1
|
Kristensen MF, Sørensen ES, Del Rey YC, Schlafer S. Prevention of Initial Bacterial Attachment by Osteopontin and Other Bioactive Milk Proteins. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081922. [PMID: 36009469 PMCID: PMC9405890 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable body of work has studied the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in human physiology and pathology, but comparably little is known about the interaction of OPN with prokaryotic cells. Recently, bovine milk OPN has been proposed as a therapeutic agent to prevent the build-up of dental biofilms, which are responsible for the development of caries lesions. Bioactive milk proteins are among the most exciting resources for caries control, as they hamper bacterial attachment to teeth without affecting microbial homeostasis in the mouth. The present work investigated the ability of OPN to prevent the adhesion of three dental biofilm-forming bacteria to saliva-coated surfaces under shear-controlled flow conditions in comparison with the major milk proteins α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, αs1-casein, β-casein and κ-casein, as well as crude milk protein. OPN was the most effective single protein to reduce the adhesion of Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei and Streptococcus mitis. β-casein and crude milk protein also had a pronounced effect on all three species, which suggests binding to different microbial surface structures rather than the blocking of a specific bacterial adhesin. Bioactive milk proteins show potential to delay harmful biofilm formation on teeth and hence the onset of biofilm-related oral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Frost Kristensen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Ecology and Caries Control, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Yumi Chokyu Del Rey
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Ecology and Caries Control, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Schlafer
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Ecology and Caries Control, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harty DWS, Knox KW. AnIn VitroStudy of Adhesion of VariousLactobacillusSpecies. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609109140260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. S. Harty
- Institute of Dental Research, Chalmers St, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - K. W. Knox
- Institute of Dental Research, Chalmers St, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harty DWS, Patrikakis M, Knox KW. Identification of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Patients with Infective Endocarditis and Comparison of their Surface-associated Properties with those of Other Strains of the Same Species. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609309141327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. S. Harty
- Institute of Dental Research, Chalmers St, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - M. Patrikakis
- Institute of Dental Research, Chalmers St, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - K. W. Knox
- Institute of Dental Research, Chalmers St, Surry Hills, NSW, 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Willcox MDP, Knox KW. A Comparison of the Adhesion Profiles and Cell Surface Characteristics ofStreptococcus mitiswith those of Other Members of theStreptococcus sanguisGroup. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609109140265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. P. Willcox
- Institute of Dental Research, 2 Chalmers Street, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - K. W. Knox
- Institute of Dental Research, 2 Chalmers Street, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tarsi R, Corbin B, Pruzzo C, Muzzarelli RA. Effect of low-molecular-weight chitosans on the adhesive properties of oral streptococci. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 13:217-24. [PMID: 10093536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1998.tb00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that a low-molecular-weight chitosan and its derivatives N-carboxymethyl chitosan and imidazolyl chitosan inhibit Streptococcus mutans adsorption to hydroxyapatite. The ability of the same molecules to interfere with adhesive properties of other oral streptococci (Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus vestibularis) was tested. When saliva-coated or -uncoated hydroxyapatite beads were treated with N-carboxymethyl chitosan, a reduction varying from 60% to 98% depending on strains was observed. Low-molecular-weight chitosans and imidazolyl chitosan did not have any effect. Growth in N-carboxymethyl chitosan-supplemented medium (final concentrations ranging from 20 to 500 micrograms.ml-1) caused a dose related reduction in the adsorption of all strains to hydroxyapatite and in their affinity towards xylene. No effect was observed with low-molecular-weight chitosans and imidazolyl chitosan. In contrast to what observed with S. mutans, the three polysaccharides did not affect detachment from hydroxyapatite beads and adherence to cheek epithelial cells of the other streptococci. These results suggest that low-molecular-weight chitosans and/or imidazolyl chitosan, selectively affecting S. mutans adsorption to hydroxyapatite, may be very interesting as potential anti-dental caries agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Tarsi
- Institutes of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Ancona, Via Ranieri Monte D'Ago, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The amounts and types of nutrients in the environment influence the development and final bacterial and chemical composition of biofilms. In oligotrophic environments, organisms respond to nutrient stress by alterations in their cell morphology and cell surfaces, which enhance adherence. Little is known of the responses to stress by bacteria in the animal oral cavity. The environment in the oral cavity is less extreme, and saliva provides a constant source of nutrients. Catabolic cooperation among oral bacteria allow carbon and nitrogen from salivary glycoproteins to be utilized. Modification of growth environments of oral bacteria can influence their cell surfaces and adhesion. Studies in experimental animals have shown that feeding either glucose or sucrose diets or fasting has little effect on the initial stages of development of oral biofilms. However, diet can influence the proportions of different bacterial species later in biofilm development. Studies of competition among populations in communities of oral bacteria in vitro and in vivo have shown the significance of carbon limitation and excess and changes in environmental pH. Relatively few studies have been made of the role of a nitrogen metabolism in bacterial competition in biofilms. In keeping with biofilms in nature, oral biofilms provide a sequestered habitat, where organisms are protected from removal by saliva and where interactions among cells generate a biofilm environment, distinct from that of saliva. Oral biofilms are an essential component in the etiologies of caries and periodontal disease, and understanding the biology of oral biofilms has aided and will continue to aid in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H Bowden
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jenkinson HF. Genetic analysis of adherence by oral streptococci. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 15:186-92. [PMID: 8519476 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Streptococci are one of the most successful bacterial colonizers of the human body and are major components of oral biofilms. The bacterial cells express multiple cell-surface adhesins that are responsible for the ability of streptococci to adhere to a wide range of substrates which include salivary and serous proteins, epithelial cells and other bacterial cells. Analysis of adherence-defective mutants has indicated the importance of high molecular mass wall-associated polypeptides and of enzymes catalyzing extracellular glucan polysaccharide synthesis to the adherence and accumulation of oral streptococci. The analysis of isogenic mutants of streptococci, generated through insertional inactivation (or allelic exchange), has confirmed the essential roles of specific surface polypeptides both to adhesive processes and to correct assembly of the cell wall layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Jenkinson
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scannapieco FA. Saliva-bacterium interactions in oral microbial ecology. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1994; 5:203-48. [PMID: 7703323 DOI: 10.1177/10454411940050030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is thought to have a significant impact on the colonization of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Salivary components may participate in this process by one of four general mechanisms: binding to microorganisms to facilitate their clearance from the oral cavity, serving as receptors in oral pellicles for microbial adhesion to host surfaces, inhibiting microbial growth or mediating microbial killing, and serving as microbial nutritional substrates. This article reviews information pertinent to the molecular interaction of salivary components with bacteria (primarily the oral streptococci and Actinomyces) and explores the implications of these interactions for oral bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling bacterial colonization of the oral cavity may suggest methods to prevent not only dental plaque formation but also serious medical infections that may follow microbial colonization of the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Bacteria in the oral cavity must interact with salivary proteins if they are to survive. Such interactions can take several forms, either providing nutrients, a means of adhesion to surfaces, or resulting in aggregation or killing and, therefore, clearance of organisms. Recent work has provided an insight into the mechanisms of some of these bacterial-protein interactions, revealing complexity and diversity. For example, the interaction between a putative Streptococcus mutans adhesin, P1 (B, I/II, etc.), and a parotid glycoprotein results in adhesion when it occurs at a surface or aggregation when in solution, and different domains of P1 appear to be involved in the two processes. An alternative strategy is employed by Actinomyces viscosus, which interacts, via its type-1 fimbriae, with a proline-rich salivary protein; however, this interaction occurs only when the PRP is adsorbed to a surface. A. viscosus takes advantage of a conformational change in the PRP when it becomes surface-bound, which exposes a cryptic part of the molecule. A third, and intriguing, type of interaction is seen between various streptococci and salivary amylase. This does not result in either adherence or aggregation but provides organisms with the ability to utilize starch breakdown products for metabolism. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in bacterial-protein interactions could conceivably lead to novel methods for controlling specific pathogens, but the systems operating in the mouth are numerous, complex, and diverse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Douglas
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sampson JS, O'Connor SP, Stinson AR, Tharpe JA, Russell H. Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of psaA, the Streptococcus pneumoniae gene encoding a 37-kilodalton protein homologous to previously reported Streptococcus sp. adhesins. Infect Immun 1994; 62:319-24. [PMID: 7505262 PMCID: PMC186105 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.1.319-324.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene psaA, which encodes the Streptococcus pneumoniae 37-kDa protein, was cloned in Escherichia coli, and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. Analysis of the sequence of the 2.4-kb cloned fragment revealed three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF2, which is 933 bp long, was identified as psaA. The two other ORFs identified flank psaA. ORF1, located upstream of psaA, is 836 nucleotides long and encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 29,843 Da. The sequence for ORF3, located downstream of psaA, was only partially determined. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of pneumococcal RNA suggests that psaA is transcribed as part of a polycistronic message. Analysis of the primary structure of the protein encoded by this gene indicated significant similarity to two previously reported streptococcal proteins, SsaB (80% similarity) and FimA (92.3% similarity), from S. sanguis and S. parasanguis, respectively. These two homologous proteins have been shown to be associated with bacterial adhesion, and the possibility of a similar role for PsaA is hypothesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Sampson
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Darjee R, Gibb AP. Serological investigation into the association between Streptococcus bovis and colonic cancer. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46:1116-9. [PMID: 8282836 PMCID: PMC501723 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.46.12.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if there was an increase in antibody titre to Streptococcus bovis in patients with colonic cancer, and if this might be a useful marker of the presence for colonic cancer. METHODS Serum samples from 16 patients and 16 age matched controls were tested by immunoblot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against antigen preparations from two strains of S bovis and one strain of Enterococcus faecalis. RESULTS No distinction between cancer patients and controls could be made using immunoblots. ELISA did show an increase in antibodies to S bovis, but there was a greater increase in antibodies to E faecalis. The increase in antibody titres was greatest with antigens which had been treated with periodate, and was therefore thought not to be caused by antibody to the shared group D carbohydrate antigen. CONCLUSION It may be possible to construct a test for the detection of colonic cancer based on the detection of antibody to S bovis or E faecalis, though considerable further development of this concept is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Darjee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, Edinburgh, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scannapieco FA, Haraszthy GG, Cho MI, Levine MJ. Characterization of an amylase-binding component of Streptococcus gordonii G9B. Infect Immun 1992; 60:4726-33. [PMID: 1383157 PMCID: PMC258224 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.11.4726-4733.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to begin characterizing the amylase-binding component(s) on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii G9B. Alkali extracts but not phenol-water extracts of this bacterium inhibited 125I-amylase binding to S. gordonii G9B. To identify the bacterial components involved in amylase binding, the alkali extract was subjected to affinity chromatography on amylase-Sepharose. Immunoblotting with a rabbit antiserum against S. gordonii G9B revealed that a 20-kDa streptococcal component was eluted from the amylase-Sepharose with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2 M KSCN, or 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 4.5. Subsequently, the 20-kDa component was prepared from alkali extracts by electroelution from preparative SDS electrophoresis or by gel filtration chromatography. This component was trypsin sensitive, and an antibody raised against it inhibited the binding of 125I-amylase to S. gordonii G9B. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that both bound amylase and the 20-kDa component were localized to the cell division septum on dividing cells or to polar zones on single cells. In addition, exponentially growing bacteria bound more 125I-amylase than stationary-phase cells did. Collectively, these results suggest that a 20-kDa amylase-binding component is present on the surface of the nascent streptococcal cell wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
McNab R, Jenkinson HF. Gene disruption identifies a 290 kDa cell-surface polypeptide conferring hydrophobicity and coaggregation properties in Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2939-49. [PMID: 1479886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal coding region of the gene (denoted cshA) encoding a high-molecular-mass (290 kDa) cell-surface polypeptide in the oral bacterium Streptococcus gordonii was cloned and sequenced. Insertion of ermAM into the S. gordonii chromosome at the 3' end of the coding region of cshA led to the production of isogenic mutants that secreted a truncated form (260 kDa) of the CshA polypeptide into the growth medium. Mutants had reduced cell-surface hydrophobicity and were impaired in their ability to coaggregate with oral actinomyces. The results identify a carboxyl terminus-anchored cell-surface protein determinant of hydrophobicity and coaggregation in S. gordonii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R McNab
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rudney JD, Neuvar EK, Soberay AH. Restriction endonuclease-fragment polymorphisms of oral viridans streptococci, compared by conventional and field-inversion gel electrophoresis. J Dent Res 1992; 71:1182-8. [PMID: 1351484 DOI: 10.1177/00220345920710051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral streptococci formerly classified as Streptococcus sanguis or Streptococcus mitis have recently been divided into four species. Two additional species have also been proposed for this group. Each species is genetically distinct, but they have many traits in common, which makes it difficult for clinical isolates to be identified by phenotypic tests. Genotypic comparison may provide an alternative approach. This study used DNA fingerprint analysis for comparison of genotypes of 21 reference strains--classified as Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus oralis, "Streptococcus parasanguis", or "Streptococcus crista" in previous DNA hybridization studies--and 17 clinical and laboratory strains placed in those groups on the basis of phenotypic tests. HinDIII and PvuII digests were run in conventional horizontal agarose gels. SfiI digests of reference strains and two laboratory strains were run in field-inversion gels. Fingerprint patterns were compared by visual examination, cluster analysis of densitometric traces, and lane-matching software. Only two "S. crista" strains and two parent mutant lineages showed fingerprint patterns that were identical by visual examination. Fingerprint patterns of all other strains were unique. Cluster analysis results could not be considered valid, since replicate lanes in different gels were not grouped together. HinDIII and PvuII digests contained too many bands for correct matching by lane-matching software. SfiI digests were correctly matched by computer, with the same results as visual examination. Results indicate that the diversity of strains within these streptococcal species was too great to permit species identification by DNA fingerprint patterns. This genotypic diversity suggests that isolates from unrelated hosts may have been separate for long periods of time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Rudney
- Department of Oral Science, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timmerman CP, Fleer A, Besnier JM, De Graaf L, Cremers F, Verhoef J. Characterization of a proteinaceous adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis which mediates attachment to polystyrene. Infect Immun 1991; 59:4187-92. [PMID: 1682256 PMCID: PMC259015 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4187-4192.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have evolved into important agents of foreign body-related infections. Adhesion of causative bacteria to biomaterials is considered to be an essential step in these infections. We and others have shown that adhesion of CoNS to biomaterials may be mediated by protease-sensitive surface constituents. In the present study we expanded on these investigations by characterizing a biomaterial adhesin of Staphylococcus epidermidis 354 by using a strain-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb 36.4). MAb 36.4 was strongly and exclusively reactive with strain 354 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which whole bacteria were used as antigens. Immunoblotting of cell wall polypeptides of strain 354 revealed strong reactivity with a 200- to 220-kDa band and a weaker reaction in the 100- to 110-kDa range. Preincubation of strain 354 with MAb 36.4 resulted in a 54 to 91% (mean +/- standard deviation, 74% +/- 14%; n = 10) inhibition of adhesion to polystyrene spheres. Fab fragments prepared from MAb 36.4 also inhibited adhesion effectively, indicating specific blocking of an adhesion antigen rather than aspecific inhibition. Immunogold electron microscopy with MAb 36.4 revealed deposition of gold particles on the cell surface and possibly also on fimbrialike surface projections. It is concluded that a surface-located protein antigen of S. epidermidis 354 recognized by MAb 36.4 acts as an adhesin mediating attachment to uncoated foreign material. It is speculated that this type of adhesion to biomaterials may play an important role in the pathogenesis of foreign body-related infections caused by CoNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Timmerman
- Eijkman-Winkler Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brady LJ, Crowley PJ, Ma JK, Kelly C, Lee SF, Lehner T, Bleiweis AS. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequence variation within the spaP gene of Streptococcus mutans serotype c isolates. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1803-10. [PMID: 1673448 PMCID: PMC257919 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.5.1803-1810.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A restriction fragment length polymorphism study was undertaken to determine the extent and location of heterogeneity within spaP encoding the Mr 185,000 cell surface protein P1 (antigen I/II) of Streptococcus mutans serotype c isolates. The gene was found to be highly conserved except for a central variable (V) region predicted to encode less than 150 amino acids. Sequence analysis identified two V-region variants. These differences were independent of the geographic source of the isolates. Southern analysis using synthetic oligonucleotide probes indicated that nonretention of P1 (I/II) by some isolates is not due to a deletion of the 3'-terminal DNA necessary to encode an intact carboxy terminus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ganeshkumar N, Hannam PM, Kolenbrander PE, McBride BC. Nucleotide sequence of a gene coding for a saliva-binding protein (SsaB) from Streptococcus sanguis 12 and possible role of the protein in coaggregation with actinomyces. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1093-9. [PMID: 1671775 PMCID: PMC258372 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.3.1093-1099.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a 2.9-kb streptococcal DNA fragment which codes for two proteins with MrS of 36,000 (Streptococcus sanguis adhesin B [SsaB]) and 20,000 has been determined. The ssaB gene is 927 bp and codes for a 34,684-Da protein. The open reading frame coding for the 20-kDa protein is 489 bp and codes for a protein of 17,885 Da. The SsaB protein has a putative hydrophobic 19-amino-acid signal sequence resulting in a 32,620-Mr secreted protein, whereas the 20-kDa protein has no signal sequence. Both proteins are hydrophilic, and neither appears to have a hydrophobic membrane anchor sequence in the carboxy-terminal region. A DNA sequence homology of 73% exists between the cloned fragment containing the ssaB gene from S. sanguis 12 and the cloned fragment containing the type 1 fimbrial gene of S. sanguis FW213 (J.C. Fenno, D.J. LeBlanc, and P. Fives-Taylor, Infect. Immun. 57:3527-3533, 1989). Amino acid comparisons of the SsaB and type 1 fimbrial proteins show 87% homology, indicating a close similarity of the two proteins. Antiserum raised against the cloned SsaB protein cross-reacts with a 38-kDa protein identified from Streptococcus gordonii (S. sanguis) PK488 which was proposed to mediate coaggregation with Actinomyces naeslundii PK606 (P.E. Kolenbrander and R.N. Andersen, Infect. Immun. 58:3064-3072, 1990). The SsaB adhesion may play a role in oral colonization by binding either to a receptor on saliva or to a receptor on actinomyces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ganeshkumar
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rosenberg M. Basic and applied aspects of microbial adhesion at the hydrocarbon:water interface. Crit Rev Microbiol 1991; 18:159-73. [PMID: 1930676 DOI: 10.3109/10408419109113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial hydrophobicity has been studied since 1924. During the last decade, various techniques have become available for measuring hydrophobic surface properties of microbial cells. This has led to a surge in investigations suggesting a role for hydrophobicity in adhesion of bacteria to an array of surfaces (oral surfaces, mineral particles, fatty meat, epithelial cells, phagocytes, biomaterials), partitioning at interfaces, as well as gliding mobility. The present manuscript comprises a critical, chronological look at the origins of microbial hydrophobicity research, its development, origins, and applications. Emphasis is placed on microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons, a technique with which the author has the most experience and research interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenberg
- Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chapter 25. Bacterial Adhesins. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
20
|
Willcox MD, Knox KW, Green RM, Drucker DB. An examination of strains of the bacterium Streptococcus vestibularis for relative cariogenicity in gnotobiotic rats and adhesion in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1991; 36:327-33. [PMID: 1651693 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(91)90001-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cariogenicity and adhesion of six strains of Streptococcus vestibularis were compared with those of strains of Strep. salivarius. All strains of Strep. vestibularis produced low levels of caries, confined to the fissures, whereas the two strains of Strep. salivarius produced high levels of caries, with one strain producing approximal as well as fissure caries. The values for adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite of Strep. vestibularis in the absence (median 4.74%) and the presence (median 4.67%) of sucrose were not statistically different, nor did they differ significantly from those of Strep. salivarius. Strains of Strep. vestibularis were able to adhere to buccal epithelial cells (median 1.19%) as well as could Strep. salivarius strain HB (1.65%). Neither sucrose nor saliva greatly aggregated the strains of either species. Strep. vestibularis did not adhere to hexadecane (median 18.5%) to the same extent as did Strep. salivarius strains (median 69%). There was a significant correlation between the adhesion in the presence and absence of sucrose (p less than 0.01). Strep. vestibularis strains could not coaggregate with either actinomycetes or Veillonella spp. whereas Strep. salivarius strains were able to coaggregate with Veillonella spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Willcox
- Institute of Dental Research, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jenkinson HF, Easingwood RA. Insertional inactivation of the gene encoding a 76-kilodalton cell surface polypeptide in Streptococcus gordonii Challis has a pleiotropic effect on cell surface composition and properties. Infect Immun 1990; 58:3689-97. [PMID: 2228239 PMCID: PMC313715 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.11.3689-3697.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of Streptococcus gordonii DL1-Challis DNA was constructed in lambda gt11. Phage plaques were screened for production of antigens that reacted with antiserum to S. gordonii cell surface proteins. A recombinant phage denoted lambda gt11-cp2 was isolated that carried 1.85 kb of S. gordonii DNA and that expressed an antigen with a molecular mass of 29 kDa in Escherichia coli. Antibodies that reacted with the expression product were affinity purified and were shown to react with a single polypeptide antigen with a molecular mass of 76 kDa in S. gordonii DL1-Challis. A segment (0.85 kb) of the cloned DNA within the transcription unit was ligated into a nonreplicative plasmid carrying an erythromycin resistance determinant and transformed into S. gordonii DL1-Challis. The plasmid integrated onto the chromosome, and expression of the 76-kDa polypeptide antigen was abolished. The gene inactivation had no obvious effect on bacterial growth or on a number of phenotypic properties, including hydrophobicity and adherence. However, it abolished serum-induced cell aggregation, mutant cells had reduced aggregation titers in saliva and in colostrum immunoglobulin A, and it also reduced coaggregation with some Actinomyces species. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of cell envelope proteins from wild-type and mutant strains showed that as well as lacking the surface-exposed 76-kDa polypeptide, mutant cell envelopes were deficient in several other polypeptides, including those that bound to immunoglobulin A. Expression of the gene encoding the 76-kDa polypeptide in S. gordonii appeared to be critical for functional conformation of the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Jenkinson
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang XH, Rosenberg M, Doyle R. Inhibition of the cooperative adhesion ofStreptococcus sanguisto hydroxylapatite. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
23
|
Lambert PA, Shorrock PJ, Aitchison EJ, Domingue PA, Power ME, Costerton JW. Effect of in vivo growth conditions upon expression of surface protein antigens in Enterococcus faecalis. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1990; 2:51-4. [PMID: 2114887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Western blotting of whole-cell preparations of Enterococcus faecalis showed the protein-antigen profiles to be markedly influenced by growth conditions. The E. faecalis-specific antigens of 40 and 37 kDa, which are prominent in endocarditis, were strongly expressed following growth in serum or brain heart infusion, but not after growth in a chemically defined medium. The expression of these antigens in vivo was demonstrated in cells grown as a biofilm on silastic discs in the peritoneum of rabbits. These in vivo culture conditions may be useful in studying the pathogenesis of E. faecalis infections and the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Lambert
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shorrock PJ, Lambert PA, Aitchison EJ, Smith EG, Farrell ID, Gutschik E. Serological response in Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:195-200. [PMID: 2107199 PMCID: PMC269574 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.2.195-200.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis expresses three species-specific surface protein antigens of molecular weights 73,000, 40,000, and 37,000. On Western blotting (immunoblotting), they were detected strongly by immunoglobulin G (IgG) in sera from patients with E. faecalis endocarditis, but not in sera from patients with other E. faecalis infections or with endocarditis due to other streptococci. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system to measure IgG, IgM, and IgA levels to these antigens and evaluated its potential as a serodiagnostic test for E. faecalis endocarditis. The test correctly diagnosed E. faecalis endocarditis in 15 of 16 cases. Of 10 cases of endocarditis due to other streptococci and 10 E. faecalis infections other than endocarditis, 9 and 8, respectively, gave negative results. The test should prove particularly useful in culture-negative cases, for which choice of appropriate antibiotic therapy for E. faecalis endocarditis is vital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Shorrock
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lee SF, Progulske-Fox A, Erdos GW, Piacentini DA, Ayakawa GY, Crowley PJ, Bleiweis AS. Construction and characterization of isogenic mutants of Streptococcus mutans deficient in major surface protein antigen P1 (I/II). Infect Immun 1989; 57:3306-13. [PMID: 2807526 PMCID: PMC259806 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.11.3306-3313.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene (spaP) coding for the Streptococcus mutans major surface protein antigen P1 (or I/II) has been cloned into Escherichia coli (S. F. Lee, A. Progulske-Fox, and A. S. Bleiweis, Infect. Immun. 56:2114-2119, 1988). In the present study, this gene has been disrupted in vitro by insertional inactivation with pVA981, which carries a Tcr marker, and transformed into S. mutans NG8 (serotype c) by electroporation. Upon homologous recombination, the defective spaP was integrated into the genome as demonstrated by Southern hybridization analysis. One Tcr mutant, designated 834, selected by its nonreactivity with anti-P1 monoclonal antibodies, was found to lack the cell surface fuzzy layer which was clearly present on the parent cells. Analysis of extracellular fluids, sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized membranes, and cytoplasmic fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that 834 had protein profiles identical to the parent. However, a 185-kilodalton protein which reacts with anti-P1 antibodies was missing from the wall of 834, suggesting that spaP has been specifically inactivated. This mutant displayed levels of glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase activities similar to those of the parent. It was much less hydrophobic than the parent. S. mutans NG8 aggregated readily in the presence of clarified whole saliva or a high-molecular-weight salivary agglutinin. This strain also adhered to agglutinin-coated hydroxyapatite. The P1-negative mutants, however, did not display these two properties, suggesting that P1 may play a role in saliva-mediated aggregation and adherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Demuth DR, Berthold P, Leboy PS, Golub EE, Davis CA, Malamud D. Saliva-mediated aggregation of Enterococcus faecalis transformed with a Streptococcus sanguis gene encoding the SSP-5 surface antigen. Infect Immun 1989; 57:1470-5. [PMID: 2651309 PMCID: PMC313301 DOI: 10.1128/iai.57.5.1470-1475.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a high-molecular-weight salivary glycoprotein (agglutinin) with Streptococcus sanguis M5 leads to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We have previously shown that the SSP-5 surface antigen from S. sanguis M5 binds the salivary agglutinin and therefore may be involved in the aggregation process. Here we report the transformation of a nonaggregating Enterococcus faecalis strain with the SSP-5 gene and show that the protein is expressed on the cell surface and confers an aggregation-positive phenotype. E. faecalis S161 protoplasts were transformed with pAM401 EB-5, a shuttle vector containing the S. sanguis SSP-5 gene, resulting in the isolation of E. faecalis S161EB-5. Crude cell extracts from this transformant and from S. sanguis M5 were analyzed by Western blotting. Extracts from S. sanguis M5 possessed peptides of 190 and 205 kilodaltons that reacted strongly with polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant SSP-5 antigen. E. faecalis S161EB-5 contained only the 190-kilodalton immunoreactive protein, suggesting that the antigen may be processed differently in E. faecalis S161EB-5. The parent strain, E. faecalis S161, did not react with this antibody preparation. Immunogold labeling of intact E. faecalis S161EB-5 and S. sanguis M5 with anti-SSP-5 immunoglobulin G showed that both organisms expressed similar levels of the antigen. Both organisms formed visible aggregates upon incubation with salivary agglutinin. These results suggest that the SSP-5 antigen may mediate both the binding of agglutinin to S. sanguis M5 and the subsequent formation of bacterial aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Demuth
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dainty RH, Edwards RA, Hibbard CM, Marnewick JJ. Volatile compounds associated with microbial growth on normal and high pH beef stored at chill temperatures. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:281-9. [PMID: 2753835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds produced by Pseudomonas fragi and mixed, natural floras on beef of normal pH (5.5-5.8; glucose greater than 1500 micrograms/g) and high pH (6.3-6.8; glucose less than 10 micrograms/g) included a range of alkyl esters and a number of sulphur-containing compounds including dimethylsulphide but not hydrogen sulphide. Production of the last was a property common to the other Gram-negative organisms tested viz. Hafnia alvei, Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens, Alteromonas putrefaciens and Aeromonas hydrophila, all of which produced similar off-odours and, with the exception of E. agglomerans, 'greening' on high pH meat. Serratia liquefaciens also produced greening of normal pH meat. Acetoin and diacetyl were major end products of Brochothrix thermosphacta but the related 2,3-butanediol was formed only on normal pH meat. The Enterobacteriaceae produced the same compounds but only on normal pH meat and together with Br. thermosphacta were probable sources of these compounds and of the free and esterified branched-chain alcohols detected in the naturally contaminated samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R H Dainty
- Institute of Food Research, Bristol Laboratory, Langford, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rosan B, Eifert R, Baker CT, Lamont RJ. Isolation and characterization of a non-adherent mutant of Streptococcus sanguis G9B. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 3:153-61. [PMID: 3254471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1988.tb00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
29
|
Wyatt JE, Willcox MD, Russell RR, Handley PS. Fibrillar strains of Streptococcus sanguis biotype I carry a surface protein which cross-reacts with Antigen B from Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 3:162-8. [PMID: 3075993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1988.tb00003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
30
|
Lamont RJ, Rosan B, Baker CT, Nelson GM. Characterization of an adhesion antigen of Streptococcus sanguis G9B. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2417-23. [PMID: 2842262 PMCID: PMC259582 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.9.2417-2423.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An antigen possessing the attributes of an adhesion has been identified in Streptococcus sanguis G9B. Cell surface components were extracted from G9B and a spontaneously occurring nonadherent mutant of G9B, strain Adh-, with a 2 mM barbital buffer, pH 8.6. The extract of G9B but not of Adh- absorbed more than 80% of the adhesion-inhibitory activity of anti-G9B immunoglobulin G (IgG). Immunoblots revealed 80- and 52-kilodalton (kDa) antigens present in the G9B extract but not in the Adh- extract. Absorption of anti-G9B IgG with Adh- and G9B barbital extracts showed a correlation between the loss of the 80- and 52-kDa antibodies and the loss of adhesion-inhibitory activity. An antibody prepared against the 80-kDa antigen excised from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels recognized the 80- and 52-kDa antigens and another antigen of 62 kDa but did not inhibit adhesion. However, an antibody from an electroblot containing the native protein from which the 80-kDa and related antigens were derived (the 80-kDa antigen complex) inhibited adhesion to the same extent as anti-G9B IgG. Periodate oxidation of the G9B barbital extract modified the 80-kDa antigen complex and resulted in the loss of 40% of its absorbing activity. The barbital extract also contained an endogenous enzyme responsible for producing the 62- and 52-kDa antigens from the 80-kDa protein and which, under optimal conditions, degraded the antigen completely, resulting in the loss of antibody-absorbing activity. The 80-kDa antigen complex has a molecular mass of more than 200 kDa in native polyacrylamide gels and a pI of 4.1 to 4.8. These observations suggest that the adhesion antigen in S. sanguis G9B is a large glycoprotein from which an 80-kDa antigen complex is derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Lamont
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Demuth DR, Davis CA, Corner AM, Lamont RJ, Leboy PS, Malamud D. Cloning and expression of a Streptococcus sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a human salivary agglutinin. Infect Immun 1988; 56:2484-90. [PMID: 3410546 PMCID: PMC259592 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.9.2484-2490.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a calcium-dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from Streptococcus sanguis M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the salivary agglutinin in a calcium-dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of S. sanguis M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with S. sanguis for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with S. sanguis M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified salivary agglutinin in the presence of 1 mM CaCl2. This binding was inhibited by EDTA. Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from S. sanguis M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from S. mutans and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of salivary agglutinin to S. sanguis M5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Demuth
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ganeshkumar N, Song M, McBride BC. Cloning of a Streptococcus sanguis adhesin which mediates binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Infect Immun 1988; 56:1150-7. [PMID: 3356463 PMCID: PMC259776 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.5.1150-1157.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal DNA from a salivary aggregating strain of Streptococcus sanguis 12 was partially digested with PstI and ligated into the plasmid vector pUC18 and transformed into Escherichia coli JM83. A total of 1,700 recombinant clones of E. coli were examined by a colony immunoassay with antisera raised against either S. sanguis 12 whole cells or S. sanguis 12 surface fibrils. Five clones which reacted with one or the other antiserum were shown to be unique by Western blotting (immunoblotting) and restriction endonuclease digestion. One recombinant plasmid pSA2 expressed two proteins with Mrs of 20,000 and 36,000. The 36,000-Mr protein has been designated SsaB. Both proteins were purified to homogeneity by Sephadex G-75 and ion-exchange chromatography. The proteins were present in mutanolysin digests of whole-cell lysates of S. sanguis 12 and in the non-saliva-aggregating variant 12na and the hydrophilic variant 12L. Polyclonal antiserum raised against the SsaB protein reacted strongly with the cell surfaces of S. sanguis 12 and 12na but not with that of 12L. SsaB inhibited the adhesion of S. sanguis 12na to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, indicating that the adhesin mediates the binding to the pH-sensitive receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ganeshkumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lamont RJ, Rosan B, Murphy GM, Baker CT. Streptococcus sanguis surface antigens and their interactions with saliva. Infect Immun 1988; 56:64-70. [PMID: 3335410 PMCID: PMC259235 DOI: 10.1128/iai.56.1.64-70.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva-binding molecules of Streptococcus sanguis and their receptors were investigated. Streptococcal cell surfaces were extracted with a barbital buffer and examined immunochemically. Strains G9B and Blackburn, which adhere specifically to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite via immunologically related adhesins, possess 80-, 62-, and 52-kilodalton (kDa), and 52-, 42-, and 29-kDa polypeptides, respectively, which correlate with adhesion to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Nonadherent strains Adh- and M-5 lack these antigens. In an immunoblot overlay, the putative adhesins bound to a 73-kDa receptor present in submandibular saliva but not in parotid saliva. G9B also contains a 160-kDa surface protein which bound to an unidentified receptor in both submandibular and parotid saliva samples. Blackburn barbital-extracted components bound to 78- and 70-kDa receptors in parotid saliva. These bacterial-salivary interactions may be important in the regulation of oral ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Lamont
- Department of Microbiology, Dental School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wadström T. Molecular aspects on pathogenesis of wound and foreign body infections due to staphylococci. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE, MIKROBIOLOGIE, UND HYGIENE. SERIES A, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, VIROLOGY, PARASITOLOGY 1987; 266:191-211. [PMID: 3321764 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress has been made in our understanding how various mucosal bacteria and virus pathogens bind to specific epithelial cell receptors and cause infections in respiratory gastrointestinal and the urogenital tracts, during the last decade. In the present review, I summarize our understanding how pathogens can colonize subepithelial tissues in open wounds and burns by binding to specific subepithelial matrix components such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and to fibrin in blood clots and cause pyogenic infections. Serum and tissue fibronectin show a high affinity for various surfaces compared to other body fluid proteins. Based on the recent discovery of specific fibronectin binding surface proteins (FNBP) of S. aureus recently cloned and expressed in E. coli a new concept is presented how S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and other wound pathogens bind to wound sutures, intravascular catheters and various prosthesis materials and initiate foreign body infections. Finally, new principles for treating wound infections with hydrophobized and fibronectin substituted wound dressings to decrease the critical bacterial numbers (approx. 10(5) per mg tissue (7] to spead up healing of infected wounds is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Wadström
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Weerkamp AH, van der Mei HC, Slot JW. Relationship of cell surface morphology and composition of Streptococcus salivarius K+ to adherence and hydrophobicity. Infect Immun 1987; 55:438-45. [PMID: 3804445 PMCID: PMC260347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.2.438-445.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surfaces of a range of variants of Streptococcus salivarius HB, altered in cell wall antigen composition, were compared with those of the parent with respect to adherence, ability to adsorb to hexadecane, morphology, and exposure of lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Adherence to host surfaces was measured by using both saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads and tissue-cultured HeLa cells, and interbacterial adherence was measured by using Veillonella alcalescens V1 cells. Progressive loss of the protease-sensitive fibril classes was generally associated with decreasing ability to adsorb to hexadecane. However, increased exposure of protein antigen C (AgC) increased the apparent hydrophobicity of the cell. This correlated with the finding that AgC was the most hydrophobic of the solubilized fibrillar cell wall antigens. Collectively, this demonstrates that adsorption to hydrophobic ligands is directly related to the density of the fibrillar layer on the cells and the properties and surface exposure of specific fibril classes. The involvement of hydrophobic interactions in AgC-associated attachment was suggested by its sensitivity to low levels of the hydrophobic bond-breaking agent tetramethyl urea, although the reduction was not to the level of adherence observed with strains lacking AgC. However, hydrophobicity was less essential to other adherence reactions. Circumstantial evidence, including immunoelectron microscopy, showing that LTA was virtually absent from the fibrillar layer, whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, suggesting that surface exposure of LTA related inversely to the density of the fibrillar layer, and agarose gel electrophoresis, showing that LTA was not specifically associated with protein fibrillar antigens, strongly suggested that LTA does not confer hydrophobic properties to these cells and is not involved in adherence reactions associated with the cell wall protein antigens.
Collapse
|
36
|
Morris EJ, Ganeshkumar N, Song M, McBride BC. Identification and preliminary characterization of a Streptococcus sanguis fibrillar glycoprotein. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:164-71. [PMID: 3793716 PMCID: PMC211748 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.1.164-171.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface fibrils could be released from Streptococcus sanguis 12 but not from strains 12na or N by freeze-thawing followed by brief homogenization. Fibrils were isolated from the homogenate by ultracentrifugation or ammonium sulfate precipitation. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of dense masses of aggregated fibrils in these preparations. Under nondenaturing conditions, no proteins were seen in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE analysis revealed a single band stained with Coomassie blue and periodic acid Schiff stain with a molecular weight in excess of 300,000. The protein has been given the name long-fibril protein (LFP). The molecule was susceptible to digestion with subtilisin, pronase, papain, and trypsin, but was unaffected by chymotrypsin or muramidases. Attempts to dissociate the protein into smaller subunits with urea, guanidine, sodium thiocyanate, and HCl were unsuccessful. Gel filtration on a column of Sephacryl S-400 in the presence of 2% SDS resulted in elution of the protein at the void volume. Antibody raised against the LFP excised from an SDS-PAGE gel reacted with long fibrils on the surface of strain 12 and with isolated fibrils by an immunogold labeling technique. Monoclonal antibody reactive with LFP in SDS-PAGE also reacted with fibrils present on the cell. Antisera raised against the fibrils inhibited adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite.
Collapse
|