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Huang P, Luo H, Chen C, Li P, Xu B. Bacterial nitric oxide synthase in colorizing meat products: Current development and future directions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4362-4372. [PMID: 36322689 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite has been widely used in meat products for its abilities including color formation, antimicrobial properties, flavor formation and preventing lipid oxidation. However, the possible generation of N-nitrosamines through reaction of nitrite with secondary amines arises many concerns in the usage of nitrite. For a long time, nitrite substitution is unsettled issue in the meat industry. Many attempts have been tried, however, the alternative solutions are often ephemeral and palliative. In recent years, bacterial nitric oxide synthase (bNOS) has received attention for its critical roles, especially in reddening meat products. This comprehensive background study summarizes the application of bNOS in colorizing meat products, its functions in bacteria, and methods of regulating the bNOS pathway. Based on this information, some strategies for promoting the nitric oxide yield for effectively substituting nitrite are presented, such as changing the environmental conditions for bacterial survival and adding substrate. Thus, bNOS is a promising nitrite substitute for color formation, and further research on its other roles in meat needs to be carried out to obtain the complete picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Huiting Luo
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Conggui Chen
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peijun Li
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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2
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Psychobiotics: the Influence of Gut Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1952-1964. [PMID: 35849305 PMCID: PMC9289355 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system disorders are one of the common problems that affect many people around the world every year. Regarding the beneficial effects of the probiotics on the gut and the gut-brain axis, their application along with current medications has been the subject of intense interest. Psychobiotics are a probiotic strain capable to affect the gut-brain axis. The effective role of Psychobiotics in several neurological disorders is documented. Consumption of the Psychobiotics containing nutrients has positive effects on the improvement of microbiota as well as alleviation of some symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the present study, the effects of probiotic strains on some CNS disorders in terms of controlling the disease symptoms were reviewed. Finding suggests that Psychobiotics can efficiently alleviate the symptoms of several CNS disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, insomnia, depression, diabetic neuropathy, and anorexia nervosa. It can be concluded that functional foods containing psychotropic strains can help to improve mental health.
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3
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The Evolution of Nitric Oxide Function: From Reactivity in the Prebiotic Earth to Examples of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071222. [PMID: 35883712 PMCID: PMC9311577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide was once considered to be of marginal interest to the biological sciences and medicine; however, there is now wide recognition, but not yet a comprehensive understanding, of its functions and effects. NO is a reactive, toxic free radical with numerous biological targets, especially metal ions. However, NO and its reaction products also play key roles as reductant and oxidant in biological redox processes, in signal transduction, immunity and infection, as well as other roles. Consequently, it can be sensed, metabolized and modified in biological systems. Here, we present a brief overview of the chemistry and biology of NO—in particular, its origins in geological time and in contemporary biology, its toxic consequences and its critical biological functions. Given that NO, with its intrinsic reactivity, appeared in the early Earth’s atmosphere before the evolution of complex lifeforms, we speculate that the potential for toxicity preceded biological function. To examine this hypothesis, we consider the nature of non-biological and biological targets of NO, the evolution of biological mechanisms for NO detoxification, and how living organisms generate this multifunctional gas.
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4
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Influence of high-pressure processing and varying concentrations of curing salts on the color, heme pigments and oxidation of lipids and proteins of Iberian dry-cured loins during refrigerated storage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Guo K, Gao H. Physiological Roles of Nitrite and Nitric Oxide in Bacteria: Similar Consequences from Distinct Cell Targets, Protection, and Sensing Systems. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100773. [PMID: 34310085 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) are two active nitrogen oxides that display similar biochemical properties, especially when interacting with redox-sensitive proteins (i.e., hemoproteins), an observation serving as the foundation of the notion that the antibacterial effect of nitrite is largely attributed to NO formation. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that they are largely treated as distinct molecules by bacterial cells. Although both nitrite and NO are formed and decomposed by enzymes participating in the transformation of these nitrogen species, NO can also be generated via amino acid metabolism by bacterial NO synthetase and scavenged by flavohemoglobin. NO seemingly interacts with all hemoproteins indiscriminately, whereas nitrite shows high specificity to heme-copper oxidases. Consequently, the homeostasis of redox-sensitive proteins may be responsible for the substantial difference in NO-targets identified to date among different bacteria. In addition, most protective systems against NO damage have no significant role in alleviating inhibitory effects of nitrite. Furthermore, when functioning as signal molecules, nitrite and NO are perceived by completely different sensing systems, through which they are linked to different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Guo
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Haichun Gao
- Institute of Microbiology and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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6
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Łaszkiewicz B, Szymański P, Kołożyn-Krajewska D. The effect of selected lactic acid bacterial strains on the technological and microbiological quality of mechanically separated poultry meat cured with a reduced amount of sodium nitrite. Poult Sci 2021; 100:263-272. [PMID: 33357690 PMCID: PMC7772671 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research was to estimate the effect of selected lactic acid bacterial strains on the technological quality and microbiological stability of mechanically separated poultry meat (MSPM) cured with a reduced amount of sodium nitrite. The 5 different treatments of MSPM batters were prepared: C150 - control cured with sodium nitrite at 150 mg/kg, C50 - control cured with sodium nitrite at 50 mg/kg, PL1 - cured with sodium nitrite at 50 mg/kg and inoculated Lactobacillus plantarum SCH1 at about 107 cfu/g, PL2 - cured with sodium nitrite at 50 mg/kg and inoculated Lactobacillus brevis KL5 at about 107 cfu/g, and PL3 - cured sodium nitrite at 50 mg/kg and inoculated L. plantarum S21 at about 107 cfu/g. The MSPM batters were tested at 1, 4 and 7 d of being in refrigerated storage. The scope of the research was as follows - physicochemical determinations: pH and redox, nitrates and nitrites as well as nitrosyl pigments levels, color estimation with a Comission Internationale de l'Eclairage Lab system and microbiological determinations: the total viable counts, the mesophilic lactic acid bacteria counts, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae counts. The inhibitory effect of L. plantarum SCH1 isolated from the ecological raw fermented meat product on E. coli in cured MSPM batters during refrigerated storage was proved (P < 0.05). The use of lactic acid bacterial strains in cured batters that were prepared and based on mechanically separated poultry meat did not have a negative effect on their technological quality. The positive effect of L. brevis KL5 on the level of nitrosyl pigments in the cured MSPM batters was observed (P < 0.05). The conducted research suggested the possibility of using the selected bacterial strains of the Lactobacillus genus to improve the microbiological quality of MSPM cured with a reduced amount of sodium nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Łaszkiewicz
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szymański
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Verduci E, Carbone MT, Borghi E, Ottaviano E, Burlina A, Biasucci G. Nutrition, Microbiota and Role of Gut-Brain Axis in Subjects with Phenylketonuria (PKU): A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3319. [PMID: 33138040 PMCID: PMC7692600 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and functioning of the gut microbiota, the complex population of microorganisms residing in the intestine, is strongly affected by endogenous and exogenous factors, among which diet is key. Important perturbations of the microbiota have been observed to contribute to disease risk, as in the case of neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, among others. Although mechanisms are not fully clarified, nutrients interacting with the microbiota are thought to affect host metabolism, immune response or disrupt the protective functions of the intestinal barrier. Similarly, key intermediaries, whose presence may be strongly influenced by dietary habits, sustain the communication along the gut-brain-axis, influencing brain functions in the same way as the brain influences gut activity. Due to the role of diet in the modulation of the microbiota, its composition is of high interest in inherited errors of metabolism (IEMs) and may reveal an appealing therapeutic target. In IEMs, for example in phenylketonuria (PKU), since part of the therapeutic intervention is based on chronic or life-long tailored dietetic regimens, important variations of the microbial diversity or relative abundance have been observed. A holistic approach, including a healthy composition of the microbiota, is recommended to modulate host metabolism and affected neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital-University of Milan, Via Lodovico Castelvetro, 32, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Maria Teresa Carbone
- UOS Metabolic and Rare Diseases, AORN Santobono, Via Mario Fiore 6, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Emerenziana Ottaviano
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (E.O.)
| | - Alberto Burlina
- Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Services, University Hospital of Padua, Via Orus 2B, 35129 Padua, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Paediatrics & Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Via Taverna Giuseppe, 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
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8
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Luo H, Li P, Zhang H, Diao X, Kong B. Nitrosylmyoglobin formation in meat by Lactobacillus fermentum AS1.1880 is due to its nitric oxide synthase activity. Meat Sci 2020; 166:108122. [PMID: 32240903 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to clarify whether formation of nitrosylmyoglobin (MbFeIINO) by Lactobacillus fermentum AS1.1880 in meat is due to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy exhibited strong green fluorescence in the L. fermentum sample treated with a nitric oxide (NO)-specific probe, directly indicating that NO was produced. Furthermore, determination of NOS activity based on the presence of NO metabolites indicated the existence of NOS in L.fermentum. A NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, significantly inhibited the activity of NOS in L.fermentum (P < 0.05). Futhermore, NOS protein was detected in L.fermentum by Western blot analysis. L-arginine addition largely increased the NOS activity of L.fermentum (P < 0.05). In meat batters, the redness of a sample inoculated with L.fermentum was higher than that of the control and colour was significantly improved with the addition of L-arginine (P < 0.05), indicating that more MbFeIINO was formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Luo
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Peijun Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xinping Diao
- College of Animal Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China.
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9
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Zhang C, Zhang Y, Li H, Liu X. The potential of proteins, hydrolysates and peptides as growth factors forLactobacillusandBifidobacterium: current research and future perspectives. Food Funct 2020; 11:1946-1957. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02961c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
| | | | - He Li
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- China
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10
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Theoretical basis of nitrosomyoglobin formation in a dry sausage model by coagulase-negative staphylococci: Behavior and expression of nitric oxide synthase. Meat Sci 2019; 161:108022. [PMID: 31838366 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species were investigated for gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the ability of nitrosomyoglobin (NO-Mb) formation in a dry sausage model without nitrite addition. The expression of nos gene was systematically proven from DNA to RNA to protein, and nitric oxide (NO) generation was also directly detected. In the dry sausage model system, the redness (a*-values) of samples inoculated with the three CNS species were higher than those inoculated with Pediococcus pentosaceus and the control (P < 0.05). The results from UV-vis and electron spin resonance spectroscopies revealed that pentacoordinate NO-Mb was formed in the sausages with either CNS or nitrite added. The sausage inoculated with Staphylococcus vitulinus had the highest NO-Mb content among the CNS-treated sausages. Dimer interface residues and phosphorylation sites of NOS in . itulinus differ from the other two CNS species as revealed by amino acid sequences, which may be responsible for the different catalytic activities.
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11
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Abstract
The regulation of glycemia is under a tight neuronal detection of glucose levels performed by the gut-brain axis and an efficient efferent neuronal message sent to the peripheral organs, as the pancreas to induce insulin and inhibit glucagon secretions. The neuronal detection of glucose levels is performed by the autonomic nervous system including the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve innervating the gastro-intestinal tractus, from the mouth to the anus. A dysregulation of this detection leads to the one of the most important current health issue around the world i.e. diabetes mellitus. Furthemore, the consequences of diabetes mellitus on neuronal homeostasis and activities participate to the aggravation of the disease establishing a viscious circle. Prokaryotic cells as bacteria, reside in our gut. The strong relationship between prokaryotic cells and our eukaryotic cells has been established long ago, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in our body have evolved synbiotically. For the last decades, studies demonstrated the critical role of the gut microbiota on the metabolic control and how its shift can induce diseases such as diabetes. Despite an important increase of knowledge, few is known about 1) how the gut microbiota influences the neuronal detection of glucose and 2) how the diabetes mellitus-induced gut microbiota shift observed participates to the alterations of autonomic nervous system and the gut-brain axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Grasset
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2 : 'Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Dyslipidemia', F-31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
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12
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Gou M, Liu X, Qu H. The role of nitric oxide in the mechanism of lactic acid bacteria substituting for nitrite. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1621949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxing Gou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Hongye Qu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
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13
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Kang CH, Han SH, Kim JS, Kim Y, Jeong Y, Park HM, Paek NS. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production, Oxidative Stress Prevention, and Probiotic Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from the Human Vagina and Fermented Food. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040109. [PMID: 31018570 PMCID: PMC6518130 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with antioxidative and probiotic activities were isolated from the vaginas of Korean women and from fermented food. Among 34 isolated LAB strains, four strains (MG4221, MG4231, MG4261, and MG4270) exhibited inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production. The MG4221 and MG4270 strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, and MG4231 and MG4261 were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum. These strains were able to tolerate pepsin and pancreatin, which is required for probiotic potential. The antioxidant effects of culture filtrates obtained from selected strains included 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity. Most of the culture filtrates had effective DPPH scavenging activity.In conclusion, the selected strains have significant activities and are potentially applicable to the development of functional foods. These strains might also contribute to the prevention and control of several diseases associated with oxidative stress, when used as functional probiotics.
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14
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Ilinskaya ON, Ulyanova VV, Yarullina DR, Gataullin IG. Secretome of Intestinal Bacilli: A Natural Guard against Pathologies. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1666. [PMID: 28919884 PMCID: PMC5586196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of human gut microbiome usually do not consider the special functional role of transient microbiota, although some of its members remain in the host for a long time and produce broad spectrum of biologically active substances. Getting into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with food, water and probiotic preparations, two representatives of Bacilli class, genera Bacillus and Lactobacillus, colonize epithelium blurring the boundaries between resident and transient microbiota. Despite their minor proportion in the microbiome composition, these bacteria can significantly affect both the intestinal microbiota and the entire body thanks to a wide range of secreted compounds. Recently, insufficiency and limitations of pure genome-based analysis of gut microbiota became known. Thus, the need for intense functional studies is evident. This review aims to characterize the Bacillus and Lactobacillus in GIT, as well as the functional roles of the components released by these members of microbial intestinal community. Complex of their secreted compounds is referred by us as the "bacillary secretome." The composition of the bacillary secretome, its biological effects in GIT and role in counteraction to infectious diseases and oncological pathologies in human organism is the subject of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera V. Ulyanova
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal UniversityKazan, Russia
| | | | - Ilgiz G. Gataullin
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Regional Clinical Cancer CenterKazan, Russia
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15
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Sulaiman IM, Jacobs E, Simpson S, Kerdahi K. Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Canned Food. J Food Prot 2017; 80:963-968. [PMID: 28467184 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary mission of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is to enforce the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and regulate food, drug, and cosmetic products. Thus, this agency monitors the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in these products, including canned foods, as one of the regulatory action criteria and also ensures that these products are safe for human consumption. This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pathogen control and integrity of ready-to-eat canned food containing Black Bean Corn Poblano Salsa. A total of nine unopened and recalled canned glass jars from the same lot were examined initially by conventional microbiologic protocols that involved a two-step enrichment, followed by streaking on selective agar plates, for the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Of the eight subsamples examined for each sample, all subsamples of one of the containers were found positive for the presence of slow-growing rod-shaped, gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria. The recovered isolates were subsequently sequenced at rRNA and gyrB loci. Afterward, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed characterizing 11 additional known MLST loci (clpX, dnaA, dnaK, groEL, murC, murE, pepX, pyrG, recA, rpoB, and uvrC). Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of rRNA, gyrB, and 11 MLST loci confirmed these gram-positive bacteria recovered from canned food to be Lactobacillus fermentum . Thus, the DNA sequencing of housekeeping MLST genes can provide species identification of L. fermentum and can be used in the canned food monitoring program of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad M Sulaiman
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Emily Jacobs
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Steven Simpson
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Khalil Kerdahi
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
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16
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Grasset E, Puel A, Charpentier J, Collet X, Christensen JE, Tercé F, Burcelin R. A Specific Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis of Type 2 Diabetic Mice Induces GLP-1 Resistance through an Enteric NO-Dependent and Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1075-1090.e5. [PMID: 28467926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies control glycemia in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. However, in some patients the treatment must be discontinued, defining a state of GLP-1 resistance. In animal models we identified a specific set of ileum bacteria impairing the GLP-1-activated gut-brain axis for the control of insulin secretion and gastric emptying. Using prediction algorithms, we identified bacterial pathways related to amino acid metabolism and transport system modules associated to GLP-1 resistance. The conventionalization of germ-free mice demonstrated their role in enteric neuron biology and the gut-brain-periphery axis. Altogether, insulin secretion and gastric emptying require functional GLP-1 receptor and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the enteric nervous system within a eubiotic gut microbiota environment. Our data open a novel route to improve GLP-1-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Grasset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Anthony Puel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Jeffrey E Christensen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - François Tercé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 31024 Toulouse, France; Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Team 2: Intestinal Risk Factors, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Heart Failure, F-31432 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
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Sánchez Mainar M, Matheuse F, De Vuyst L, Leroy F. Effects of glucose and oxygen on arginine metabolism by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Food Microbiol 2017; 65:170-178. [PMID: 28399999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are not only part of the desirable microbiota of fermented meat products but also commonly inhabit skin and flesh wounds. Their proliferation depends on the versatility to use energy sources and the adaptation to fluctuating environmental parameters. In this study, the conversion of the amino acid arginine by two strains with arginine deiminase (ADI) activity (Staphylococcus carnosus 833 and S. pasteuri αs3-13) and a strain with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (S. haemolyticus G110) was modelled as a function of glucose and oxygen availability. Both factors moderately inhibited the ADI-based conversion kinetics, never leading to full repression. However, for NOS-driven conversion of arginine by S. haemolyticus G110, oxygen was an absolute requirement. When changing from microaerobic conditions to aerobiosis, a switch from homolactic fermentation to a combined formation of lactic acid, acetic acid, and acetoin was found in all cases, after which lactic acid and acetic acid were used as substrates. The kinetic model proposed provided a suitable description of the data of glucose and arginine co-metabolism as a function of oxygen levels and may serve as a tool to further analyse the behaviour of staphylococci in different ecosystems or when applying specific food processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez Mainar
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fréderick Matheuse
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Koch CD, Gladwin MT, Freeman BA, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Morris A. Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:48-67. [PMID: 27989792 PMCID: PMC5401802 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the bioactivation and signaling actions of inorganic, dietary nitrate and nitrite now suggest a critical role for the microbiome in the development of cardiac and pulmonary vascular diseases. Once thought to be the inert, end-products of endothelial-derived nitric oxide (NO) heme-oxidation, nitrate and nitrite are now considered major sources of exogenous NO that exhibit enhanced vasoactive signaling activity under conditions of hypoxia and stress. The bioavailability of nitrate and nitrite depend on the enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite by a unique set of bacterial nitrate reductase enzymes possessed by specific bacterial populations in the mammalian mouth and gut. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH), obesity, hypertension and CVD are linked to defects in NO signaling, suggesting a role for commensal oral bacteria to shape the development of PH through the formation of nitrite, NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides. Oral supplementation with inorganic nitrate or nitrate-containing foods exert pleiotropic, beneficial vascular effects in the setting of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, ischemia-reperfusion injury and in pre-clinical models of PH, while traditional high-nitrate dietary patterns are associated with beneficial outcomes in hypertension, obesity and CVD. These observations highlight the potential of the microbiome in the development of novel nitrate- and nitrite-based therapeutics for PH, CVD and their risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Koch
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Exploring the metabolic heterogeneity of coagulase-negative staphylococci to improve the quality and safety of fermented meats: a review. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 247:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Hütt P, Songisepp E, Rätsep M, Mahlapuu R, Kilk K, Mikelsaar M. Impact of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TENSIA in different dairy products on anthropometric and blood biochemical indices of healthy adults. Benef Microbes 2016; 6:233-43. [PMID: 25524863 DOI: 10.3920/bm2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The blood pressure-lowering effect of dairy products holds the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). An open question is if the successful expression of functional properties of the probiotic strain depends on host biomarkers and/or food matrix properties. The probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain TENSIA® (DSM 21380) is a novel microorganism with antimicrobial and antihypertensive functional properties. The aim of this study was to characterise the functional properties of the probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA and compare its effects on host anthropometric, clinical, and blood biomarkers when consumed with cheese or yoghurt. This study involved two double-blinded randomised placebo-controlled exploratory trials (ISRCTN15061552 and ISRCTN79645828) of healthy adults over a three-week period. The three-week consumption of probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA in a daily dose of 1×1010 cfu in probiotic cheese or a daily dose of 6×109 cfu in yoghurt with different content of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids did not significantly change the body mass index (BMI), plasma glucose and lipid levels, or inflammatory markers in the blood. Reduced lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were detected, regardless of food matrix or baseline values for blood pressure and BMI. In conclusion, our study showed that three-week consumption of the probiotic L. plantarum TENSIA either in cheese or yoghurt lowered diastolic and systolic blood pressure regardless of food matrix and baseline values of blood pressure and BMI, confirming the impact of the functional properties of the probiotic strain in decreasing CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hütt
- Bio-Competence Centre of Healthy Dairy Products LLC, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - E Songisepp
- Bio-Competence Centre of Healthy Dairy Products LLC, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Rätsep
- Bio-Competence Centre of Healthy Dairy Products LLC, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - R Mahlapuu
- Department of Bio- and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - K Kilk
- Department of Bio- and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - M Mikelsaar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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21
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Stadnik J, Stasiak DM. Effect of acid whey on physicochemical characteristics of dry-cured organic pork loins without nitrite. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stadnik
- Department of Meat Technology and Food Quality; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; ul. Skromna 8 Lublin 20-704 Poland
| | - Dariusz M. Stasiak
- Department of Meat Technology and Food Quality; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; ul. Skromna 8 Lublin 20-704 Poland
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22
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Role of Nitric Oxide Produced by Lactobacilli in Relaxation of Intestinal Smooth Muscles. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:343-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Effect of acid whey on nitrosylmyoglobin concentration in uncured fermented sausage. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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24
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Sánchez Mainar M, Leroy F. Process-driven bacterial community dynamics are key to cured meat colour formation by coagulase-negative staphylococci via nitrate reductase or nitric oxide synthase activities. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 212:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Dan T, Liu W, Song Y, Xu H, Menghe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. The evolution and population structure of Lactobacillus fermentum from different naturally fermented products as determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:107. [PMID: 25990318 PMCID: PMC4437502 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus fermentum is economically important in the production and preservation of fermented foods. A repeatable and discriminative typing method was devised to characterize L. fermentum at the molecular level. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme developed was based on analysis of the internal sequence of 11 housekeeping gene fragments (clpX, dnaA, dnaK, groEL, murC, murE, pepX, pyrG, recA, rpoB, and uvrC). Results MLST analysis of 203 isolates of L. fermentum from Mongolia and seven provinces/ autonomous regions in China identified 57 sequence types (ST), 27 of which were represented by only a single isolate, indicating high genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequence of the 11 housekeeping gene fragments indicated that the L. fermentum isolates analyzed belonged to two major groups. A standardized index of association (IAS) indicated a weak clonal population structure in L. fermentum. Split decomposition analysis indicated that recombination played an important role in generating the genetic diversity observed in L. fermentum. The results from the minimum spanning tree strongly suggested that evolution of L. fermentum STs was not correlated with geography or food-type. Conclusions The MLST scheme developed will be valuable for further studies on the evolution and population structure of L. fermentum isolates used in food products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
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26
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Coagulase-negative Staphylococci favor conversion of arginine into ornithine despite a widespread genetic potential for nitric oxide synthase activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7741-51. [PMID: 25281381 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02298-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within ecosystems that are poor in carbohydrates, alternative substrates such as arginine may be of importance to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). However, the versatility of arginine conversion in CNS remains largely uncharted. Therefore, a set of 86 strains belonging to 17 CNS species was screened for arginine deiminase (ADI), arginase, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, in view of their ecological relevance. In fermented meats, for instance, ADI could improve bacterial competitiveness, whereas NOS may serve as an alternative nitrosomyoglobin generator to nitrate and nitrite curing. About 80% of the strains were able to convert arginine, but considerable inter- and intraspecies heterogeneity regarding the extent and mechanism of conversion was found. Overall, ADI was the most commonly employed pathway, resulting in mixtures of ornithine and small amounts of citrulline. Under aerobic conditions, which are more relevant for skin-associated CNS communities, several strains shifted toward arginase activity, leading to the production of ornithine and urea. The obtained data indeed suggest that arginase occurs relatively more in CNS isolates from a dairy environment, whereas ADI seems to be more abundant in strains from a fermented meat background. With some exceptions, a reasonable match between phenotypic ADI and arginase activity and the presence of the encoding genes (arcA and arg) was found. With respect to the NOS pathway, however, only one strain (Staphylococcus haemolyticus G110) displayed phenotypic NOS-like activity under aerobic conditions, despite a wide prevalence of the NOS-encoding gene (nos) among CNS. Hence, the group of CNS displays a strain- and condition-dependent toolbox of arginine-converting mechanisms with potential implications for competitiveness and functionality.
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27
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Luo Z, Gasasira V, Huang Y, Liu D, Yang X, Jiang S, Hu W. Effect of Lactobacillus salivarius H strain isolated from Chinese dry-cured ham on the color stability of fresh pork. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Espey MG. Role of oxygen gradients in shaping redox relationships between the human intestine and its microbiota. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 55:130-40. [PMID: 23127782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The unique anatomy and physiology of the intestine in conjunction with its microbial content create the steepest oxygen gradients in the body, which plunge to near anoxia at the luminal midpoint. Far from static, intestinal oxygen gradients ebb and flow with every meal. This in turn governs the redox effectors nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and reactive oxygen species of both host and bacterial origin. This review illustrates how the intestine and microbes utilize oxygen gradients as a backdrop for mechanistically shaping redox relationships and a functional coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Graham Espey
- Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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29
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Li P, Kong B, Chen Q, Zheng D, Liu N. Formation and identification of nitrosylmyoglobin by Staphylococcus xylosus in raw meat batters: a potential solution for nitrite substitution in meat products. Meat Sci 2012; 93:67-72. [PMID: 22926033 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus xylosus and Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from Chinese dried sausage were assessed for their ability to convert metmyoglobin into nitrosylmyoglobin in Mann-Rogosa-Sharp broth model systems and raw pork meat batters without the addition of nitrite. The results showed that samples in model systems with S. xylosus cultures had an absorption spectra that is typical of nitrosylmyoglobin, an obvious pink colour (judged by visual inspection) and a significantly higher a-value than the control samples or samples inoculated with P. pentosaceus. In raw meat batters, the a-values of the S. xylosus samples were almost the same as those for the meat with nitrite added. The complementary analysis of meat batter samples by photochemical information from UV-vis, electron spin resonance and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that the existing status of the myoglobin in meat batters inoculated with S. xylosus was mainly pentacoordinate nitrosylmyoglobin. This study provides a potential solution for nitrite substitute in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
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30
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Bowman LAH, McLean S, Poole RK, Fukuto JM. The diversity of microbial responses to nitric oxide and agents of nitrosative stress close cousins but not identical twins. Adv Microb Physiol 2012; 59:135-219. [PMID: 22114842 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387661-4.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide and related nitrogen species (reactive nitrogen species) now occupy a central position in contemporary medicine, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology. In particular, NO plays important antimicrobial defenses in innate immunity but microbes have evolved intricate NO-sensing and defense mechanisms that are the subjects of a vast literature. Unfortunately, the burgeoning NO literature has not always been accompanied by an understanding of the intricacies and complexities of this radical and other reactive nitrogen species so that there exists confusion and vagueness about which one or more species exert the reported biological effects. The biological chemistry of NO and derived/related molecules is complex, due to multiple species that can be generated from NO in biological milieu and numerous possible reaction targets. Moreover, the fate and disposition of NO is always a function of its biological environment, which can vary significantly even within a single cell. In this review, we consider newer aspects of the literature but, most importantly, consider the underlying chemistry and draw attention to the distinctiveness of NO and its chemical cousins, nitrosonium (NO(+)), nitroxyl (NO(-), HNO), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), nitrite (NO(2)(-)), and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)). All these species are reported to be generated in biological systems from initial formation of NO (from nitrite, NO synthases, or other sources) or its provision in biological experiments (typically from NO gas, S-nitrosothiols, or NO donor compounds). The major targets of NO and nitrosative damage (metal centers, thiols, and others) are reviewed and emphasis is given to newer "-omic" methods of unraveling the complex repercussions of NO and nitrogen oxide assaults. Microbial defense mechanisms, many of which are critical for pathogenicity, include the activities of hemoglobins that enzymically detoxify NO (to nitrate) and NO reductases and repair mechanisms (e.g., those that reverse S-nitrosothiol formation). Microbial resistance to these stresses is generally inducible and many diverse transcriptional regulators are involved-some that are secondary sensors (such as Fnr) and those that are "dedicated" (such as NorR, NsrR, NssR) in that their physiological function appears to be detecting primarily NO and then regulating expression of genes that encode enzymes with NO as a substrate. Although generally harmful, evidence is accumulating that NO may have beneficial effects, as in the case of the squid-Vibrio light-organ symbiosis, where NO serves as a signal, antioxidant, and specificity determinant. Progress in this area will require a thorough understanding not only of the biology but also of the underlying chemical principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A H Bowman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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31
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Salard-Arnaud I, Stuehr D, Boucher JL, Mansuy D. Spectroscopic, catalytic and binding properties of Bacillus subtilis NO synthase-like protein: comparison with other bacterial and mammalian NO synthases. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:164-71. [PMID: 22119809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has shown the presence of genes coding for NO-synthase (NOS)-like proteins in bacteria. The roles and properties of these proteins remain unclear. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the recombinant NOS-like protein from Bacillus subtilis (bsNOS) in its ferric and ferrous states in the presence of various Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-heme-ligands and of a series of L-arginine (L-arg) analogs. BsNOS exhibited several spectroscopic and binding properties in common with Bacillus anthracis NOS (baNOS) that were clearly different from those of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-free mammalian NOS oxygenase domains (mNOS(oxys)) and of Staphylococcus aureus NOS (saNOS). Interestingly, bsNOS and baNOS that do not contain H4B exhibited properties much closer to those of H4B-containing mNOS(oxys). Moreover, bsNOS was found to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine into L-citrulline by H(2)O(2), whereas H4B-free mNOS(oxys) exhibited low activities for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Salard-Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8601 CNRS, Paris, France
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32
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Yoon BH, Chang HI. Complete genomic sequence of the Lactobacillus temperate phage LF1. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1909-12. [PMID: 21811858 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage LF1, a newly isolated temperate phage from a mitomycin-C-induced lysate of wild type Lactobacillus fermentum, was found to contain a double-strand DNA of 42,606 base pairs (bp) with a G+C content of 45%. Bioinformatic analysis of the phage genome revealed 57 putative open reading frames (ORFs). The predicted protein products of ORFs were determined and described. According to morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), LF1 has an isometric head and a non-contractile tail, indicating that it belongs to the family Siphoviridae. The temperate phage LF1 has a good genetic mosaic relationship with ΦPYB5 in the packaging module. To our knowledge, this is first report of genomic sequencing and characterization of temperate phage LF1 from wild-type L. fermentum isolated from Kimchi in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hyun Yoon
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Unlike mammalian NO synthases, bacterial NO synthases do not contain a reductase domain. The only exception from this rule is the NO synthase from myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, but its reductase domain has unusual structure and location in the enzyme molecule. Recent achievements in bacterial genome sequencing have revealed the gene coding NO synthase (represented as an oxygenase domain) in some bacteria and have advanced the study of structure and functions of bacterial NO synthases. Important features of structure, sources of reducing equivalents, evolutionary connections, and functions of bacterial NO synthases (i.e. participation in nitration of the indole ring of Trp, in reparation of UV-radiation damage, role in adaptation of bacteria to oxidative stress, participation in the synthesis of cGMP, and resistance of bacteria against antibiotics) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iu Filippovich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhumit A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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Yarullina DR, Smolentseva OA, Kolpakov AI, Ilinskaya ON. High-temperature stress activates nitric oxide synthesis in Lactobacillus plantarum. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2010; 430:70-71. [PMID: 20380187 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496610010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Yarullina
- Kazan State University, ul. Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan, 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
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36
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Sudhamsu J, Crane BR. Bacterial nitric oxide synthases: what are they good for? Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:212-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) constitute a diverse group of Gram positive obligately fermentative microorganisms which include both beneficial and pathogenic strains. LAB generally have complex nutritional requirements and therefore they are usually associated with nutrient-rich environments such as animal bodies, plants and foodstuffs. Amino acids represent an important resource for LAB and their utilization serves a number of physiological roles such as intracellular pH control, generation of metabolic energy or redox power, and resistance to stress. As a consequence, the regulation of amino acid catabolism involves a wide set of both general and specific regulators and shows significant differences among LAB. Moreover, due to their fermentative metabolism, LAB amino acid catabolic pathways in some cases differ significantly from those described in best studied prokaryotic model organisms such as Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. Thus, LAB amino acid catabolism constitutes an interesting case for the study of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, LAB are involved in the production of a great variety of fermented products so that the products of amino acid catabolism are also relevant for the safety and the quality of fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias CSIC, Crta de Infiesto s/n, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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38
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MORITA H, SAKATA R, NAGATA Y. Nitric Oxide Complex of Iron(II) Myoglobin Converted from Metmyoglobin by Staphylococcus xylosus. J Food Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Colour formation in fermented sausages by meat-associated staphylococci with different nitrite- and nitrate-reductase activities. Meat Sci 2008; 78:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Zhang X, Kong B, Xiong YL. Production of cured meat color in nitrite-free Harbin red sausage by Lactobacillus fermentum fermentation. Meat Sci 2007; 77:593-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Gøtterup J, Olsen K, Knöchel S, Tjener K, Stahnke LH, Møller JKS. Relationship between nitrate/nitrite reductase activities in meat associated staphylococci and nitrosylmyoglobin formation in a cured meat model system. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 120:303-10. [PMID: 17920151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative determination of catalase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and nitric oxide synthase activities (NOS) was performed on 11 different bacterial strains, mainly staphylococci, isolated from fermented sausages, bacon brine or cured meat products. All except one strain possessed catalase activity in the range from 1.0 to 6.1 micromol min(-1) ml(-1). Ten out of 11 bacteria strains showed nitrate reductase activity in the range between 50 and 796 nmol min(-1) ml(-1) and nine showed nitrite reductase activity in the range between 6 and 42 nmol min(-1) ml(-1). No evidence of NOS activity of the selected strains was detected. In a colour formation assay containing myoglobin all strains affected nitrosylmyoglobin (MbFe(II)NO) formation in assays containing nitrite, whereas only strains having nitrate reductase activity generated MbFe(II)NO in assays containing nitrate as the sole nitrosylating agent. The quantitative nitrate and nitrite reductase activity did not fully explain or correlate well with the observed rate of formation of MbFe(II)NO, which seemed to be more affected by the growth rate of the different strains. The mechanism of the reduction of nitrite into NO of strains not having nitrite reductase activity remains to be fully elucidated, but could be due to a dual-mode action of nitrate reductase capable of acting on nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gøtterup
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Food Science, Food Chemistry, Rolighedsvej 30, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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42
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Pukala TL, Doyle JR, Llewellyn LE, Kuhn-Nentwig L, Apponyi MA, Separovic F, Bowie JH. Cupiennin 1a, an antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the neotropical wandering spider Cupiennius salei, also inhibits the formation of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. FEBS J 2007; 274:1778-84. [PMID: 17313650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cupiennin 1a (GFGALFKFLAKKVAKTVAKQAAKQGAKYVVNKQME-NH2) is a potent venom component of the spider Cupiennius salei. Cupiennin 1a shows multifaceted activity. In addition to known antimicrobial and cytolytic properties, cupiennin 1a inhibits the formation of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase at an IC50 concentration of 1.3 +/- 0.3 microM. This is the first report of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition by a component of a spider venom. The mechanism by which cupiennin 1a inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase involves complexation with the regulatory protein calcium calmodulin. This is demonstrated by chemical shift changes that occur in the heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum of 15N-labelled calcium calmodulin upon addition of cupiennin 1a. The NMR data indicate strong binding within a complex of 1 : 1 stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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43
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Yarullina DR, Il’inskaya ON, Aganov AV, Silkin NI, Zverev DG. Alternative pathways of nitric oxide formation in Lactobacilli: Evidence for nitric oxide synthase activity by EPR. Microbiology (Reading) 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261706060026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Seib KL, Wu HJ, Kidd SP, Apicella MA, Jennings MP, McEwan AG. Defenses against oxidative stress in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a system tailored for a challenging environment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:344-61. [PMID: 16760307 PMCID: PMC1489540 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a host-adapted pathogen that colonizes primarily the human genitourinary tract. This bacterium encounters reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as a consequence of localized inflammatory responses in the urethra of males and endocervix of females and also of the activity of commensal lactobacilli in the vaginal flora. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of defense systems against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and shows that while some of its defenses have similarities to the paradigm established with Escherichia coli, there are also some key differences. These differences include the presence of a defense system against superoxide based on manganese ions and a glutathione-dependent system for defense against nitric oxide which is under the control of a novel MerR-like transcriptional regulator. An understanding of the defenses against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and their regulation may provide new insights into the ways in which this bacterium survives challenges from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and urogenital epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Seib
- The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Gautier C, Mikula I, Nioche P, Martasek P, Raman CS, Slama-Schwok A. Dynamics of NO rebinding to the heme domain of NO synthase-like proteins from bacterial pathogens. Nitric Oxide 2006; 15:312-27. [PMID: 16690332 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Some Gram-positive bacterial pathogens harbor a gene that encodes a protein (HNS, Heme domain of NO Synthase-like proteins) with striking sequence identity to the oxygenase domain of mammalian NO synthases (NOS). However, they lack the N-terminal and the Zn-cysteine motif participating to the stability of an active dimer in the mammalian isoforms. The unique properties of HNS make it an excellent model system for probing how the heme environment tunes NO dynamics and for comparing it to the endothelial NO synthase heme domain (eNOS(HD)) using ultrafast transient spectroscopy. NO rebinding in HNS from Staphylococcus aureus (SA-HNS) is faster than that measured for either Bacillus anthracis (BA-HNS) or for eNOS(HD) in both oxidized and reduced forms in the presence of arginine. To test whether these distinct rates arise from different energy barriers for NO recombination, we measured rebinding kinetics at several temperatures. Our data are consistent with different barriers for NO recombination in SA-HNS and BA-HNS and the presence of a second NO-binding site. The hypothesis that an additional NO-binding cavity is present in BA-HNS is also consistent with the effect of the NO concentration on its rebinding. The lack of the effect of NO concentration on the geminate rebinding in SA-HNS could be due to an isolated second site. We confirm the existence of a second NO site in the oxygenase domain of the reduced eNOS as previously hypothesized [A. Slama-Schwok, M. Négrerie, V. Berka, J.C. Lambry, A.L. Tsai, M.H. Vos, J.L. Martin, Nitric oxide (NO) traffic in endothelial NO synthase. Evidence for a new NO binding site dependent on tetrahydrobiopterin? J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 7581-7586]. This site requires the presence of arginine and BH(4); and we propose that NO dynamic and escape from eNOS is regulated by the active site H-bonding network connecting between the heme, the substrate, and cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Gautier
- CNRS, UMR 7645, Laboratory of Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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46
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Gündoğdu AK, Karahan AG, Çakmakç ML. Production of nitric oxide (NO) by lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented products. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-005-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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KAWAHARA Y, NAKAMURA M, SAKAGAMI I, SUZUKI Y. Bright Red Color Formation of Cooked Pork Loin Cured with Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Culture without Adding Nitrite During Low-Temperature Storage. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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48
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Gül Karahan A, Lütfü Çakmakçi M, Cicioglu-Aridogan B, Kart-Gündogdu A. Nitric Oxide (NO) and Lactic Acid Bacteria-Contributions to Health, Food Quality, and Safety. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/fri-200061620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Saraiva LM, Vicente JB, Teixeira M. The Role of the Flavodiiron Proteins in Microbial Nitric Oxide Detoxification. Adv Microb Physiol 2004; 49:77-129. [PMID: 15518829 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(04)49002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flavodiiron proteins (first named as A-type flavoproteins) constitute a large superfamily of enzymes, widespread among anaerobic and facultative anaerobic prokaryotes, from both the Archaea and Bacteria domains. Noticeably, genes encoding for homologous enzymes are also present in the genomes of some pathogenic and anaerobic amitochondriate protozoa. The fingerprint of this enzyme family is the conservation of a two-domain structural core, built by a metallo-beta-lactamase-like domain, at the N-terminal region, harbouring a non-heme diiron site, and a flavodoxin-like domain, containing one FMN moiety. These enzymes have a significant nitric oxide reductase activity, and there is increasing evidence that they are involved in microbial resistance to nitric oxide. In this review, we will discuss available data for this novel family of enzymes, including their physicochemical properties, structural and phylogenetic analyses, enzymatic properties and the molecular genetic approaches so far used to tackle their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127 Avenida da República (EAN), 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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50
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Brinkworth CS, Carver JA, Wegener KL, Doyle J, Llewellyn LE, Bowie JH. The solution structure of frenatin 3, a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor from the giant tree frog,Litoria infrafrenata. Biopolymers 2003; 70:424-34. [PMID: 14579314 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The peptide frenatin 3 is a major component of the skin secretion of the Australian giant tree frog, Litoria infrafrenata. Frenatin 3 is 22 amino acids in length, and shows neither antimicrobial nor anticancer activity. It inhibits the production of nitric oxide by the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase at a micromolar concentration by binding to its regulatory protein, Ca2+ calmodulin, a protein known to recognize and bind amphipathic alpha-helices. The solution structure of frenatin 3 has been investigated using NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. In trifluoroethanol/water mixtures, the peptide forms an amphipathic alpha-helix over residues 1-14 while the C-terminal eight residues are more flexible and less structured. The flexible region may be responsible for the lack of antimicrobial activity. In water, frenatin 3 exhibits some alpha-helical character in its N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Brinkworth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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