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Myles M, Barnawi H, Mahmoudpour M, Shlimon S, Chang A, Zimmermann D, Choi C, Zebian N, Creuzenet C. Effect of the polysaccharide capsule and its heptose on the resistance of Campylobacter jejuni to innate immune defenses. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1400. [PMID: 38375546 PMCID: PMC10877309 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a commensal in many animals but causes diarrhea in humans. Its polysaccharide capsule contributes to host colonization and virulence in a strain- and model-specific manner. We investigated if the capsule and its heptose are important for interactions of strain NCTC 11168 with various hosts and their innate immune defenses. We determined that they support bacterial survival in Drosophila melanogaster and enhance virulence in Galleria mellonella. We showed that the capsule had limited antiphagocytic activity in human and chicken macrophages, decreased adherence to chicken macrophages, and decreased intracellular survival in both macrophages. In contrast, the heptose increased uptake by chicken macrophages and supported adherence to human macrophages and survival within them. While the capsule triggered nitric oxide production in chicken macrophages, the heptose mitigated this and protected against nitrosative assault. Finally, the C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168 elicited strong cytokine production in both macrophages but quenched ROS production independently from capsule and heptose, and while the capsule and heptose did not protect against oxidative assault, they favored growth in biofilms under oxidative stress. This study shows that the wild-type capsule with its heptose is optimized to resist innate defenses in strain NCTC 11168 often via antagonistic effects of the capsule and its heptose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Myles
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Heba Barnawi
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudpour
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Sargon Shlimon
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Adrienne Chang
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Daniel Zimmermann
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Chiwon Choi
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Najwa Zebian
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Carole Creuzenet
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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2
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De Simone G, di Masi A, Ascenzi P. Strategies of Pathogens to Escape from NO-Based Host Defense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2176. [PMID: 36358549 PMCID: PMC9686644 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule present in most living organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. NO participates in a wide range of biological processes including vasomotor tone, neurotransmission, and immune response. However, NO is highly reactive and can give rise to reactive nitrogen and oxygen species that, in turn, can modify a broad range of biomolecules. Much evidence supports the critical role of NO in the virulence and replication of viruses, bacteria, protozoan, metazoan, and fungi, thus representing a general mechanism of host defense. However, pathogens have developed different mechanisms to elude the host NO and to protect themselves against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Here, the strategies evolved by viruses, bacteria, protozoan, metazoan, and fungi to escape from the NO-based host defense are overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Laboratorio Interdipartimentale di Microscopia Elettronica, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146 Roma, Italy
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3
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Defenses of multidrug resistant pathogens against reactive nitrogen species produced in infected hosts. Adv Microb Physiol 2022; 80:85-155. [PMID: 35489794 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have sophisticated systems that allow them to survive in hosts in which innate immunity is the frontline of defense. One of the substances produced by infected hosts is nitric oxide (NO) that together with its derived species leads to the so-called nitrosative stress, which has antimicrobial properties. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on targets and protective systems that bacteria have to survive host-generated nitrosative stress. We focus on bacterial pathogens that pose serious health concerns due to the growing increase in resistance to currently available antimicrobials. We describe the role of nitrosative stress as a weapon for pathogen eradication, the detoxification enzymes, protein/DNA repair systems and metabolic strategies that contribute to limiting NO damage and ultimately allow survival of the pathogen in the host. Additionally, this systematization highlights the lack of available data for some of the most important human pathogens, a gap that urgently needs to be addressed.
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4
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Nardini M, Pesce A, Bolognesi M. Truncated (2/2) hemoglobin: Unconventional structures and functional roles in vivo and in human pathogenesis. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 84:101049. [PMID: 34776271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Truncated hemoglobins (trHbs) build a sub-class of the globin family, found in eubacteria, cyanobacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, and in higher plants; among these, selected human pathogens are found. The trHb fold is based on a 2/2 α-helical sandwich, consisting of a simplified and reduced-size version of the classical 3/3 α-helical sandwich of vertebrate and invertebrate globins. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that trHbs further branch into three groups: group I (or trHbN), group II (or trHbO), and group III (or trHbP), each group being characterized by specific structural features. Among these, a protein matrix tunnel, or a cavity system implicated in diatomic ligand diffusion through the protein matrix, is typical of group I and group II, respectively. In general, a highly intertwined network of hydrogen bonds stabilizes the heme bound ligand, despite variability of the heme distal residues in the different trHb groups. Notably, some organisms display genes from more than one trHb group, suggesting that trHbN, trHbO, and trHbP may support different functions in vivo, such as detoxification of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, respiration, oxygen storage/sensoring, thus aiding survival of an invading microorganism. Here, structural features and proposed functions of trHbs from human pathogens are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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5
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Salas A, Cabrera JJ, Jiménez-Leiva A, Mesa S, Bedmar EJ, Richardson DJ, Gates AJ, Delgado MJ. Bacterial nitric oxide metabolism: Recent insights in rhizobia. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:259-315. [PMID: 34147187 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive gaseous molecule that has several functions in biological systems depending on its concentration. At low concentrations, NO acts as a signaling molecule, while at high concentrations, it becomes very toxic due to its ability to react with multiple cellular targets. Soil bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia, have the capacity to establish a N2-fixing symbiosis with legumes inducing the formation of nodules in their roots. Several reports have shown NO production in the nodules where this gas acts either as a signaling molecule which regulates gene expression, or as a potent inhibitor of nitrogenase and other plant and bacteria enzymes. A better understanding of the sinks and sources of NO in rhizobia is essential to protect symbiotic nitrogen fixation from nitrosative stress. In nodules, both the plant and the microsymbiont contribute to the production of NO. From the bacterial perspective, the main source of NO reported in rhizobia is the denitrification pathway that varies significantly depending on the species. In addition to denitrification, nitrate assimilation is emerging as a new source of NO in rhizobia. To control NO accumulation in the nodules, in addition to plant haemoglobins, bacteroids also contribute to NO detoxification through the expression of a NorBC-type nitric oxide reductase as well as rhizobial haemoglobins. In the present review, updated knowledge about the NO metabolism in legume-associated endosymbiotic bacteria is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Salas
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan J Cabrera
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Jiménez-Leiva
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Socorro Mesa
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Eulogio J Bedmar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - David J Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Gates
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - María J Delgado
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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6
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Porrini C, Ramarao N, Tran SL. Dr. NO and Mr. Toxic - the versatile role of nitric oxide. Biol Chem 2021; 401:547-572. [PMID: 31811798 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is present in various organisms from humans, to plants, fungus and bacteria. NO is a fundamental signaling molecule implicated in major cellular functions. The role of NO ranges from an essential molecule to a potent mediator of cellular damages. The ability of NO to react with a broad range of biomolecules allows on one hand its regulation and a gradient concentration and on the other hand to exert physiological as well as pathological functions. In humans, NO is implicated in cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. However, NO can also contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or septic shock. For certain denitrifying bacteria, NO is part of their metabolism as a required intermediate of the nitrogen cycle. However, for other bacteria, NO is toxic and harmful. To survive, those bacteria have developed processes to resist this toxic effect and persist inside their host. NO also contributes to maintain the host/microbiota homeostasis. But little is known about the impact of NO produced during prolonged inflammation on microbiota integrity, and some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the NO response to colonize the gut over the microbiota. Taken together, depending on the environmental context (prolonged production, gradient concentration, presence of partners for interaction, presence of oxygen, etc.), NO will exert its beneficial or detrimental function. In this review, we highlight the dual role of NO for humans, pathogenic bacteria and microbiota, and the mechanisms used by each organism to produce, use or resist NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Porrini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nalini Ramarao
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Seav-Ly Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Muraki N, Takeda K, Nam D, Muraki M, Aono S. Structural Characterization of Y29F Mutant of Thermoglobin from a Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Muraki
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishogo-naka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kouta Takeda
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Dayeon Nam
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Megumi Muraki
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Aono
- Department of Creative Research, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishogo-naka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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8
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Kim SH, Chelliah R, Ramakrishnan SR, Perumal AS, Bang WS, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Barathikannan K, Elahi F, Park E, Jo HY, Hwang SB, Oh DH. Review on Stress Tolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596570. [PMID: 33614524 PMCID: PMC7890702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus Campylobacter, in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of Campylobacter spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. enterica ser. Paratyphi, S. enterica ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera Klebsiella and Shigella. This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in Campylobacter, including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in Campylobacter, and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in Campylobacter spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control Campylobacter in both veterinary and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hun Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, South Korea.,College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan
- School of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Bang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology and Kinesiology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Momna Rubab
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kaliyan Barathikannan
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Jo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Su-Bin Hwang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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9
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Genome-Wide Identification of Host-Segregating Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Source Attribution of Clinical Campylobacter coli Isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01787-20. [PMID: 33036986 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01787-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is among the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the most common species causing human disease. DNA sequence-based methods for strain characterization have focused largely on C. jejuni, responsible for 80 to 90% of infections, meaning that C. coli epidemiology has lagged behind. Here, we have analyzed the genome of 450 C. coli isolates to determine genetic markers that can discriminate isolates sampled from 3 major reservoir hosts (chickens, cattle, and pigs). These markers then were applied to identify the source of infection of 147 C. coli strains from French clinical cases. Using STRUCTURE software, 259 potential host-segregating markers were revealed by probabilistic characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency variation in strain collections from three different hosts. These SNPs were found in 41 genes or intergenic regions, mostly coding for proteins involved in motility and membrane functions. Source attribution of clinical isolates based on the differential presence of these markers confirmed chickens as the most common source of C. coli infection in France.IMPORTANCE Genome-wide and source attribution studies based on Campylobacter species have shown their importance for the understanding of foodborne infections. Although the use of multilocus sequence typing based on 7 genes from C. jejuni is a powerful method to structure populations, when applied to C. coli, results have not clearly demonstrated its robustness. Therefore, we aim to provide more accurate data based on the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Results from this study reveal an important number of host-segregating SNPs, found in proteins involved in motility, membrane functions, or DNA repair systems. These findings offer new, interesting opportunities for further study of C. coli adaptation to its environment. Additionally, the results demonstrate that poultry is potentially the main reservoir of C. coli in France.
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10
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Golz JC, Epping L, Knüver MT, Borowiak M, Hartkopf F, Deneke C, Malorny B, Semmler T, Stingl K. Whole genome sequencing reveals extended natural transformation in Campylobacter impacting diagnostics and the pathogens adaptive potential. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3686. [PMID: 32111893 PMCID: PMC7048796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the major bacterial agent of human gastroenteritis worldwide and represents a crucial global public health burden. Species differentiation of C. jejuni and C. coli and phylogenetic analysis is challenged by inter-species horizontal gene transfer. Routine real-time PCR on more than 4000 C. jejuni and C. coli field strains identified isolates with ambiguous PCR results for species differentiation, in particular, from the isolation source eggs. K-mer analysis of whole genome sequencing data indicated the presence of C. coli hybrid strains with huge amounts of C. jejuni introgression. Recombination events were distributed over the whole chromosome. MLST typing was impaired, since C. jejuni sequences were also found in six of the seven housekeeping genes. cgMLST suggested that the strains were phylogenetically unrelated. Intriguingly, the strains shared a stress response set of C. jejuni variant genes, with proposed roles in oxidative, osmotic and general stress defence, chromosome maintenance and repair, membrane transport, cell wall and capsular biosynthesis and chemotaxis. The results have practical impact on routine typing and on the understanding of the functional adaption to harsh environments, enabling successful spreading and persistence of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Golz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard Epping
- Robert Koch Institute, Microbial Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Knüver
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Borowiak
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Study Centre for Genome Sequencing and Analysis, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Hartkopf
- Robert Koch Institute, Microbial Genomics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlus Deneke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Study Centre for Genome Sequencing and Analysis, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Malorny
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Study Centre for Genome Sequencing and Analysis, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Stingl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Flavohaemoglobins were first described in yeast as early as the 1970s but their functions were unclear. The surge in interest in nitric oxide biology and both serendipitous and hypothesis-driven discoveries in bacterial systems have transformed our understanding of this unusual two-domain globin into a comprehensive, yet undoubtedly incomplete, appreciation of its pre-eminent role in nitric oxide detoxification. Here, I focus on research on the flavohaemoglobins of microorganisms, especially of bacteria, and update several earlier and more comprehensive reviews, emphasising advances over the past 5 to 10 years and some controversies that have arisen. Inevitably, in light of space restrictions, details of nitric oxide metabolism and globins in higher organisms are brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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12
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Taylor AJ, Kelly DJ. The function, biogenesis and regulation of the electron transport chains in Campylobacter jejuni: New insights into the bioenergetics of a major food-borne pathogen. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:239-329. [PMID: 31126532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic Epsilonproteobacterium that grows in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, and is the most frequent cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As an oxygen-sensitive microaerophile, C. jejuni has to survive high environmental oxygen tensions, adapt to oxygen limitation in the host intestine and resist host oxidative attack. Despite its small genome size, C. jejuni is a versatile and metabolically active pathogen, with a complex and highly branched set of respiratory chains allowing the use of a wide range of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors in addition to oxygen, including fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, tetrathionate and N- or S-oxides. Several novel enzymes participate in these electron transport chains, including a tungsten containing formate dehydrogenase, a Complex I that uses flavodoxin and not NADH, a periplasmic facing fumarate reductase and a cytochrome c tetrathionate reductase. This review presents an updated description of the composition and bioenergetics of these various respiratory chains as they are currently understood, including recent work that gives new insights into energy conservation during electron transport to various alternative electron acceptors. The regulation of synthesis and assembly of the electron transport chains is also discussed. A deeper appreciation of the unique features of the respiratory systems of C. jejuni may be helpful in informing strategies to control this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge of how anaerobic bacteria protect themselves against nitrosative stress. Nitric oxide (NO) is the primary source of this stress. Aerobically its removal is an oxidative process, whereas reduction is required anaerobically. Mechanisms required to protect aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are therefore different. Several themes recur in the review. First, how gene expression is regulated often provides clues to the physiological function of the gene products. Second, the physiological significance of reports based upon experiments under extreme conditions that bacteria do not encounter in their natural environment requires reassessment. Third, responses to the primary source of stress need to be distinguished from secondary consequences of chemical damage due to failure of repair mechanisms to cope with extreme conditions. NO is generated by many mechanisms, some of which remain undefined. An example is the recent demonstration that the hybrid cluster protein combines with YtfE (or RIC protein, for repair of iron centres damaged by nitrosative stress) in a new pathway to repair key iron-sulphur proteins damaged by nitrosative stress. The functions of many genes expressed in response to nitrosative stress remain either controversial or are completely unknown. The concentration of NO that accumulates in the bacterial cytoplasm is essentially unknown, so dogmatic statements cannot be made that damage to transcription factors (Fur, FNR, SoxRS, MelR, OxyR) occurs naturally as part of a physiologically relevant signalling mechanism. Such doubts can be resolved by simple experiments to meet six proposed criteria.
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14
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Gell DA. Structure and function of haemoglobins. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 70:13-42. [PMID: 29126700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin (Hb) is widely known as the iron-containing protein in blood that is essential for O2 transport in mammals. Less widely recognised is that erythrocyte Hb belongs to a large family of Hb proteins with members distributed across all three domains of life-bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This review, aimed chiefly at researchers new to the field, attempts a broad overview of the diversity, and common features, in Hb structure and function. Topics include structural and functional classification of Hbs; principles of O2 binding affinity and selectivity between O2/NO/CO and other small ligands; hexacoordinate (containing bis-imidazole coordinated haem) Hbs; bacterial truncated Hbs; flavohaemoglobins; enzymatic reactions of Hbs with bioactive gases, particularly NO, and protection from nitrosative stress; and, sensor Hbs. A final section sketches the evolution of work on the structural basis for allosteric O2 binding by mammalian RBC Hb, including the development of newer kinetic models. Where possible, reference to historical works is included, in order to provide context for current advances in Hb research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gell
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7000, Australia.
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15
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Hippuricase-Positive Campylobacter avium Type Strain LMG 24591. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/43/e01221-17. [PMID: 29074672 PMCID: PMC5658510 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01221-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter avium is a thermotolerant Campylobacter species that has been isolated from poultry. C. avium was also the second hippuricase-positive species to be identified within Campylobacter. Here, we present the genome sequence of the C. avium type strain LMG 24591 (=CCUG 56292T), isolated in 2006 from a broiler chicken in Italy.
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Stress Responses, Adaptation, and Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens During Host Gastrointestinal Colonization. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227312 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0007-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens are exposed to a multitude of harmful conditions imposed by the host gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Bacterial defenses against these physical and chemical stresses are pivotal for successful host colonization and pathogenesis. Enteric pathogens, which are encountered due to the ingestion of or contact with contaminated foods or materials, are highly successful at surviving harsh conditions to colonize and cause the onset of host illness and disease. Pathogens such as Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and virulent strains of Escherichia have evolved elaborate defense mechanisms to adapt to the diverse range of stresses present along the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these pathogens contain a multitude of defenses to help survive and escape from immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. This chapter focuses on characterized bacterial defenses against pH, osmotic, oxidative, and nitrosative stresses with emphasis on both the direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to the survival of each respective stress response.
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Hade MD, Kaur J, Chakraborti PK, Dikshit KL. Multidomain truncated hemoglobins: New members of the globin family exhibiting tandem repeats of globin units and domain fusion. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:479-488. [PMID: 28394017 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Truncated hemoglobins (trHbs) are considered the most primitive members of globin superfamily and traditionally exist as a single domain heme protein in three distinct structural organizations, type I (trHb1_N), type II (trHb2_O) and type III (trHb3_P). Our search of microbial and lower eukaryotic genomes revealed a broad array of multidomain organization, representing multiunit and chimeric forms of trHbs, where multiple units of trHbs are joined together and/or integrated with distinct functional domains. Globin motifs of these multidomain trHbs were from all three groups of trHbs and unambiguously assigned to trHb1_N, trHb2_O and trHb3_P. Multiunit and chimeric forms of trHb1_N were identified exclusively in ciliated protozoan parasites, where multiple units of trHb are integrated in tandem and/or fused with another redox active or signalling domain, presenting an interesting example of gene duplication and fusion in lower eukaryotes. In contrast, trHb2_O and trHb3_P trHbs were found only in bacteria in two or multidomain organization, where amino or carboxy terminus of trHb unit is integrated with different redox-active or oxidoreductase domains. The identification of these new multiunit and chimeric trHbs and their specific phyletic distribution presents an interesting and challenging finding to explore and understand complex functionalities of these novel multidomain trHbs. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(7):479-488, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh Dattu Hade
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.,CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Kanak L Dikshit
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Flint A, Stintzi A, Saraiva LM. Oxidative and nitrosative stress defences of Helicobacter and Campylobacter species that counteract mammalian immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:938-960. [PMID: 28201757 PMCID: PMC5091033 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter and Campylobacter species are Gram-negative microaerophilic host-associated heterotrophic bacteria that invade the digestive tract of humans and animals. Campylobacter jejuni is the major worldwide cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans, while Helicobacter pylori is ubiquitous in over half of the world's population causing gastric and duodenal ulcers. The colonisation of the gastrointestinal system by Helicobacter and Campylobacter relies on numerous cellular defences to sense the host environment and respond to adverse conditions, including those imposed by the host immunity. An important antimicrobial tool of the mammalian innate immune system is the generation of harmful oxidative and nitrosative stresses to which pathogens are exposed during phagocytosis. This review summarises the regulators, detoxifying enzymes and subversion mechanisms of Helicobacter and Campylobacter that ultimately promote the successful infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Flint
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lígia M. Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Shakoor A, Abdullah M, Yousaf B, Amina, Ma Y. Atmospheric emission of nitric oxide and processes involved in its biogeochemical transformation in terrestrial environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016:10.1007/s11356-016-7823-6. [PMID: 27771880 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra- and intercellular gaseous signaling molecule with a broad spectrum of regulatory functions in biological system. Its emissions are produced by both natural and anthropogenic sources; however, soils are among the most important sources of NO. Nitric oxide plays a decisive role in environmental-atmospheric chemistry by controlling the tropospheric photochemical production of ozone and regulates formation of various oxidizing agents such as hydroxyl radical (OH), which contributes to the formation of acid of precipitates. Consequently, for developing strategies to overcome the deleterious impact of NO on terrestrial ecosystem, it is mandatory to have reliable information about the exact emission mechanism and processes involved in its transformation in soil-atmospheric system. Although the formation process of NO is a complex phenomenon and depends on many physicochemical characteristics, such as organic matter, soil pH, soil moisture, soil temperature, etc., this review provides comprehensive updates about the emission characteristics and biogeochemical transformation mechanism of NO. Moreover, this article will also be helpful to understand the processes involved in the consumption of NO in soils. Further studies describing the functions of NO in biological system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Shakoor
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- State-Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Amina
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Youhua Ma
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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20
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Fields JA, Li J, Gulbronson CJ, Hendrixson DR, Thompson SA. Campylobacter jejuni CsrA Regulates Metabolic and Virulence Associated Proteins and Is Necessary for Mouse Colonization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156932. [PMID: 27257952 PMCID: PMC4892619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is a leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis and a common antecedent leading to Gullian-Barré syndrome. Our previous data suggested that the RNA-binding protein CsrA plays an important role in regulating several important phenotypes including motility, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress resistance. In this study, we compared the proteomes of wild type, csrA mutant, and complemented csrA mutant C. jejuni strains in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms by which CsrA affects virulence phenotypes. The putative CsrA regulon was more pronounced at stationary phase (111 regulated proteins) than at mid-log phase (25 regulated proteins). Proteins displaying altered expression in the csrA mutant included diverse metabolic functions, with roles in amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, acetate metabolism, and various other cell processes, as well as pathogenesis-associated characteristics such as motility, chemotaxis, oxidative stress resistance, and fibronectin binding. The csrA mutant strain also showed altered autoagglutination kinetics when compared to the wild type. CsrA specifically bound the 5' end of flaA mRNA, and we demonstrated that CsrA is a growth-phase dependent repressor of FlaA expression. Finally, the csrA mutant exhibited reduced ability to colonize in a mouse model when in competition with the wild type, further underscoring the role of CsrA in C. jejuni colonization and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Fields
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
- Department of Natural Sciences, Georgia Military College - Augusta, Augusta, GA, 30907, United States of America
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - Connor J. Gulbronson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States of America
| | - David R. Hendrixson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Robinson JL, Brynildsen MP. Discovery and dissection of metabolic oscillations in the microaerobic nitric oxide response network of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1757-66. [PMID: 26951670 PMCID: PMC4812703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521354113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The virulence of many pathogens depends upon their ability to cope with immune-generated nitric oxide (NO·). In Escherichia coli, the major NO· detoxification systems are Hmp, an NO· dioxygenase (NOD), and NorV, an NO· reductase (NOR). It is well established that Hmp is the dominant system under aerobic conditions, whereas NorV dominates anaerobic conditions; however, the quantitative contributions of these systems under the physiologically relevant microaerobic regime remain ill defined. Here, we investigated NO· detoxification in environments ranging from 0 to 50 μM O2, and discovered a regime in which E. coli NO· defenses were severely compromised, as well as conditions that exhibited oscillations in the concentration of NO·. Using an integrated computational and experimental approach, E. coli NO· detoxification was found to be extremely impaired at low O2 due to a combination of its inhibitory effects on NorV, Hmp, and translational activities, whereas oscillations were found to result from a kinetic competition for O2 between Hmp and respiratory cytochromes. Because at least 777 different bacterial species contain the genetic requirements of this stress response oscillator, we hypothesize that such oscillatory behavior could be a widespread phenomenon. In support of this hypothesis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whose respiratory and NO· response networks differ considerably from those of E. coli, was found to exhibit analogous oscillations in low O2 environments. This work provides insight into how bacterial NO· defenses function under the low O2 conditions that are likely to be encountered within host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Yang JK, Xiong W, Xu L, Li J, Zhao XJ. Constitutive expression of Campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobin CtrHb improves the growth of Escherichia coli cell under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 75-76:64-70. [PMID: 26047918 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria hemoglobin could bind to the oxygen, transfer it from the intracellular microenvironment to the respiration process and sustain the energy for the metabolism and reproduction of cells. Heterologous expression of bacteria hemoglobin gene could improve the capacity of the host on oxygen-capturing and allow it to grow even under microaerophilic condition. To develop a system based on hemoglobin to help bacteria cells overcome the oxygen shortage in fermentation, in this study, Campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobin (CtrHb) gene was synthesized and expressed under the control of constitutive expression promoters P2 and P(SPO1-II) in Escherichia coli. As showed by the growth curves of the two recombinants P2-CtrHb and P(SPO1-II)-CtrHb, constitutive expression of CtrHb improved cell growth under aerobic shaking-flasks, anaerobic capped-bottles and bioreactor conditions. According to the NMR analysis, this improvement might come from the expression of hemoglobin which could boost the metabolism of cells by supplying more oxygen to the respiratory chain processes. Through semi-quantitative RT-PCR and CO differential spectrum assays, we further discussed the connection between the growth patterns of the recombinants, the expression level of CtrHb and oxygen binding capacity of CtrHb in cells. Based on the growth patterns of these recombinants in bioreactor, a possible choice on different type of recombinants under specific fermentation conditions was also suggested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ke Yang
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Zhao
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Recombinant Escherichia coli strains with inducible Campylobacter jejuni single domain hemoglobin CHb expression exhibited improved cell growth in bioreactor culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116503. [PMID: 25748170 PMCID: PMC4352031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining an appropriate concentration of dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution is critical for efficient operation of a bioreactor, requiring sophisticated engineering design and a system of regulation to maximize oxygen transfer from the injected air bubbles to the cells. Bacterial hemoglobins are oxygen-binding proteins that transfer oxygen from the environment to metabolic processes and allow bacteria to grow even under microaerophilic conditions. To improve the oxygen utilization efficiency of cells and overcome the oxygen shortage in bioreactors, the gene coding for the Campylobacter jejuni single domain hemoglobin (CHb) gene was artificially synthesized and functionally expressed under the control of inducible expression promoters PT7 and Pvgh in Escherichia coli. The effects of the recombinants PT7-CHb and Pvgh-CHb on cell growth were evaluated in aerobic shake flasks, anaerobic capped bottles and a 5-L bioreactor, and a pronounced improvement in cell biomass was observed for CHb-expressing cells. To determine the growth curves, CHb gene expression, and CHb oxygen-binding capacity of specific recombinants with different promoters, we determined the time course of CHb gene expression in the two recombinants by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and CO differential spectrum assays. Based on the growth patterns of the two recombinants in the bioreactor, we proposed different recombinant types with optimal performance under specific culture conditions.
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Green J, Rolfe MD, Smith LJ. Transcriptional regulation of bacterial virulence gene expression by molecular oxygen and nitric oxide. Virulence 2014; 5:794-809. [PMID: 25603427 PMCID: PMC4601167 DOI: 10.4161/viru.27794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are diatomic gases that play major roles in infection. The host innate immune system generates reactive oxygen species and NO as bacteriocidal agents and both require O2 for their production. Furthermore, the ability to adapt to changes in O2 availability is crucial for many bacterial pathogens, as many niches within a host are hypoxic. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved transcriptional regulatory systems that perceive these gases and respond by reprogramming gene expression. Direct sensors possess iron-containing co-factors (iron–sulfur clusters, mononuclear iron, heme) or reactive cysteine thiols that react with O2 and/or NO. Indirect sensors perceive the physiological effects of O2 starvation. Thus, O2 and NO act as environmental cues that trigger the coordinated expression of virulence genes and metabolic adaptations necessary for survival within a host. Here, the mechanisms of signal perception by key O2- and NO-responsive bacterial transcription factors and the effects on virulence gene expression are reviewed, followed by consideration of these aspects of gene regulation in two major pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Key Words
- AIP, autoinducer peptide
- Arc, Aerobic respiratory control
- FNR
- FNR, fumarate nitrate reduction regulator
- GAF, cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-adenylyl cyclase-FhlA domain
- Isc, iron–sulfur cluster biosynthesis machinery
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- NOX, NADPH oxidase
- PAS, Per-Amt-Sim domain
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Staphylococcus aureus
- TB, tuberculosis
- WhiB-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iron–sulfur cluster
- nitric oxide sensors
- oxygen sensors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Green
- a Krebs Institute; Molecular Biology & Biotechnology; University of Sheffield ; Western Bank , Sheffield , UK
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Hofreuter D. Defining the metabolic requirements for the growth and colonization capacity of Campylobacter jejuni. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:137. [PMID: 25325018 PMCID: PMC4178425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade Campylobacter jejuni has been recognized as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. This facultative intracellular pathogen is a member of the Epsilonproteobacteria and requires microaerobic atmosphere and nutrient rich media for efficient proliferation in vitro. Its catabolic capacity is highly restricted in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium and other enteropathogenic bacteria because several common pathways for carbohydrate utilization are either missing or incomplete. Despite these metabolic limitations, C. jejuni efficiently colonizes various animal hosts as a commensal intestinal inhabitant. Moreover, C. jejuni is tremendously successful in competing with the human intestinal microbiota; an infectious dose of few hundreds bacteria is sufficient to overcome the colonization resistance of humans and can lead to campylobacteriosis. Besides the importance and clear clinical manifestation of this disease, the pathogenesis mechanisms of C. jejuni infections are still poorly understood. In recent years comparative genome sequence, transcriptome and metabolome analyses as well as mutagenesis studies combined with animal infection models have provided a new understanding of how the specific metabolic capacity of C. jejuni drives its persistence in the intestinal habitat of various hosts. Furthermore, new insights into the metabolic requirements that support the intracellular survival of C. jejuni were obtained. Because C. jejuni harbors distinct properties in establishing an infection in comparison to pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, it represents an excellent organism for elucidating new aspects of the dynamic interaction and metabolic cross talk between a bacterial pathogen, the microbiota and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hofreuter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology Hannover, Germany
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Ascenzi P, di Masi A, Tundo GR, Pesce A, Visca P, Coletta M. Nitrosylation mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobins N, O, and P. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102811. [PMID: 25051055 PMCID: PMC4106858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Truncated hemoglobins (trHbs) are widely distributed in bacteria and plants and have been found in some unicellular eukaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis based on protein sequences shows that trHbs branch into three groups, designated N (or I), O (or II), and P (or III). Most trHbs are involved in the O2/NO chemistry and/or oxidation/reduction function, permitting the survival of the microorganism in the host. Here, a detailed comparative analysis of kinetics and/or thermodynamics of (i) ferrous Mycobacterium tubertulosis trHbs N and O (Mt-trHbN and Mt-trHbO, respectively), and Campylobacter jejuni trHb (Cj-trHbP) nitrosylation, (ii) nitrite-mediated nitrosylation of ferrous Mt-trHbN, Mt-trHbO, and Cj-trHbP, and (iii) NO-based reductive nitrosylation of ferric Mt-trHbN, Mt-trHbO, and Cj-trHbP is reported. Ferrous and ferric Mt-trHbN and Cj-trHbP display a very high reactivity towards NO; however, the conversion of nitrite to NO is facilitated primarily by ferrous Mt-trHbN. Values of kinetic and/or thermodynamic parameters reflect specific trHb structural features, such as the ligand diffusion pathways to/from the heme, the heme distal pocket structure and polarity, and the ligand stabilization mechanisms. In particular, the high reactivity of Mt-trHbN and Cj-trHbP reflects the great ligand accessibility to the heme center by two protein matrix tunnels and the E7-path, respectively, and the penta-coordination of the heme-Fe atom. In contrast, the heme-Fe atom of Mt-trHbO the ligand accessibility to the heme center of Mt-trHbO needs large conformational readjustments, thus limiting the heme-based reactivity. These results agree with different roles of Mt-trHbN, Mt-trHbO, and Cj-trHbP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessandra di Masi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia R. Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Visca
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for the Research on the Chemistry of Metals in Biological Systems, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Small size globins that have been defined as 'truncated haemoglobins' or as '2/2 haemoglobins' have increasingly been discovered in microorganisms since the early 1990s. Analysis of amino acid sequences allowed to distinguish three groups that collect proteins with specific and common structural properties. All three groups display 3D structures that are based on four main α-helices, which are a subset of the conventional eight-helices globin fold. Specific features, such as the presence of protein matrix tunnels that are held to promote diffusion of functional ligands to/from the haem, distinguish members of the three groups. Haem distal sites vary for their accessibility, local structures, polarity, and ligand stabilization mechanisms, suggesting functional roles that are related to O2/NO chemistry. In a few cases, such activities have been proven in vitro and in vivo through deletion mutants. The issue of 2/2 haemoglobin varied biological functions throughout the three groups remains however fully open.
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Stern AM, Zhu J. An introduction to nitric oxide sensing and response in bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 87:187-220. [PMID: 24581392 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800261-2.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a radical gas that has been intensively studied for its role as a bacteriostatic agent. NO reacts in complex ways with biological molecules, especially metal centers and other radicals, to generate other bioactive compounds that inhibit enzymes, oxidize macromolecules, and arrest bacterial growth. Bacteria encounter not only NO derived from the host during infection but also NO derived from other bacteria and inorganic sources. The transcriptional responses used by bacteria to respond to NO are diverse but usually involve an iron-containing transcription factor that binds NO and alters its affinity for either DNA or factors involved in transcription, leading to the production of enzymatic tolerance systems. Some of these systems, such as flavohemoglobin and flavorubredoxin, directly remove NO. Some do not but are still important for NO tolerance through other mechanisms. The targets of NO that are protected by these systems include many metabolic pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and branched chain amino acid synthesis. This chapter discusses these topics and others and serves as a general introduction to microbial NO biology.
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Vinogradov SN, Tinajero-Trejo M, Poole RK, Hoogewijs D. Bacterial and archaeal globins — A revised perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1789-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Taveirne ME, Theriot CM, Livny J, DiRita VJ. The complete Campylobacter jejuni transcriptome during colonization of a natural host determined by RNAseq. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73586. [PMID: 23991199 PMCID: PMC3749233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major human pathogen and a leading cause of bacterial derived gastroenteritis worldwide. C. jejuni regulates gene expression under various environmental conditions and stresses, indicative of its ability to survive in diverse niches. Despite this ability to highly regulate gene transcription, C. jejuni encodes few transcription factors and its genome lacks many canonical transcriptional regulators. High throughput deep sequencing of mRNA transcripts (termed RNAseq) has been used to study the transcriptome of many different organisms, including C. jejuni; however, this technology has yet to be applied to defining the transcriptome of C. jejuni during in vivo colonization of its natural host, the chicken. In addition to its use in profiling the abundance of annotated genes, RNAseq is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying, as-of-yet, unknown transcripts including non-coding regulatory RNAs, 5’ untranslated regulatory elements, and anti-sense transcripts. Here we report the complete transcriptome of C. jejuni during colonization of the chicken cecum and in two different in vitro growth phases using strand-specific RNAseq. Through this study, we identified over 250 genes differentially expressed in vivo in addition to numerous putative regulatory RNAs, including trans-acting non-coding RNAs and anti-sense transcripts. These latter potential regulatory elements were not identified in two prior studies using ORF-based microarrays, highlighting the power and value of the RNAseq approach. Our results provide new insights into how C. jejuni responds and adapts to the cecal environment and reveals new functions involved in colonization of its natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Taveirne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Livny
- Genome Sequencing and Analysis Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VJD); (JL)
| | - Victor J. DiRita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VJD); (JL)
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Tinajero-Trejo M, Jesse HE, Poole RK. Gasotransmitters, poisons, and antimicrobials: it's a gas, gas, gas! F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 23967379 PMCID: PMC3732073 DOI: 10.12703/p5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We review recent examples of the burgeoning literature on three gases that have major impacts in biology and microbiology. NO, CO and H2S are now co-classified as endogenous gasotransmitters with profound effects on mammalian physiology and, potentially, major implications in therapeutic applications. All are well known to be toxic yet, at tiny concentrations in human and cell biology, play key signalling and regulatory functions. All may also be endogenously generated in microbes. NO and H2S share the property of being biochemically detoxified, yet are beneficial in resisting the bactericidal properties of antibiotics. The mechanism underlying this protection is currently under debate. CO, in contrast, is not readily removed; mounting evidence shows that CO, and especially organic donor compounds that release the gas in biological environments, are themselves effective, novel antimicrobial agents.
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Nitric oxide reactivities of the two globins of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni: roles in protection from nitrosative stress and analysis of potential reductants. Nitric Oxide 2013; 34:65-75. [PMID: 23764490 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During infection and pathogenesis, Campylobacter, the leading cause of gastroenteritis, encounters NO and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from the host. To combat these species, Campylobacter jejuni expresses two haemoglobins: the single domain haemoglobin (Cgb) detoxifies NO but the role of the truncated globin (Ctb) is unclear. Confirmation of Cgb activity and more extensive exploration of Ctb function(s) in vivo are restricted due to difficulties in expressing proteins in Campylobacter and our lack of understanding of how the globin haems are re-reduced after ligand reactions. METHODS The cgb and ctb genes were cloned under the control of arabinose-inducible promoters and the globins expressed in an Escherichia coli mutant lacking the main NO detoxification mechanisms (Hmp and the Nor system comprising the transcription regulator NorR, the flavorubredoxin and its reductase (NorVW)); cellular responses under oxidative and nitrosative stress conditions were assessed. Spectroscopic changes of the Cgb and Ctb haems in soluble fractions after oxidation by NO were evaluated. Construction of E. coli nor mutants and a ubiquinone-defective strain allowed the exploration of the flavorubredoxin reductase and the aerobic respiratory chain as candidates for Cgb electron donors in E. coli mutants. RESULTS Cgb, but not Ctb, complements the NO- and RNS-sensitive phenotype of an E. coli hmp mutant in aerobic conditions; however, Cgb fails to protect an hmp norR mutant in the absence of oxygen. Reduction of Cgb and Ctb in E. coli and C. jejuni soluble extracts and turnover after NO oxidation is demonstrated. Finally, we report a minor role for NorW as a Cgb reductase partner in E. coli but no role for respiratory electron flux in globin redox cycling. CONCLUSIONS The NO detoxification capacity of Cgb is confirmed by heterologous expression in E. coli. The reducibility of Cgb and Ctb in E. coli and C. jejuni extracts and the lack of dependence of reduction upon flavorubredoxin reductase and the respiratory chain in E. coli argue in favor of a non-specific reductase system. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We present the most persuasive evidence to date that Cgb, but not Ctb, confers tolerance to NO and RNS by reaction with NO. Since certain hypotheses for the mechanism of haem re-reduction in E. coli following the reaction with NO are not proven, the mechanisms of reduction in C. jejuni now require challenging experimental evaluation.
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Avila-Ramirez C, Tinajero-Trejo M, Davidge KS, Monk CE, Kelly DJ, Poole RK. Do globins in microaerophilic Campylobacter jejuni confer nitrosative stress tolerance under oxygen limitation? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:424-31. [PMID: 22816769 PMCID: PMC3526894 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The microaerophilic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni possesses inducible systems for resisting NO. Two globins--Cgb (a single-domain globin) and Ctb (a truncated globin)--are up-regulated in response to NO via the positively acting transcription factor NssR. Our aims were to determine whether these oxygen-binding globins also function in severely oxygen-limited environments, as in the host. At growth-limiting oxygen transfer rates, bacteria were more S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) sensitive, irrespective of the presence of Cgb, Ctb, or NssR. Pregrowth of cells with GSNO enhanced GSNO resistance, even in nssR and cgb mutants, but transcriptomic profiling of oxygen-limited, NO-exposed cells failed to reveal the NssR regulon. Nevertheless, globin expression in an Escherichia coli mutant lacking the NO-detoxifying flavohemoglobin Hmp showed that Cgb and Ctb consume NO aerobically or anoxically and offer some protection to respiratory inhibition by NO. The constitutively expressed nitrite reductase NrfA does not provide resistance under oxygen-limited conditions. We, therefore, hypothesize that, although Cgb and NrfA can detoxify NO, even anoxically, they are neither up-regulated nor functional under physiologically relevant oxygen-limited conditions and, second, responses to NO do not stem from trancriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Avila-Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is exposed to reactive nitrogen species, such as nitric oxide, from a variety of sources. To combat the toxic effects of this nitrosative stress, C. jejuni upregulates a small regulon under the control of the transcriptional activator NssR, which positively regulates the expression of a single-domain globin protein (Cgb) and a truncated globin protein (Ctb). Cgb has previously been shown to detoxify nitric oxide, but the role of Ctb remains contentious. As C. jejuni is amenable to genetic manipulation, and its globin proteins are easily expressed and purified, a combination of mutagenesis, complementation, transcriptomics, spectroscopic characterisation and structural analyses has been used to probe the regulation, function and structure of Cgb and Ctb. This ability to study Cgb and Ctb with such a multi-pronged approach is a valuable asset, especially since only a small fraction of known globin proteins have been functionally characterised.
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Gardner PR. Hemoglobin: a nitric-oxide dioxygenase. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:683729. [PMID: 24278729 PMCID: PMC3820574 DOI: 10.6064/2012/683729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the hemoglobin superfamily efficiently catalyze nitric-oxide dioxygenation, and when paired with native electron donors, function as NO dioxygenases (NODs). Indeed, the NOD function has emerged as a more common and ancient function than the well-known role in O2 transport-storage. Novel hemoglobins possessing a NOD function continue to be discovered in diverse life forms. Unique hemoglobin structures evolved, in part, for catalysis with different electron donors. The mechanism of NOD catalysis by representative single domain hemoglobins and multidomain flavohemoglobin occurs through a multistep mechanism involving O2 migration to the heme pocket, O2 binding-reduction, NO migration, radical-radical coupling, O-atom rearrangement, nitrate release, and heme iron re-reduction. Unraveling the physiological functions of multiple NODs with varying expression in organisms and the complexity of NO as both a poison and signaling molecule remain grand challenges for the NO field. NOD knockout organisms and cells expressing recombinant NODs are helping to advance our understanding of NO actions in microbial infection, plant senescence, cancer, mitochondrial function, iron metabolism, and tissue O2 homeostasis. NOD inhibitors are being pursued for therapeutic applications as antibiotics and antitumor agents. Transgenic NOD-expressing plants, fish, algae, and microbes are being developed for agriculture, aquaculture, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Gardner
- Miami Valley Biotech, 1001 E. 2nd Street, Suite 2445, Dayton, OH 45402, USA
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule which becomes very toxic due to its ability to react with multiple cellular targets in biological systems. Bacterial cells protect against NO through the expression of enzymes that detoxify this molecule by oxidizing it to nitrate or reducing it to nitrous oxide or ammonia. These enzymes are haemoglobins, c-type nitric oxide reductase, flavorubredoxins and the cytochrome c respiratory nitrite reductase. Expression of the genes encoding these enzymes is controlled by NO-sensitive regulatory proteins. The production of NO in rhizobia–legume symbiosis has been demonstrated recently. In functioning nodules, NO acts as a potent inhibitor of nitrogenase enzymes. These observations have led to the question of how rhizobia overcome the toxicity of NO. Several studies on the NO response have been undertaken in two non-dentrifying rhizobial species, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium etli, and in a denitrifying species, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In the present mini-review, current knowledge of the NO response in those legume-associated endosymbiotic bacteria is summarized.
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Shepherd M, Bernhardt PV, Poole RK. Globin-mediated nitric oxide detoxification in the foodborne pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni proceeds via a dioxygenase or denitrosylase mechanism. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The NO-responsive hemoglobins of Campylobacter jejuni: Concerted responses of two globins to NO and evidence in vitro for globin regulation by the transcription factor NssR. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:234-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kern M, Volz J, Simon J. The oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network of Wolinella succinogenes: cytochrome c nitrite reductase mediates the stress response to nitrite, nitric oxide, hydroxylamine and hydrogen peroxide. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:2478-94. [PMID: 21672122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms employ diverse mechanisms to withstand physiological stress conditions exerted by reactive or toxic oxygen and nitrogen species such as hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, superoxide anions, nitrite, hydroxylamine, nitric oxide or NO-generating compounds. This study identified components of the oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network of Wolinella succinogenes, an exceptional Epsilonproteobacterium that lacks both catalase and haemoglobins. Various gene deletion-insertion mutants were constructed, grown by either fumarate respiration or respiratory nitrate ammonification and subjected to disc diffusion, growth and viability assays under stress conditions. It was demonstrated that mainly two periplasmic multihaem c-type cytochromes, namely cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c nitrite reductase (NrfA), mediated resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Two AhpC-type peroxiredoxin isoenzymes were shown to be involved in protection against different organic hydroperoxides. The phenotypes of two superoxide dismutase mutants lacking either SodB or SodB2 implied that both isoenzymes play important roles in oxygen and superoxide stress defence although they are predicted to reside in the cytoplasm and periplasm respectively. NrfA and a cytoplasmic flavodiiron protein (Fdp) were identified as key components of nitric oxide detoxification. In addition, NrfA (but not the hybrid cluster protein Hcp) was found to mediate resistance to hydroxylamine stress. The results indicate the presence of a robust oxidative and nitrosative stress defence network and identify NrfA as a multifunctional cytochrome c involved in both anaerobic respiration and stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kern
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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40
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Smith H, Mann BE, Motterlini R, Poole RK. The carbon monoxide-releasing molecule, corm-3 (ru(co)3cl(glycinate)), targets respiration and oxidases in campylobacter jejuni, generating hydrogen peroxide. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:363-71. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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41
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Mañez PA, Lu C, Boechi L, Martí MA, Shepherd M, Wilson JL, Poole RK, Luque FJ, Yeh SR, Estrin DA. Role of the distal hydrogen-bonding network in regulating oxygen affinity in the truncated hemoglobin III from Campylobacter jejuni. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3946-56. [PMID: 21476539 PMCID: PMC4535342 DOI: 10.1021/bi101137n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen affinity in heme-containing proteins is determined by a number of factors, such as the nature and conformation of the distal residues that stabilize the heme bound-oxygen via hydrogen-bonding interactions. The truncated hemoglobin III from Campylobacter jejuni (Ctb) contains three potential hydrogen-bond donors in the distal site: TyrB10, TrpG8, and HisE7. Previous studies suggested that Ctb exhibits an extremely slow oxygen dissociation rate due to an interlaced hydrogen-bonding network involving the three distal residues. Here we have studied the structural and kinetic properties of the G8(WF) mutant of Ctb and employed state-of-the-art computer simulation methods to investigate the properties of the O(2) adduct of the G8(WF) mutant, with respect to those of the wild-type protein and the previously studied E7(HL) and/or B10(YF) mutants. Our data indicate that the unique oxygen binding properties of Ctb are determined by the interplay of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the heme-bound ligand and the surrounding TyrB10, TrpG8, and HisE7 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Arroyo Mañez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Fisica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Changyuan Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Leonardo Boechi
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Fisica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Martí
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Fisica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mark Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Louise Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Department de Fisicoquimica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Darío A. Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Fisica, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Respiratory nitrogen metabolism and nitrosative stress defence in ϵ-proteobacteria: the role of NssR-type transcription regulators. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:299-302. [PMID: 21265792 DOI: 10.1042/bst0390299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ϵ-Proteobacteria form a globally ubiquitous group of ecologically significant organisms and comprise a diverse range of host-associated and free-living species. To grow by anaerobic respiration, many ϵ-proteobacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite followed by either nitrite ammonification or denitrification. Using the ammonifying model organisms Wolinella succinogenes and Campylobacter jejuni, the electron transport chains of nitrate respiration, respiratory nitrite ammonification and even N2O (nitrous oxide) respiration have been characterized in recent years, but knowledge on nitrosative stress defence, nitrogen compound-sensing and corresponding signal transduction pathways is limited. The potentially dominant role of NssR (nitrosative stress-sensing regulator)-type transcription regulators in ϵ-proteobacterial nitrogen metabolism is discussed.
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43
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Abstract
NO (nitric oxide) is a signal molecule involved in diverse physiological processes in cells which can become very toxic under certain conditions determined by its rate of production and diffusion. Several studies have clearly shown the production of NO in early stages of rhizobia–legume symbiosis and in mature nodules. In functioning nodules, it has been demonstrated that NO, which has been reported as a potent inhibitor of nitrogenase activity, can bind Lb (leghaemoglobin) to form LbNOs (nitrosyl–leghaemoglobin complexes). These observations have led to the question of how nodules overcome the toxicity of NO. On the bacterial side, one candidate for NO detoxification in nodules is the respiratory Nor (NO reductase) that catalyses the reduction of NO to nitrous oxide. In addition, rhizobial fHbs (flavohaemoglobins) and single-domain Hbs which dioxygenate NO to form nitrate are candidates to detoxify NO under free-living and symbiotic conditions. On the plant side, sHbs (symbiotic Hbs) (Lb) and nsHbs (non-symbiotic Hbs) have been proposed to play important roles as modulators of NO levels in the rhizobia–legume symbiosis. In the present review, current knowledge of NO detoxification by legume-associated endosymbiotic bacteria is summarized.
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Frey AD, Shepherd M, Jokipii-Lukkari S, Häggman H, Kallio PT. The single-domain globin of Vitreoscilla: augmentation of aerobic metabolism for biotechnological applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2011; 58:81-139. [PMID: 21722792 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381043-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have revealed that large-scale, high-cell density bioreactor cultivations have significant impact on metabolic networks of oxygen-requiring production organisms. Oxygen transfer problems associated with fluid dynamics and inefficient mixing efficiencies result in oxygen gradients, which lead to reduced performance of the bioprocess, decreased product yields, and increased production costs. These problems can be partially alleviated by improving bioreactor configuration and setting, but significant improvements have been achieved by metabolic engineering methods, especially by heterologously expressing Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb). Vast numbers of studies have been accumulating during the past 20 years showing the applicability of VHb to improve growth and product yields in a variety of industrially significant prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. The global view on the metabolism of globin-expressing Escherichia coli cells depicts increased energy generation, higher oxygen uptake rates, and a decrease in fermentative by-product excretion. Transcriptome and metabolic flux analysis clearly demonstrate the multidimensional influence of heterologous VHb on the expression of stationary phase-specific genes and on the regulation of cellular metabolic networks. The exact biochemical mechanisms by which VHb is able to improve the oxygen-limited growth remain poorly understood. The suggested mechanisms propose either the delivery of oxygen to the respiratory chain or the detoxification of reactive nitrogen species for the protection of cytochrome activity. The expression of VHb in E. coli bioreactor cultures is likely to assist bacterial growth through providing an increase in available intracellular oxygen, although to fully understand the exact role of VHb in vivo, further analysis will be required.
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Hitchcock A, Hall SJ, Myers JD, Mulholland F, Jones MA, Kelly DJ. Roles of the twin-arginine translocase and associated chaperones in the biogenesis of the electron transport chains of the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:2994-3010. [PMID: 20688826 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.042788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 uses a complex set of electron transport chains to ensure growth with a variety of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors, some of which are known to be important for host colonization. Many of the key redox proteins essential for electron transfer in this bacterium have N-terminal twin-arginine translocase (TAT) signal sequences that ensure their transport across the cytoplasmic membrane in a folded state. By comparisons of 2D gels of periplasmic extracts, gene fusions and specific enzyme assays in wild-type, tatC mutant and complemented strains, we experimentally verified the TAT dependence of 10 proteins with an N-terminal twin-arginine motif. NrfH, which has a TAT-like motif (LRRKILK), was functional in nitrite reduction in a tatC mutant, and was correctly rejected as a TAT substrate by the tatfind and TatP prediction programs. However, the hydrogenase subunit HydA is also rejected by tatfind, but was shown to be TAT-dependent experimentally. The YedY homologue Cj0379 is the only TAT translocated molybdoenzyme of unknown function in C. jejuni; we show that a cj0379c mutant is deficient in chicken colonization and has a nitrosative stress phenotype, suggestive of a possible role for Cj0379 in the reduction of reactive nitrogen species in the periplasm. Only two potential TAT chaperones, NapD and Cj1514, are encoded in the genome. Surprisingly, despite homology to TorD, Cj1514 was shown to be specifically required for the activity of formate dehydrogenase, not trimethylamine N-oxide reductase, and was designated FdhM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen J Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan D Myers
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Francis Mulholland
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Michael A Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough LE12 2RD, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Meilhoc E, Cam Y, Skapski A, Bruand C. The response to nitric oxide of the nitrogen-fixing symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:748-59. [PMID: 20459314 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-23-6-0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is crucial in animal- and plant-pathogen interactions, during which it participates in host defense response and resistance. Indications for the presence of NO during the symbiotic interaction between the model legume Medicago truncatula and its symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti have been reported but the role of NO in symbiosis is far from being elucidated. Our objective was to understand the role or roles played by NO in symbiosis. As a first step toward this goal, we analyzed the bacterial response to NO in culture, using a transcriptomic approach. We identified approximately 100 bacterial genes whose expression is upregulated in the presence of NO. Surprisingly, most of these genes are regulated by the two-component system FixLJ, known to control the majority of rhizobial genes expressed in planta in mature nodules, or the NO-dedicated regulator NnrR. Among the genes responding to NO is hmp, encoding a putative flavohemoglobin. We report that an hmp mutant displays a higher sensitivity toward NO in culture and leads to a reduced nitrogen fixation efficiency in planta. Because flavohemoglobins are known to detoxify NO in numerous bacterial species, this result is the first indication of the importance of the bacterial NO response in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Meilhoc
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, UMR441-2594 INRA-CNRS BP52627, R-31320 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Shepherd M, Barynin V, Lu C, Bernhardt PV, Wu G, Yeh SR, Egawa T, Sedelnikova SE, Rice DW, Wilson JL, Poole RK. The single-domain globin from the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni: novel D-helix conformation, proximal hydrogen bonding that influences ligand binding, and peroxidase-like redox properties. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12747-54. [PMID: 20164176 PMCID: PMC2857070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni possesses a single-domain globin (Cgb) whose role in detoxifying nitric oxide has been unequivocally demonstrated through genetic and molecular approaches. The x-ray structure of cyanide-bound Cgb has been solved to a resolution of 1.35 A. The overall fold is a classic three-on-three alpha-helical globin fold, similar to that of myoglobin and Vgb from Vitreoscilla stercoraria. However, the D region (defined according to the standard globin fold nomenclature) of Cgb adopts a highly ordered alpha-helical conformation unlike any previously characterized members of this globin family, and the GlnE7 residue has an unexpected role in modulating the interaction between the ligand and the TyrB10 residue. The proximal hydrogen bonding network in Cgb demonstrates that the heme cofactor is ligated by an imidazolate, a characteristic of peroxidase-like proteins. Mutation of either proximal hydrogen-bonding residue (GluH23 or TyrG5) results in the loss of the high frequency nu(Fe-His) stretching mode (251 cm(-1)), indicating that both residues are important for maintaining the anionic character of the proximal histidine ligand. Cyanide binding kinetics for these proximal mutants demonstrate for the first time that proximal hydrogen bonding in globins can modulate ligand binding kinetics at the distal site. A low redox midpoint for the ferrous/ferric couple (-134 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode at pH 7) is consistent with the peroxidase-like character of the Cgb active site. These data provide a new insight into the mechanism via which Campylobacter may survive host-derived nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shepherd
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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Javed MA, Grant AJ, Bagnall MC, Maskell DJ, Newell DG, Manning G. Transposon mutagenesis in a hyper-invasive clinical isolate of Campylobacter jejuni reveals a number of genes with potential roles in invasion. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 156:1134-1143. [PMID: 20035004 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.033399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transposon mutagenesis has been applied to a hyper-invasive clinical isolate of Campylobacter jejuni, 01/51. A random transposon mutant library was screened in an in vitro assay of invasion and 26 mutants with a significant reduction in invasion were identified. Given that the invasion potential of C. jejuni is relatively poor compared to other enteric pathogens, the use of a hyper-invasive strain was advantageous as it greatly facilitated the identification of mutants with reduced invasion. The location of the transposon insertion in 23 of these mutants has been determined; all but three of the insertions are in genes also present in the genome-sequenced strain NCTC 11168. Eight of the mutants contain transposon insertions in one region of the genome (approximately 14 kb), which when compared with the genome of NCTC 11168 overlaps with one of the previously reported plasticity regions and is likely to be involved in genomic variation between strains. Further characterization of one of the mutants within this region has identified a gene that might be involved in adhesion to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal Javed
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Andrew J Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Mary C Bagnall
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Diane G Newell
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Georgina Manning
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Kern M, Simon J. Electron transport chains and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrogen metabolism in Wolinella succinogenes and other Epsilonproteobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:646-56. [PMID: 19171117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic analyses have established that the Epsilonproteobacteria form a globally ubiquitous group of ecologically significant organisms that comprises a diverse range of free-living bacteria as well as host-associated organisms like Wolinella succinogenes and pathogenic Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. Many Epsilonproteobacteria reduce nitrate and nitrite and perform either respiratory nitrate ammonification or denitrification. The inventory of epsilonproteobacterial genomes from 21 different species was analysed with respect to key enzymes involved in respiratory nitrogen metabolism. Most ammonifying Epsilonproteobacteria employ two enzymic electron transport systems named Nap (periplasmic nitrate reductase) and Nrf (periplasmic cytochrome c nitrite reductase). The current knowledge on the architecture and function of the corresponding proton motive force-generating respiratory chains using low-potential electron donors are reviewed in this article and the role of membrane-bound quinone/quinol-reactive proteins (NapH and NrfH) that are representative of widespread bacterial electron transport modules is highlighted. Notably, all Epsilonproteobacteria lack a napC gene in their nap gene clusters. Possible roles of the Nap and Nrf systems in anabolism and nitrosative stress defence are also discussed. Free-living denitrifying Epsilonproteobacteria lack the Nrf system but encode cytochrome cd(1) nitrite reductase, at least one nitric oxide reductase and a characteristic cytochrome c nitrous oxide reductase system (cNosZ). Interestingly, cNosZ is also found in some ammonifying Epsilonproteobacteria and enables nitrous oxide respiration in W. succinogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kern
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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