1
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Bouillet S, Bauer TS, Gottesman S. RpoS and the bacterial general stress response. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0015122. [PMID: 38411096 PMCID: PMC10966952 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00151-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe general stress response (GSR) is a widespread strategy developed by bacteria to adapt and respond to their changing environments. The GSR is induced by one or multiple simultaneous stresses, as well as during entry into stationary phase and leads to a global response that protects cells against multiple stresses. The alternative sigma factor RpoS is the central GSR regulator in E. coli and conserved in most γ-proteobacteria. In E. coli, RpoS is induced under conditions of nutrient deprivation and other stresses, primarily via the activation of RpoS translation and inhibition of RpoS proteolysis. This review includes recent advances in our understanding of how stresses lead to RpoS induction and a summary of the recent studies attempting to define RpoS-dependent genes and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bouillet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Taran S. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Gottesman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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2
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Melnikov OI, Mustakhimov II, Reshetnikov AS, Molchanov MV, Machulin AV, Khmelenina VN, Rozova ON. Interchangeability of class I and II fumarases in an obligate methanotroph Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289976. [PMID: 37883386 PMCID: PMC10602362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The methanotrophic bacterium Methylotuvimicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z is an industrially promising candidate for bioconversion of methane into value-added chemicals. Here, we have study the metabolic consequences of the breaking in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by fumarase knockout. Two fumarases belonging to non-homologous class I and II fumarases were obtained from the bacterium by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Class I fumarase (FumI) is a homodimeric enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydration of fumarate and mesaconate with activities of ~94 and ~81 U mg-1 protein, respectively. The enzyme exhibited high activity under aerobic conditions, which is a non-typical property for class I fumarases characterized to date. The calculation of kcat/S0.5 showed that the enzyme works effectively with either fumarate or mesaconate, but it is almost four times less specific to malate. Class II fumarase (FumC) has a tetrameric structure and equal activities of both fumarate hydration and malate dehydration (~45 U mg-1 protein). Using mutational analysis, it was shown that both forms of the enzyme are functionally interchangeable. The triple mutant strain 20Z-3E (ΔfumIΔfumCΔmae) deficient in the genes encoding the both fumarases and the malic enzyme accumulated 2.6 and 1.1 mmol g-1 DCW fumarate in the medium when growing on methane and methanol, respectively. Our data suggest the redundancy of the metabolic node in the TCA cycle making methanotroph attractive targets for modification, including generation of strains producing the valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I. Melnikov
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Ildar I. Mustakhimov
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Reshetnikov
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Molchanov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Machulin
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Khmelenina
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Olga N. Rozova
- Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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3
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Hou C, Tian L, Lian G, Fan LH, Li ZJ. Conversion of acetate and glyoxylate to fumarate by a cell-free synthetic enzymatic biosystem. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:235-241. [PMID: 36970069 PMCID: PMC10033897 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumarate is a value-added chemical that is widely used in food, medicine, material, and agriculture industries. With the rising attention to the demand for fumarate and sustainable development, many novel alternative ways that can replace the traditional petrochemical routes emerged. The in vitro cell-free multi-enzyme catalysis is an effective method to produce high value chemicals. In this study, a multi-enzyme catalytic pathway comprising three enzymes for fumarate production from low-cost substrates acetate and glyoxylate was designed. The acetyl-CoA synthase, malate synthase, and fumarase from Escherichia coli were selected and the coenzyme A achieved recyclable. The enzymatic properties and optimization of reaction system were investigated, reaching a fumarate yield of 0.34 mM with a conversion rate of 34% after 20 h of reaction. We proposed and realized the conversion of acetate and glyoxylate to fumarate in vitro using a cell-free multi-enzyme catalytic system, thus providing an alternative approach for the production of fumarate.
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4
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Skorokhodova AY, Gulevich AY, Debabov VG. Engineering Escherichia coli for efficient aerobic conversion of glucose to fumaric acid. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00703. [PMID: 35145886 PMCID: PMC8801760 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli was engineered for efficient aerobic conversion of glucose to fumaric acid. A novel design for biosynthesis of the target product through the modified TCA cycle rather than via glyoxylate shunt, implying oxaloacetate formation from pyruvate and artificial channelling of 2-ketoglutarate towards succinic acid via succinate semialdehyde formation, was implemented. The main fumarases were inactivated in the core strain MSG1.0 (∆ackA-pta, ∆poxB, ∆ldhA, ∆adhE, ∆ptsG, PL-glk, Ptac-galP) by the deletion of the fumA, fumB, and fumC genes. The Bacillus subtilis pycA gene was expressed in the strain to ensure pyruvate to oxaloacetate conversion. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis kgd gene was expressed to enable succinate semialdehyde formation. The resulting strain was able to convert glucose to fumaric acid with a yield of 0.86 mol/mol, amounting to 86% of the theoretical maximum. The results demonstrated the high potential of the implemented strategy for development of efficient strains for bio-based fumaric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Yu. Skorokhodova
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2. Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu. Gulevich
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2. Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir G. Debabov
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2. Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
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5
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Enhancement of Ethanol Production Using a Hybrid of Firefly Algorithm and Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SWARM INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijsir.299845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many high-demand industrial products are generated by microorganisms, including fuels, food, vitamins, and other chemicals. Metabolic engineering is the method of circumventing cellular control to manufacture a desirable product or to create a new product that the host cells do not normally need to produce. One of the objectives of microorganism metabolic engineering is to maximise the production of a desired product. However, owing to the structure of the regulatory cellular and metabolic network, identifying specific genes to be knocked out is difficult. The development of optimization algorithms often confronts issues such as easily trapping in local maxima and handling multivariate and multimodal functions inefficiently. To predict the gene knockout list that can generate high yields of desired product, a hybrid of Firefly Algorithm and Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (FADFBA) is proposed. This paper focuses on the ethanol production of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The findings of the experiments include gene lists, ethanol production, growth rate, and the performance of FADFBA.
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6
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Wang X, Zhang L, Chen H, Wang P, Yin Y, Jin J, Xu J, Wen J. Rational Proteomic Analysis of a New Domesticated Klebsiella pneumoniae x546 Producing 1,3-Propanediol. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:770109. [PMID: 34899654 PMCID: PMC8662357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the capability of Klebsiella pneumoniae to produce an important chemical raw material, 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), a new type of K. pneumoniae x546 was obtained by glycerol acclimation and subsequently was used to produce 1,3-PDO. Under the control of pH value using Na+ pH neutralizer, the 1,3-PDO yield of K. pneumoniae x546 in a 7.5-L fermenter was 69.35 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than the original strain (45.91 g/L). After the addition of betaine, the yield of 1,3-PDO reached up to 74.44 g/L at 24 h, which was 40% shorter than the original fermentation time of 40 h. To study the potential mechanism of the production improvement of 1,3-PDO, the Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) technology was applied to investigate the production of 1,3-PDO in K. pneumoniae. Compared with the control group, 170 up-regulated proteins and 291 down-regulated proteins were identified. Through Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, it was found that some proteins [such as homoserine kinase (ThrB), phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase (PurT), phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (PurC), etc.] were involved in the fermentation process, whereas some other proteins (such as ProX, ProW, ProV, etc.) played a significant role after the addition of betaine. Moreover, combined with the metabolic network of K. pneumoniae during 1,3-PDO, the proteins in the biosynthesis of 1,3-PDO [such as DhaD, DhaK, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), BudC, etc.] were analyzed. The process of 1,3-PDO production in K. pneumoniae was explained from the perspective of proteome for the first time, which provided a theoretical basis for genetic engineering modification to improve the yield of 1,3-PDO. Because of the use of Na+ pH neutralizer in the fermentation, the subsequent environmental pollution treatment cost was greatly reduced, showing high potential for industry application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Zhang
- Dalian Petrochemical Research Institute of Sinopec, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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7
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Si L, Gu J, Wen M, Wang R, Fleming J, Li J, Xu J, Bi L, Deng J. relA Inactivation Converts Sulfonamides Into Bactericidal Compounds. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698468. [PMID: 34646242 PMCID: PMC8503649 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Folates are required for the de novo biosynthesis of purines, thymine, methionine, glycine, and pantothenic acid, key metabolites that bacterial cells cannot survive without. Sulfonamides, which inhibit bacterial folate biosynthesis and are generally considered as bacteriostats, have been extensively used as broad-spectrum antimicrobials for decades. Here we show that, deleting relA in Escherichia coli and other bacterial species converted sulfamethoxazole from a bacteriostat into a bactericide. Not as previously assumed, the bactericidal effect of SMX was not caused by thymine deficiency. When E. coli ∆relA was treated with SMX, reactive oxygen species and ferrous ion accumulated inside the bacterial cells, which caused extensive DNA double-strand breaks without the involvement of incomplete base excision repair. In addition, sulfamethoxazole showed bactericidal effect against E. coli O157 ∆relA in mice, suggesting the possibility of designing new potentiators for sulfonamides targeting RelA. Thus, our study uncovered the previously unknown bactericidal effects of sulfonamides, which advances our understanding of their mechanisms of action, and will facilitate the designing of new potentiators for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Si
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joy Fleming
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Bi
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology and National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of TB Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Foshan, China
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8
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Li P, Dong X, Wang XY, Du T, Du XJ, Wang S. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Adhesion/Invasion Related Proteins in Cronobacter sakazakii Based on Data-Independent Acquisition Coupled With LC-MS/MS. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1239. [PMID: 32582128 PMCID: PMC7296052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is foodborne pathogen that causes serious illnesses such as necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis and septicemia in infants. However, the virulence determinants and mechanisms of pathogenicity of these species remain unclear. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on 34 C. sakazakii strains and two strains with the same sequence type (ST) but distinct adhesion/invasion capabilities were selected for identification of differentially expressed proteins using data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomic analysis. A total of 2,203 proteins were identified and quantified. Among these proteins, 210 exhibited differential expression patterns with abundance ratios ≥3 or ≤0.33 and P values ≤0.05. Among these 210 proteins, 67 were expressed higher, and 143 were expressed lower in C. sakazakii SAKA80220 (strongly adhesive/invasive strain) compared with C. sakazakii SAKA80221 (weakly adhesive/invasive strain). Based on a detailed analysis of the differentially expressed proteins, the highly expressed genes involved in flagellar assembly, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, LuxS/AI-2, energy metabolic pathways and iron-sulfur cluster may be associated with the adhesion/invasion capability of C. sakazakii. To verify the accuracy of the proteomic results, real-time qPCR was used to analyze the expression patterns of some genes at the transcriptional level, and consistent results were observed. This study, for the first time, used DIA proteomic to investigate potential adhesion/invasion related factors as a useful reference for further studies on the pathogenic mechanism of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin-Jun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. sRNA-Based Screening Chromosomal Gene Targets and Modular Designing Escherichia coli for High-Titer Production of Aglycosylated Immunoglobulin G. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 32396719 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of the aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Escherichia coli has received wide interest for its analytical and therapeutic applications. To enhance the production titer of IgG, we first used synthetic sRNAs to perform a systematical analysis of the gene expression in the translational level in the glycolytic pathway (module 1) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (module 2) to reveal the critical genes for the efficient IgG production. Second, to provide sufficient amino acid precursors for the protein biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis pathways (module 3) were enhanced to facilitate the IgG production. Upon integrated engineering of these genes in the three modules (module 1, aceF; module 2, gltA and acnA; module 3, serB) and optimization of fermentation conditions, the recombinant E. coli enabled a titer of the full-assembled IgG of 4.5 ± 0.6 mg/L in flask cultures and 184 ± 9.2 mg/L in the 5 L high cell density fed-batch fermenter, which is, as far as we know, the highest reported titer of IgG production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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10
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Himpsl SD, Shea AE, Zora J, Stocki JA, Foreman D, Alteri CJ, Mobley HLT. The oxidative fumarase FumC is a key contributor for E. coli fitness under iron-limitation and during UTI. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008382. [PMID: 32106241 PMCID: PMC7064253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy required for a bacterium to grow and colonize the host is generated by metabolic and respiratory functions of the cell. Proton motive force, produced by these processes, drives cellular mechanisms including redox balance, membrane potential, motility, acid resistance, and the import and export of substrates. Previously, disruption of succinate dehydrogenase (sdhB) and fumarate reductase (frdA) within the oxidative and reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathways in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) CFT073 indicated that the oxidative, but not the reductive TCA pathway, is required for fitness in the urinary tract. Those findings led to the hypothesis that fumA and fumC encoding fumarase enzymes of the oxidative TCA cycle would be required for UPEC colonization, while fumB of the reductive TCA pathway would be dispensable. However, only UPEC strains lacking fumC had a fitness defect during experimental urinary tract infection (UTI). To further characterize the role of respiration in UPEC during UTI, additional mutants disrupting both the oxidative and reductive TCA pathways were constructed. We found that knock-out of frdA in the sdhB mutant strain background ameliorated the fitness defect observed in the bladder and kidneys for the sdhB mutant strain and results in a fitness advantage in the bladder during experimental UTI. The fitness defect was restored in the sdhBfrdA double mutant by complementation with frdABCD. Taken together, we demonstrate that it is not the oxidative or reductive pathway that is important for UPEC fitness per se, but rather only the oxidative TCA enzyme FumC. This fumarase lacks an iron-sulfur cluster and is required for UPEC fitness during UTI, most likely acting as a counter measure against exogenous stressors, especially in the iron-limited bladder niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Himpsl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Allyson E. Shea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Zora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jolie A. Stocki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dannielle Foreman
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Alteri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Harry L. T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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11
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Metabolic adaptation and NADPH homeostasis evoked by a sulfur-deficient environment in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:605-616. [PMID: 31828449 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is essential for all living organisms due to its ability to mediate a variety of enzymatic reactions, signalling networks, and redox processes. The interplay between sulfhydryl group (SH) and disulfide bond (S-S) is central to the maintenance of intracellular oxidative balance. Although most aerobic organisms succumb to sulfur starvation, the nutritionally versatile soil microbe Pseudomonas fluorescens elaborates an intricate metabolic reprogramming in order to adapt to this challenge. When cultured in a sulfur-deficient medium with glutamine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, the microbe reconfigures its metabolism aimed at the enhanced synthesis of NADPH, an antioxidant and the limited production of NADH, a pro-oxidant. While oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, metabolic modules known to generate reactive oxygen species are impeded, the activities NADPH-producing enzymes such as malic enzyme, and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) NADP-dependent are increased. The α-ketoglutarate (KG) generated from glutamine rapidly enters the TCA cycle via α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), an enzyme that was prominent in the control cultures. In the S-deficient media, the severely impeded KGDH coupled with the increased activity of the reversible isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) that fixes KG into isocitrate in the presence of NADH and HCO3- ensures a constant supply of this critical tricarboxylic acid. The up-regulation of ICDH-NADP dependent in the soluble fraction of the cells obtained from the S-deficient media results in enhanced NADPH synthesis, a reaction aided by the concomitant increase in NAD kinase activity. The latter converts NAD into NADP in the presence of ATP. Taken together, the data point to a metabolic network involving isocitrate, α-KG, and ICDH that converts NADH into NADPH in P. fluorescens subjected to a S-deprived environment.
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Zhang J, Grandi E, Fu H, Saravanan T, Bothof L, Tepper PG, Thunnissen AWH, Poelarends GJ. Engineered C–N Lyase: Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Synthons for Artificial Dipeptide Sweeteners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bothof
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G. Tepper
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andy‐Mark W. H. Thunnissen
- Molecular Enzymology Group Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J. Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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13
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Zhang J, Grandi E, Fu H, Saravanan T, Bothof L, Tepper PG, Thunnissen AMWH, Poelarends GJ. Engineered C-N Lyase: Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Synthons for Artificial Dipeptide Sweeteners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:429-435. [PMID: 31625664 PMCID: PMC6973171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic acid derivatives with branched N‐alkyl or N‐arylalkyl substituents are valuable precursors to artificial dipeptide sweeteners such as neotame and advantame. The development of a biocatalyst to synthesize these compounds in a single asymmetric step is an as yet unmet challenge. Reported here is an enantioselective biocatalytic synthesis of various difficult N‐substituted aspartic acids, including N‐(3,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐l‐aspartic acid and N‐[3‐(3‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxyphenyl)propyl]‐l‐aspartic acid, precursors to neotame and advantame, respectively, using an engineered variant of ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐disuccinic acid (EDDS) lyase from Chelativorans sp. BNC1. This engineered C–N lyase (mutant D290M/Y320M) displayed a remarkable 1140‐fold increase in activity for the selective hydroamination of fumarate compared to that of the wild‐type enzyme. These results present new opportunities to develop practical multienzymatic processes for the more sustainable and step‐economic synthesis of an important class of food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Grandi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bothof
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter G Tepper
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Zahoor A, Küttner FTF, Blank LM, Ebert BE. Evaluation of pyruvate decarboxylase-negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the production of succinic acid. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:711-720. [PMID: 32624964 PMCID: PMC6999389 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are important bio‐based building blocks, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is postulated to be an advantageous host for their fermentative production. Here, we engineered a pyruvate decarboxylase‐negative S. cerevisiae strain for succinic acid production to exploit its promising properties, that is, lack of ethanol production and accumulation of the precursor pyruvate. The metabolic engineering steps included genomic integration of a biosynthesis pathway based on the reductive branch of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a dicarboxylic acid transporter. Further modifications were the combined deletion of GPD1 and FUM1 and multi‐copy integration of the native PYC2 gene, encoding a pyruvate carboxylase required to drain pyruvate into the synthesis pathway. The effect of increased redox cofactor supply was tested by modulating oxygen limitation and supplementing formate. The physiologic analysis of the differently engineered strains focused on elucidating metabolic bottlenecks. The data not only highlight the importance of a balanced activity of pathway enzymes and selective export systems but also shows the importance to find an optimal trade‐off between redox cofactor supply and energy availability in the form of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zahoor
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Felix T F Küttner
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Birgitta E Ebert
- Institute of Applied Microbiology - iAMB Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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15
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Katayama N, Takeya M, Osanai T. Biochemical characterisation of fumarase C from a unicellular cyanobacterium demonstrating its substrate affinity, altered by an amino acid substitution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10629. [PMID: 31337820 PMCID: PMC6650407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid cycle produces NADH for oxidative phosphorylation and fumarase [EC 4.2.1.2] is a critical enzyme in this cycle, catalysing the reversible conversion of fumarate and L-malate. Fumarase is applied to industrial L-malate production as a biocatalyst. L-malate is used in a wide range of industries such as food and beverage, pharmacy chemistry. Although the biochemical properties of fumarases have been studied in many organisms, they have not been investigated in cyanobacteria. In this study, the optimum pH and temperature of Synechocystis 6803 fumarase C (SyFumC) were 7.5 and 30 °C, respectively. The Km of SyFumC for L-malate was higher than for fumarate. Furthermore, SyFumC activity was strongly inhibited by citrate and succinate, consistent with fumarases in other organisms. Substitution of alanine by glutamate at position 314 of SyFumC changed the kcat for fumarate and L-malate. In addition, the inhibitory effects of citrate and succinate on SyFumC activity were alleviated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed cyanobacterial fumarase clades divided in non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. SyFumC was thus biochemically characterised, including identification of an amino acid residue important for substrate affinity and enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Katayama
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeya
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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16
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Noster J, Persicke M, Chao TC, Krone L, Heppner B, Hensel M, Hansmeier N. Impact of ROS-Induced Damage of TCA Cycle Enzymes on Metabolism and Virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:762. [PMID: 31105651 PMCID: PMC6491894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) originating from aerobic respiration, antibiotic treatment, and the oxidative burst occurring inside the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) within host cells. ROS damage cellular compounds, thereby impairing bacterial viability and inducing cell death. Proteins containing iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are particularly sensitive and become non-functional upon oxidation. Comprising five enzymes with Fe–S clusters, the TCA cycle is a pathway most sensitive toward ROS. To test the impact of ROS-mediated metabolic perturbations on bacterial physiology, we analyzed the proteomic and metabolic profile of STM deficient in both cytosolic superoxide dismutases (ΔsodAB). Incapable of detoxifying superoxide anions (SOA), endogenously generated SOA accumulate during growth. ΔsodAB showed reduced abundance of aconitases, leading to a metabolic profile similar to that of an aconitase-deficient strain (ΔacnAB). Furthermore, we determined a decreased expression of acnA in STM ΔsodAB. While intracellular proliferation in RAW264.7 macrophages and survival of methyl viologen treatment were not reduced for STM ΔacnAB, proteomic profiling revealed enhanced stress response. We conclude that ROS-mediated reduced expression and damage of aconitase does not impair bacterial viability or virulence, but might increase ROS amounts in STM, which reinforces the bactericidal effects of antibiotic treatment and immune responses of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Noster
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Marcus Persicke
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tzu-Chiao Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Lena Krone
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Bianca Heppner
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nicole Hansmeier
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.,Luther College, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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17
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Petitjean C, Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Koonin EV. Extreme Deviations from Expected Evolutionary Rates in Archaeal Protein Families. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:2791-2811. [PMID: 28985292 PMCID: PMC5737733 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Origin of new biological functions is a complex phenomenon ranging from single-nucleotide substitutions to the gain of new genes via horizontal gene transfer or duplication. Neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization of proteins is often attributed to the emergence of paralogs that are subject to relaxed purifying selection or positive selection and thus evolve at accelerated rates. Such phenomena potentially could be detected as anomalies in the phylogenies of the respective gene families. We developed a computational pipeline to search for such anomalies in 1,834 orthologous clusters of archaeal genes, focusing on lineage-specific subfamilies that significantly deviate from the expected rate of evolution. Multiple potential cases of neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization were identified, including some ancient, house-keeping gene families, such as ribosomal protein S10, general transcription factor TFIIB and chaperone Hsp20. As expected, many cases of apparent acceleration of evolution are associated with lineage-specific gene duplication. On other occasions, long branches in phylogenetic trees correspond to horizontal gene transfer across long evolutionary distances. Significant deceleration of evolution is less common than acceleration, and the underlying causes are not well understood; functional shifts accompanied by increased constraints could be involved. Many gene families appear to be “highly evolvable,” that is, include both long and short branches. Even in the absence of precise functional predictions, this approach allows one to select targets for experimentation in search of new biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Petitjean
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Multiple Optimal Phenotypes Overcome Redox and Glycolytic Intermediate Metabolite Imbalances in Escherichia coli pgi Knockout Evolutions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00823-18. [PMID: 30054360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how new phenotypes develop to overcome the loss of a gene product provides valuable insight on both the metabolic and regulatory functions of the lost gene. The pgi gene, whose product catalyzes the second step in glycolysis, was deleted in a growth-optimized Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 strain. The initial knockout (KO) strain exhibited an 80% drop in growth rate that was largely recovered in eight replicate, but phenotypically distinct, cultures after undergoing adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Multi-omic data sets showed that the loss of pgi substantially shifted pathway usage, leading to a redox and sugar phosphate stress response. These stress responses were overcome by unique combinations of innovative mutations selected for by ALE. Thus, the coordinated mechanisms from genome to metabolome that lead to multiple optimal phenotypes after the loss of a major gene product were revealed.IMPORTANCE A mechanistic understanding of how microbes are able to overcome the loss of a gene through regulatory and metabolic changes is not well understood. Eight independent adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) experiments with pgi knockout strains resulted in eight phenotypically distinct endpoints that were able to overcome the gene loss. Utilizing multi-omics analysis, the coordinated mechanisms from genome to metabolome that lead to multiple optimal phenotypes after the loss of a major gene product were revealed.
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Rerouting carbon flux for optimized biosynthesis of mesaconate in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7377-7388. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Zubimendi JP, Martinatto A, Valacco MP, Moreno S, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF, Tronconi MA. The complex allosteric and redox regulation of the fumarate hydratase and malate dehydratase reactions of Arabidopsis thaliana Fumarase 1 and 2 gives clues for understanding the massive accumulation of fumarate. FEBS J 2018; 285:2205-2224. [PMID: 29688630 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two fumarase genes (FUM), AtFUM1 (At2g47510) encoding for the mitochondrial Krebs cycle-associated enzyme and AtFUM2 (At5g50950) for the cytosolic isoform required for fumarate massive accumulation. Here, the comprehensive biochemical studies of AtFUM1 and AtFUM2 shows that they are active enzymes with similar kinetic parameters but differential regulation. For both enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH) activity is favored over the malate dehydratase (MD) activity; however, MD is the most regulated activity with several allosteric activators. Oxalacetate, glutamine, and/or asparagine are modulators causing the MD reaction to become preferred over the FH reaction. Activity profiles as a function of pH suggest a suboptimal FUM activity in Arabidopsis cells; moreover, the direction of the FUM reaction is sensitive to pH changes. Under mild oxidation conditions, AtFUMs form high mass molecular aggregates, which present both FUM activities decreased to a different extent. The biochemical properties of oxidized AtFUMs (oxAtFUMs) were completely reversed by NADPH-supplied Arabidopsis leaf extracts, suggesting that the AtFUMs redox regulation can be accomplished in vivo. Mass spectrometry analyses indicate the presence of an active site-associated intermolecular disulfide bridge in oxAtFUMs. Finally, a phylogenetic approach points out that other plant species may also possess cytosolic FUM2 enzymes mainly encoded by paralogous genes, indicating that the evolutionary history of this trait has been drawn through a process of parallel evolution. Overall, according to our results, a multilevel regulatory pattern of FUM activities emerges, supporting the role of this enzyme as a carbon flow monitoring point through the organic acid metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zubimendi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Martinatto
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria P Valacco
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Carlos S Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos A Tronconi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Tan Z, Yoon JM, Chowdhury A, Burdick K, Jarboe LR, Maranas CD, Shanks JV. Engineering of E. coli inherent fatty acid biosynthesis capacity to increase octanoic acid production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 29619083 PMCID: PMC5879999 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a versatile platform chemical, construction of microbial catalysts for free octanoic acid production from biorenewable feedstocks is a promising alternative to existing petroleum-based methods. However, the bio-production strategy has been restricted by the low capacity of E. coli inherent fatty acid biosynthesis. In this study, a combination of integrated computational and experimental approach was performed to manipulate the E. coli existing metabolic network, with the objective of improving bio-octanoic acid production. RESULTS First, a customized OptForce methodology was run to predict a set of four genetic interventions required for production of octanoic acid at 90% of the theoretical yield. Subsequently, all the ten candidate proteins associated with the predicted interventions were regulated individually, as well as in contrast to the combination of interventions as suggested by the OptForce strategy. Among these enzymes, increased production of 3-hydroxy-acyl-ACP dehydratase (FabZ) resulted in the highest increase (+ 45%) in octanoic acid titer. But importantly, the combinatorial application of FabZ with the other interventions as suggested by OptForce further improved octanoic acid production, resulting in a high octanoic acid-producing E. coli strain +fabZ ΔfadE ΔfumAC ΔackA (TE10) (+ 61%). Optimization of TE10 expression, medium pH, and C:N ratio resulted in the identified strain producing 500 mg/L of C8 and 805 mg/L of total FAs, an 82 and 155% increase relative to wild-type MG1655 (TE10) in shake flasks. The best engineered strain produced with high selectivity (> 70%) and extracellularly (> 90%) up to 1 g/L free octanoic acid in minimal medium fed-batch culture. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the effectiveness of integration of computational strain design and experimental characterization as a starting point in rewiring metabolism for octanoic acid production. This result in conjunction with the results of other studies using OptForce in strain design demonstrates that this strategy may be also applicable to engineering E. coli for other customized bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigao Tan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 3031 Sweeney, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Jong Moon Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 3031 Sweeney, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Anupam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kaitlin Burdick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 3031 Sweeney, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Laura R. Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 3031 Sweeney, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Costas D. Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jacqueline V. Shanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 3031 Sweeney, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Biological production of L-malate: recent advances and future prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 34:6. [PMID: 29214355 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As intermediates in the TCA cycle, L-malate and its derivatives have been widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and bio-based material industries. In recent years, biological routes have been regarded as very promising approaches as cost-effective ways to L-malate production from low-priced raw materials. In this mini-review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current developments of L-malate production using both biocatalysis and microbial fermentation. Biocatalysis is enzymatic transformation of fumarate to L-malate, here, the source of enzymes, catalytic conditions, and enzymatic molecular modification may be concluded. For microbial fermentation, the types of microorganisms, genetic characteristics, biosynthetic pathways, metabolic engineering strategies, fermentation substrates, and optimization of cultivation conditions have been discussed and compared. Furthermore, the combination of enzyme and metabolic engineering has also been summarized. In future, we also expect that novel biological approaches using industrially relevant strains and renewable raw materials can overcome the technical challenges involved in cost-efficient L-malate production.
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High yield production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 45:53-60. [PMID: 29196893 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic engineered Escherichia coli strains were constructed and evaluated for four-carbon dicarboxylic acid production. Fumarase A, fumarase B and fumarase C single, double and triple mutants were constructed in a ldhA adhE mutant background overexpressing the pyruvate carboxylase from Lactococcus lactis. All the mutants produced succinate as the main four-carbon (C4) dicarboxylic acid product when glucose was used as carbon source with the exception of the fumAC and the triple fumB fumAC deletion strains, where malate was the main C4-product with a yield of 0.61-0.67 mol (mole glucose)-1. Additionally, a mdh mutant strain and a previously engineered high-succinate-producing strain (SBS550MG-Cms pHL413-Km) were investigated for aerobic malate production from succinate. These strains produced 40.38 mM (5.41 g/L) and 50.34 mM (6.75 g/L) malate with a molar yield of 0.53 and 0.55 mol (mole succinate)-1, respectively. Finally, by exploiting the high-succinate production capability, the strain SBS550MG-Cms243 pHL413-Km showed significant malate production in a two-stage process from glucose. This strain produced 133 mM (17.83 g/L) malate in 47 h, with a high yield of 1.3 mol (mole glucose)-1 and productivity of 0.38 g L-1 h-1.
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A systematically chromosomally engineered Escherichia coli efficiently produces butanol. Metab Eng 2017; 44:284-292. [PMID: 29102594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological production of butanol in heterologous hosts has recently attracted many interests. Of the heterologous hosts investigated to date, engineered Escherichia coli has shown a superior butanol yield than the natural butanol-producing clostridial strains. However, all reported butanol-producing E. coli strains contain vectors and inducible promoters, which means antibiotics and inducers are required in the fermentation. The aim of this study was to develop a completely chromosomally engineered E. coli strain capable of producing butanol efficiently in the absence of vectors, antibiotics, and inducers. The challenges are the expression strength of chromosomally engineered genes under constitutive promoters is much weaker than the vector engineered genes under inducible promoters. To address these challenges, the butanol pathway was engineered into the chromosome in the first place, then the host and the butanol pathway was iteratively engineered through rational and non-rational strategies to develop an efficient butanol producer where the heterologous butanol pathway fits the host well. Finally, a systematically chromosomally engineered E. coli strain EB243, in which 33 native genes were deleted and 5 heterologous genes were introduced, was developed. Strain EB243 could produce 20g/L butanol with a yield of 34% (w/w, 83% of theoretical yield) in batch fermentation without any antibiotics and inducers, thus showed great potential for industrial application. This work also demonstrated a procedure on how to integrate the existing knowledge to engineer a strain with industrial application potential.
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Quasem I, Achille AN, Caddick BA, Carter TA, Daniels C, Delaney JA, Delic V, Denton KA, Duran MC, Fatica MK, Ference CM, Galkiewicz JP, Garcia AM, Hendrick JD, Horton SA, Kun MS, Koch PW, Lee TM, McCabe CR, McHale S, McDaniel LD, Menning DM, Menning KJ, Mirzaei-Souderjani H, Mostajabian S, Nicholson DA, Nugent CK, Osman NP, Pappas DI, Rocha AM, Rosario K, Rubelmann H, Schwartz JA, Seeley KW, Staley CM, Wallace EM, Wong TM, Zielinski BL, Hanson TE, Scott KM. Peculiar citric acid cycle of hydrothermal vent chemolithoautotroph Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus, and insights into carbon metabolism by obligate autotrophs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3958794. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Quasem
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Achille
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brittany A. Caddick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Travis A. Carter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Camille Daniels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Delaney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vedad Delic
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Denton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Martina C. Duran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Marianne K. Fatica
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Julie P. Galkiewicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ana M. Garcia
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Horton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mey S. Kun
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Phoebe W. Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tien Min Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christie R. McCabe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sean McHale
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lauren D. McDaniel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Damian M. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kristy J. Menning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | - Salina Mostajabian
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - David A. Nicholson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Courtney K. Nugent
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Osman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Desiree I. Pappas
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Andrea M. Rocha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Karyna Rosario
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Haydn Rubelmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Julie A. Schwartz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Kent W. Seeley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christopher M. Staley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Wallace
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Terianne M. Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Brian L. Zielinski
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Thomas E. Hanson
- School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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rNAV 2.0: a visualization tool for bacterial sRNA-mediated regulatory networks mining. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:188. [PMID: 28335718 PMCID: PMC5364647 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial sRNA-mediated regulatory networks has been introduced as a powerful way to analyze the fast rewiring capabilities of a bacteria in response to changing environmental conditions. The identification of mRNA targets of bacterial sRNAs is essential to investigate their functional activities. However, this step remains challenging with the lack of knowledge of the topological and biological constraints behind the formation of sRNA-mRNA duplexes. Even with the most sophisticated bioinformatics target prediction tools, the large proportion of false predictions may be prohibitive for further analyses. To deal with this issue, sRNA target analyses can be carried out from the resulting gene lists given by RNA-SEQ experiments when available. However, the number of resulting target candidates may be still huge and cannot be easily interpreted by domain experts who need to confront various biological features to prioritize the target candidates. Therefore, novel strategies have to be carried out to improve the specificity of computational prediction results, before proposing new candidates for an expensive experimental validation stage. RESULT To address this issue, we propose a new visualization tool rNAV 2.0, for detecting and filtering bacterial sRNA targets for regulatory networks. rNAV is designed to cope with a variety of biological constraints, including the gene annotations, the conserved regions of interaction or specific patterns of regulation. Depending on the application, these constraints can be variously combined to analyze the target candidates, prioritized for instance by a known conserved interaction region, or because of a common function. CONCLUSION The standalone application implements a set of known algorithms and interaction techniques, and applies them to the new problem of identifying reasonable sRNA target candidates.
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Ruecker N, Jansen R, Trujillo C, Puckett S, Jayachandran P, Piroli GG, Frizzell N, Molina H, Rhee KY, Ehrt S. Fumarase Deficiency Causes Protein and Metabolite Succination and Intoxicates Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:306-315. [PMID: 28219662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes of central carbon metabolism are essential mediators of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) physiology and pathogenicity, but are often perceived to lack sufficient species selectivity to be pursued as potential drug targets. Fumarase (Fum) is an enzyme of the canonical tricarboxylic acid cycle and is dispensable in many organisms. Transposon mutagenesis studies in Mtb, however, indicate that Fum is required for optimal growth. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a genetically engineered Mtb strain in which Fum expression is conditionally regulated. This revealed that Fum deficiency is bactericidal in vitro and during both the acute and chronic phases of mouse infection. This essentiality is linked to marked accumulations of fumarate resulting in protein and metabolite succination, a covalent modification of cysteine thiol residues. These results identify Mtb Fum as a potentially species-specific drug target whose inactivation may kill Mtb through a covalently irreversible form of metabolic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ruecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert Jansen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carolina Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Puckett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pradeepa Jayachandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gerardo G Piroli
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Unden G, Strecker A, Kleefeld A, Kim OB. C4-Dicarboxylate Utilization in Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth. EcoSal Plus 2016; 7. [PMID: 27415771 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0021-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
C4-dicarboxylates and the C4-dicarboxylic amino acid l-aspartate support aerobic and anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli and related bacteria. In aerobic growth, succinate, fumarate, D- and L-malate, L-aspartate, and L-tartrate are metabolized by the citric acid cycle and associated reactions. Because of the interruption of the citric acid cycle under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic metabolism of C4-dicarboxylates depends on fumarate reduction to succinate (fumarate respiration). In some related bacteria (e.g., Klebsiella), utilization of C4-dicarboxylates, such as tartrate, is independent of fumarate respiration and uses a Na+-dependent membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase. Uptake of the C4-dicarboxylates into the bacteria (and anaerobic export of succinate) is achieved under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by different sets of secondary transporters. Expression of the genes for C4-dicarboxylate metabolism is induced in the presence of external C4-dicarboxylates by the membrane-bound DcuS-DcuR two-component system. Noncommon C4-dicarboxylates like l-tartrate or D-malate are perceived by cytoplasmic one-component sensors/transcriptional regulators. This article describes the pathways of aerobic and anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate metabolism and their regulation. The citric acid cycle, fumarate respiration, and fumarate reductase are covered in other articles and discussed here only in the context of C4-dicarboxylate metabolism. Recent aspects of C4-dicarboxylate metabolism like transport, sensing, and regulation will be treated in more detail. This article is an updated version of an article published in 2004 in EcoSal Plus. The update includes new literature, but, in particular, the sections on the metabolism of noncommon C4-dicarboxylates and their regulation, on the DcuS-DcuR regulatory system, and on succinate production by engineered E. coli are largely revised or new.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Strecker
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleefeld
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 120-750 Seoul, Korea
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Kronen M, Berg IA. Mesaconase/Fumarase FumD in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Promiscuity of Escherichia coli Class I Fumarases FumA and FumB. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145098. [PMID: 26658641 PMCID: PMC4682846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesaconase catalyzes the hydration of mesaconate (methylfumarate) to (S)-citramalate. The enzyme participates in the methylaspartate pathway of glutamate fermentation as well as in the metabolism of various C5-dicarboxylic acids such as mesaconate or L-threo-β-methylmalate. We have recently shown that Burkholderia xenovorans uses a promiscuous class I fumarase to catalyze this reaction in the course of mesaconate utilization. Here we show that classical Escherichia coli class I fumarases A and B (FumA and FumB) are capable of hydrating mesaconate with 4% (FumA) and 19% (FumB) of the catalytic efficiency kcat/Km, compared to the physiological substrate fumarate. Furthermore, the genomes of 14.8% of sequenced Enterobacteriaceae (26.5% of E. coli, 90.6% of E. coli O157:H7 strains) possess an additional class I fumarase homologue which we designated as fumarase D (FumD). All these organisms are (opportunistic) pathogens. fumD is clustered with the key genes for two enzymes of the methylaspartate pathway of glutamate fermentation, glutamate mutase and methylaspartate ammonia lyase, converting glutamate to mesaconate. Heterologously produced FumD was a promiscuous mesaconase/fumarase with a 2- to 3-fold preference for mesaconate over fumarate. Therefore, these bacteria have the genetic potential to convert glutamate to (S)-citramalate, but the further fate of citramalate is still unclear. Our bioinformatic analysis identified several other putative mesaconase genes and revealed that mesaconases probably evolved several times from various class I fumarases independently. Most, if not all iron-dependent fumarases, are capable to catalyze mesaconate hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kronen
- Mikrobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ivan A. Berg
- Mikrobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Abstract
C4-dicarboxylates, like succinate, fumarate, L- and D-malate, tartrate, and the C4-dicarboxylic amino acid aspartate, support aerobic and anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli and related bacteria and can serve as carbon and energy sources. In aerobic growth, the C4-dicarboxylates are oxidized in the citric acid cycle. Due to the interruption of the citric acid cycle under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic metabolism of the C4-dicarboxylates depends on fumarate reduction to succinate. In some related bacteria (e.g., Klebsiella), degradation of C4-dicarboxylates, like tartrate, uses a different mechanism and pathway. It requires the functioning of an Na+-dependent and membrane-associated oxaloacetate decarboxylase. Due to the incomplete function of the citric acid cycle in anaerobic growth, succinate supports only aerobic growth of E. coli. This chapter describes the pathways of and differences in aerobic and anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate metabolism and the physiological consequences. The citric acid cycle, fumarate respiration, and fumarate reductase are discussed here only in the context of aerobic and anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate metabolism. Some recent aspects of C4-dicarboxylate metabolism, such as transport and sensing of C4-dicarboxylates, and their relationships are treated in more detail.
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31
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Li N, Zhang B, Wang Z, Tang YJ, Chen T, Zhao X. Engineering Escherichia coli for fumaric acid production from glycerol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 174:81-7. [PMID: 25463785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The evolved mutant Escherichia coli E2 previously developed for succinate production from glycerol was engineered in this study for fumaric acid production under aerobic conditions. Through deletion of three fumarases, 3.65g/L fumaric acid was produced with the yield of 0.25mol/mol glycerol and a large amount of acetate was accumulated as the main byproduct. In order to reduce acetate production several strategies were attempted, among which increasing the flux of the anaplerotic pathways through overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene ppc or the glyoxylate shunt operon aceBA effectively reduced acetate and improved fumaric acid production. In fed-batch culture, the resulting strain EF02(pSCppc) produced 41.5g/L fumaric acid from glycerol with 70% of the maximum theoretical yield and an overall productivity of 0.51g/L/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, PR China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Chong SK, Mohamad MS, Mohamed Salleh AH, Choon YW, Chong CK, Deris S. A hybrid of ant colony optimization and minimization of metabolic adjustment to improve the production of succinic acid in Escherichia coli. Comput Biol Med 2014; 49:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pradel E, Lemaître N, Merchez M, Ricard I, Reboul A, Dewitte A, Sebbane F. New insights into how Yersinia pestis adapts to its mammalian host during bubonic plague. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004029. [PMID: 24675805 PMCID: PMC3968184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bubonic plague (a fatal, flea-transmitted disease) remains an international public health concern. Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of bubonic plague has improved significantly over the last few decades, researchers have still not been able to define the complete set of Y. pestis genes needed for disease or to characterize the mechanisms that enable infection. Here, we generated a library of Y. pestis mutants, each lacking one or more of the genes previously identified as being up-regulated in vivo. We then screened the library for attenuated virulence in rodent models of bubonic plague. Importantly, we tested mutants both individually and using a novel, “per-pool” screening method that we have developed. Our data showed that in addition to genes involved in physiological adaption and resistance to the stress generated by the host, several previously uncharacterized genes are required for virulence. One of these genes (ympt1.66c, which encodes a putative helicase) has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Deletion of ympt1.66c reduced Y. pestis' ability to spread to the lymph nodes draining the dermal inoculation site – probably because loss of this gene decreased the bacteria's ability to survive inside macrophages. Our results suggest that (i) intracellular survival during the early stage of infection is important for plague and (ii) horizontal gene transfer was crucial in the acquisition of this ability. In order to understand and combat infectious diseases, it is essential to characterize the full set of genes required by pathogenic bacteria to overcome the many immunological and physiological challenges encountered during infection. Here, we used a genome-scale approach to identify genes required by the bacterium Yersinia pestis in the production of bubonic plague (a fatal, flea-borne zoonosis). Our results suggest that when colonizing the mammalian host, the bacterium (i) relies on carbohydrates as its carbon source, (ii) shifts to anaerobic respiration or fermentation and (iii) experiences and resists several (but not all) types of stress generated by the host's innate immune system. Strikingly, only a small set of genes (including horizontally acquired and uncharacterized sequences) are required for these infectious processes. Further investigations of the ypmt1,66c gene provided evidence to suggest that accretion of genetic material via horizontal transfer has played a key role in Yersinia pestis' ability to successfully initiate infection after the dermal fleabite. Lastly, we believe that (i) application of our approach to other pathogens and (ii) additional studies of selected Yersinia pestis genes important for plague pathogenesis (some of which are shared with other pathogens) will provide a better understanding of bacterial pathogenesis in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pradel
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Lemaître
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Maud Merchez
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Ricard
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Angéline Reboul
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amélie Dewitte
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Equipe Peste et Yersinia pestis; INSERM U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8204, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- UDSL, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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Boettcher M, Lawson A, Ladenburger V, Fredebohm J, Wolf J, Hoheisel JD, Frezza C, Shlomi T. High throughput synthetic lethality screen reveals a tumorigenic role of adenylate cyclase in fumarate hydratase-deficient cancer cells. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:158. [PMID: 24568598 PMCID: PMC3945041 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synthetic lethality is an appealing technique for selectively targeting cancer cells which have acquired molecular changes that distinguish them from normal cells. High-throughput RNAi-based screens have been successfully used to identify synthetic lethal pathways with well-characterized tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The recent identification of metabolic tumor suppressors suggests that the concept of synthetic lethality can be applied to selectively target cancer metabolism as well. Results Here, we perform a high-throughput RNAi screen to identify synthetic lethal genes with fumarate hydratase (FH), a metabolic tumor suppressor whose loss-of-function has been associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC). Our unbiased screen identified synthetic lethality between FH and several genes in heme metabolism, in accordance with recent findings. Furthermore, we identified an enrichment of synthetic lethality with adenylate cyclases. The effects were validated in an embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293T) and in HLRCC-patient derived cells (UOK262) via both genetic and pharmacological inhibition. The reliance on adenylate cyclases in FH-deficient cells is consistent with increased cyclic-AMP levels, which may act to regulate cellular energy metabolism. Conclusions The identified synthetic lethality of FH with adenylate cyclases suggests a new potential target for treating HLRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
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Baig F, Fernando LP, Salazar MA, Powell RR, Bruce TF, Harcum SW. Dynamic transcriptional response of Escherichia coli to inclusion body formation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:980-99. [PMID: 24338599 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is used intensively for recombinant protein production, but one key challenge with recombinant E. coli is the tendency of recombinant proteins to misfold and aggregate into insoluble inclusion bodies (IBs). IBs contain high concentrations of inactive recombinant protein that require recovery steps to salvage a functional recombinant protein. Currently, no universally effective method exists to prevent IB formation in recombinant E. coli. In this study, DNA microarrays were used to compare the E. coli gene expression response dynamics to soluble and insoluble recombinant protein production. As expected and previously reported, the classical heat-shock genes had increased expression due to IB formation, including protein folding chaperones and proteases. Gene expression levels for protein synthesis-related and energy-synthesis pathways were also increased. Many transmembrane transporter and corresponding catabolic pathways genes had decreased expression for substrates not present in the culture medium. Additionally, putative genes represented over one-third of the genes identified to have significant expression changes due to IB formation, indicating many important cellular responses to IB formation still need to be characterized. Interestingly, cells grown in 3% ethanol had significantly reduced gene expression responses due to IB formation. Taken together, these results indicate that IB formation is complex, stimulates the heat-shock response, increases protein and energy synthesis needs, and streamlines transport and catabolic processes, while ethanol diminished all of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Baig
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634
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36
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Wong KS, Snider JD, Graham C, Greenblatt JF, Emili A, Babu M, Houry WA. The MoxR ATPase RavA and its cofactor ViaA interact with the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase I in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85529. [PMID: 24454883 PMCID: PMC3893208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MoxR ATPases are widespread throughout bacteria and archaea. The experimental evidence to date suggests that these proteins have chaperone-like roles in facilitating the maturation of dedicated protein complexes that are functionally diverse. In Escherichia coli, the MoxR ATPase RavA and its putative cofactor ViaA are found to exist in early stationary-phase cells at 37 °C at low levels of about 350 and 90 molecules per cell, respectively. Both proteins are predominantly localized to the cytoplasm, but ViaA was also unexpectedly found to localize to the cell membrane. Whole genome microarrays and synthetic lethality studies both indicated that RavA-ViaA are genetically linked to Fe-S cluster assembly and specific respiratory pathways. Systematic analysis of mutant strains of ravA and viaA indicated that RavA-ViaA sensitizes cells to sublethal concentrations of aminoglycosides. Furthermore, this effect was dependent on RavA's ATPase activity, and on the presence of specific subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase I (Nuo Complex, or Complex I). Importantly, both RavA and ViaA were found to physically interact with specific Nuo subunits. We propose that RavA-ViaA facilitate the maturation of the Nuo complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S. Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie D. Snider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jack F. Greenblatt
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Walid A. Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lo A, Weiner JH, Li L. Analytical performance of reciprocal isotope labeling of proteome digests for quantitative proteomics and its application for comparative studies of aerobic and anaerobic Escherichia coli proteomes. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 795:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mainguet SE, Gronenberg LS, Wong SS, Liao JC. A reverse glyoxylate shunt to build a non-native route from C4 to C2 in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2013; 19:116-27. [PMID: 23938029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most central metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and the TCA cycle have complementary pathways that run in the reverse direction to allow flexible storage and utilization of resources. However, the glyoxylate shunt, which allows for the synthesis of four-carbon TCA cycle intermediates from acetyl-CoA, has not been found to be reversible to date. As a result, glucose can only be converted to acetyl-CoA via the decarboxylation of the three-carbon molecule pyruvate in heterotrophs. A reverse glyoxylate shunt (rGS) could be extended into a pathway that converts C4 carboxylates into two molecules of acetyl-CoA without loss of CO2. Here, as a proof of concept, we engineered in Escherichia coli such a pathway to convert malate and succinate to oxaloacetate and two molecules of acetyl-CoA. We introduced ATP-coupled heterologous enzymes at the thermodynamically unfavorable steps to drive the pathway in the desired direction. This synthetic pathway in essence reverses the glyoxylate shunt at the expense of ATP. When integrated with central metabolism, this pathway has the potential to increase the carbon yield of acetate and biofuels from many carbon sources in heterotrophic microorganisms, and could be the basis of novel carbon fixation cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Mainguet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Huang CJ, Wang ZC, Huang HY, Huang HD, Peng HL. YjcC, a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase protein, regulates the oxidative stress response and virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66740. [PMID: 23935824 PMCID: PMC3720812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the expression of yjcC, an in vivo expression (IVE) gene, and the stress response regulatory genes soxR, soxS, and rpoS are paraquat inducible in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. The deletion of rpoS or soxRS decreased yjcC expression, implying an RpoS- or SoxRS-dependent control. After paraquat or H2O2 treatment, the deletion of yjcC reduced bacterial survival. These effects could be complemented by introducing the ΔyjcC mutant with the YjcC-expression plasmid pJR1. The recombinant protein containing only the YjcC-EAL domain exhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity; overexpression of yjcC has lower levels of cyclic di-GMP. The yjcC deletion mutant also exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, oxidation damage, and oxidative stress scavenging activity. In addition, the yjcC deletion reduced capsular polysaccharide production in the bacteria, but increased the LD50 in mice, biofilm formation, and type 3 fimbriae major pilin MrkA production. Finally, a comparative transcriptome analysis showed 34 upregulated and 29 downregulated genes with the increased production of YjcC. The activated gene products include glutaredoxin I, thioredoxin, heat shock proteins, chaperone, and MrkHI, and proteins for energy metabolism (transporters, cell surface structure, and transcriptional regulation). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that YjcC positively regulates the oxidative stress response and mouse virulence but negatively affects the biofilm formation and type 3 fimbriae expression by altering the c-di-GMP levels after receiving oxidative stress signaling inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Jou Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biological Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Chong Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsi-Yuan Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwei-Ling Peng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Biological Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Song CW, Kim DI, Choi S, Jang JW, Lee SY. Metabolic engineering ofEscherichia colifor the production of fumaric acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2025-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Shimizu K. Metabolic Regulation of a Bacterial Cell System with Emphasis on Escherichia coli Metabolism. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:645983. [PMID: 25937963 PMCID: PMC4393010 DOI: 10.1155/2013/645983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is quite important to understand the overall metabolic regulation mechanism of bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli from both science (such as biochemistry) and engineering (such as metabolic engineering) points of view. Here, an attempt was made to clarify the overall metabolic regulation mechanism by focusing on the roles of global regulators which detect the culture or growth condition and manipulate a set of metabolic pathways by modulating the related gene expressions. For this, it was considered how the cell responds to a variety of culture environments such as carbon (catabolite regulation), nitrogen, and phosphate limitations, as well as the effects of oxygen level, pH (acid shock), temperature (heat shock), and nutrient starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Bioscience, Keio University, Yamagata, Tsuruoka 997-0017, Japan
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Biochemical similarities and differences between the catalytic [4Fe-4S] cluster containing fumarases FumA and FumB from Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55549. [PMID: 23405168 PMCID: PMC3565967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly homologous [4Fe-4S] containing fumarases FumA and FumB, sharing 90% amino acid sequence identity, from Escherichia coli are differentially regulated, which suggests a difference in their physiological function. The ratio of FumB over FumA expression levels increases by one to two orders of magnitude upon change from aerobic to anaerobic growth conditions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To understand this difference in terms of structure-function relations, catalytic and thermodynamic properties were determined for the two enzymes obtained from homologous overexpression systems. FumA and FumB are essentially identical in their Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the reversible fumarate to L-malate conversion; however, FumB has a significantly greater catalytic efficiency for the conversion of D-tartrate to oxaloacetate consistent with the requirement of the fumB gene for growth on D-tartrate. Reduction potentials of the [4Fe-4S](2+) Lewis acid active centre were determined in mediated bulk titrations in the presence of added substrate and were found to be approximately -290 mV for both FumA and FumB. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study contradicts previously published claims that FumA and FumB exhibit different catalytic preferences for the natural substrates L-malate and fumarate. FumA and FumB differ significantly only in the catalytic efficiency for the conversion of D-tartrate, a supposedly non-natural substrate. The reduction potential of the substrate-bound [4Fe-4S] active centre is, contrary to previously reported values, close to the cellular redox potential.
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Toya Y, Nakahigashi K, Tomita M, Shimizu K. Metabolic regulation analysis of wild-type and arcA mutant Escherichia coli under nitrate conditions using different levels of omics data. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:2593-604. [PMID: 22790675 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is of practical interest to investigate the effect of nitrates on bacterial metabolic regulation of both fermentation and energy generation, as compared to aerobic and anaerobic growth without nitrates. Although gene level regulation has previously been studied for nitrate assimilation, it is important to understand this metabolic regulation in terms of global regulators. In the present study, therefore, we measured gene expression using DNA microarrays, intracellular metabolite concentrations using CE-TOFMS, and metabolic fluxes using the (13)C-labeling technique for wild-type E. coli and the ΔarcA (a global regulatory gene for anoxic response control, ArcA) mutant to compare the metabolic state under nitrate conditions to that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions without nitrates in continuous culture conditions at a dilution rate of 0.2 h(-1). In wild-type, although the measured metabolite concentrations changed very little among the three culture conditions, the TCA cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway fluxes were significantly different under each condition. These results suggested that the ATP production rate was 29% higher under nitrate conditions than that under anaerobic conditions, whereas the ATP production rate was 10% lower than that under aerobic conditions. The flux changes in the TCA cycle were caused by changes in control at the gene expression level. In ΔarcA mutant, the TCA cycle flux was significantly increased (4.4 times higher than that of the wild type) under nitrate conditions. Similarly, the intracellular ATP/ADP ratio increased approximately two-fold compared to that of the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Toya
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka 997-0017, Japan.
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44
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Lin HH, Lin CH, Hwang SM, Tseng CP. High growth rate downregulates fumA mRNA transcription but is dramatically compensated by its mRNA stability in Escherichia coli. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:412-7. [PMID: 22302452 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the association among the transcription, post-transcription, and protein production of the fumA gene. This study demonstrates that increasing growth rate (k) from 0.24/h to 0.96/h causes a marked eightfold reduction in fumA transcription as assessed using the β-galactosidase activity from fumA promoter fused with a lacZ reporter. It was further confirmed using Northern blot analysis. Most interestingly, the FumA protein levels remained unchanged over the growth rate, as indicated by Western blot analysis. Therefore, whether the reduced fumA mRNA expression under the high growth rate can be overcome by increasing the stability of the fumA mRNA was tested. The half-life of fumA mRNA was established to significantly increase by fivefold when the growth rate was increased to 0.96/h. This finding suggests that the cells could turn down the expression of fumA mRNA because of increased stability of its mRNA under the high growth rate. This notion indicates that mRNA stability plays an essential role in maintaining a critical cellular level of a given protein when the mRNA transcript is downregulated by a metabolic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan, ROC
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45
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Chen YP, Lin HH, Yang CD, Huang SH, Tseng CP. Regulatory role of cAMP receptor protein over Escherichia coli fumarase genes. J Microbiol 2012; 50:426-33. [PMID: 22752906 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli expresses three fumarase genes, namely, fumA, fumB, and fumC. In the present study, catabolite repression was observed in the fumA-lacZ and fumC-lacZ fusion strains, but not in the fumB-lacZ fusion strain. The Crp-binding sites in fumA and fumC were identified using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and footprint analysis. However, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay did not detect band shifts in fumB. Fnr and ArcA serve as transcription regulators of fumarase gene expression. In relation to this, different mutants, including Δcya, Δcrp, Δfnr, and ΔarcA, were used to explore the regulatory role of Crp over fumA and fumC. The results show that Crp is an activator of fumA and fumC gene expression under various oxygen conditions and growth rates. ArcA was identified as the dominant repressor, with the major repression occurring at 0-4% oxygen. In addition, Fnr was confirmed as a repressor of fumC for the first time. This study elucidates the effects of Crp on fumarase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, HsinChu, 300, Taiwan
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46
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Metabolic adaptation of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 to cyanide: role of malate-quinone oxidoreductases, aconitase and fumarase isoenzymes. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1849-53. [PMID: 22103538 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In general, the biodegradation of a toxic compound by a micro-organism requires the concurrence of, at least, two features in the biological system: first, the capability of the micro-organism to metabolize the toxic compound, and secondly, the capacity to resist its toxic effect. Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344 is a bacterium used in the biodegradation of cyanide because it is capable to use it as a nitrogen source. The present review is mainly focused on the putative role of iron-containing enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in cyanide resistance by P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT5344.
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47
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Negative effect of glucose on ompA mRNA stability: a potential role of cyclic AMP in the repression of hfq in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5833-40. [PMID: 21840983 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05359-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a carbon source that is capable of modulating the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-regulated genes. In the present study, we found that the stability of ompA mRNA was reduced in Escherichia coli when glucose (40 mM) was present in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. This effect was associated with a low level of cAMP induced by the glucose. The results were confirmed with an adenylyl cyclase mutant with low levels of cAMP that are not modulated by glucose. Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed that the host factor I (Hfq) (both mRNA and protein) levels were downregulated in the presence of cAMP. Furthermore, we showed that a complex of cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and cAMP binds to a specific P3(hfq) promoter region of hfq and regulates hfq expression. The regulation of the hfq gene was confirmed in vivo using an hfq-deficient mutant transformed with an exogenous hfq gene containing the promoter. These results demonstrated that expression of hfq was repressed by the CRP-cAMP complex. The presence of glucose resulted in increased Hfq protein levels, which decreased ompA mRNA stability. An additional experiment showed that cAMP also increased the stability of fur mRNA. Taken together, these results suggested that the repression of Hfq by cAMP may contribute to the stability of other mRNA in E. coli.
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48
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Xu P, Ranganathan S, Fowler ZL, Maranas CD, Koffas MAG. Genome-scale metabolic network modeling results in minimal interventions that cooperatively force carbon flux towards malonyl-CoA. Metab Eng 2011; 13:578-87. [PMID: 21763447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malonyl-coenzyme A is an important precursor metabolite for the biosynthesis of polyketides, flavonoids and biofuels. However, malonyl-CoA naturally synthesized in microorganisms is consumed for the production of fatty acids and phospholipids leaving only a small amount available for the production of other metabolic targets in recombinant biosynthesis. Here we present an integrated computational and experimental approach aimed at improving the intracellular availability of malonyl-CoA in Escherichia coli. We used a customized version of the recently developed OptForce methodology to predict a minimal set of genetic interventions that guarantee a prespecified yield of malonyl-CoA in E. coli strain BL21 Star™. In order to validate the model predictions, we have successfully constructed an E. coli recombinant strain that exhibits a 4-fold increase in the levels of intracellular malonyl-CoA compared to the wild type strain. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of this E. coli strain for the production of plant-specific secondary metabolites naringenin (474mg/L) with the highest yield ever achieved in a lab-scale fermentation process. Combined effect of the genetic interventions was found to be synergistic based on a developed analysis method that correlates genetic modification to cell phenotype, specifically the identified knockout targets (ΔfumC and ΔsucC) and overexpression targets (ACC, PGK, GAPD and PDH) can cooperatively force carbon flux towards malonyl-CoA. The presented strategy can also be readily expanded for the production of other malonyl-CoA-derived compounds like polyketides and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Nwugo CC, Gaddy JA, Zimbler DL, Actis LA. Deciphering the iron response in Acinetobacter baumannii: A proteomics approach. J Proteomics 2011; 74:44-58. [PMID: 20692388 DOI: 10.1016/2fj.jprot.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a role in bacterial differential gene expression and protein production. Accordingly, the comparative analysis of total lysate and outer membrane fractions isolated from A. baumannii ATCC 19606(T) cells cultured under iron-rich and -chelated conditions using 2-D gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of 58 protein spots differentially produced. While 19 and 35 of them represent iron-repressed and iron-induced protein spots, respectively, four other spots represent a metal chelation response unrelated to iron. Most of the iron-repressed protein spots represent outer membrane siderophore receptors, some of which could be involved in the utilization of siderophores produced by other bacteria. The iron-induced protein spots represent a wide range of proteins including those involved in iron storage, such as Bfr, metabolic and energy processes, such as AcnA, AcnB, GlyA, SdhA, and SodB, as well as lipid biosynthesis. The detection of an iron-regulated Hfq ortholog indicates that iron regulation in this bacterium could be mediated by Fur and small RNAs as described in other bacteria. The iron-induced production of OmpA suggests this protein plays a role in iron metabolism as shown by the diminished ability of an isogenic OmpA deficient derivative to grow under iron-chelated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C Nwugo
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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50
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Zhang X, Wang X, Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO. L-malate production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:427-34. [PMID: 21097588 PMCID: PMC3020529 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01971-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains (KJ060 and KJ073) that were previously developed for succinate production have now been modified for malate production. Many unexpected changes were observed during this investigation. The initial strategy of deleting fumarase isoenzymes was ineffective, and succinate continued to accumulate. Surprisingly, a mutation in fumarate reductase alone was sufficient to redirect carbon flow into malate even in the presence of fumarase. Further deletions were needed to inactivate malic enzymes (typically gluconeogenic) and prevent conversion to pyruvate. However, deletion of these genes (sfcA and maeB) resulted in the unexpected accumulation of D-lactate despite the prior deletion of mgsA and ldhA and the absence of apparent lactate dehydrogenase activity. Although the metabolic source of this D-lactate was not identified, lactate accumulation was increased by supplementation with pyruvate and decreased by the deletion of either pyruvate kinase gene (pykA or pykF) to reduce the supply of pyruvate. Many of the gene deletions adversely affected growth and cell yield in minimal medium under anaerobic conditions, and volumetric rates of malate production remained low. The final strain (XZ658) produced 163 mM malate, with a yield of 1.0 mol (mol glucose(-1)), half of the theoretical maximum. Using a two-stage process (aerobic cell growth and anaerobic malate production), this engineered strain produced 253 mM malate (34 g liter(-1)) within 72 h, with a higher yield (1.42 mol mol(-1)) and productivity (0.47 g liter(-1) h(-1)). This malate yield and productivity are equal to or better than those of other known biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - K. T. Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - L. O. Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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