DOI: 10.1128/jb.143.3.1151-1155.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipids of Treponema innocens, type strain B256, formerly considered a nonpathogenic isolate of T. hyodysenteriae, have been analyzed and compared with the lipids of T. hyodysenteriae. The lipids of T. innocens comprised 16% of the cell dry weight. Polar lipids amounted to about two-thirds of the total lipids and consisted of 61.9% phospholipids and 38.1% glycolipid. Neutral lipids consisted mainly of sterols. The phospholipids were principally phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolipin. Minor amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomoyelin, and a relatively nonpolar, unidentified phospholipid were present. The latter lipid has not been detected in T. hyodysenteriae. The glycolipid fraction of T. innocens contained a single component, monoglucosyldiglyceride, in contrast to the occurrence in T. hyodysenteriae of two components: monogallactosyldiglyceride and a less-polar glycolipid tentatively identified as acylmonogalactosyldiglyceride (the additional acyl moieties being 86.6% acetyl, 11.6% propionyl, and 1.6% n-butyryl groups). Alk-1-enyl ether analogs comprised 24.6% of the total phospholipids and glycolipid of T. innocens, or about one-third of the amount in T. hyodysenteriae. The acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of T. innocens consisted of greater than or equal to 92% of 14:0, iso-15:0, and 16:0 chains. In contrast to T. hyodysenteriae, anteiso-15:0 moieties were not detected, and a reversed distribution of 14:0 and iso-15:0 alk-1-enyl moieties occurred in the two species.
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45
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Matthews HM, Yang TK, Jenkin HM. Alk-1-enyl ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) and glycolipids of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Analysis of acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 618:273-81. [PMID: 7378438 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The lipids of Treponema hyodysenteriae B78, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery, comprised 16.4% of the cell dry weight, and consisted of 37.4% glycolipids, 28.6% phospholipids, and 34.0% neutral lipids. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, a major lipid in all Treponema except Treponema pallidum, comprised 80% of the glycolipids. An unidentified galactolipid less polar than monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was also detected. Phosphatidylglycerol (19.5% of the total lipids) was the major phospholipid. Phosphatidylcholine, characteristically the major phospholipid of treponemes, comprised 6.1% of the total lipids. Cardiolipin and lysophosphatidylcholine were minor components. The alk-1-enyl ether forms of both the phospholipids (plasmalogens) and glycolipids predominated. The alk-1-enyl ether forms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the unidentified galactolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylcholine were 88.3, 96.4, 74.8, 60.6, and 6.3%, respectively. The acyl and alk-1-enyl chains of the organism were qualitatively similar and differed dramatically from those of the medium indicating a capability for fatty acid synthesis that most Treponema do not possess. Saturated C14, C15, and C16 chains comprised more than 95% of the acyl and alk-1-enyl groups. About 25% of the chains were iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, and other branched moieties.
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46
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Holt SC, Doundowlakis J, Takacs BJ. Phospholipid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga. Infect Immun 1979; 26:305-10. [PMID: 500209 PMCID: PMC414612 DOI: 10.1128/iai.26.1.305-310.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of acetone-soluble (neutral glycolipid) and acetone-insoluble (phospholipid isoprenoids) lipids in oral isolates of gram-negative gliding bacteria of the genus Capnocytophaga was compared with those in a non-host-related gliding bacterium, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The acetone-soluble material accounted for 34 to 55% of the extracted lipids; the remainder was acetone-insoluble material. The major phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (67%), with lesser amounts of lysophosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified phosphate-containing compounds. Capnocytophaga also contained significant amounts of an ornithine-amino lipid.
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47
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Holt SC, Forcier G, Takacs BJ. Fatty acid composition of gliding bacteria: oral isolates of Capnocytophaga compared with Sporocytophaga. Infect Immun 1979; 26:298-304. [PMID: 500207 PMCID: PMC414611 DOI: 10.1128/iai.26.1.298-304.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extractable and bound lipids and cellular fatty acids of the gram-negative gliding bacteria, Capnocytophaga sputigena, C. gingivalis, and C. ochracea were compared to the non-host-related gliding bacterium Sporocytophaga myxococcoides. The extractable lipids represented between 17 and 28% of the cell dry weight, whereas only 2 to 4% of the lipids were in the bound fraction. The methyl esters of the cellular fatty acids were mainly aC15:0, which accounted for 69 to 73% of the total extractable fatty acids; S. myxococcoides had a similar distribution of branched-chain fatty acids; however, aC17:0 was the predominant fatty acid in this free-living gliding organism.
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48
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Matthews HM, Yang TK, Jenkin HM. Unique lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain). Infect Immun 1979; 24:713-9. [PMID: 381199 PMCID: PMC414365 DOI: 10.1128/iai.24.3.713-719.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was determined after purification of the organisms from the infected testes of corticosteroid-treated rabbits by differential centrifugation, filtration through Nuclepore membranes, and sedimentation in Hypaque density gradients. The total lipids were comprised of 32.2% neutral lipids, mainly cholesterol, and 67.8% phospholipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine (32.1%), sphingomyelin (14.8%), cardiolipin (13.0%), phosphatidylethanolamine (6.2%), phosphatidylinositol-serine (1.2%), and lysophosphatidylcholine (0.4%). Monoglycosyldiglyceride, a glycolipid comprising 25 to 50% of thetotal lipid of all Treponema previously examined, was not detected. The fatty acid composition was similar but quntitatively distinct from that of the infected testes tissue.
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Abstract
The synthesis of complex lipids by Borrelia hermsi while growing in Kelly medium was investigated by labeling cultures with D-[14C]glucose or [14C]palmitic acid. Labeled glucose was incorporated into phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalactosyl diglyceride, cholesterol glucoside, and acylated cholesteryl glucoside. The fatty acid composition reflected that of the medium suggesting that this spirochete directly incorporates acyl chains unaltered from its external milieu. Furthermore, the distribution of labeled carbon between acyl groups (lipid-soluble) and water-soluble moieties indicates that there is no metabolic exchange between these two pools. The relationship of B. hermsi to other spirochetes is discussed in terms of lipid metabolism as a generic characteristic.
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Matthews HM, Jenkin HM, Crilly K, Sandok PL. Effects of fatty acids on motility retention by Treponema pallidum in vitro. Infect Immun 1978; 19:814-21. [PMID: 346485 PMCID: PMC422261 DOI: 10.1128/iai.19.3.814-821.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was incubated under 75% N2 + 20% H2 + 5% CO2 in prereduced serum-free modified Eagle-Richter medium supplemented with different concentrations of various long-chain fatty acids complexed with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin. Motility retention was greater in medium with oleic acid containing 15 rather than 2 mg of albumin per ml. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, or linoleic acid alone caused rapid loss of motility at concentrations as low as 5 microgram/ml. Elaidic acid (92 microgram/ml) alone had no effect on motility. Various combinations of saturated plus unsaturated fatty acids did not inhibit motility retention or were less inhibitory than either of the individual fatty acid components. The combination of palmitic plus oleic acids was least toxic. Rapid loss of motility occurred with pairs of unsaturated or saturated fatty acids, or with Tween 40, 60, or 80, alone or combined. Autoxidation of oleic acid resulted in decreased toxicity for T. pallidum but increased toxicity for baby hamster kidney cells.
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